第一篇：2018年福建省《信息技術(shù)》高考必背

福建省高等職業(yè)教育入學(xué)考試（面向普通高中）

《信息技術(shù)》復(fù)習(xí)提綱

【第一部分 信息獲取】

一、信息的基本概念及基本特征

1．信息的概念

①信息論創(chuàng)始人香農(nóng)認(rèn)為：“信息是不確定量的減少”，“信息是用來消除隨機(jī)不確定性的東西”，指有新內(nèi)容或知識的消息，因此信息可以幫助我們消除認(rèn)識上的不確定性。②鐘義信認(rèn)為：“信息是事物運(yùn)動(dòng)的狀態(tài)與狀態(tài)變化的方式，也就是事物內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和外部聯(lián)系的狀態(tài)和方式”。

③維納則提出“信息就是信息，不是物質(zhì)也不是能量”，它是區(qū)別于物質(zhì)和能量的第三種資源。物質(zhì)?能量和信息是構(gòu)成世界的三大要素，是人類賴以生存的三種資源。2．信息的載體形式

信息的載體形式主要有：文字、語言、圖像、圖形、視頻、音頻和動(dòng)畫等。3．信息的傳播途徑

信息主要的傳播途徑有：面對面的交流（如聽講座、參加會(huì)議、座談），紙質(zhì)媒體（書本、報(bào)刊等），音像制品（VCD、錄像帶），電子媒體（電報(bào)、電話、廣播、電視、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)）等。4．信息的接收方式：視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺、味覺、傳感 5．信息的特征

載體依附性、價(jià)值性、時(shí)效性、共享性、真?zhèn)涡?、普遍性、傳遞性、可處理性、不完全性、價(jià)值的相對性、可度量性。6．信息對人的作用

形成印象

產(chǎn)生判斷

引起行動(dòng)

二、信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程和發(fā)展趨勢

1．信息技術(shù)的定義

①信息技術(shù)簡稱為IT，指一切與信息的獲取、加工、表達(dá)、交流、管理和評價(jià)有關(guān)的技術(shù)? 現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的組成包括：計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)(處理信息)?通信技術(shù)(傳遞信息)?微電子技術(shù)（現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的基石）和傳感技術(shù)(采集、獲取信息)。信息技術(shù)的核心是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)。

②現(xiàn)代通信技術(shù)有：IP電話、可視電話、網(wǎng)絡(luò)及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、手機(jī)（有3G/4G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）、電子郵件、QQ、MSN、微信等。

③傳感技術(shù)設(shè)備有：觸摸屏、手寫板、麥克風(fēng)、掃描儀、光電鼠標(biāo)、煙感器、電磁感應(yīng)門等 2．五次信息技術(shù)革命（發(fā)展歷程）

第一次 語言的使用(猿進(jìn)化到人的重要標(biāo)志)

第二次 文字的創(chuàng)造（最早發(fā)明的甲骨文，首次打破信息存儲(chǔ)和傳遞的時(shí)空限制）

第三次 造紙與印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明

第四次 電報(bào)?電話?廣播?電視的發(fā)明和普及

第五次 計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代通信技術(shù)的普及應(yīng)用（將人類推向數(shù)字化時(shí)代）3．信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢

人性化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、智能化、多元化、多媒體化、虛擬化、友好的人機(jī)界面、個(gè)性化的功能設(shè)計(jì)、高性價(jià)比等。以上特點(diǎn)應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)舉例，如，虛擬化：飛機(jī)駕駛仿真系統(tǒng)、虛擬實(shí)驗(yàn)、3D景物圖、電子寵物、QQ農(nóng)場等。4．信息技術(shù)對社會(huì)的影響

重點(diǎn)記住消極影響：信息泛濫、信息污染、信息犯罪、危害人們的身心健康。5．信息的鑒別與評價(jià)

可以從信息的價(jià)值取向、信息來源、信息時(shí)效性三個(gè)主要方面對信息的價(jià)值進(jìn)行鑒別和評價(jià)。信息價(jià)值判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：權(quán)威性、準(zhǔn)確性、客觀性、時(shí)效性、適用性等。

三、獲取信息的有效途徑及常用方法

1．信息的獲取過程

①定位需求、選擇來源、獲取信息、評價(jià)和保存信息

②信息來源的四種類型：文獻(xiàn)型、口頭型、電子型、實(shí)物型；

信息來源的三種途徑：他人、媒體、事物本身。口頭型主觀成份比較多，實(shí)物型可信度最高。2．信息的采集方法

常用的采集方法有：通過媒體、交流、親自探究（現(xiàn)場采集）。3．信息的采集工具

文字類：鍵盤、手寫板、麥克風(fēng)（語音識別）、掃描儀；

圖像類：數(shù)碼相機(jī)、手機(jī)、掃描儀、上網(wǎng)本、攝像頭、攝像機(jī)； 音頻類：錄音筆、錄音機(jī)、麥克風(fēng)，同時(shí)電腦要具備聲卡；

視頻類：攝像機(jī)、視頻采集卡，智能手機(jī)、上網(wǎng)本、數(shù)碼相機(jī)也有攝像功能； ④現(xiàn)場型的采集工具有：數(shù)碼相機(jī)、數(shù)碼攝像機(jī)、智能手機(jī)、錄音筆、錄音機(jī)等。4．輸入、輸出設(shè)備

常見的輸入設(shè)備：鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、掃描儀、麥克風(fēng)、手寫板、觸摸屏等； 常見輸出設(shè)備有：顯示器、打印機(jī)、音箱、繪圖儀、投影儀等。5．搜索引擎

分類：全文搜索引擎（通過關(guān)鍵詞搜索）和目錄搜索引擎（也叫分類搜索）

全文搜索引擎有：百度BAIDU、谷哥GOOGLE、搜搜SOSO、360搜索、搜狗；

目錄搜索引擎有：新浪SINA、搜狐SOHU、網(wǎng)易163、雅虎YAHOO、網(wǎng)址之家HAO123、360導(dǎo)航等。

6．從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲取信息的方法有：使用搜索引擎、在線數(shù)據(jù)庫、BBS等。網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫比如：教育資源庫、法律資源庫、數(shù)字地圖、多媒體素材庫等

7．常用的文件下載工具：迅雷、網(wǎng)際快車(Flashget)、QQ旋風(fēng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)螞蟻、影音傳送帶等； 下載工具的特點(diǎn)：斷點(diǎn)續(xù)傳、多線程下載、批量下載、自動(dòng)下載、定時(shí)下載等。

8．URL(表示統(tǒng)一資源定位器)，URL地址的格式：協(xié)議://主機(jī)名．域名/文件夾名或文件名。例如；http://flow.stm.gov.cn/index.htm，其中http 是超文本傳輸協(xié)議，flow是主機(jī)名，stm.gov.cn是域名，index.htm是主頁的文件名。

URL的另一種格式：ftp：//ftp.pku.edu.cn 其中FTP代表文件傳輸協(xié)議 9．通用域名的含義

一些通用域名所表示的機(jī)構(gòu)，“edu”，表示教育類，“com”表示商業(yè)組織，“gov”表示政府類，“cn”代表中國，“net”表示網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。10．記住從U盤、光盤上復(fù)制數(shù)據(jù)的操作步驟

五、保存信息

1．常見的文件擴(kuò)展名

①文本類：TXT、WPS、DOC、PPT ②圖像類：BMP、JPG/JPEG、GIF、PSD、PNG、TIF等 ③聲音類：、mp3、wma、wav、mid、ra等

④視頻類：rm(ram)、mov、mpg、avi、wmv、flv、rmvb、dat ⑤動(dòng)畫類：gif、swf、fla、flc ⑥網(wǎng)頁類：htm、html，壓縮類：rar、zip，電子表格類：xls,數(shù)據(jù)庫類：mdb、dbf 2．常用的軟件的作用

文字處理：記事本、寫字板、Word、Wps、Powerpoint（后三個(gè)制作電子小報(bào)）圖像處理：畫圖程序、Photoshop、美圖秀秀、coreldraw等 動(dòng)畫制作：flash、3Dmax等

視頻編輯：Premiere、會(huì)聲會(huì)影（vedio studio）、movie maker等 聲音加工：cool edit、wave edit、gold wave、audition等 聲音的播放軟件：音頻解霸、酷狗、千千靜聽、QQ音樂等

視頻播放軟件：media player、超級解霸、Real player、暴風(fēng)影音、騰迅視頻等 網(wǎng)頁制作軟件有：記事本（編寫純代碼html）、Frontpage、Dreamweaver等 瀏覽網(wǎng)頁的軟件：Internet Explorer（即IE瀏覽器）、360瀏覽器等 壓縮與解壓軟件：winrar、winzip、好壓等 看圖軟件：ACDSEE、美圖看看等

比較常用的多媒體集成軟件：Powerpoint、flash、Premiere、會(huì)聲會(huì)影、Frontpage、Dreamweaver等

不屬于多媒體應(yīng)用的是：電子表格、記事本。2．Windows操作系統(tǒng)的特征、功能及用途 ①特征：圖形用戶界面（GUI）

②功能：進(jìn)程與處理器管理、作業(yè)管理、存儲(chǔ)管理、設(shè)備管理、文件管理

③用途：管理計(jì)算機(jī)軟件與硬件資源 3．在資源管理器中選擇多個(gè)對象的方法 ①選擇連續(xù)的多個(gè)對象，用Shift鍵

方法是：先選定第一個(gè)對象，按住Shift鍵，再單擊最后一個(gè)對象，之間的一個(gè)矩形區(qū)域內(nèi)的所有對象被選中。

②選擇不連續(xù)的多個(gè)對象，用Ctrl鍵

方法是：按住Ctrl，再逐個(gè)單擊將要選擇的對象。③掌握文件的復(fù)制、移動(dòng)、刪除的方法 4．存儲(chǔ)容量的單位換算 1B=8bit，1KB=1024B，1MB=1024*1024B=1024KB，1GB=10243B=1024MB，1TB=1024GB 【第二部分 信息加工與表達(dá)】

一、文字信息的加工與表達(dá)（重點(diǎn)掌握Word的操作）1．字處理軟件及文件格式、圖標(biāo)

Word(*.doc)，wps(*.wps)，Powerpoint(*.ppt)，記事本（*.txt）

2．記住Word工具欄上常用按鈕的名稱（略）3．常用的菜單命令的使用

重點(diǎn)掌握“文件”菜單下的“頁面設(shè)置”；“編輯”菜單下的“替換”；“插入”菜單下的“圖片”，“格式”菜單下的“字體”，“段落”，“分欄”命令；還有表格菜單。4．Word中常用排版方式：分欄；圖文混排

設(shè)置圖片的環(huán)繞方式的方法：右擊圖片，在彈出的快捷菜單上選擇“設(shè)置圖片格式”，在彈出的對話框上選擇“版式”選項(xiàng)。

5．制作電子報(bào)刊的一般性過程是：確定主題、收集和選擇素材、設(shè)計(jì)版面、制作作品、評價(jià)修改。

6．常用鍵盤快捷鍵的使用：ENTER表示回車鍵；BACKSPACE（←）表示退格鍵盤，作用是刪除光標(biāo)前邊的字符；DELETE 表示刪除鍵，刪除光標(biāo)所在位置或后面的字符；CAPSLOCK表示大寫鎖定鍵；Shift換擋鍵，輸入上檔字符；Insert插入/改寫轉(zhuǎn)換鍵。

一些快捷鍵的使用：剪切Ctrl+X，復(fù)制Ctrl+C，粘貼Ctrl+V，CTRL+P表示打印，CTRL+Z表示撤銷。

二、圖表信息的加工與表達(dá)（重點(diǎn)掌握Excel的操作）

1．Excel軟件的主要功能有：數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)、數(shù)據(jù)處理、數(shù)據(jù)分析（圖表分析）2．Excel窗口組成（略）3．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法

①Excel的公式以“=“開頭

②excel函數(shù)：sum()??求和；average()??求平均值；max()??求最大值； min()??求最小值；count()??求非空的單元格數(shù)目。4．表格數(shù)據(jù)的圖形化 柱形圖（或條型圖）：擅長比較數(shù)據(jù)間的多少或大小關(guān)系； 餅圖：擅長表示個(gè)體在總體中所占的比例關(guān)系（成份關(guān)系），不表示具體數(shù)量的多少； 折線圖：反映事物隨時(shí)間變化的情況，可清楚地表現(xiàn)出事物發(fā)展的趨勢。

三、多媒體信息的加工與表達(dá)

1．多媒體的應(yīng)用

①多媒體的媒體有：文本?圖像?聲音?動(dòng)畫、視頻等。

②多媒體技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)：數(shù)字化、集成性、控制性、多樣性、交互性、非線性、實(shí)時(shí)性等。③多媒體作品制作的基本過程：需求分析、規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)、素材采集與加工、作品集成、發(fā)布與評價(jià)等。

④多媒體應(yīng)用的例子：計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)CAI、VCD光盤讀物、視頻會(huì)議系統(tǒng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)讀物、多媒體咨詢系統(tǒng)等。

2．各種音頻格式的特點(diǎn)

①wav格式記錄聲音的波型，音質(zhì)和原聲基本一致，聲音質(zhì)量高，但文件容量大； ②mp3格式是音頻壓縮的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，文件容量??；

③midi格式是數(shù)字音樂/電子合成樂器的統(tǒng)一國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)； ④wma格式壓縮比和音質(zhì)都超過了mp3格式

⑤ra格式具有強(qiáng)大的壓縮比率，缺點(diǎn)是失真較大，廣泛應(yīng)用于網(wǎng)絡(luò) 3．音頻容量的計(jì)算

存儲(chǔ)量（KB）=采樣頻率（KHZ）×量化位數(shù)（b）×聲道數(shù)×?xí)r間（S）÷8 4．動(dòng)畫

2D動(dòng)畫的制作用Flash，3D動(dòng)畫的制作用3D max； 動(dòng)畫和視頻產(chǎn)生的原理是；基于人類的視覺暫留現(xiàn)象； 動(dòng)畫的優(yōu)越性是：視覺效果好；

動(dòng)畫根據(jù)空間維度分為：平面動(dòng)畫2D和三維動(dòng)畫3D，動(dòng)畫根據(jù)播放順序分為：順序動(dòng)畫和交互動(dòng)畫。

四、計(jì)算機(jī)解決問題的基本過程

1．程序設(shè)計(jì)語言及特點(diǎn)

程序設(shè)計(jì)語言發(fā)展歷程：機(jī)器語言、匯編語言到高級語言，特點(diǎn)是：機(jī)器語言程序用二制數(shù)0,1表示，硬件能直接識別執(zhí)行，對硬件的依賴程度最高，移植性最差，執(zhí)行效率最高，機(jī)器語言程序難以編寫和閱讀；高級語言是最符合人類使用習(xí)慣的符合化語言，高級語言程序需要經(jīng)過翻譯（解釋或編譯）成機(jī)器語言程序才能運(yùn)行，對硬件的依賴程度最低，容易移植性。2．計(jì)算程序設(shè)計(jì)的過程

①信息編程加工的過程：分析問題?設(shè)計(jì)算法、編寫程序、調(diào)試運(yùn)行、結(jié)果檢測。

②其中設(shè)計(jì)算法是程序設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵，是核心步聚。算法是指解決問題的方法和步聚的集合。調(diào)試運(yùn)行的目的是檢查程序的可行性。

③算法的描述方法：自然語言、流程圖、偽代碼。

④按程序的執(zhí)行順序來分，程序分為三種基本結(jié)構(gòu)：順序結(jié)構(gòu)，分支結(jié)構(gòu)，循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu) ⑤常見的高級程序設(shè)計(jì)語言有： Visual Basic（VB）、Pascal、C語言、C++、Java、Delphi等 ⑥學(xué)會(huì)書寫簡單的VB表達(dá)式

五、信息發(fā)布方法

1．信息發(fā)布工具軟件

網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息發(fā)布的主要方式有：網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣告、論壇公告板（BBS）、電子郵件、建立網(wǎng)頁發(fā)布、MSN、QQ、視頻及網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)議、IP電話、微信、網(wǎng)絡(luò)博客（WEBBLOG）、微博、各種聊天工具等。

郵件地址格式是：用戶名@郵局域名，其中用戶名只能包含字母、數(shù)字與下劃線，不能有逗號、空隔等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。如：Fjgzzk2015@sina.com。2．信息安全防范

安裝殺毒軟件和防火墻、對重要的數(shù)據(jù)要加密和備份、謹(jǐn)防泄露各種私人信息、對計(jì)算機(jī)要設(shè)置帳號與密碼進(jìn)行身份認(rèn)證、對重要文件要進(jìn)行授權(quán)使用等。

六、信息的智能化加工與處理

1．人工智能的應(yīng)用

①模式識別：語音識別、指紋識別、手寫識別、光學(xué)字符識別（OCR）、虹膜識別等。②機(jī)器翻譯(即自然語言理解)③電腦機(jī)器人

④計(jì)算機(jī)視覺（指紋識別、視網(wǎng)膜識別、虹膜識別和掌紋識別等）

⑤其它應(yīng)用，包括計(jì)算機(jī)博弈、智能代理技術(shù)(OFFICE助手、搜索引擎的“蜘蛛”程序、電子商務(wù))、各種專家系統(tǒng)、機(jī)器證明、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、智能家具等。2．人工智能軟件：語音識別軟件（訊飛語音輸入系統(tǒng)），光學(xué)字符識別類：尚書六號、方正OCR ；機(jī)器翻譯類：金山快譯，譯星，金山詞霸，萬能對譯等。

【第三部分

信息資源管理】

一、信息資源管理方法

1．管理的目的：提高信息資源的有效利用；

2．標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理方法是：采用主題分類、學(xué)科分類管理；

3．信息資源管理的三種方式：人工管理、文件管理和數(shù)據(jù)庫管理。其中后兩種屬于采用計(jì)算機(jī)管理方式。

4．手工管理方式：個(gè)人藏書的管理，電話簿（黃頁）管理，學(xué)生點(diǎn)名表的管理，圖書借閱登記卡片管理等。

5．文件管理方式：在資源管理器中對文件進(jìn)行分類管理（文本分類管理、圖像分類管理、聲音分類管理等），利用電子表格管理個(gè)人財(cái)務(wù)，利用收藏夾分類管理喜愛的網(wǎng)站，用博客、微博管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的學(xué)習(xí)材料等。

6．網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息資源的管理方式：文件、數(shù)據(jù)庫、超媒體、主題樹方式

7．網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息資源管理的途徑：用博客BLOG、微博、QQ空間、網(wǎng)絡(luò)磁盤、電子郵件草稿箱等管理網(wǎng)上資源。

二、數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用

1．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫的應(yīng)用舉例

圖書自動(dòng)化管理系統(tǒng)，高考報(bào)名及成績查詢系統(tǒng)，學(xué)生學(xué)籍管理系統(tǒng)，居民戶籍管理系統(tǒng)等。2．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫優(yōu)越性

存儲(chǔ)海量數(shù)據(jù)，降低冗余度（減少存儲(chǔ)空間），檢索速度快，易于更新、維護(hù)，便于數(shù)據(jù)的共享。3．二維表

關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫是用二維表格組織數(shù)據(jù)，表格中每列稱為一個(gè)字段，每行稱為記錄（從第二行開始），一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫可以包含一張或多張數(shù)據(jù)表。一個(gè)二維表相當(dāng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系。表中不允許有重復(fù)的字段和內(nèi)容完全一致的記錄。字段之間、記錄之間、表格之間都存在某種關(guān)系，所以叫關(guān)系型。常見的關(guān)系有三種：一對一、一對多、多對多。4．三個(gè)重要的概念（1）數(shù)據(jù)庫（DB）：是按某種方式組織在一起的一批數(shù)據(jù)的集合，是數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)加工處理的基本對象；

（2）數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)：是指借助數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)面向解決實(shí)際問題的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，如圖書管理系統(tǒng)，人事管理系統(tǒng)，工資管理系統(tǒng)，成績管理系統(tǒng)等；（3）數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（DBMS）：指數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件系統(tǒng)，提供數(shù)據(jù)庫操作的命令與規(guī)則，對數(shù)據(jù)庫集中管理與控制。

5．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件）有：FoxPro、Access、SQL、Oracle等。其中Access文件格式是*.mdb，F(xiàn)oxpro文件格式是*.dbf。

第四部分

信息技術(shù)與社會(huì)

一、信息技術(shù)與社會(huì)

1．與信息技術(shù)有關(guān)的法律與法規(guī)

①《計(jì)算機(jī)軟件保護(hù)條例》規(guī)定軟件有版權(quán)，未經(jīng)作者同意不得放映、復(fù)制、傳播、修改、轉(zhuǎn)讓正版軟件。提倡人人使用正版軟件，在網(wǎng)上下載軟件之前先看清是否免費(fèi)、共享，在自己作品中引用他人作品時(shí)必須指明出處。制作和傳播病毒屬于違法犯罪行為。

②為規(guī)范青少年合理使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，團(tuán)中央、教育部聯(lián)合頒布《全國青少年網(wǎng)絡(luò)文明公約》，概括為

“五要、五不要”

二、信息安全與信息保護(hù)

1．信息安全產(chǎn)品

網(wǎng)絡(luò)防病毒產(chǎn)品、防火墻產(chǎn)品、信息加密產(chǎn)品、數(shù)字簽名產(chǎn)品、網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵檢測產(chǎn)品等 2．信息安全防范措施

物理安全主要包括環(huán)境維護(hù)、防盜、防火災(zāi)、防靜電、防雷擊、防電磁泄漏等；邏輯安全主要包括訪問控制（用戶身份識別、訪問權(quán)限控制）、信息加密（數(shù)據(jù)加密和數(shù)字簽名）等。密碼設(shè)置的原則：密碼長度越長、使用的字符種類越多越安全。3．計(jì)算機(jī)病毒

①病毒是一段人為編制的具有破壞性的特殊程序代碼或指令 ②病毒的特征：傳染性（即傳播性）、潛伏性、隱蔽性、可觸發(fā)性（即激發(fā)性）、破壞性，可執(zhí)行性、表現(xiàn)性、寄生性、不可預(yù)測性等。

③病毒的傳播途徑：各種存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)（軟盤、硬盤、光盤、U盤）和網(wǎng)絡(luò)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。④常見的殺毒軟件有：瑞星、江民KV3000、金山毒霸(DUBA)、諾頓（Norton）、360殺毒、卡巴斯基等。

⑤病毒防范措施

不要隨意打開不文明、不健康的網(wǎng)站或下載不明來歷的文件；不輕易打開不明來歷的電子郵件，在打開郵件之前先查殺病毒；在使用外來的移動(dòng)磁盤、U盤之前要先查殺病毒；對電腦中重要的數(shù)據(jù)要做好備份。30．黑客

4．黑客是指非法侵入他人計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的人。主要是以竊取重要的數(shù)據(jù)為目的。要防黑客計(jì)算機(jī)要安裝防火墻，如360安全衛(wèi)士、金山網(wǎng)鏢等、天網(wǎng)防火墻。防火墻最主要起隔離作用。

第二篇：高考必背

一、5年高考完形填空高頻選項(xiàng)詞匯

Group 1

1．a(chǎn)ccurate adj.準(zhǔn)確的，正確的；精確的 2．a(chǎn)dmire v．欽佩；贊美；崇拜 3．a(chǎn)dmit v．承認(rèn)；準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入；可容納 4．a(chǎn)nnoy v．使惱怒，使不高興 5．a(chǎn)dventure n．冒險(xiǎn)，奇遇 6．a(chǎn)nxiety n．擔(dān)憂，焦慮；渴望 7．a(chǎn)nxious adj.憂慮的，焦急的；渴望的 8．a(chǎn)part adv.相隔，相距；分離；除外

9．a(chǎn)ppearance n．出現(xiàn)，露面；容貌，外表，外觀

10．a(chǎn)ppoint v．任命，委任；安排；確定(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn))；指定；約定 11．a(chǎn)ppreciate v．欣賞；感激；理解

12．a(chǎn)ppreciation n．欣賞；鑒定，評估；感激；理解 13．a(chǎn)pproach n．途徑，方式，方法 v．靠近，接近；建議；要求

14．a(chǎn)rrival n．到來，到達(dá)；到達(dá)者，到達(dá)物 15．a(chǎn)shamed adj.慚愧的；害臊的；羞恥的 16．a(chǎn)ssist v．幫助，協(xié)助，援助 17．a(chǎn)stonishing adj.驚人的；令人驚訝的

18．a(chǎn)ttach v．把……固定；重視；系，貼，連接；使附屬；使依戀 19．a(chǎn)ttackvt.&n．攻擊，侵害；(疾病等的)突然發(fā)作 20．a(chǎn)ttitude n．態(tài)度

21．a(chǎn)void v．避免，躲開，逃避，回避 22．a(chǎn)wkward adj.令人尷尬的，使人難堪的 23．basic adj.基本的，基礎(chǔ)的 24．behaviour n．行為，舉止 25．believe v．相信，認(rèn)為

26．besides prep.除……以外(還有……)adv.此外(還)，而且

27．beyond prep.(表示位置)在……較遠(yuǎn)的一邊；超過；遲于 28．blame n．&v．責(zé)備；責(zé)怪，埋怨 29．boring adj.乏味的，令人厭煩的 30．brave adj.勇敢的 31．broad adj.寬的，寬闊的

32．burden n．(義務(wù)、責(zé)任等的)重?fù)?dān)，負(fù)擔(dān) v．煩擾；使負(fù)重，裝載 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Approaching the vehicle，they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.2．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)I’m sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from.3．(2015·重慶高考)Alice paid the vet to continue treatment.I grew anxious：what if the family had simply left the cat behind? 4．(2014·湖南高考)Whatever failures I suffer in my life，an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something.Besides，through ironing I’ve learned the method for solving even the most troublesome problems.Group 2

1．calm adj.鎮(zhèn)靜的，沉著的，平靜的 v．鎮(zhèn)靜，使平靜下來 2．care n．照料，保護(hù)，憂慮 v．介意……，在乎；關(guān)心 3．carefully adv.小心地，仔細(xì)地 4．carry v．運(yùn)送；傳送；傳遞 5．carve vt.刻；雕刻 6．change n．變化；零錢 v．改變，更換；兌換

7．cheat n．&v．騙取，哄騙；作弊，舞弊 8．cheerful adj.興高采烈的，快活的 9．choice n．選擇；抉擇

10．circumstance n．條件；環(huán)境；狀況，情況 11．clap vi.拍手；鼓掌 n．拍手

12．clean vt.打掃，清掃 adj.清潔的，干凈的 13．colleague n．同事 14．colour n．顏色 vt.給……涂色，粉飾

15．combine vt.使聯(lián)合；使結(jié)合 16．comfort n．安慰；慰問 v．安慰；慰問，慰藉

17．comforting adj.令人欣慰的；安慰的

18．comfortable adj.舒服的；安逸的；舒服自在的 19．comment n．評論

20．communication n．交際，交往；通訊 21．company n．公司；商號；伙伴 v．陪伴

22．challenge n．挑戰(zhàn)(性)v．向……挑戰(zhàn)

23．chance n．機(jī)會(huì)，可能性 24．conclusion n．結(jié)論；結(jié)局；推論 25．condition n．條件，狀況，境況，狀態(tài) 26．confuse v．使迷惑，混淆，使混亂，搞亂 27．consequence n．結(jié)果，后果 28．continue vi.繼續(xù)，延續(xù)

29．contribute v．貢獻(xiàn)，捐獻(xiàn)；投稿 30．contribution n．貢獻(xiàn) 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)She gave me a comforting smile，nodded while listening patiently，and then printed out the ticket immediately.2．(2015·廣東高考)On the whole，our population is getting older.The changes in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life.3．(2015·陜西高考)I passed the clean comb back to Dad.He smiled at me and carefully placed his comb on his wallet.4．(2015·福建高考)Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her choice of boyfriends，the way she was living，the way she related to her mother，and various other things she felt she needed to express.Group 3

1．convenient adj.便利的，方便的 2．correct v．改正；糾正 adj.正確的，對的；恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

3．cost v．值(錢)，花費(fèi)，使付出代價(jià) n．價(jià)格；費(fèi)用；成本；代價(jià) 4．courage n．勇氣；膽略；膽量 5．cover n．蓋子；罩；封面

v．覆蓋，遮蓋；掩蔽；行走(一段路程)；占(多少面積、時(shí)間)；采訪，報(bào)道；夠付(費(fèi)用)，足以支付

6．crazy adj.瘋狂的；熱衷的；著迷的；精神失常的 7．crowd n．人群，一群人，一伙人 vt.擁擠，涌上(心頭)8．cure vt.治療，醫(yī)治；治愈；糾正，矯正；消除(弊病等)n．治療；療法；對策，措施 9．curious adj.好奇的 10．dangerous adj.危險(xiǎn)的 11．decade n．十年；十年期

12．decide v．決定，決斷；判決；下決心 13．decision n．決定

14．deed n．行為；事跡；行動(dòng) 15．defend vt.防守；保衛(wèi)；辯護(hù)

16．delay v．&n．拖延，延遲，延期；延誤，耽擱 17．deliberately adv.故意地，蓄意地，存心地 18．describe vt.描寫，敘述，描述 19．design vt.設(shè)計(jì)，策劃

n．設(shè)計(jì)，布局；圖案，圖樣，樣式 20．destroy vt.破壞，毀壞

21．determine vt.決定；影響；確定

22．determined adj.有決心的，意志堅(jiān)定的；果斷的 23．different adj.不同的，有差異的 24．dig v．挖(洞、溝)，掘 25．digest v．消化，領(lǐng)會(huì)

26．direction n．方向；方位；指示 27．dirty adj.臟的；卑劣的 28．disappointment n．失望；沮喪 29．discover vt.發(fā)現(xiàn)

30．disturb vt.擾亂；打擾；使焦慮

31．draw v．繪畫；繪制；拉，拖；提取，領(lǐng)取(金錢)；吸引；引起 32．dream n．&vt.夢，夢想 高考鏈接

1．(2016·江蘇高考)And at that moment，I made the decision：I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my life.2．(2016·天津高考)My ten-year-old was growing and changing right before my eyes，into this determined human being with a passion and a mission.3．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)His words freed me from my bad dreams.4．(2014·湖北高考)The park was crowded，so it took us some time to find an available site.5．(2014·四川高考)She was surprisingly unafraid and seemed to be curious about what he was doing.6．(2014·遼寧高考)Several weeks later，when I described the situation to my friend Ken Hardy，he smiled，“You made a classic mistake.”

Group 4

1．drive v．駕駛，開(車)；驅(qū)趕，驅(qū)使 2．drop n．滴；少量，微量

v．掉下，落下；變?nèi)酰档?，減少；停止；放棄 3．during prep.在……期間 4．eagerly adv.渴望地，熱切地 5．earn vt.掙得，賺得，贏得

6．easy adj.容易的，不費(fèi)力的，舒適的 7．education n．教育，培養(yǎng) 8．effort n．努力

9．embarrass v．使窘迫，使尷尬 10．empty adj.空的 v．(使)變空

11．energy n．精力，能量 12．enjoy vt.欣賞；享受；喜歡 13．enjoyable adj.愉快的；有趣的 14．enter vt.進(jìn)入；參加；輸入 15．entertainment n．娛樂

16．enthusiastic adj.熱情的，熱心的 17．enthusiastically adv.熱情地，熱心地

18．entrance n．入口；入場；進(jìn)入的權(quán)利；入學(xué)許可；進(jìn)入 19．environment n．環(huán)境 20．envy vt.&n．忌妒；羨慕 21．equal adj.平等的 vt.等于，使等于

n．相等的事物；相同的人 22．equipment n．裝備，設(shè)備 23．escape n．&vi.逃跑；逃脫 24．even adv.甚至，連(……都)；更 25．eventually adv.最終地 26．examine v．檢查

27．excellent adj.極好的，優(yōu)秀的 28．excite vt.使興奮，使激動(dòng) 29．excited adj.感到興奮的，激動(dòng)的 30．expect vt.預(yù)料；盼望；認(rèn)為 31．expensive adj.昂貴的 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)One thing is for certain—Larry went above and beyond the call of duty by getting so close to the burning vehicle！His efforts most likely saved the woman’s life.2．(2016·四川高考)Maybe your mom would enjoy hearing the story.3．(2016·北京高考)On the 20th of that month，Dr.Welch examined a sick boy，Billy，and knew he had diphtheria，a deadly infectious(傳染的)disease mainly affecting children.4．(2015·浙江高考)Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and empty.5．(2014·天津高考)Every evening I’d eagerly wait for the phone to ring and then tell her every detail of my day.Group 5

1．experiment n．實(shí)驗(yàn) vi.做實(shí)驗(yàn)

2．explain vt.解釋，說明 3．explode v．爆炸

4．extra adj.額外的，外加的，附加的 adv.特別；額外；外加 5．extremely adv.極其，非常 6．fade vi.褪色，(顏色)消退

7．failure n．失?。皇〉娜?或事物)8．fair adj.公平的，合理的；(膚色)白晳的；(人)白膚金發(fā)的 n．集市；廟會(huì)；展覽會(huì) 9．faith n．信仰；信念；信心 10．fall vi.落(下)，降落；倒下 n．秋季；下跌 11．familiar adj.熟悉的

12．feel v．&n．感覺，覺得；觸摸 13．finally adv.最后；終于 14．find vt.找到；發(fā)現(xiàn)；感到 15．fine adj.好的；優(yōu)良的 adv.很好地；精巧地 16．finish v．完成；結(jié)束 n．結(jié)尾，結(jié)局

17．fire n．火；火爐；火災(zāi) vi.開(槍、炮等)，射擊；解雇 18．firm n．公司；企業(yè) adj.堅(jiān)固的，堅(jiān)定的

19．fond adj.喜愛的，愛好的 20．forbid vt.禁止，不許 21．forget v．忘記；忘掉 22．forgive vt.原諒，寬恕 23．form n．表格；形式；結(jié)構(gòu) v．形成；建立

24．fortunately adv.幸運(yùn)地；吉利地 25．fortune n．財(cái)產(chǎn)；運(yùn)氣 26．free adj.自由的；空閑的 vt.使自由；解放；釋放 27．freedom n．自由

28．freeze vi.結(jié)冰；冷藏；(因害怕等)僵住不動(dòng) 29．frequently adv.經(jīng)常地；頻繁地 30．friendly adj.友好的 高考鏈接

1．(2016·天津高考)After years of regular treatment，she finally became healthy.2．(2016·北京高考)Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.3．(2016·天津高考)She had a firm intention within herself to be the best she could be.4．(2015·廣東高考)However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is extremely healthy and lucky.5．(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)Joe fell into a huge crevasse(裂縫)in the ice below.6．(2014·陜西高考)Her husband was with her，but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.Fortunately，a lot of people stopped to help out.Group 6

1．friendship n．友誼，友情 2．frighten vt.使驚恐，嚇唬 3．front adj.前面的；前部的 n．前面；前部；前線

4．function n．&v．作用，功能；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，運(yùn)行 5．future n．將來；未來；前途 adj.將來的；未來的

6．gain vt.贏得；掙得；獲得；增加 n．增加；利潤；收獲 7．game n．游戲；運(yùn)動(dòng)；比賽 8．gather v．聚集

9．generally adv.大體上，總的說來

10．generous adj.慷慨大方的，寬厚的，寬宏大量的 11．gift n．贈(zèng)品；禮物；天賦 12．goal n．(足球)球門；目標(biāo) 13．graduation n．畢業(yè)，畢業(yè)典禮 14．gratefully adv.感激地，感謝地 15．greedy adj.貪婪的 16．greet vt.問候；向……致敬 17．grow v．成長，長大 18．guess vi.猜，猜出，想 n．猜測

19．guide n．向?qū)В改?，?dǎo)游 v．引導(dǎo)

20．guilty adj.有罪的，犯法的；內(nèi)疚的 21．habit n．習(xí)慣 22．half n．一半，半場 23．hand n．手；指針；幫忙，支援 v．遞；給；交付，交上 24．happen vi.(偶然)發(fā)生，碰巧 25．hard adv.努力地；使勁地；猛烈地 adj.堅(jiān)硬的；困難的，艱難的 26．hardly adv.幾乎不

27．harmful adj.有害的；導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的 28．hate vt.&n．恨，討厭

29．head n．頭；頭腦；才智；首腦；源頭 adj.頭部的；主要的；首席的

v．率領(lǐng)；加標(biāo)題；用頭頂；出發(fā)；(船等)駛向 30．height n．高，高度 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)“What a wonderful lady！” I thought.Rushing out gratefully I called out over my shoulder，“By the way，what’s your name？”

2．(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)They had begun to integrate(融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game.3．(2014·福建高考)And each year he’d shake his head，muttering(嘀咕)something about building self-confidence and working towards a goal.4．(2012·湖北高考)“What about a horn？” he then asked.“Look，this horn is no larger than a matchbox and has many functions.” Attracted by these functions，I bought the horn.Group 7

1．help n．&vt.幫助，幫忙 2．helpless adj.無助的 3．hire vt.租用，雇用 n．租借

4．hit v．擊，打；碰撞；使突然想起 5．hold vt.拿；抱；握住；容納；舉行；進(jìn)行 n．抓住

6．holiday n．假日；假期 7．honest adj.誠實(shí)的，正直的 8．hope n．&v．希望 9．hopefully adv.充滿希望地

10．hopeless adj.沒有希望的，不可救藥的 11．however adv.然而，可是

conj.然而，可是，盡管如此；不管用什么方法 12．hurry vi.趕快，匆忙 n．急忙，匆忙

13．impossible adj.不可能的

14．innocent adj.天真無邪的，清白的 15．inspire vt.鼓舞；激勵(lì) 16．instead adv.代替，頂替 17．instruction n．說明，須知

18．interest n．興趣，趣味；利息，利益，好處 vt.使發(fā)生興趣

19．interesting adj.有趣的

20．interview n．&vt.采訪，會(huì)見，面試 21．join v．參加，加入 22．main adj.主要的

23．manner n．方式；態(tài)度；舉止；禮貌 24．march n．游行，行進(jìn)，行軍 25．mean vt.意思是；打算；意欲 26．memory n．記憶

27．merry adj.歡樂的，愉快的 28．mix v．混合，混淆

29．monitor n．(班級內(nèi)的)班長；監(jiān)視器 30．move v．移動(dòng)；搬動(dòng)；搬家；使感動(dòng) 31．national adj.國家的，國有的，民族的 32．nature n．自然界；性質(zhì)；本性，天性 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)I helped him move slowly over the fence.2．(2016·北京高考)Dr.Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.However，the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away，in Anchorage.3．(2015·四川高考)I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head.Again，not a move.4．(2015·安徽高考)Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions instead of throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about spending.5．(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷)It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.6．(2014·山東高考)While nursing her ill elder sister throughout the years，Charlotte discovered she had an interest in medicine.Group 8

1．nervous adj.緊張不安的 2．nice adj.友好的，和藹的 3．noisy adj.喧鬧的，嘈雜的 4．normal n．正常 adj.正常的(狀態(tài))5．note n．便條，筆記，注釋；鈔票，紙幣；音符，音調(diào) vt.記下，記錄；注意

6．notice n．布告，通知；注意 vt.注意到

7．observe v．觀察，看到，注意到；遵守；慶祝 8．once n．&adv.一次，一度，從前 conj.一旦

9．only adj.唯一的，僅有的 adv.僅僅，只，才

10．open adj.開著的，未封的，開的 vt.開，打開

11．operation n．手術(shù)，操作 12．opinion n．看法，見解 13．optimistic adj.樂觀的

14．otherwise adv.要不然，否則，在其他方面 15．outgoing adj.愛交際的，外向的，對人友好的 16．owe vt.欠(債等)，歸功于 17．pain n．疼痛，疼 18．painful adj.痛的，痛苦的 19．pass v．傳，經(jīng)過 n．通行證

20．passenger n．乘客，旅客 21．patience n．容忍；耐心 22．pattern n．式樣

23．perfect adj.完美的，極好的 vt.使完善

24．picture n．圖片；使完美，照片 25．place n．地方 vt.放置

26．plan n．&v．計(jì)劃，方案

27．play v．玩；打(球)；比賽；扮演，假裝 n．玩耍；戲劇

28．pleased adj.高興的，滿意的 29．pleasure n．高興，愉快，樂事

30．positive adj.樂觀的，積極的；肯定的，正電的；陽性的 31．possess vt.占有；擁有 高考鏈接

1．(2016·江蘇高考)While we were eating，Kurt asked me，“John，what is your plan for personal growth？”

2．(2015·北京高考)Someone had left a note under their door during the night.3．(2015·江蘇高考)I’m an ambitious writer，and when I started going through chemo(化療)，even though I’m a very positive person，I lost my drive to write.4．(2014·四川高考)Tom was working out in the field when he noticed her walking around at the edge of the field.5．(2014·浙江高考)He is the only one you have to convince，and he can’t hear you in the back of the room.Group 9

1．poster n．招貼畫；海報(bào)；巨幅裝飾畫 2．potential adj.潛在的，可能的 n．可能性，潛在性；潛力，潛能

3．power n．權(quán)利，勢力；力，動(dòng)力；電力；強(qiáng)國 4．powerful adj.效力大的，強(qiáng)有力的，強(qiáng)大的 5．practical adj.實(shí)際的，實(shí)用的 6．practice n．練習(xí)

7．praise n．&vt.贊揚(yáng)，表揚(yáng) 8．predict v．預(yù)言，預(yù)告，預(yù)測 9．present v．呈現(xiàn)；遞交 10．pressure n．壓迫；壓力；壓強(qiáng) 11．preview vt.預(yù)習(xí)；試演；預(yù)演 12．pride n．自豪，驕傲

13．principle n．原理，原則，信條 14．prize n．獎(jiǎng)賞，獎(jiǎng)品 adj.優(yōu)秀的；獲獎(jiǎng)的 15．problem n．問題，難題

16．produce vt.生產(chǎn)；制造；展現(xiàn)；制作 17．progress n．進(jìn)步，上進(jìn) vi.進(jìn)展，進(jìn)行

18．prohibit v．禁止，阻止 19．promise n．&vi.答應(yīng)，允諾 vt.使有可能

20．proud adj.自豪的；驕傲的

21．publish v．出版，發(fā)行，公布，發(fā)表 22．pull v．拉，拖 n．拉力，引力

23．punish v．懲罰，處罰 24．put vt.放，擺 25．quarrel vi.爭吵，吵架 n．口角

26．question vt.詢問 n．問題

27．quiet adj.安靜的；寂靜的 28．quit v．離開，退出；停止；辭職 29．rank n．職銜，軍銜 30．reaction n．反應(yīng)

31．read v．閱讀；理解；寫著 32．realize vt.認(rèn)識到，實(shí)現(xiàn) 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out.I carried my football everywhere for practice.2．(2016·天津高考)Hearing her coughing bitterly one night，I decided to pull her from it all.3．(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)As a matter of fact，we can see this principle at work in people of all ages.4．(2014·北京高考)Mr.Brown thanked her for all the wonderful posters and gave her a professional artist’s set.“Thank you，” she cried.I realized，at that time when I was looking at her excited face，she’d probably never owned anything in her whole life.Group 10

1．reason v．推理；推斷 n．理由，原因

2．reasonable adj.合乎情理的 3．recite v．背誦

4．recognize vt.認(rèn)出，認(rèn)識；承認(rèn)；意識到 5．refuse v．拒絕

6．regular adj.規(guī)則的，有規(guī)律的，定期的 7．reject v．拒絕 n．次品

8．relief n．安慰，欣慰；減輕，緩解；救濟(jì) 9．repair n．&vt.修理；修補(bǔ) 10．repeat vt.重復(fù)；重說，重做 n．重復(fù)；副本

11．reply n．回答，答復(fù) 12．report n．&v．報(bào)道，報(bào)告 13．reporter n．記者 14．request n．請求，要求 15．requirement n．需要；要求 16．rescue vt.營救，援救 17．research n．研究，調(diào)查 18．respond vi.作答，響應(yīng) 19．responsibility n．責(zé)任，職責(zé) 20．responsible adj.有責(zé)任的，負(fù)責(zé)的 21．rest n．休息；剩余部分，其余的人(或物)v．休息，歇息

22．review vt.回顧；復(fù)習(xí)；評論；檢閱 n．評審；復(fù)查；復(fù)習(xí)；評論 23．rule n．規(guī)則，規(guī)定 v．統(tǒng)治，支配

24．run vi.跑，奔跑；管理，經(jīng)營，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；流動(dòng) 25．safe adj.安全的，平安的 26．same n．同樣的人或事 adj.同樣的，同一的 27．satisfaction n．滿意

28．save vt.救，挽救；節(jié)省，積攢

29．scene n．場景，布景；發(fā)生地現(xiàn)場；景色 30．scientific adj.科學(xué)的

31．search n．&v．搜尋，搜查，尋找 32．seize vt.抓住(時(shí)機(jī)等)，奪取，搶占 33．seldom adv.很少，不常 34．select vt.選擇，挑選；選拔 高考鏈接

1．(2016·浙江高考)They gave me presents of their favorite artworks which they had refused to sell to tourists.2．(2014·遼寧高考)I felt a little uneasy，but to my relief，I had a good excuse.3．(2014·江西高考)With a smile of satisfaction on his face he said，“There！How does that feel？”“Oh，James，” Mum said.“That’s much better！How did you do it？”

4．(2012·江蘇高考)They can also make people feel trapped and forced to answer unwanted calls or reply to unwanted texts.5．(2012·重慶高考)Plants make such good companions：they breathe，they bloom，they respond to care and love.Group 11

1．send v．打發(fā)，派遣；送，郵寄

2．sense n．感覺；理解；意識；判斷力；感官 v．感覺到

3．set(set，set)vt.釋放，安置 n．一套；一副；布景；舞臺(tái) 4．shelter n．掩蔽；隱蔽處 vt.掩蔽，庇護(hù) 5．shock vt.使震驚 n．吃驚，休克

6．sign n．符號，標(biāo)記；征兆；手勢；信號 7．silence n．安靜，沉默，寂靜 8．similar adj.相似的，相像的，類似的

9．simple adj.簡單的，簡易的，樸素的，單純的；完全的 10．single adj.單一的，單個(gè)的，單身的 11．situation n．處境，狀況 12．skate vi.溜冰，滑冰

13．soon adv.不久，很快，一會(huì)兒 14．sorrow n．悲傷，悲痛；傷心事 15．sorry int.對不起，抱歉 adj.難過；懊悔；可憐的 16．special adj.特別的，專門的 17．speech n．演講

18．speechless adj.(因激動(dòng)等)說不出話的 19．spiritual adj.精神的；心靈的

20．spread v．延伸；展開，散布，蔓延，傳開 21．stage n．舞臺(tái)；階段 22．stand n．看臺(tái)，攤位；立場 v．站立；坐落；忍受

23．start v．開始，著手；出發(fā)；創(chuàng)辦 24．stay n．&vi.停留，逗留；維持，保持 25．stick vi.粘住，釘??；堅(jiān)持；卡住 n．木棒(棍)，枝條，小樹枝 26．still adj.不動(dòng)的，平靜的 adv.仍然，還，依舊

27．storm n．風(fēng)暴，暴(風(fēng))雨，暴(風(fēng))雪 28．strange adj.奇怪的，奇特的；陌生的 29．strength n．力量，力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)，長處 30．strong adj.強(qiáng)(壯)的；堅(jiān)固的；強(qiáng)烈的；堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 高考鏈接

1．(2016·江蘇高考)I told him about the many activities in which I was involved.And I went into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.2．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)One afternoon，I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller stuck

going over a fence—which wasn’t hard to climb if you had both arms.3．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)They told her to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived，but she thought the car was going to explode.4．(2014·廣東高考)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again，teenagers have similar feelings about their parents.5．(2014·北京高考)“And finally，” said Mr.Brown，the schoolmaster，at the end of the show，“we have a special award.I’m sure you’ve all noticed the wonderful posters.”

Group 12

1．suggestion n．建議；暗示 2．suitable adj.合適的，適宜的 3．suspect n．犯罪嫌疑人 v．懷疑；猜想

4．surprise vt.使驚奇，使詫異 n．驚奇，詫異

5．survive v．幸存，幸免于難；從(困難)中挺過來；挺下來，熬過 6．sympathy n．同情；慰問；贊同，支持 7．talent n．天才，天賦，才能 8．teach v．教書，教學(xué) 9．tear n．眼淚，淚水 v．扯破，撕開

10．terrible adj.可怕的；極度的，嚴(yán)重的 11．therefore adv.因此，所以 12．though conj.盡管，雖然 adv.然而，但是

13．thought n．思想；思考，想法 14．through adv.通過，自始至終 15．thus adv.如此，因而，這樣 16．tiny adj.極小的，微小的 17．tired adj.疲勞的，累的，厭倦的 18．touch vt.觸摸，接觸；觸動(dòng)，感動(dòng) 19．trouble vt.使苦惱，使麻煩 n．困難；疾病；麻煩 20．trust n．&vt.相信，信任 21．try v．嘗試，試圖，努力 n．嘗試

22．unless conj.如果不，除非 23．until prep.&conj.直到……為止

24．unusual adj.不尋常的；異常的；與眾不同的 25．usually adv.通常地，平常地 26．wave n．(熱、光、聲等的)波，波浪 v．揮手，揮動(dòng)；波動(dòng) 27．way n．道路，方法，途徑 28．wealthy adj.富裕的

29．wedding n．婚禮，結(jié)婚，慶典 30．while conj.在……的時(shí)候，然而 n．一段時(shí)間

31．will n．意志，決心

32．wise adj.英明的，有見識的，有智慧的 33．wonderful adj.精彩的；奇妙的，極好的 34．worried adj.擔(dān)憂的 高考鏈接

1．(2016·天津高考)With all she had been through in her ten years，this was the hour of true triumph(成功)．

2．(2016·江蘇高考)It was a wise decision.While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.3．(2015·重慶高考)In that case，eat before the flight，though an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.4．(2014·北京高考)I was surprised and thought that she could do something in the comingtalent show.二、5年高考閱讀理解高頻障礙詞匯

Group 1

1．a(chǎn)bnormally adv.不正常地

2．a(chǎn)bsolute adj.完全的，全部的；絕對的；十足的，地道的 3．a(chǎn)bundant adj.大量的，豐盛的，充裕的

4．a(chǎn)ccomplish v．完成(任務(wù))，達(dá)到(目的)，實(shí)現(xiàn)(計(jì)劃、諾言等)5．a(chǎn)ccumulate v．積累，積聚，增加 6．a(chǎn)ccuracy n．準(zhǔn)確(性)，精確(程度)7．a(chǎn)ccuse v．控告；指責(zé)，指控

8．a(chǎn)cknowledge v．承認(rèn)(權(quán)威或主張)，告知(信件、禮物等)已收到 9．a(chǎn)cquire v．獲得，得到，學(xué)到 10．a(chǎn)dapt v．使適應(yīng)，使適合；改編

11．a(chǎn)dequate adj.充分的，足夠的；合格的；合乎需要的 12．a(chǎn)djustment n．調(diào)整，適應(yīng)，調(diào)節(jié)；修正 13．a(chǎn)dmission n．準(zhǔn)入；接納；入場費(fèi)；承認(rèn) 14．a(chǎn)dolescent n．青少年 adj.青春期的，青春的，青少年的 15．a(chǎn)dopt v．收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng)；采用，采取

16．a(chǎn)dore v．(不用于進(jìn)行時(shí))熱愛，敬慕，崇拜，鐘愛，喜愛 17．a(chǎn)dventure n．冒險(xiǎn)；奇遇

18．a(chǎn)dvocate v．擁護(hù)，支持；提倡；鼓吹 n．鼓吹者，提倡者，擁護(hù)者，辯護(hù)人，律師 19．a(chǎn)ffection n．喜愛，鐘愛，摯愛

20．a(chǎn)gency n．代理機(jī)構(gòu)，經(jīng)銷處，代理處，機(jī)構(gòu)，(尤指政府內(nèi)的)局，部，處 21．a(chǎn)lcoholic adj.含酒精的 n．酒鬼，酗酒者

22．a(chǎn)llergic adj.過敏的；厭惡的；過敏引起的 23．a(chǎn)llocate v．撥給，劃歸，分配

24．a(chǎn)lternative adj.可供替代的，兩者擇一的，供選擇的；另類的，非傳統(tǒng)的 n．可供選擇的事物

25．a(chǎn)mbition n．目標(biāo)，野心，雄心，抱負(fù)，追求，夙愿 26．a(chǎn)mbulance n．救護(hù)車 27．a(chǎn)mount n．金額，數(shù)量 v．總計(jì) 高考鏈接

1．(2016·浙江高考)Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.2．(2015·廣東高考)In recent years，however，young upper middle-class people in London，have begun to adopt some regional accents，in order to hide their class origins.3．(2015·江蘇高考)One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.4．(2014·北京高考)The bear behaved abnormally，probably because of hunger.Group 2

1．a(chǎn)mple adj.足夠的；豐裕的，富裕的；寬敞的，面積大的 2．a(chǎn)nalyze v．分析 3．a(chǎn)nalysis n．分析；分解 4．a(chǎn)ncient adj.古代的，古老的 5．a(chǎn)necdote n．逸事，趣聞 6．a(chǎn)nniversary n．周年紀(jì)念日 7．a(chǎn)nnoyvt.(使)煩惱

8．a(chǎn)nnual adj.每年的，的，一年一次的

9．a(chǎn)pparent adj.顯而易見的，表面上的，貌似……的，明白的 10．a(chǎn)ppeal v．呼吁；懇求；上訴，申訴；有吸引力 n．吸引力；上訴，申訴；呼吁

11．a(chǎn)pplaud v．&n．鼓掌，贊許，贊賞，歡呼，向……鼓掌，向……喝彩，稱贊，贊許 12．a(chǎn)pplicant n．申請人 13．a(chǎn)pplication n．申請，應(yīng)用

14．a(chǎn)pprove v．贊成，同意，批準(zhǔn)，通過 15．a(chǎn)pproximately adv.近似地，大約 16．a(chǎn)rgue vi.爭辯，爭論 vt.主張，認(rèn)為

17．a(chǎn)rgument n．爭論，辯論

18．a(chǎn)rise vi.起來，升起；出現(xiàn)，呈現(xiàn)，(由……而)引起，(由……)產(chǎn)生 19．a(chǎn)rrange v．安排，布置

20．a(chǎn)rrangement n．安排，布置，籌劃 21．a(chǎn)spect n．方面，外觀，外表 22．a(chǎn)ssess v．評價(jià)，評定(性質(zhì)，質(zhì)量)23．a(chǎn)ssessment n．看法，評價(jià) 24．a(chǎn)ssistance n．幫助，援助，支持

25．a(chǎn)ssociate v．聯(lián)想，聯(lián)系；結(jié)交，交往；使聯(lián)合，使有聯(lián)系，把……和……聯(lián)系在一起 n．合伙人，伙伴，同事 adj.非正式的；副的；聯(lián)合的 26．a(chǎn)ssociation n．協(xié)會(huì)，社團(tuán)；聯(lián)系 27．a(chǎn)ssume v．假定，假設(shè)；承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn) 28．a(chǎn)ssumption n．假定，假設(shè)；擔(dān)任 29．a(chǎn)tmosphere n．大氣；氣氛，環(huán)境 30．a(chǎn)ttempt vt.試圖，嘗試 n．嘗試，努力 高考鏈接

1．(2016·北京高考)The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.2．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.3．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(間隙)with conversation.4．(2015·浙江高考)You can use your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just like any other text.5．(2015·四川高考)No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.Group 3

1．a(chǎn)ttraction n．吸引，愛慕，吸引力；具有吸引力的人或物 2．a(chǎn)vailable adj.可獲得的；可得到的；有空的；可用的 3．background n．背景 4．backward(s)adv.向后 5．ban n．禁令，禁止 v．禁止；取締

6．bare adj.裸露的，光禿禿的，無遮蔽的，無掩護(hù)的，勉強(qiáng)的 v．露出，暴露

7．bargain n．(經(jīng)討價(jià)還價(jià)后)成交的商品；廉價(jià)貨 v．討價(jià)還價(jià)

8．bathe vi.洗澡；游泳 n．游泳

9．behalf n．利益；方面；代表，維護(hù)

10．behave v．守規(guī)矩，行為，表現(xiàn)；做出反應(yīng)，發(fā)生作用；舉止規(guī)矩有禮，檢點(diǎn) 11．beneath prep.在……下方(面)，(指地位等)低于，次于 12．bid v．&n．出價(jià)，喊價(jià)；命令，吩咐；投標(biāo)；向(某人)道別 n．喊價(jià)，出價(jià)；努力爭取 13．biography n．傳記 14．bless vt.祝福；保佑；贊美

15．block n．大塊；(木、石等)塊；街區(qū)；路障 vt.阻塞；阻擋

16．board n．木板；布告牌；委員會(huì)；(政府的)部 v．上(船、火車、飛機(jī)等)17．bonus n．獎(jiǎng)金；紅利；額外津貼 18．boom n．&v．繁榮；轟鳴；激增 n．隆隆聲；(營業(yè)等的)激增；(經(jīng)濟(jì)等的)繁榮 19．botanical adj.植物學(xué)的 20．botany n．植物；植物學(xué)

21．bounce v．使彈起，蹦，上下晃動(dòng) n．彈跳，跳動(dòng) 22．brake n．閘 vi.剎車

23．branch n．樹枝；分枝；分公司，分店；分支部，分支機(jī)構(gòu)，分局 24．brand n．品牌，商標(biāo) vt.打烙印于，加污名于

25．break v．打破(斷，碎)；損壞，弄壞；打斷；中斷；摧毀；削弱；使破裂 n．休息；中斷；間隔

26．breakthrough n．重大進(jìn)展，突破 27．breathe vi.呼吸 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556－4183.2．(2016·上海高考)I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry，words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.3．(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.4．(2014·重慶高考)We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.5．(2013·天津高考)They’d get back in the car breathless and energized，smelling fresh from the cold air.Group 4

1．brief adj.簡潔的，簡短的 2．broad adj.寬廣的 3．broadcast vt.廣播

4．brochure n．資料(或廣告)手冊 5．budget n．預(yù)算，預(yù)算費(fèi) v．做預(yù)算 adj.廉價(jià)的

6．buffet n．自助餐 vt.連續(xù)猛擊

7．burst v．使爆裂，使破裂；突然發(fā)生 n．(感情等的)爆發(fā)，破裂，爆炸 8．bury vt.埋，葬；覆蓋

9．button n．紐扣；(電鈴等的)按鈕 v．扣(紐扣)，用紐扣掛住

10．campaign n．運(yùn)動(dòng)，戰(zhàn)役；參加；發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng) 11．cancel vt.取消，撤銷

12．candidate n．候選人，申請人；應(yīng)試者；被認(rèn)定適合者 13．cartoon n．動(dòng)畫片，卡通

14．casual adj.偶然的，碰巧的；非正式的；臨時(shí)的；不定期的 15．cautious adj.小心的，謹(jǐn)慎的 16．ceremony n．典禮，儀式；禮節(jié) 17．certificate n．證明，證明書；文憑

18．character n．特征，特性；性格；角色；人物；(漢)字，字體；品格 19．classify v．把……分類，把……歸類 20．campaign n．運(yùn)動(dòng)；活動(dòng)；戰(zhàn)役 v．參加運(yùn)動(dòng)；參加競選

21．complex adj.難以理解的，復(fù)雜的 n．建筑群；復(fù)合體

22．compulsory adj.強(qiáng)制的，必須做的，義務(wù)的 23．confirm v．確認(rèn)，確定；證實(shí)，證明；批準(zhǔn) 24．consult v．請教；查閱；商議；咨詢

25．convey v．運(yùn)輸；傳送；表達(dá)；傳遞(思想、感情等)26．convince v．使確信，使信服，勸服，說服 27．declare vt.宣言，聲稱，聲明；斷言 28．decline v．減少，下降，衰退；謝絕，婉拒 29．decorate vt.裝飾，修飾

30．deliver vt.投遞，傳送(信件，郵包等)；發(fā)表，宣布，交付 高考鏈接

1．(2016·浙江高考)Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task，but she made it look effortless.2．(2016·天津高考)I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself，not with me.3．(2014·江西高考)The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes.4．(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Turin has started a campaign to make such documents，found in libraries and stores around the world，available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.5．(2014·四川高考)Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Group 5 1．editor n．編輯

2．electric adj.電的；電動(dòng)的

3．emergency n．緊急情況；突發(fā)事件 4．especially adv.特別，尤其 5．example n．例子；榜樣 6．exchange n．交換，調(diào)換；交流 7．expand v．?dāng)U大，增加，擴(kuò)展

8．explicit adj.明確的；清楚的；詳述的；坦率的 9．explore v．探險(xiǎn)，勘察，考察；探索，探究 10．explorer n．探險(xiǎn)者 11．export n．&v．出口，輸出

12．expose vt.揭露；露出，顯露；使面臨 13．express vt.表達(dá)；表示；表露 n．特快列車，特快專遞

14．extension n．?dāng)U大；延伸；擴(kuò)建；電話分機(jī)，分機(jī)號碼 15．extraordinary adj.非凡的，異乎尋常的 16．fantasticadj.(口語)極好的，美妙的，很棒的 17．fare n．(車或船的)費(fèi)用，票(價(jià))18．fault n．缺點(diǎn)，毛?。诲e(cuò)誤 19．feast n．盛宴，宴會(huì)，(宗教的)節(jié)日 20．federal adj.聯(lián)邦制的，聯(lián)邦政府的 21．female adj.女的；女性的；雌性的 n．女人；雌性動(dòng)物 22．fight n．打仗(架)，戰(zhàn)斗 v．與……打架，與……作斗爭

23．finance n．資金；財(cái)政；財(cái)務(wù)；金融 vt.為……籌集資金

24．fit adj.健康的；適合的；恰當(dāng)?shù)?v．(使)適合，合身；裝進(jìn)，可容納

25．fix vt.使固定；修理；安裝；確定，決定；安排 26．flash n．閃光；閃耀；(想法的)突現(xiàn) v．使閃光；使閃現(xiàn)

27．flexible adj.易彎曲的，柔韌的；靈活的，可變動(dòng)的 28．fluent adj.流利的，流暢的 29．foggy adj.多霧的

30．follow vt.跟隨；接著，沿著，順著；聽懂，理解；遵循；仿效；跟得上 高考鏈接

1．(2016·江蘇高考)Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.2．(2016·浙江高考)This book explores the musical interest and needs of children in their daily lives.3．(2016·江蘇高考)She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.4．(2015·四川高考)And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．

5．(2015·北京高考)Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.Group 6

1．forecast n．&vt.預(yù)告 2．fun n．樂趣；樂事；玩笑 3．furniture n．(總稱)家具 4．glance vi.匆匆一看；一瞥；掃視 5．glare v．怒目而視 n．瞪眼；刺眼的強(qiáng)光

6．globe n．地球儀；地球；球體 7．glory n．光榮；榮譽(yù)；贊頌 8．graduate v．畢業(yè) n．畢業(yè)生，研究生

9．grasp v．抓住；緊握；理解，領(lǐng)會(huì) 10．grocer n．零售商人；雜貨店 11．guarantee n．保證；保證書；擔(dān)保 v．保證；擔(dān)保

12．guidance n．引導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo) 13．handle n．柄，把柄 v．處理；應(yīng)付；拿，觸 14．hardship n．困難

15．headline n．(報(bào)刊的)大字標(biāo)題 16．hobby n．業(yè)余愛好，嗜好 17．holy adj.神圣的

18．identity n．同一性；一致；身份 19．idiom n．習(xí)語，成語 20．ignore v．忽視，不理 21．illegal adj.不合法的，非法的 22．immigration n．移民 23．incident n．事件；沖突 24．income n．收入；收益；所得

25．independent adj.獨(dú)立的，自主的；有主見的 26．indicate v．表明，顯示；象征；暗示；指示；指出 27．information n．信息 28．insert vt.插入 n．(書報(bào)或雜志的)插頁 29．inspect vt.檢查；視察；檢閱

30．instant adj.立即的，立刻的；速食的，即食的 高考鏈接

1．(2016·天津高考)My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English.2．(2016·天津高考)Our Standard Courseguarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language，with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas—speaking，listening，reading and writing.3．(2016·北京高考)For previous generations，college was a decisive break from parental control；guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.4．(2016·天津高考)The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply：alwayshandle the most difficult job first.5．(2016·北京高考)The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity.6．(2016·四川高考)Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.7．(2013·山東高考)But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.Group 7

1．institute n．(研究)所，院，學(xué)院 2．insure vt.確保；給……保險(xiǎn) 3．intelligence n．智力；情報(bào) 4．interrupt v．打擾，打斷 5．journalist n．記者，新聞工作者 6．justice n．正義；公正；司法 7．magic adj.有魔力的 n．魔法；魔力；魅力

8．mature adj.成熟的，成年人的；深思熟慮的，慎重的 9．measure v．測量，衡量，量度為 n．量度尺寸；措施

10．merchant adj.商業(yè)的；商人的 n．商人；生意人

11．minister n．部長；牧師 12．mineral n．礦物質(zhì)，礦物

13．motivation n．動(dòng)機(jī)；動(dòng)力；積極性 14．nutrition n．營養(yǎng)

15．occupation n．職業(yè)，工作；消遣；占用 16．particular adj.特殊的，個(gè)別的 17．pedestrian n．步行者，行人 18．permanent adj.永久的，永恒的

19．plain adj.清楚的，明顯的；普通的；樸素的；坦誠的 n．平原，曠野

20．policy n．政策，方針 21．precious adj.寶貴的，珍貴的 22．previous adj.先前的，以往的 23．primary adj.首要的；初級的

24．process n．過程，程序；步驟；方法；工藝流程，工序 v．處理，加工

25．professionn．職業(yè)，專業(yè) 26．profit n．利潤，收益，益處 27．pronunciation n．發(fā)音 28．punctual adj.準(zhǔn)時(shí)的

29．purchase v．&n.買，購買，采購

30．random adj.隨意的，任意的，未經(jīng)事先考慮的 高考鏈接

1．(2016·江蘇高考)A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(認(rèn)知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.2．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.3．(2016·浙江高考)Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge，it falls to the ground—and，in the process，it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用)．

4．(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible.5．(2014·遼寧高考)Travis is the manager of G&G where he is responsible for forty employees(雇員)and profits(利潤)of over 2 million per year.6．(2013·北京高考)Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still，even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous already.Group 8

1．range n．范圍；一系列；射程；山脈 v．變化；變動(dòng)；排列，排序；徘徊；漫步 2．react v．起反應(yīng)，有影響；反抗 3．reception n．接待，招待會(huì) 4．reform v．&n．改革，改進(jìn)

5．refresh v．更新；使恢復(fù)精力；提醒；使想起 6．register n．登記簿 v．登記

7．relate vi.有關(guān)；涉及 8．represent vt.代表 9．reputation n．名聲，名譽(yù) 10．resist v．抵抗；抵擋 11．standard n．&adj.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(的)12．strike v．敲，打，撞，擊；打動(dòng)，感動(dòng)；擦火柴；侵襲 n．罷工

13．studio n．工作室，演播室 14．survive v．幸存，存活，幸免于，比……活得長 15．target n．目標(biāo)，對象，靶子 v．把……作為攻擊目標(biāo)，把……對準(zhǔn) 16．tradition n．傳統(tǒng)，風(fēng)俗，慣例

17．trick n．詭計(jì)，騙局，惡作?。粦蚍?；訣竅 vt.欺騙，欺詐

18．typical adj.典型的，有代表性的 19．understanding n．領(lǐng)會(huì)；理解；諒解

20．urge v．敦促，催促，力勸；強(qiáng)烈主張；鼓勵(lì)；促使 n．強(qiáng)烈欲望；沖動(dòng)

21．vacant adj.空缺的，未被占用的；空閑的，茫然的 22．vain adj.自負(fù)的，自視過高的，徒勞的，無效的 23．value n．價(jià)值；重要性 vt.評價(jià)；重視；估價(jià)

24．violence n．暴力；猛烈，劇烈 25．visual adj.視覺的

26．vital adj.必不可少的，極其重要的；維持生命活動(dòng)所必需的；充滿活力的 27．weigh vt.稱……的重量；權(quán)衡 28．welfare n．福利

29．withdraw v．撤回，撤離；收回；縮回；使退出；提取 30．witness v．&n．目擊者，證人；目擊，目睹，親身經(jīng)歷 高考鏈接

1．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)But when you share a story with your friends，you care a lot more how they react.2．(2016·江蘇高考)There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.3．(2016·江蘇高考)The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty，surrounded by criminals and violence，had written a new chapter in the history of sports.4．(2015·浙江高考)The circle is divided into sections，and each section represents a fraction of the data.5．(2015·浙江高考)In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars，leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)that mirrors our fear of the dark.三、5年高考?？紕?dòng)詞短語

1．a(chǎn)dd up to加起來是……；表示 add to增加；加入，加到 add...to...把……加到……上 add up加起來 add that...補(bǔ)充說……

2．can’t bear doing/to do sth.不能忍受做某事

can’t bear sb./sb.’s doing/to do sth.不能忍受某人做某事 bear a heavy burden肩負(fù)重?fù)?dān)

bear responsibility/the blame承擔(dān)責(zé)任/受責(zé)備 3．break out爆發(fā) break in打斷；破門而入 break into闖入；強(qiáng)行闖入 break away from脫離

break down(機(jī)器、車輛)出毛??；摧毀；分解 break through突破

break off折斷；中斷；突然停止 break up解散；破碎

4．bring up培養(yǎng)；撫養(yǎng)；教育；提出；嘔吐 bring about引起；產(chǎn)生；導(dǎo)致；帶來 bring sth.back歸還；使想起某事

bring down帶下，運(yùn)下，搬下；使倒下；使倒臺(tái)；使降低 bring in引入；賺(錢)5．call on拜訪(某人)；號召 call at停靠；(短時(shí)間)訪問 call for需要；要求；邀請；提倡 call in召集；召來

call up給……打電話；召集；使想起 6．come along跟著來；快點(diǎn) come out出來；出版 come true實(shí)現(xiàn)

come back to life蘇醒過來

come to the point說到要點(diǎn)，觸及問題實(shí)質(zhì) come about發(fā)生，造成 come across偶遇

come to light為人所知，顯露 come up走近；上升；被提出 come on快點(diǎn)；開始 come over過來

come up with提出；想出 7．come into use開始被使用

come into sight/view出現(xiàn)在眼前；映入眼簾 come into power/office就職，上臺(tái)執(zhí)政 come into existence開始存在；形成

come into effect/force/operation開始生效/執(zhí)行/實(shí)施 8．cut down削減；砍倒 cut in插嘴；超車；插入 cut up切碎；抨擊 cut out刪除

cut through刺穿；抄近路走過 cut off切斷；中斷；使死亡 9．die out滅亡；逐漸消失 die away(聲音、光線等)逐漸消失 die of/from因……而死 die down減弱；平息 die off相繼死亡

be dying for很想要；渴望 be dying to do sth.極想做某事 10．come to an end結(jié)束 put/bring sth.to an end結(jié)束……

make(both)ends meet使收支相抵；量入為出 put an end to sth.結(jié)束/終結(jié)某事 11．fit in相適應(yīng)

fit in with與……合得來；適應(yīng) fit sb.for sth.使某人勝任某事 12．get in touch with同……取得聯(lián)系 get up起床 get back回來；取回 get on上車 get over克服；度過 get off下車 get together相聚

get on/along well with與……相處融洽 get into進(jìn)入；陷入 get into trouble陷入麻煩 get in a word插話 get rid of擺脫；除掉

get through通過；接通(電話)；完成；度過，熬過 get to到達(dá)

get about/around/round傳開，傳出去 get across使理解 get away離開

get down to(doing)sth.開始認(rèn)真做某事 get out離開；出版；泄露 get hold of抓住 13．give up放棄 give in屈服；投降 give out用完；耗盡 give away分發(fā)；捐贈(zèng)；泄露 give off放出，散發(fā)出 give back歸還；恢復(fù)

give way to給……讓路；對……讓步 14．go ahead繼續(xù)；干吧 go by(時(shí)間)過去；經(jīng)過(地點(diǎn))go out(燈、火)熄滅

go on sth.以……為依據(jù)；根據(jù)……來判斷 go on to do sth.接著做另外的事 go over檢查；復(fù)習(xí)

go through通過；經(jīng)歷；仔細(xì)檢查 go about開始著手；到處走動(dòng)；傳開 go against違背 go back回到；追溯 go for運(yùn)用于，應(yīng)用于 go in for參加；愛好 go with與……相配

go without沒有……而勉強(qiáng)應(yīng)付 go up上升，上漲 go down下降，下沉

15．help(sb.)out幫助(某人)擺脫困境；使(某人)脫離困境 help sb.with/to do sth.幫助某人某事/做某事 can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事 can’t help but do只得做；不得不做

help yourself(to sth.)隨便自己動(dòng)手(夾菜吃、用……等)16．hold up舉起；阻滯(交通等)；耽擱 hold back阻止；抑制

hold one’s breath憋住氣，屏息 hold out堅(jiān)持；拿出

17．keep on doing sth.繼續(xù)/反復(fù)做某事 keep up堅(jiān)持

keep up with跟上；與……保持聯(lián)系 keep back保留；阻止；隱瞞 keep away from遠(yuǎn)離 keep out of使……不進(jìn)入 keep one’s word遵守諾言 keep in touch with與……保持聯(lián)系 keep silent保持沉默

keep/prevent/stop...from doing sth.制止(防止)……做某事 keep off使……遠(yuǎn)離

18．lead to導(dǎo)致；造成；通向…… lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事 lead/live a．..life過……的生活 lead...into...把……領(lǐng)進(jìn)…… lead the way引路；帶路

19．live on靠……生活，以……為主食 live through經(jīng)歷 live up to不辜負(fù)；履行 live with忍受，容忍 20．look up抬頭；查閱 look out小心 look into調(diào)查 look forward to盼望 look through仔細(xì)看；瀏覽 look up to尊敬 look down upon瞧不起 look like看起來像 look on...as把……看作 look after照顧 look for尋找

look back回顧；回頭看 21．make a dive for向……猛沖 make an apology to向……道歉 be made up of由……組成

make up組成；化妝，打扮；和解；編造 make up for彌補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)償 make room for給……騰地方 make up one’s mind下決心 make use of利用 make one’s way前進(jìn) make progress取得進(jìn)步 make repairs修理 make a promise許諾 make a living謀生 make the best of充分利用 make out認(rèn)出；理解 make it成功；及時(shí)達(dá)到

22．perform the role of扮演……角色 perform a．..role in在……中起……作用 perform an operation進(jìn)行手術(shù)

perform one’s duty/promise盡責(zé)任/履行承諾 23．pick out挑出；辨別出

pick up拾起，撿起；收拾；整理；(偶然)學(xué)會(huì)；用車接某人；收聽到；身體好轉(zhuǎn) pick off摘除

24．prefer A to B 喜歡A而不喜歡B prefer doing A to doing B 寧愿做A而不愿做B prefer(sb.)to do sth.寧愿(某人)做某事 prefer to do A rather than do B 寧愿做A而不愿做B 25．pull away離開；脫身；拉掉 pull down拆毀；摧毀

pull in(車輛)進(jìn)站?？?；靠邊?？?pull out(of sth.)駛出；脫離，退出 pull through康復(fù)，痊愈

26．put away放好；把……收起來 put down記下；平息 put out撲滅；出版

put up舉起；建造；張貼；投宿 put up with(＝stand/bear)忍受 put on穿上；上演；增加 put off延期，拖延

put through完成；接通(電話)put forward提出建議；撥快(鐘等)put aside節(jié)??；儲(chǔ)蓄；儲(chǔ)存 27．rely on依靠，依賴；指望

rely on sb.to do sth.指望/相信某人做某事 rely on(doing)sth.依賴/信任/指望(做)某事 rely on it that...相信……；指望……

28．remind sb.of sth./sb.提醒某人某事/想起某人 remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事 remind(sb.)that/how/what...提醒(某人)…… 29．run out of...用完……；用盡…… run out用完

run across跑著穿過；偶然碰到 run after追逐；追求 run away跑掉；逃避 run into撞上；遇到

30．make sense有意義；有道理；講得通 make sense of理解；明白 make no sense沒道理；沒意義

31．set about doing sth.(＝set out to do sth.)開始做某事；著手做某事 set out出發(fā)；開始 set up建立；樹立；設(shè)立 set sb.free釋放某人

set fire to/set...on fire放火燒…… set an example to為……樹立榜樣 set down記下；放下；登記 set forward提出；促進(jìn) set off引爆；出發(fā)；動(dòng)身 set aside擱置，把……放在一旁 32．settle down安頓下來；定居 settle down to do sth.開始認(rèn)真對待做某事 settle in(使)適應(yīng)(新環(huán)境)settle on決定；選定 that’s settled一言為定 33．show...in帶或領(lǐng)……進(jìn)來 show sb.into領(lǐng)某人進(jìn)入 show sb.out領(lǐng)某人出去

show sb.around/round sp.領(lǐng)某人參觀某地 show sb.to the door送某人到門口 show off炫耀；顯示 show up出現(xiàn)

34．take up占用(時(shí)間、空間)；從事 take...out拿出去 take place發(fā)生 take the place of代替

take one’s place就座；代替某人的職位 take it easy別著急 take off脫掉；起飛；成功 take part in參加

take pride in以……而自豪 take away(from)(從)……拿走 take in欺騙；攝取

take on雇用；承擔(dān)(責(zé)任)；呈現(xiàn)(品質(zhì)、面貌)take over接管

35．turn up出現(xiàn)；開大(音量)；到達(dá) turn against反對；背叛 turn on打開(電燈等)turn off關(guān)上(電燈等)turn down開小(音量)turn over翻轉(zhuǎn) turn in交出；上交 turn to求助于；翻到；轉(zhuǎn)向 turn into變成 turn out結(jié)果是；生產(chǎn) 36．動(dòng)詞＋for account for解釋，說明

answer for對……負(fù)責(zé)，擔(dān)?！?allow for考慮到 ask for要求，請求 enter for報(bào)名參加 head for朝……行進(jìn) hunt for搜索，尋找 wait for等待，等候 37．動(dòng)詞＋to amount to總計(jì)

attend to處理；對付；照料 belong to屬于

contribute to有助于，導(dǎo)致 see to照看；注意；負(fù)責(zé)

correspond to/with與……相符，與……一致 resign oneself to聽從……，順從…… relate to與……有聯(lián)系，與……有關(guān)聯(lián) cater to迎合，滿足

appeal to對……有吸引力；上訴；懇求 subscribe to訂閱；贊成，同意 apply to申請，請求 38．動(dòng)詞＋out drop out退出；脫離；輟學(xué) figure out想清楚，弄明白；計(jì)算出 fill out填寫(表格等)sell out售完

wear out耗盡；使筋疲力盡；穿破 stand out出色，杰出 leave out省略；遺漏；忽略 39．動(dòng)詞＋with deal with對付，處理；涉及 do with處理 meet with偶遇 cope with應(yīng)付，處理 40．動(dòng)詞＋on act on根據(jù)(建議、信息等)行事 count on依賴，依靠 decide on選定

depend on依賴，依靠，取決于 focus on集中于

insist on堅(jiān)持要求，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 rely on指望，信賴 41．動(dòng)詞＋up clear up放晴；清理；整理；澄清；解決 tie up綁好 fasten up固定好 speak up大聲說 blow up使充氣；爆炸 save up儲(chǔ)存；節(jié)省 tidy up收拾干凈 speed up加速 lock up鎖好 42．動(dòng)詞＋through pass through穿過，通過

come through(重病后)康復(fù)；(消息或信息)傳來 43．動(dòng)詞＋mind change one’s mind改變主意

make up one’s mind下定決心；決定 bear/keep...in mind記住…… call/bring...to mind回憶起…… read one’s mind看出某人的心思 44．動(dòng)詞＋breath hold one’s breath屏住氣；屏息 take a deep breath(＝breathe deeply)深呼吸 lose one’s breath喘不過氣來

catch one’s breath喘口氣；歇口氣；恢復(fù)正常呼吸 45．動(dòng)詞＋difference make a difference有影響；起(重要)作用

make some/no difference(to...)(對……)有/沒作用或影響 tell the difference(between...and...)辨別/區(qū)分(……與……)的不同 46．動(dòng)詞＋sb.＋of sth.cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病 accuse sb.of sth.指控某人某事 cheat sb.of sth.騙取某人某物 inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 rob sb.of sth.搶劫某人某物 47．動(dòng)詞＋habit form the habit of/fall into the habit of/get into the habit of養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣 be in the habit of有……的習(xí)慣 get out of the habit of改掉……的習(xí)慣

四、5年高考?？际煸~生義

1．a(chǎn)bsent adj.茫然的，恍惚的(熟義：adj.缺席的)She looked at the picture in an absent way.2．a(chǎn)che v．渴望(熟義：v.&n．疼痛)Having left for ages，he was aching for home.3．a(chǎn)ddress vt.發(fā)表演說(熟義：n.地址；v.寫地址)The president will address his speech at 3：00 pm.4．a(chǎn)gainst prep.映襯(熟義：prep.逆著，反對；倚，靠；碰)The picture looks nice against the white wall.5．a(chǎn)ttend v．看護(hù)；治療；陪同(熟義：v.出席；參加)The nurse attended to him day and night.6．a(chǎn)vailableadj.(人)有空的(熟義：adj.可得到的；可找到的)The professor is now available.7．blank adj.沒表情的；空虛的；沒興趣的(熟義：adj.空白的；n.空白)The stranger returned my greeting with a blank look.8．blue adj.憂傷的(熟義：adj.&n．藍(lán)色)His songs always make me feel blue.9．cloudy adj.不明朗的，不清晰的(熟義：adj.陰的，多云的)Who will take his place still remains cloudy.10．coach v．輔導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo)(熟義：n.教練)She coached me in playing football.11．count vt.有價(jià)值，重要(熟義：n.&v．計(jì)算，數(shù))It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.12．course n．一道菜(熟義：n.課程；過程)The courses vary with seasons.13．cross adj.生氣的(熟義：v.跨越，橫穿；n.十字)Don’t be cross with him—after all，he is a child.14．desert v．拋棄，離棄(熟義：n.沙漠)He deserted his wife and children and went abroad.15．develop v．沖印(熟義：v.發(fā)展；開發(fā)；研制)Did you have the films developed? 16．disabled adj.有障礙的，失去功能的(熟義：adj.有殘疾的，無能力的)One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the disabled vehicle.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)17．drive v．迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟義：v.駕駛)Hunger drove her to steal.18．divorce v．使分離；使脫離(熟義：v.與某人離婚)You can’t divorce science from ethical questions.19．draw v．獲得，取得，推斷出(熟義：v.畫；拖；拉)What moral are we to draw from the story? 20．express n．快車(熟義：v.表達(dá))Is there an express from Nanjing to Shanghai? 21．encourage v．促進(jìn)，助長，刺激(熟義：vt.鼓勵(lì)；激勵(lì))Good health encourages clear thinking.22．escape v．被忘掉；被忽視(熟義：v.逃跑；逃脫)The name escapes me for the moment.23．explode v．勃然大怒；大發(fā)雷霆(熟義：v.爆炸；爆裂)I’m about to explode！He broke his promise again.24．exploit v．利用(熟義：v.開發(fā)；開采；剝削)You must exploit every opportunity to learn English.25．fail v．不足；缺乏(熟義：v.失敗)Last year the rain failed and many crops died.26．foreign adj.不熟悉的(熟義：adj.外國的；外交的)The subject is foreign to all of us.27．fresh adj.無經(jīng)驗(yàn)的(熟義：adj.新鮮的)She is quite fresh to the work.28．gain v．(鐘表)快(熟義：v.獲得；贏得)Don’tworry.My watch gains.We still have time.29．ground n．理由(熟義：n.地面)He has strong grounds for more money.30．govern vt.影響；支配(熟義：v.管理；控制)The law of supply and demand governs the prices of goods.31．hit n．成功；紅極一時(shí)的人或事(熟義：v.擊中，打擊)Tuhao is quite a hit of this year.32．illadj.&adv.壞的/地(熟義：adj.生病的)It’s no good speaking ill of others.33．interest n．利益；股份(熟義：n.興趣)Our family has interests in the business.34．invite v．吸引(熟義：v.邀請)Don’t leave the window open—it’s inviting thieves to enter.35．inspire v．啟發(fā)(熟義：v.激勵(lì)；鼓舞)His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.36．jump n．&v．大幅度上漲(熟義：v.&n．跳躍)Last week the price of goods jumped.37．kid v．開玩笑；欺騙(熟義：n.小孩)Take it easy.I’m just kidding.38．kill v．消磨(時(shí)間)(熟義：v.殺掉；害死)That guy hangs around all day long，killing time.39．losevi.(鐘表)慢(熟義：v.失去；丟掉)Please hurry！My watch loses 10 minutes.40．last adj.最不可能的(熟義：adj.最后的)He is the last man I want to see.41．mean adj.自私的，卑鄙的，吝嗇的(熟義：v.意思是，意味著)It’s mean of you to eat up all the apples.42．note v．注意，指出，特別提到(熟義：n.筆記)I noted that her hands were dirty.43．openadj.(問題、議事等)未解決的(熟義：v.開；adj.開著的，打開的)They left the matter open.44．operate vi.起作用(熟義：vi.運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；操作；做手術(shù))The medicine operated quickly.45．part v．分手；放棄；賣掉(熟義：n.部分；零件；角色)In order to raise money，he had to part with some of his most treasured possessions.46．pleasant adj.和藹可親的，友善的(熟義：adj.令人愉快的)He’s always been very pleasant to me.47．position n．立場；觀點(diǎn)(熟義：n.位置；職位)What’s your position on the problem? 48．promise v．有……的希望；使……有可能(熟義：v.&n．許諾)The dark clouds promise rain.49．rate v．對……作出評價(jià)；被認(rèn)為，被評價(jià)為(熟義：n.比率；速度)These potatoes rate among the best.50．read v．理解；領(lǐng)會(huì)(熟義：v.閱讀)I didn’t read mother’s thoughts at that time.51．reflect v．沉思；思考(on/upon)(熟義：v.映出；反射)I need time to reflect on your offer.52．safe adj.謹(jǐn)慎的；小心的(熟義：adj.安全的)He is a safe man.You can count on him.53．say vt.假定；顯示；表明(熟義：vt.說)Say that war breaks out，what will you do? 54．shoulder v．承擔(dān)(熟義：n.肩膀)Young people should learn to shoulder the blame.55．spring v．跳，躍；突然出現(xiàn)(熟義：n.春天；泉水)Fast food restaurants are springing up all over the city.56．strength n．強(qiáng)項(xiàng)，優(yōu)點(diǎn)，優(yōu)勢(熟義：n.力氣)Maths is not my strength.57．walk n．行業(yè)(熟義：v.&n．行走；步行)This society welcomes people from all walks of life.58．wear vt.表露，流露，面帶(熟義：vt.穿戴)The girl always wears a happy smile.59．weigh v．權(quán)衡；斟酌(熟義：v.稱……的重量；重達(dá))Please weigh the advantages and disadvantages of doing this！

五、5年高考寫作經(jīng)典句式

1．I am writing to tell you/express...我寫信是想告訴你(您)……

I am writing to ask you to do me a favor/pay attention to...我寫信是想請您幫助我/關(guān)注……

(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)I’m writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation.(書信)(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)I’m writing to express my regret at being unable to go to the bookstore with you next weekend，which I have promised.(電子郵件)(2013·重慶高考)I’m a student from Chongqing，China.I am writing to askyou to pay attention to the situation of Finless Porpoises.(求助信)2．with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

(2014·江蘇高考)With English words getting popular in both media and daily life，a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them.(議論文)3．what...will be like……是什么樣子

(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)I often imagine what my life will be like in the future.(說明文)4．In the picture，we can see...從這幅圖中，我們可以看出……

(2015·福建高考)In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes，sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.(圖畫作文)5．In Picture 1...while Picture 2 shows...在圖一中，……然而圖二卻展示了……

(2013·江蘇高考)In Picture 1，a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps，but in vain，while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees.(圖畫作文)6．I think the picture is telling us that...我認(rèn)為這幅圖是在告訴我們……

(2013·北京高考)I think the picture is telling us that there is usually a difference between one’s dream and reality.(圖畫作文)7．使用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語

(2016·北京高考)A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.(圖畫作文)8．使用不定式作狀語

(2013·江西高考)In order to encourage the students to take outdoor exercise，our school organized a mountain-climbing on April 10.(記敘文)9．使用動(dòng)名詞作主語

(2016·江蘇高考)On-line voting becomes increasingly popular，and many competitions get people involved in it.(議論文)10．借助“There is a famous saying that...”引用名言

(2013·四川高考)There is a famous saying that“Good habits lead to good endings.”，which shows the importance of habits.(說明文)11．主語＋feel＋it a great honor to do sth.對……來說，做……是一件榮耀的事情

(2013·天津高考)I am very glad and feel it a great honor to run for the vice president of the English club.(演講稿)12．How is everything going on?近來一切進(jìn)展如何？

(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)How is everything going on with you？(電子郵件)13．How I wish I．..我多么希望……(2013·山東高考)How I wish I would read and reply to your e-mail as soon as I received it.(電子郵件)14．It is universally acknowledged that...眾所周知……

(2013·遼寧高考)It is universally acknowledged that the Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of our Chinese lunar calendar.(說明文)15．I would really like to...because...我想……因?yàn)椤?/p>

(2015·安徽高考)I would really like to interview him because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.(想象性作文)16．主語would like to invite sb.to...……想邀請某人去……

(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)I’d like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.(邀請信)17．There is no doubt that...毫無疑問……

(2013·四川高考)There is no doubt that a healthy everyday habit helps to build up our body.(說明文)

1．be about to...when...即將做……就在這時(shí)……

(2014·福建高考)I was about to give up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.(議論文)2．使用限制性定語從句

(2014·江西高考)In addition，you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help you to gain much knowledge.(發(fā)言稿)3．使用虛擬語氣

(2015·安徽高考)If I could interview him，I would ask him what made him an astronaut and how he was trained.(想象性作文)4．Memories rushed to my mind when...當(dāng)……時(shí)候，眾多記憶蜂擁而至。

(2014·山東高考)Memories rushed to my mind when I saw this topic.(議論文)5．It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that...它展示了當(dāng)今一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象：……

(2013·福建高考)It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families，shouldering the hope of their parents.(圖畫作文)6．The message conveyed here is clear：...這兒所傳達(dá)出的信息十分清晰：……

(2013·江蘇高考)The message conveyed here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”(圖畫作文)7．It is more meaningful to do...做……更有意義

(2013·江蘇高考)Instead of shouting empty slogans，it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need.(圖畫作文)8．It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……

(2013·陜西高考)It occurred to me that I should give the rooms a thorough cleaning.(記敘文)9．使用副詞作評注性狀語，如amazingly(令人驚訝地)，obviously(明顯地)，importantly(重要地)，happily(高興地)，surprisingly(令人吃驚地)等。

(2015·廣東高考)Amazingly，she earned respect from her students，all of whom later grew to be confident，considerate and well-behaved.(議論文)(2013·四川高考)Obviously，a good habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.(說明文)(2013·天津高考)More importantly，I am a person full of passion for a variety of things.(演講稿)10．使用as引導(dǎo)的定語從句

(2016·天津高考)As scheduled，we participated in several instructive activities.(發(fā)言稿)(2013·四川高考)As we can see，cultivating a good habit is so important that I would like to introduce one kind of good learning habit—keeping a learning diary every day.(說明文)11．I think I can be qualified for...for the following reasons.由于以下原因，我認(rèn)為我能勝任……

(2013·天津高考)I think I can be qualified for the president for the following reasons.(演講稿)12．使用非限制性定語從句

(2016·江蘇高考)It makes no difference from ordinary voting events，in which candidates go around to seek supports.(議論文)(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)We’ll also spend some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，which we hope will make them happy.(電子郵件)13．If you were me，you would...如果你是我，你會(huì)……

(2013·山東高考)I believe that if you were me，you wouldmake the same choice.(電子郵件)14．be interested in the announcement/advertisement/position of...posted/advertised on...對于登載在……上的通告/廣告/職位感興趣

(2012·新課標(biāo)全國卷)I am interested in the announcement of the summer camp posted on the Internet.(申請信)15．If the situation remains the same，...如果形勢依舊如此……

(2013·重慶高考)If the situation remains the same，within 10 years，Yangtze Finless Porpoises will become extinct forever.(求助信)16．keep quiet about...對……保持沉默

(2012·大綱全國卷Ⅱ)We want to give him a surprise，so please keep quiet about it.(邀請信)

1．使用what引導(dǎo)的主語從句

(2015·湖南高考)What impressed me most was that I failed in an English exam，feeling extremely upset and disappointed.(說明文)2．wish從句中使用虛擬語氣

(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Besides，I wish there would not be too many students in a class.(應(yīng)用文)3．so...that...如此……以至于……

(2016·北京高考)We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.(圖畫作文)(2014·山東高考)At the beginning，learning English seemed so difficult that I wanted to give up without even trying.(議論文)4．while連接兩個(gè)并列句

(2013·福建高考)The son，well dressed，waves proudly in the middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet，sweating.(圖畫作文)5．使用選擇疑問句

(2013·江蘇高考)Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect the earth？The answer is definitely the latter.(圖畫作文)6．It is not so easy for sb.to do sth.對某人來說做某事不容易

(2013·北京高考)Everyone has his dream.However，it is not so easy for people to realizetheir dreams every time.(圖畫作文)7．使用過去分詞短語作后置定語

(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.(書信)(2013·陜西高考)Firstly I collected all the books，newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.(記敘文)8．find＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語

(2013·北京高考)Just the next morning，I found my mother not feeling well.(記敘文)9．時(shí)間名詞作連詞

(2013·北京高考)The moment my father came back home，my mother told him what had happened.(記敘文)10．使用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語

(2015·北京高考)Looking at the figurines，we were all very excited.(記敘文)(2013·江西高考)All the way we were chatting，singing and laughing，enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.(記敘文)11．使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

(2013·江西高考)Some falling behind，others would come and offer help.(記敘文)12．It was＋時(shí)間段＋before...多長時(shí)間后……

(2013·江西高考)It was about 2 hours before we all reached the top.(記敘文)13．not...until...直到……才……

(2013·安徽高考)If I ride a bike，I’ll always keep to the right and never cross a road until the traffic light turns green.(說明文)14．主語＋regard it as one’s duty to do sth.把做某事當(dāng)作某人的義務(wù)

(2013·安徽高考)Meanwhile，I will regard it as my duty to help keep our environment clean and healthy.(說明文)15．使用最高級

(2016·四川高考)Summer vacation is the longest of the year...I think summer is certainly more fun than the other three seasons.I like summer best.(說明文)16．使用方式狀語by doing sth.(2013·四川高考)We can start the habit by writing learning summary and recording something impressive and meaningful.(說明文)17．祈使句＋and＋陳述句

(2013·四川高考)Keep it in mind and gradually we can gain this good learning habit and benefit from it.(說明文)(2013·北京高考)Another try，and they may gain what they dream of.(圖畫作文)18．no matter＋疑問詞

(2015·福建高考)The moral of the story is：spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.(圖畫作文)(2013·遼寧高考)Usually，no matter how far away or how busy we are，we will try to come home for the celebration.(說明文)19．用such as列舉事例

(2013·遼寧高考)In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.(說明文)20．使用同位語解釋說明前面的名詞

(2016·北京高考)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history it must be Wei Yuan，a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.(說明文)21．be＋形容詞＋enough to do sth.足夠……能做某事

(2013·天津高考)If I am lucky enough to be elected，I will make every effort to serve for the benefits of students and our club.(演講稿)22．使用插入語I am sure，I think等

(2013·天津高考)I will organize various activities in our university，such as holding lectures and English parties，which，I am sure，will be beneficial to improving students’ English.(演講稿)23．使用so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句

(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books.(電子郵件)24．It is likely that...有可能……

(2013·山東高考)It is likely that I will work as a volunteer for the school as a teaching assistant.(電子郵件)25．not...but...不是……而是……

(2016·江蘇高考)To be honest，voters sometimes feel annoyed，not because they hate voting，but because they are divided between emotion and fairness.(議論文)(2016·江蘇高考)Voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors，but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.(議論文)26．多種時(shí)態(tài)的綜合運(yùn)用

(2012·新課標(biāo)全國卷)I’ve been learning English for 10 years，and I speak fluent English.(申請信)27．on one’s doing...一……就……

(2012·大綱全國卷Ⅱ)On his arriving，we will light the candles and sing “Happy Birthday” together for him.(邀請信)28．a(chǎn)s soon as possible盡可能快地

(2013·重慶高考)Besides，sewage emissions should be reduced as soon as possible.(求助信)29．It is another effective way to do sth.做……是另外一種有效方式。

(2013·重慶高考)What’s more，it is another effective way to appeal to the news media along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River for a joint interview to publicize the importance of porpoise conservation.(求助信)30．Would you please do...您能否做……

(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States？(約稿信)(2013·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Would you please meet my uncle at the airport and take him to his hotel since this is his first visit to the U．S.？(求助信)

1．so long as只要

(2014·山東高考)So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are bound to achieve success.(議論文)2．not only...but also...的倒裝句

(2015·廣東高考)As for its functions，not onlycan the technique be used to predict major diseases，but it also enables people to foresee the examinees’ food preference.(說明文)(2014·廣東高考)As far as I am concerned，not only will her generosity help those in need realize their dreams and rebuild faith in life，but also it will motivate more people to participate in such a good deed.(議論文)3．in a word總之

(2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful.(說明文)(2014·山東高考)In a word，not only does the proverb enable me to face up to the difficulties bravely，but also it contributes much to keeping confident all the time.(議論文)4．encourage/inspire sb.to do sth.instead of doing sth.鼓勵(lì)/激勵(lì)某人做……而不是做……

(2013·福建高考)Parents should encourage their children to overcome difficulties and inspire them to develop by themselves instead of doing everything for them.(圖畫作文)5．only in this way引起的倒裝句

(2013·福建高考)Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.(圖畫作文)6．“only＋狀語從句”引起的倒裝句

(2013·江蘇高考)Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.(圖畫作文)7．a(chǎn)s far as...is concerned就……而言

(2013·北京高考)As far as I am concerned，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on

第三篇：福建省高考語文必背課文

福建省高考語文必背課文

陶淵明《歸園田居》

少無適俗韻，性本愛丘山。誤落塵網(wǎng)中，一去三十年。羈鳥戀舊林，池魚思故淵。開荒南野際，守拙歸田園。

方宅十余畝，草屋八九間。榆柳蔭后檐，桃李羅堂前。曖曖遠(yuǎn)人村，依依墟里煙。狗吠深巷中，雞鳴桑樹巔。

戶庭無塵雜，虛室有余閑。久在樊籠里，復(fù)得返自然聲聲慢

尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚。乍暖還寒時(shí)候，最難將息。三杯兩盞淡酒，怎敵他、晚來風(fēng)急。雁過也、最傷心，卻是舊時(shí)相識。

滿地黃花堆積。憔悴損、如今有誰忺摘？守著窗兒，獨(dú)自怎生得黑？梧桐更兼細(xì)雨，到黃昏、點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。這次第，怎一個(gè)、愁字了得。蘭亭集序

永和九年，歲在癸丑，暮春之初，會(huì)于會(huì)稽山陰之蘭亭，修禊事也。群賢畢

至，少長咸集。此地有崇山峻嶺，茂林修竹；又有清流激湍，映帶左右，引以為流觴曲水，列坐其次。雖無絲竹管弦之盛，一觴一詠，亦足以暢敘幽情。是日也，天朗氣清，惠風(fēng)和暢，仰觀宇宙之大，俯察品類之盛，所以游目騁懷，足以極視

聽之娛，信可樂也。夫人之相與，俯仰一世，或取諸懷抱，悟言一室之內(nèi)；或因

寄所托，放浪形骸之外。雖趣舍萬殊，靜躁不同，當(dāng)其欣于所遇，暫得于己，快

然自足，曾不知老之將至。及其所之既倦，情隨事遷，感慨系之矣。向之所欣，俯仰之間，已為陳跡，猶不能不以之興懷。況修短隨化，終期于盡。古人云：“死

生亦大矣?！必M不痛哉！每覽昔人興感之由，若合一契，未嘗不臨文嗟悼，不能

喻之于懷。固知一死生為虛誕，齊彭殤為妄作。后之視今，亦猶今之視昔。悲夫！

故列敘時(shí)人，錄其所述，雖世殊事異，所以興懷，其致一也。后之覽者，亦將有

感于斯文。

滕王閣序時(shí)惟九月，序?qū)偃铩Ａ剩╨ao 老）水盡而寒潭

清，煙光凝而暮山紫。儼驂（can 參）（馬非fei 非）于上路，訪風(fēng)景于崇

阿；臨帝子之長洲，得仙人之舊館。層巒聳翠，上出重霄；飛閣流丹，下臨

無地。鶴汀鳧情，窮島嶼之縈回；桂殿蘭宮，列岡巒之體勢。被繡闥（ta 踏），俯雕甍（meng 萌），山原曠其盈視，川澤盱（xu 虛）其駭矚。閭閻撲地，鐘鳴鼎食之家；舸艦迷津，青雀黃龍之軸。虹銷雨霽，彩徹云衢。落霞與孤

鶩齊飛，秋水共長天一色。漁舟唱晚，響窮彭蠡之濱；雁陣驚寒，聲斷衡陽

之浦。

陳情表

李 密

臣密言：臣以險(xiǎn)釁，夙遭閔兇。生孩六月，慈父見背；行年四歲，舅奪母志。祖母劉憫臣孤弱，躬親撫養(yǎng)。臣少多疾病，九歲不行，零丁孤苦，至于成立。既無伯叔，終鮮兄弟。門衰祚薄，晚有兒息。外無期功強(qiáng)近之親，內(nèi)無應(yīng)門五尺之僮。煢煢孑立，形影相吊。而劉夙嬰疾病，常在床蓐；臣侍湯藥，未曾廢離。逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵察臣孝廉；后刺史臣榮舉臣秀才。臣以供養(yǎng)無主，辭不赴命。詔書特下，拜臣郎中。尋蒙國恩，除臣洗馬。猥以微賤，當(dāng)侍東宮。非臣隕首所能上報(bào)。臣具以表聞，辭不就職。詔書切峻，責(zé)臣逋慢?？h郡逼迫，催臣上道；州司臨門，急于星火。臣欲奉詔奔馳，而劉病日篤；欲茍順?biāo)角?，則告訴不許。臣之進(jìn)退，實(shí)為狼狽。

伏惟圣朝以孝治天下，凡在故老，猶蒙矜育，況臣孤苦，特為尤甚。且臣少仕偽朝，歷職郎署，本圖宦達(dá)，不矜名節(jié)。今臣亡國賤俘，至微至陋。過蒙拔擢，寵命優(yōu)渥，豈敢盤桓，有所希冀。但以劉日薄西山，氣息奄奄，人命危淺，朝不慮夕。臣無祖母，無以至今日；祖母無臣，無以終余年。母、孫二人，更相為命，是以區(qū)區(qū)不能廢遠(yuǎn)。

臣密今年四十有四，祖母劉今年九十有六，是臣盡節(jié)于陛下之日長，報(bào)養(yǎng)劉之日短也。烏鳥私情，愿乞終養(yǎng)。臣之辛苦，非獨(dú)蜀之人士及二州牧伯所見明知，皇天后土實(shí)所共鑒。愿陛下矜憫愚誠，聽臣微志。庶劉僥幸，保卒余年。臣生當(dāng)隕首，死當(dāng)結(jié)草。臣不勝犬馬怖懼之情，謹(jǐn)拜表以聞。

第四篇：2019高考英語必背

1.感謝信

假設(shè)你是李華，梁教授去年六月推薦你去悉尼大學(xué)深造，現(xiàn)在你已經(jīng)被悉尼大學(xué)化學(xué)學(xué)院錄取，請寫封信向梁教授表示感謝?！緝?yōu)秀滿分范文】

Dear Professor Liang, I am writing to extend my gratitude to you because with your help I am now a student of Chemistry Department of Sydney University.Last June, when I applied to become a graduate student of Sydney University, you really gave me a lot of valuable help.You not only wrote a recommendation（推薦）for me to Professor Wells who works in the Sydney University but also gave me careful and patient instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters.It is your unreserved(無保留的）help that enables me to obtain this splendid（極好的）opportunity of further education.For the following two years I will study hard to reciprocate（回報(bào)）your sincere help and expectations with excellent grades.Yours truly, Zhang Ying

2.道歉信

假設(shè)你是李華，因弟弟生病住院，你不能參加你好友下星期四晚的生日晚會(huì)，請寫一封道歉信解釋原因，并祝福他生日快樂。【優(yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Sarah, I am terribly sorry to tell you that I am unable to attend your birthday party next Thursday evening.That is owing to（因?yàn)椋﹖he fact that（同位語從句）my younger brother suddenly fell ill and was taken to a hospital this morning.I have to go there immediately and take care of him.As told by the doctor in charge, it will take around five days for him to recover and I have asked my boss for a leave.I really regret that I cannot go to celebrate your birthday personally and would miss the perfect chance of enjoying myself with all our old friends.I have chosen a small gift for you and will send it to you tomorrow to show my best wishes.Besides, please give my regards to our friends when you meet them at the party.Cordially,（sincerely）

Li Hua

3.申請信

假定你是李華，將于今年七月從新星外語學(xué)校畢業(yè)。你從報(bào)紙上得知B B公司要招聘一名英文秘書，你很感興趣，要寫一封求職信，包括下列要點(diǎn)： 1．年齡：18．

2.學(xué)習(xí)情況：班級前5，英語口語好 3．興趣和特長：打字快，喜歡閱讀，聽音樂 4．性格特點(diǎn)：積極向上 注意：1．詞數(shù)100左右；

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2．可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行為連貫；

3．開頭語和結(jié)束語己為你寫好?！緝?yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Sir/ Madam, I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary.I’m really interested in this position so I am writing to apply for it.I’m18 years old and will graduate from Xinxing Foreign Languages School this July.I’m an excellent student, among the top 5 in my class of 50 students.I’m good at English, especially spoken English.I often use the computer and I type very fast.In my spare time, I read a lot.Poems are my favorite.I enjoy music very much too.Being an active young person, I like sports and outdoor activities.Besides, I’m easy to get along with and I like to make friends.I hope I may be granted（授予）an interview, when I can explain my qualifications（資格，條件）more fully.I am looking forward to your reply.Sincerely/Yours，LiHua

4.通知

假如你是校學(xué)生會(huì)主席。新年即將到來，為了幫助你校的外國留學(xué)生更好地了解中國文化，學(xué)生會(huì)將為他們舉辦一個(gè)新年晚會(huì)。請你根據(jù)以下提示，用英語向他們發(fā)出口頭通知。時(shí)間：下周五6：00—8：00 地點(diǎn)：教學(xué)樓101室

內(nèi)容：1．唱中國歌 2．比賽用筷子 3．學(xué)習(xí)包餃子

注意：1．詞數(shù)不少于50；2．可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；3．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)【優(yōu)秀滿分范文】

Good afternoon, everyone.May I have your attention, please? I’m the chairman of the Students’ Union.As the New Year is around the corner（即將到來）, we are going to hold a New Year party for you, which is intended to enable you to have a better understanding of Chinese culture.During the party, not only can you sing a Chinese song, but you will also compete with each other to see how skilled you are at using chopsticks.What’s more, you’ll learn at the party how to make dumplings.Sounds great.doesn’t it? The party is scheduled（計(jì)劃于）in Room 101of the Teaching Building from 6:00 p.m.to 8:00 p.m.next Friday.Please make sure you won’t miss it.Thank you for your attention.5.邀請信

你們班同學(xué)打算周六去爬香山。請給外教Chris寫一封英文信，邀請他參加此次活動(dòng)。具體內(nèi)容如下： 1.時(shí)間：8am—5 pm； 2.集合地點(diǎn)：校門口； 3.交通工具：公交車；

4.攜帶物品：雨具，午餐，相機(jī)。注意：1.詞數(shù)不少于50；

2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

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3.開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)?！緝?yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Chris，I’m writing to tell you that we intend to climb the Fragrant Hill this Saturday and I sincerely invite you to go with us on behalf of our class.We are supposed to gather at the school gate and set out at 8:00 am sharp.The bus will serve as our transportation.We will climb to the top of the hill and enjoy our picnic lunch there, so please take some food with you as lunch.At about 2:00 pm.We will go down the hill along another path and return to our school at about5.00pm.You may equip yourself with a camera to record the beautiful scenery and an umbrella or a raincoat is also necessary in case you are caught in a rain.Please spare some time to join us.Your participation can surely add color to our trip and we are all looking forward to your involvement.Yours, Joe

6.建議信

假定你是李華，你所喜愛的Global Mirror周報(bào)創(chuàng)刊五周年之際征集讀者意見．請你依據(jù)以下內(nèi)容給主編寫封信，內(nèi)容主要包括：

1．說明你是該報(bào)的忠實(shí)讀者

2．說明該報(bào)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1)兼顧國內(nèi)外新聞 2)介紹名人成功故事 3．提出建議： 刊登指導(dǎo)英語學(xué)習(xí)的文章 注意：1．詞數(shù)100左右，開頭語己為你寫好； 2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫?！緝?yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Editor-in-Chief, Congratulations on the 5th anniversary of Global Mirror!I’m a regular reader of your newspaper.I like it so much that I hardly miss any copy.There are many advantages of Global Mirror.Firstly, Global Mirror covers both national and international news.By simply turning the pages, I can know all important things that have happened both home and abroad.Besides, the success stories of world-famous people are also attractive to me, which help me learn a lot from them.In a word, thanks to Global Mirror, we are well-informed and keep up with the changing world.As a young student, I wish that I can be a master of English language.Therefore, I suggest that Global Mirror provide articles about English learning for us.Finally, I hope that Global Mirror will become more and more popular.Thank you for your time!

Sincerely yours，Li Hua

7.求助信

假設(shè)你是李華，你的美國朋友Tom上個(gè)月來到北京學(xué)習(xí)。七月份你將去北京參加暑期中學(xué)生英語演講比賽(speech contest)，你在資料搜集、語言運(yùn)用等方面遇到了困難。請根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)給Tom寫一封電子郵件： 1.詢問Tom的生活和學(xué)習(xí)情況；

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2.談?wù)勀愕睦щy并請Tom幫忙； 3.告訴Tom你打算賽后去看他。注意: 1.詞數(shù):120—150；

2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫?！緝?yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Tom，How is it going these days? I keep wondering how you feel about your school life in Beijing.Have you got used to the life in China? Are you enjoying your life? I hope you are.Let me tell you a piece of good news: I’m going to take part in an English speech contest of middle school students in July in the coming summer vacation.So I’m busy preparing for it.But now I have some difficulty in collecting useful information and using proper English word to express my thoughts.Besides, I really want to improve my spoken English, especially the pronunciation and intonation（語調(diào)）.Of course, as a native English speaker, you can give me some suggestions.In addition, I’m going to visit you after the contest.I’m sure we will have a wonderful time together in Beijing!I can hardly wait to see you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua

8.投訴信

你是李華，兩周前你從網(wǎng)上一套書蟲系列讀物（Bookworm Series）昨天才到貨，且包裝破損，數(shù)量不足。請就此向網(wǎng)店客服寫郵件投訴。要點(diǎn)如下： 1.介紹購物情況 2.反映存在問題 3.提出解決方案 注意：

1.詞數(shù)100詞左右

2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，使行文連貫 3.開頭結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞 可能用到的生詞：投訴complaint n.【優(yōu)秀滿分范文】 To whom it may concern, I am one of your customers(顧客).I ordered（訂購）a set of(一套)Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday.And much to my disappointment, the books were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn.To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing I am sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem.I hope that you either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me.Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint.Looking forward to your reply.4 / 14

Sincerely, Li Hua

9.祝賀信

假如你是李華，你的好友魏芳在中學(xué)生英語演講比賽中榮獲一等獎(jiǎng)。請你根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容，給她寫一封祝賀信。

內(nèi)容包括：1.表達(dá)你的愉悅心情；2.向她表示祝賀； 3.請她介紹成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右； 2.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，但不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；3.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

參考詞匯：英語演講比賽 the English Speech Contest 【優(yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Wei Fang, I hear that you have won first prize in the English Speech Contest of Middle School Students, so I’m writing to give my sincere congratulations.You don’t know how excited I was when I heard the good news.As your best friend, I am proud of you!Your pronunciation and fluent English left me with deep impression.It came as no surprise to me that you won the contest.Could you share with me how you improve your spoken English? Your experience will be of great help to me in learning.I will be grateful if you can write me back and give me your advice.I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua

10.求職信

假如你是李華，從報(bào)紙上看到中老年英語培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)Mid．Senior ESCH面向高中畢業(yè)生招聘暑期兼職輔導(dǎo)員，負(fù)責(zé)學(xué)員課間服務(wù)事項(xiàng)。請根據(jù)下面的廣告內(nèi)容用英語寫一份求職信。ASSISITANTS WANTED Valuable chances are open for high school graduates who are good at English．Their work is to tend the senior students during the break．

Requirements attached：1．Good at English．2．Experienced priority． Contact us by e-mail：Ｅnglishtec@163．com．

注意：1．短文詞數(shù)100字左右；2．不能使用真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱； 【優(yōu)秀滿分范文】 Dear Director: I’d like to apply for the post of assistant which was advertised in the newspaper.I found this position quite appealing to me.I’ve just graduated from high school.Luckily I am good at English and I can speak English fluently.In addition, I have previous experience.During my stay in middle school, I used to be a volunteer and looked after the old people in a nursing home on weekends.In short, I believe my experience and fluent oral English will be a great help for me in doing the work.I’m available for interview at any time.It would be appreciated if I can get your offer.5 / 14

Sincerely, Li Hua

英語寫作八個(gè)“萬能利”

1、掙錢

We can make some pocket money to buy some meaningful and educational books.2、培養(yǎng)興趣、開闊視野

Only by doing so can we cultivate our interests and broaden our horizons.3、提高能力（交際、交流）

Not only our communication ability but also our interpersonal skills can be polished and improved.4、交朋友

We can make some close friends to share with each other our own life experience.5、利用時(shí)間

We will be able to make the most of our everyday time to do some valuable things.6、享受生活

It gives you an opportunity to enjoy your life from a different point of view.7、有意義、有趣

It is not only meaningful but also entertaining.8、面對挑戰(zhàn)、克服困難、達(dá)成目標(biāo)、實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想

It can teach us how to face challenges, overcome difficulties, achieve our goals and realize our dream.書面表達(dá)常用詞組

首先，尤其重要的，最重要的 above all 偶然，無意中 by accident 對（于）…很積極 be active in 合計(jì)為 add up to 承讓錯(cuò)誤 admit one's mistake 接受某人的建議 take / follow one's advice 就…提出建議 give advice on 建議某人做某事 advice sb.to do sth.后天 the day after tomorrow 畢竟；終究 after all 違心 against one's will 在…歲時(shí) at the age of 實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo) achieve one's aim 在空中；懸而未決 in the air 在戶外，在露天里 in the open air 在機(jī)場 at the airport 火警 the fire alarm 滿腔怒火 be filled with anger 因某人之言行而生氣 be angry at sth.生某人的氣 be angry with sb.通知 make an announcement 相繼地，按順序地 one after another 相互，彼此（三者或三者以上之間）one another 相互（指兩者之間）each other 沒有回答 give no answer 為…而擔(dān)心 be anxious about

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急于做某事 be anxious to do sth.分開住 live apart 除了 apart from 因某事向某人認(rèn)錯(cuò)或道歉 make/offer an apology to sb for sth.與某人爭論某事 argue with sb.about sth.放在一邊 lay sth.aside 請某人指點(diǎn) / 幫助 ask sb.for advice / help 驚訝于… be astonished at sth.以前，曾經(jīng) at one time 注意 pay attention to 對…抱正確的態(tài)度 take a correct attitude towards sth.引起（注意，興趣等）attract one's attention 仰臥／仰泳 lie / swim on one's back 重感冒 a bad cold 兩件行李 two pieces of baggage 保持／失去平衡 keep / lose one's balance 在舞會(huì)上 at the ball 洗冷水澡 have / take a cold bath 陣亡 be killed in battle 在海灘 on the beach 整理床鋪 make the bed 以…開始 begin with 在…起始，開始 at the beginning of 自始自終 from beginning to end 形成…局面；產(chǎn)生 come into being 安全帶 a safety belt 三思而后行。Second thoughts are best.盡力，盡最大的努力 do / try one's best 盡量利用，善用 make the best of 一切順利，萬事如意 all the best 黑體地，粗體地 in bold 出身于農(nóng)民家庭 be born in a peasant's family 鞠躬 make a bow 動(dòng)動(dòng)腦子 use one's brains 打破紀(jì)錄 break the record 深吸一口氣 take a deep breath 屏息；憋住氣 hold one's breath 上氣不接下氣 out of breath 刷牙 brush one's teeth 突然哭起來 burst into tears 突然一陣大笑 a burst of laughter

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要不是 but for 呼救聲 a call for help 保持鎮(zhèn)靜（別慌）keep calm 保持安靜（別吵）keep quiet 保持不動(dòng)（別動(dòng)）keep still 保持沉默（別說話）keep silent 夏令營 a summer camp 去野營 go camping 情不自禁… cannot help doing 打牌 play cards 照顧，保管 take care of 醫(yī)療護(hù)理 medical care 假若那樣的話 in that case 以防萬一 in case 下傾盆大雨 rain cats and dogs 趕上（或超過）catch up with 偶然 by chance 免費(fèi) free of charge 主管，在掌管之下 in charge 由…負(fù)責(zé) in the charge of 掌管，負(fù)責(zé) take charge 高興起來 cheer up 童年時(shí) in one's childhood 挑選，選擇 make a choice 圣誕節(jié)時(shí) at Christmas 去做禮拜 go to church 煙頭 cigarette end 為…鼓掌 give sb.a clap 接近get close to 一塊桌布 a table cloth 一套衣服 a suit of clothes 童裝 children's clothing 集郵 collect stamps 產(chǎn)生，發(fā)生 come about（偶然）遇見或發(fā)現(xiàn) come across 走過來；長出，發(fā)芽，上升；抬頭 come up 共同，共有 in common 參加比賽 compete in a contest 舉辦音樂會(huì) give a concert 條件是 on condition that 祝賀某人 congratulate sb.on sth./ 14

相反地 on the contrary 失控 out of control 與…談話；交談 have a conversation with sb.在…期間／過程中 in / during the course of 被…覆蓋 be covered with 因某事和某人發(fā)脾氣 be cross with sb.at sth.劃掉 cross out 對…殘忍 be cruel to sb.立方米 cubic meter 對…感到好奇 be curious about sth.對…造成巨大損害 do great damage to 處境危險(xiǎn) in danger 過時(shí) out of date 在不久前，前幾天 the other day 對…充耳不聞 be deaf to sth.對付，應(yīng)付 deal with 負(fù)債 in debt 還清債務(wù) out of debt 做出決定 make a decision 做好事 do good deeds 付諸行動(dòng)，生效 do the deed 直到深夜 deep into the night 沉思 deep in thought

作文核心詞匯復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

一、如何寫長難句How to develop complex sentences.1.寫出key words，確認(rèn)中心骨架 2.邏輯排列，logical arrangements 3.加工潤色，colorize 例句：大部分學(xué)生相信業(yè)余工作會(huì)使他們有更多機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展人際交往能力，這對他們未來找工作是非常有好處的。

Most of(A majority of)students believe(hold the view)that part-time jobs can provide them with opportunities機(jī)會(huì)to/and develop(improve/better)communication ability能力(social abilities/interpersonal skills人際關(guān)系技巧),which is good for(is beneficial to有益于)their looking for jobs(job-hunting求職)in the future(after their graduation).二、拓展長句的三大方法

The most important factor因素 we have to take into consideration is sth./that… The most important thing I want to talk about is that…sth./ that… It is also of great importance to pay close attention to…that Besides what is mentioned above上述的,it is necessary to think about…

In addition to除…之外 what is talked about above, I want to tell you sth.about… 1.寫引導(dǎo)詞：包括起承轉(zhuǎn)合例(讓句子變得高端)

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起: in the first place首先, first and foremost首要的, to begin/start with 承: second(ly),in the second place, furthermore而且,此外, moreover而且,此外, what’s more, in addition另外, besides 轉(zhuǎn):but, however, on the contrary與此相反, in contrast/comparison相比之下, nonetheless雖然如此,但是;nevertheless盡管如此,然而;合: last but not least最后同樣重要的，so, therefore，in conclusion最后，綜上所述, to conclude最后, in a/one word, in general, 例: for instance, for example, such as，When it comes to....說起… 經(jīng)典引導(dǎo)句型

There is no doubt that/in saying that… It is known to us all that, It is well-known that…

It is apparent/obvious顯然的 that…it is not hard to understand that… It is not too much to say that…

It is commonly/widely/generally agreed that…(acknowledged公認(rèn)的 that…/ believed that)2.寫插入語(讓句子變得客觀)that is to say to a certain extent在某種程度上，to some degree在一定程度上，to a larger degree在很大程度上 for one reason or another因?yàn)槟撤N原因, to put it in another way換言之 directly or indirectly 直接或間接 in other words 換句話說 as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上

例：English is, to a large degree, important.be后

Computer, directly or indirectly, influences our life.行前

Computer can, as a matter of fact, influence our life.助行間

例句：It is known to us all that, English is, to a large degree, very important due to that English is becoming a global/world language./is becoming more and more(increasingly)popular

There is no doubt in saying that computer, directly or indirectly, to a large degree, influences our life primarily owing to that(computer can make our work and study faster)computer can improve the efficiency of our work and study.It is hard to understand that doing part-time job can, to a large extent, broaden our horizon in that we can understand more about the society by knowing a lot of people.3.寫從句(讓句子變得漫長)名詞性定語從句:that, who 時(shí)間狀語從句:before, when, after, during 地點(diǎn)狀語從句:where)原因狀語從句:because, because of that..primarily/mainly owing to that, partly/partially due to that, in that 例： I like you in that you are very kind.10 / 14

假設(shè)狀語從句:if, on condition that… in case that…

三、精選核心單詞 1.好壞與權(quán)衡：

reap a lot of benefits from 從…中收獲很多

advantage, disadvantage

every coin has its two sides, every thing has two sides

2.允許與禁止：

allow(all+low): allow sb.to do sth.permit(per+mit,): permit sb.to do, sb.is permitted to do sth., ask for the permission from…

forbid禁止: forbid sb.to do…, sth.is forbidden by…

3.學(xué)校與課程 ：

in university, on campus, major in主修, minor in輔修，English course, optional course選修課, required/compulsory course必修課

4.考慮與因素：

take sth.into consideration/account

sth.is the decisive決定性的/ an essential/ the most important factor

5.提及與談到：

Talking about(the importance of English, three factors should be considered.)

When it comes to(the importance of English, three factors should be considered.)

6.分歧與主張，There is no agreement on the issue問題 that…

some people hold the view that…, some others hold an opposite view that…

so far as I am concerned,...in my opinion, from my perspective，7.反對與擁護(hù)：

advocate主張: We advocate the change of the policy.support the idea that

argue/hold/maintain/deem/that…

8.當(dāng)今與形勢

decade: in recent decades，nowadays, currently, at the present day/time

with the development of science and technology/economy/culture/society

information technology, more and more people are paying attention to…

close/due attention should be paid to

9.喜好與厭惡

prefer: prefer to do, prefer to do…rather than do, it is my preference, sth.is preferred.people are reluctant to do…不情愿做某事

10.現(xiàn)象與原因：

phenomenon現(xiàn)象 phenomena復(fù)數(shù)

lead to, cause，So what are the reasons behind this phenomenon?

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the reasons behind the phenomenon are as follows

11.影響與趨勢：

tend to趨向于

tendency : There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.effects: exert effects on

bring negative/positive influence on帶來負(fù)面/積極影響

do good/harm to

12.感激與寬恕

be thankful/grateful to sb.for..to express one’s gratitude to…

I am writing to you to tell you…/to express my thanks…

forgive excuse pardon me for what I did

13.舉例與說明

for instance, such as…

as far as I am concerned以我為例

14.效率與改善

affect effect

effective efficient efficiency: To make it more efficient/effective.to enhance/improve sth.15.聯(lián)系與期待

Email: e-mail me at the address:

contact me by the number of…

should there be anything I can help you, never hesitate猶豫 to call me.I am looking forward to hearing from you;an immediate reply will be fully appreciated.16.沉溺與控制：

sth.is prevalent普遍的

become addicted to沉溺于abandon/addict oneself to

sth.is under control

prevent sb.from doing sth.cancel, fight against

17.付出與回報(bào)：

No pains, no gains.take pains to do sth.盡力做某事

reward n./vt.報(bào)酬，獎(jiǎng)賞 rewarding值得的

Learning English is painstaking and challenging but rewarding.reap a lot of benefits from…

be benefited to do sth.18.活動(dòng)娛樂

recreation activities娛樂活動(dòng)

Physical training體育

take part in/participate in

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entertainment entertain

19.種類與改變

vary vt./vi改變

very

various: various kinds of，a variety of, a great number of

20.心里與身體

physically身體上

spiritually精神上

psychologically心理上, psychology心理

mentally心理上, mental health

例：沉溺于網(wǎng)絡(luò)對身心有害。

Becoming addicted to internet is physically harmful and mentally unhealthy.21.建議與要求

I suggest that you should…

My suggestion is that people should…

It is important that you should…

essential significant necessary

Due/close attention should be paid to that…

22.個(gè)性與美德

be optimistic/pessimistic/open-minded

/easy-going/extrovert/introvert

hardworking, diligent(diligence), lazy(laziness), cautious, kind-hearted, warm-hearted, ready to help others, cold-blooded

23.環(huán)境與污染

environment pollution, environment protection

ecological balance生態(tài)平衡 ecology生態(tài)

strike the balance between human society and nature

threaten vt./vi.威脅

pose a threat to human beings對人類構(gòu)成威脅

punishment, punished, rewarded

例：English may be the most important factor in deciding which countries are leaders in the future.The language of the most advanced management and technology is undoubtedly English.Sth/to do sth/doing sth may be the most important factor to sth/in deciding sth.The sth of sth is undoubtedly sth.The way to do sth is undoubtedly to do sth.Being able to do sth is the key to sth/ doing sth.高考英語話題作文常用詞匯

1.話題:朋友/友誼?

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常用詞匯:? get to know sb.認(rèn)識某人 know sb.really well 熟知某人 make friends with sb.和某人交朋友 a strong personality 一個(gè)很強(qiáng)的個(gè)性 personal matters 隱私 friendship 友誼 friendly 友好的 a close friend 一個(gè)親密的朋友 trust each other 相互信任 precious 珍貴的 worthy 有價(jià)值的 understanding 通情達(dá)理的 share…with sb.與……分享…… be loyal to 對……忠誠 keep in touch with sb.與……保持聯(lián)系 keep company with sb.和……結(jié)交 stay best friends with sb.和……保持很好的友誼

2.話題:語言學(xué)習(xí)? 常用詞匯:words and expressions 生詞和習(xí)慣用語 vocabulary詞匯量 spelling拼寫 pronunciation發(fā)音 custom習(xí)俗 idiom習(xí)語 stress強(qiáng)調(diào) intonation語調(diào) list列表 recite背誦 learning學(xué)習(xí)approach方法 revision復(fù)習(xí)discuss討論 discussion討論 game比賽,游戲 group組 team work合作 make notes做筆記attend a lecture參加講座 life-long learning終生學(xué)習(xí)communicate with交流 teach oneself自學(xué) pick up習(xí)得 take a course上課 make preparations做準(zhǔn)備 make full use of 充分利用 refer to a dictionary查字典? keep a diary記日記 consult an expert 咨詢專家? 3.話題:旅游? 常用詞匯: Tour旅行,觀光 view 風(fēng)景,視野 travel/trip/visit 旅游 tourist 游客 tourism 旅游業(yè) scenery風(fēng)景 board 上/船、飛機(jī)等 sightseeing 觀光 adventure冒險(xiǎn) attractive 有吸引力的 hiking遠(yuǎn)足 local當(dāng)?shù)氐?luggage行李 souvenir 紀(jì)念品 traveler 旅行者 voyage 航行 visa簽證 go on a tour去旅行 tourism wave 旅游熱 tourist attractions 旅游景點(diǎn) a busy/low season for tourism 旅游旺/淡季 make a holiday trip 度假旅行 places of interest 名勝

4.話題:文化遺產(chǎn)? 常用詞匯:? culture文化 cultural relics文化遺產(chǎn) ruins廢墟 value價(jià)值 valuable貴重的 worth值得 design設(shè)計(jì) favorite特別受喜愛的 historic有歷史意義的 holy神圣的?memorable難忘的 mountainous多山的 primitive原始的 remote遙遠(yuǎn)的 sacred神圣的 spectacular壯麗的 wonderful美妙的 belong to屬于 survive幸存 date back to/from追溯到 has a history of 有……的歷史 protect…from…保護(hù)…… the past civilization 過去的文明 one of the wonders 奇跡之一 historic relics 歷史遺產(chǎn) tourist attraction 旅游熱點(diǎn)? 5.話題:現(xiàn)代技術(shù)? 常用詞匯:? Science and technology 科學(xué)技術(shù) computer電腦 Internet網(wǎng)絡(luò) computer games 電腦游戲 email 電子郵件 information信息 message消息 screen屏幕 mouse鼠標(biāo) ? apply應(yīng)用 application應(yīng)用 invent 發(fā)明 invention發(fā)明 electronic電子的 laptop手提電腦 equipment設(shè)備 ?equip…with 裝備software軟件 data數(shù)據(jù) database數(shù)據(jù)庫 robot機(jī)器人 satellite衛(wèi)星 battery 電池 chip芯片 digital 數(shù)據(jù)的 fax 傳真 portable手提的 engineer工程師? update更新 download下載 net網(wǎng) network 網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng) virus病毒 access進(jìn)入 scan瀏覽 store sound and picture digitally自動(dòng)貯存聲音和圖片 deal with處理 the latest version of the software最新版的軟件 surf the Internet

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第五篇：高考必背古詩詞

蜀道難——李白

噫吁嚱！危乎高哉！蜀道之難，難于上青天。蠶叢及魚鳧，開國何茫然！

爾來四萬八千歲，不與秦塞通人煙。西當(dāng)太白有鳥道，可以橫絕峨眉顛。地崩山摧壯士死，然后天梯石棧相鉤連。上有六龍回日之高標(biāo)，下有沖波逆折之回川。黃鶴之飛尚不得過，猿猱欲度愁攀援。青泥何盤盤，百步九折縈巖巒。

唉呀呀多么危險(xiǎn)多么高峻偉岸！蜀道真太難攀簡直難于上青天。

傳說中蠶叢和魚鳧建立了蜀國，開國的年代實(shí)在久遠(yuǎn)無法詳談。

自從那時(shí)至今約有四萬八千年，秦蜀被秦嶺所阻從不溝通往返。

西邊太白山有飛鳥能過的小道。從那小路走可橫渡峨眉山頂端。

山崩地裂蜀國五壯士被壓死了，兩地才有天梯棧道開始相通連。

上有擋住太陽神六龍車的山巔，下有激浪排空紆回曲折的大川。

善于高飛的黃鶴尚且無法飛過，即使猢猻要想翻過也愁于攀援。

青泥嶺多么曲折繞著山巒盤旋，百步之內(nèi)縈繞巖巒轉(zhuǎn)九個(gè)彎彎。

捫參歷井仰脅息，以手撫膺坐長嘆。問君西游何時(shí)還？畏途巉巖不可攀。但見悲鳥號古木，雄飛雌從繞林間。又聞子規(guī)啼夜月，愁空山。

蜀道之難，難于上青天，使人聽此凋朱顏。連峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒掛倚絕壁。飛湍瀑流爭喧豗，砯崖轉(zhuǎn)石萬壑雷。其險(xiǎn)也如此，嗟爾遠(yuǎn)道之人胡為乎來哉！

劍閣崢嶸而崔嵬，一夫當(dāng)關(guān)，萬夫莫開。所守或匪親，化為狼與豺。朝避猛虎，夕避長蛇。磨牙吮血，殺人如麻。

錦城雖云樂，不如早還家。

蜀道之難，難于上青天，側(cè)身西望長咨嗟！

登高——杜甫 風(fēng)急天高猿嘯哀，渚清沙白鳥飛回。無邊落木蕭蕭下，不盡長江滾滾來。萬里悲秋常作客，百年多病獨(dú)登臺(tái)。艱難苦恨繁霜鬢，潦倒新停濁酒杯。

錦瑟——李商隱 錦瑟無端五十弦，一弦一柱思華年。莊生曉夢迷蝴蝶，望帝春心托杜鵑。滄海月明珠有淚，可以摸到參井星叫人仰首屏息，用手撫胸驚恐不已徒有聲長嘆。

好朋友請問你西游何時(shí)回還？可怕的巖山棧道實(shí)在難以登攀！

只見那悲鳥在古樹上哀鳴啼叫；雄雌相隨飛翔在原始森林之間。

月夜聽到的是杜鵑悲慘的啼聲，令人愁思綿綿呵這荒蕩的空山！

蜀道真難走簡直難于上青天，叫人聽到這些怎么不臉色突變？

山峰座座相連離天還不到一尺；枯松老枝倒掛倚貼在絕壁之間。

漩渦飛轉(zhuǎn)瀑布飛瀉爭相喧鬧著；水石相擊轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)像萬壑鳴雷一般。

那去處惡劣艱險(xiǎn)到了這種地步；唉呀呀你這個(gè)遠(yuǎn)方而來的客人，為了什么要來到這個(gè)險(xiǎn)要地方？

劍閣那地方崇峻巍峨高入云端，只要一人把守千軍萬馬難攻占。駐守的官員若不是皇家的近親；難免要變?yōu)椴蚶蔷岽藶榉窃旆础Ｇ宄磕阋嵝牡跄懙囟惚苊突?；傍晚你要警覺防范長蛇的災(zāi)難。豺狼虎豹磨牙吮血真叫人不安；毒蛇猛獸殺人如麻即令你膽寒。錦官城雖然說是個(gè)快樂的所在；如此險(xiǎn)惡還不如早早地把家還。蜀道太難走呵簡直難于上青天；側(cè)身西望令人不免感慨與長嘆！

天高風(fēng)急，秋氣肅殺，猿啼哀嘯，十分悲涼； 清清河州，白白沙岸，鷗鷺低空回翔。落葉飄零，無邊無際，紛紛揚(yáng)揚(yáng)，蕭蕭而下； 奔流不盡的長江，洶涌澎湃，滾滾奔騰而來。我萬里漂泊，常年客居他鄉(xiāng)，對此秋景更覺悲傷； 有生以來，疾病纏身，今日獨(dú)自登臨高臺(tái)。時(shí)世艱難，生活困苦，我常恨鬢如霜白； 濁酒銷憂，卻怎奈潦倒以至需要停酒。

錦瑟有五十條弦的說法，本來沒什么來由（意指本來就是25弦）但即使這樣它的每一弦，每一音節(jié)足以表達(dá)對美好年華的思念。莊周其實(shí)知道自己只是向往那自由自在的蝴蝶。望帝那美好的心靈作為可以感動(dòng)杜鵑。大海里明月的影子像是眼淚化成的珍珠。

藍(lán)田日暖玉生煙。此情可待成追憶，只是當(dāng)時(shí)已惘然。

虞美人——李煜 春花秋月何時(shí)了？ 往事知多少。小樓昨夜又東風(fēng)，故國不堪回首月明中。雕欄玉砌應(yīng)猶在，只是朱顏改。

問君能有幾多愁，恰似一江春水向東流。

蝶戀花——晏殊 檻菊愁煙蘭泣露。

羅幕輕寒，燕子雙飛去。明月不諳離別苦，斜光到曉穿朱戶。昨夜西風(fēng)凋碧樹。獨(dú)上高樓，望盡天涯路。

欲寄彩箋兼尺素，山長水闊知何處？

雨霖鈴——柳永 寒蟬凄切，對長亭晚，驟雨初歇。都門帳飲無緒，留戀處、蘭舟催發(fā)。執(zhí)手相看淚眼，竟無語凝噎。

念去去、千里煙波，暮靄沉沉楚天闊。多情自古傷離別，更那堪、冷落清秋節(jié)！今宵酒醒何處？ 楊柳岸、曉風(fēng)殘?jiān)隆?/p>

此去經(jīng)年，應(yīng)是良辰好景虛設(shè)。

便縱有千種風(fēng)情，更與何人說！

只有在彼時(shí)彼地的藍(lán)田才能生成猶如生煙似的良玉。那些美好的事和年代，只能留在回憶中。

而在當(dāng)時(shí)那些人看來那些事都只是平常罷了，卻并不珍惜。

春花秋月的美好時(shí)光，何時(shí)了結(jié)。

因?yàn)橐豢吹酱夯ㄇ镌?，就有無數(shù)往事涌上心頭，想到在南唐時(shí)欣賞春花秋月的美好日子，不堪回首，所以怕看見春花秋月在東風(fēng)吹拂的明月之夜，金陵的故國生活不堪回顧了。那里宮殿的雕欄玉砌應(yīng)該還在，只是人的容貌因愁苦變得憔悴了。

倘若要問有多少愁苦，恰恰像一江春水的向東流去，無窮無盡。

欄桿外，菊花被輕煙籠罩，好像含著愁；蘭葉上掛著露珠，好象在哭泣。

羅幕閑垂，空氣微冷；一雙燕子飛去了。明月不知道離別的愁苦。

斜斜地把月光照進(jìn)屋子里，直到天明。

昨天夜里，秋風(fēng)吹落碧樹的葉子。我獨(dú)自登上高樓，看路消失在天涯。

想寄一封信。但是山水迢迢，我想念的人在哪里呢？

秋后的蟬叫得是那樣地凄涼而急促，面對著長亭，正是傍晚時(shí)分，一陣急雨剛停住。在京都城外設(shè)帳餞(jiàn，本義：設(shè)酒食送行)別，卻沒有暢飲的心緒，正在依依不舍的時(shí)候，船上的人已催著出發(fā)。

握著手互相瞧著對方淚光閃閃的眼睛，直到最后也無言相對，千言萬語都噎在喉間說不出來。

想到這回去南方，這一程又一程，千里迢迢，一片煙波，那夜霧沉沉的楚地天空竟是一望無邊。

自古以來多情的人最傷心的是離別，更何況又逢這蕭瑟冷落的秋季，這離愁哪能經(jīng)受得了！誰知我今夜酒醒時(shí)身在何處？

怕是只有楊柳岸邊，面對凄厲的晨風(fēng)和黎明的殘?jiān)铝?。這一去長年相別，（相愛的人不在一起，）我料想即使遇到好天氣、好風(fēng)景，也如同虛設(shè)。

即使有滿腹的情意，又再同誰去訴說呢？

聲聲慢——李清照 尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚。

乍暖換寒時(shí)候，最難將息。三杯兩盞淡酒，怎敵他、晚來風(fēng)急！雁過也，正傷心，卻是舊相識。滿地黃花堆積，憔悴損，如今有誰堪摘？ 守著窗兒，獨(dú)自怎生得黑！梧桐更兼細(xì)雨，到黃昏、點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。這次第，怎一個(gè)愁字了得！

琵琶行——白居易

潯陽江頭夜送客，楓葉荻花秋瑟瑟。

主人下馬客在船，舉酒欲飲無管弦。

醉不成歡慘將別，別時(shí)茫茫江浸月。

忽聞水上琵琶聲，主人忘歸客不發(fā)。

尋聲暗問彈者誰，琵琶聲停欲語遲。

移船相近邀相見，添酒回?zé)糁亻_宴。

千呼萬喚始出來，猶抱琵琶半遮面。

轉(zhuǎn)軸撥弦三兩聲，未成曲調(diào)先有情。

弦弦掩抑聲聲思，似訴平生不得意；

低眉信手續(xù)續(xù)彈，說盡心中無限事。

輕攏慢捻抹復(fù)挑，初為《霓裳》后《綠腰》。

大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私語。

嘈嘈切切錯(cuò)雜彈，大珠小珠落玉盤。間關(guān)鶯語花底滑，幽咽泉流冰下難。

冰泉冷澀弦凝絕，凝絕不通聲暫歇。別有幽愁暗恨生，此時(shí)無聲勝有聲。銀瓶乍破水漿迸，鐵騎突出刀槍鳴。曲終收撥當(dāng)心畫，四弦一聲如裂帛。東船西舫悄無言，唯見江心秋月白。沉吟放撥插弦中，整頓衣裳起斂容。自言本是京城女，家在蝦há蟆má陵下住。

獨(dú)處陋室若有所失地東尋西覓，眼前只剩下冷冷清清，于是凄涼、慘痛、悲戚之情一齊涌來。深秋驟熱又驟冷的時(shí)候，最難以調(diào)養(yǎng)靜息。喝幾杯清淡的薄酒，怎能抵擋晚上大而急的寒風(fēng)。正在傷心之時(shí)，傳書的大雁飛過去了，卻原來是以前就相識的。

地上到處是零落的黃花，憔悴枯損，沒有人有摘花的興致。

守在窗子邊，孤孤單單的，怎樣捱到天黑??！細(xì)雨打在梧桐上，一直下到黃昏時(shí)分，綿綿細(xì)雨還是發(fā)出點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴的聲音。這種光景，一個(gè)愁字怎么能概括得了！

秋夜我到潯陽江頭送一位歸客，冷風(fēng)吹著楓葉和蘆花秋聲瑟瑟。我下馬和客人在船上餞別設(shè)宴，舉起酒杯要飲卻無助興的音樂。酒喝得不痛快更傷心將要分別，臨別時(shí)夜茫茫江水倒映著明月。忽聽得江面上傳來琵琶清脆聲；我忘卻了回歸，客人也不想動(dòng)身。

尋聲輕輕探問彈琵琶的是何人？琵琶停了許久卻遲遲沒有動(dòng)靜。

我們移船靠近邀請她出來相見；叫下人添酒回?zé)糁匦聰[起酒宴。千呼萬喚她才不情愿地走出來，還懷抱琵琶半遮著臉面。轉(zhuǎn)緊琴軸撥動(dòng)琴弦試彈了幾聲；尚未成曲調(diào)那形態(tài)就非常有情。弦弦凄楚悲切聲音隱含著沉思；似乎在訴說著她平生的不得志；她低著頭隨手連續(xù)地彈個(gè)不停；用琴聲把心中無限的往事說盡。輕輕地?cái)n，慢慢地捻，一會(huì)兒抹，一會(huì)兒挑。初彈《霓裳羽衣曲》接著再彈《六幺》。

大弦渾宏悠長嘈嘈如暴風(fēng)驟雨；小弦和緩幽細(xì)切切如有人私語。嘈嘈聲切切聲互為交錯(cuò)地彈奏；就像大珠小珠一串串掉落玉盤。琵琶聲一會(huì)兒像花底下宛轉(zhuǎn)流暢的鳥鳴聲，一會(huì)兒又像水在冰下流動(dòng)受阻艱澀低沉、嗚咽斷續(xù)的聲音。

好像水泉冷澀琵琶聲開始凝結(jié)，凝結(jié)而不通暢聲音漸漸地中斷。像另有一種愁思幽恨暗暗滋生；此時(shí)悶悶無聲卻比有聲更動(dòng)人。突然間好像銀瓶撞破水漿四濺；又好像鐵甲騎兵廝殺刀槍齊鳴。一曲終了她對準(zhǔn)琴弦中心劃撥；四弦一聲轟鳴好像撕裂了布帛。東船西舫人們都靜悄悄地聆聽；只見江心之中映著白白秋月影。她沉吟著收起撥片插在琴弦中；整頓衣裳依然顯出莊重的顏容。她說我原是京城負(fù)有盛名的歌女；老家住在長安城東南的蝦蟆陵。

十三學(xué)得琵琶成，名屬教坊第一部。曲罷曾教善才伏，妝成每被秋娘妒。

五陵年少爭纏頭，一曲紅綃不知數(shù)。

鈿(diàn)頭云篦擊節(jié)碎，血色羅裙翻酒污。今年歡笑復(fù)明年，秋月春風(fēng)等閑度。

弟走從軍阿姨死，暮去朝來顏色故。

門前冷落鞍馬稀，老大嫁作商人婦。

商人重利輕別離，前月浮梁買茶去。

去來江口守空船，繞船月明江水寒。

夜深忽夢少年事，夢啼妝淚紅闌干。

我聞琵琶已嘆息，又聞此語重唧唧。

同是天涯淪落人，相逢何必曾相識。

我從去年辭帝京，謫居臥病潯陽城。

潯陽地僻無音樂，終歲不聞絲竹聲。

住近湓江地低濕，黃蘆苦竹繞宅生。

其間旦暮聞何物？杜鵑啼血猿哀鳴。

春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒還獨(dú)傾。

豈無山歌與村笛，嘔ōu啞yā嘲哳難為聽。

zhāo zhā 今夜聞君琵琶語，如聽仙樂耳暫明。

莫辭更坐彈一曲，為君翻作琵琶行。

感我此言良久立，卻坐促弦弦轉(zhuǎn)急。

凄凄不似向前聲，滿座重聞皆掩泣。

座中泣下誰最多？江州司馬青衫濕。

↑—————————————————————

念奴嬌·赤壁懷古——蘇軾 大江東去，浪淘盡、千古風(fēng)流人物。故壘西邊，人道是、三國周郎赤壁。亂石穿空，驚濤拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如畫，一時(shí)多少豪杰。

遙想公瑾當(dāng)年，小喬初嫁了，雄姿英發(fā)。羽扇綸巾，談笑間、彈奏琵琶技藝十三歲就已學(xué)成；教坊樂團(tuán)第一隊(duì)中列有我姓名。每曲彈罷都令藝術(shù)大師們嘆服；每次妝成都被同行歌妓們嫉妒。京都豪富子弟爭先恐后來獻(xiàn)彩；彈完一曲收來的紅綃不知其數(shù)。鈿頭銀篦打節(jié)拍常常斷裂粉碎；紅色羅裙被酒漬染污也不后悔。年復(fù)一年都在歡笑打鬧中度過；秋去春來美好的時(shí)光白白消磨。兄弟從軍姊妹死家道已經(jīng)破??；暮去朝來我也漸漸地年老色衰。門前車馬減少光顧者落落稀?。磺啻阂咽盼抑坏眉藿o商人為妻。商人重利不重情常常輕易別離；上個(gè)月他去浮梁做茶葉的生意。他去了留下我在江口孤守空船；秋月與我作伴繞艙的秋水凄寒。更深夜闌常夢少年時(shí)作樂狂歡；夢中哭醒涕淚縱橫污損了粉顏。我聽琵琶的悲泣早已搖頭嘆息；又聽到她這番訴說更叫我悲凄。我們倆同是天涯淪落的可悲人；今日相逢何必問是否曾經(jīng)相識！自從去年我離開繁華長安京城；被貶居住在潯陽江畔常常臥病。潯陽這地方荒涼偏僻沒有音樂；一年到頭聽不到管弦的樂器聲。住在湓江這個(gè)低洼潮濕的地方；第宅周圍黃蘆和苦竹繚繞叢生。在這里早晚能聽到的是什么呢？盡是杜鵑猿猴那些悲凄的哀鳴。

春江花朝秋江月夜那樣好光景；也無可奈何常常取酒獨(dú)酌獨(dú)飲。難道這里就沒有山歌和村笛嗎？只是那音調(diào)嘶啞粗澀實(shí)在難聽。

今晚我聽你彈奏琵琶訴說衷情，就像聽到仙樂眼也亮來耳也明。請你不要推辭坐下來再彈一曲；我要為你創(chuàng)作一首新詩《琵琶行》。

被我的話所感動(dòng)她站立了好久；回身坐下再轉(zhuǎn)緊琴弦撥出急聲。凄凄切切不再像剛才那種聲音；在座的人重聽都掩面哭泣不停。要問在座之中誰流的眼淚最多？我江州司馬淚水濕透青衫衣襟！

————————————————————《必修四》↑

長江向東流去，波浪滾滾，千古的英雄人物都（隨著長江水）逝去。那舊營壘的西邊，人們說（那）就是三國時(shí)候周瑜（作戰(zhàn)的）赤壁。陡峭不平的石壁直刺天空，大浪拍擊著江岸，激起一堆堆雪白的浪花。江山像一幅奇麗的圖畫，那個(gè)時(shí)代匯集了多少英雄豪杰。

遙想當(dāng)年的周瑜，小喬剛嫁給他，他正年輕有為，威武的儀表，英姿奮發(fā)。（他）手握羽扇，頭戴綸巾，談笑之間，墻虜灰飛煙滅。

故國神游，多情應(yīng)笑我，早生華發(fā)。人間如夢，一樽還酹江月

永遇樂·京口北固亭懷古——辛棄疾 千古江山，英雄無覓。孫仲謀處。舞榭(xiè)歌臺(tái)，風(fēng)流總被，雨打風(fēng)吹去。斜陽草樹，尋常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想當(dāng)年： 金戈鐵馬，氣吞萬里如虎。元嘉草草，封狼居胥（xū），贏得倉皇北顧。

四十三年，望中猶記，烽火揚(yáng)州路。

可堪回首，佛（bì）貍（lí）祠（cí）下，一片神鴉社鼓。

憑誰問：廉頗老矣，尚能飯否?

↑—————————————————————

長亭送別——王實(shí)甫 【端正好】

碧云天，黃花地，西風(fēng)緊 北雁南飛。曉來誰染霜林醉？ 總是離人淚。

【滾繡球】

恨見得遲，怨歸去得疾。柳絲長玉驄難系，恨不倩疏林掛住斜暉。馬兒迍迍的行，車兒快快的隨，卻告了相思回避，破題兒又早別離。聽得道一聲“去也”，松了金釧；遙望見十里長亭，（就把）強(qiáng)敵的戰(zhàn)船燒得灰飛煙滅。

（此時(shí)此刻），（我）懷想三國舊事，憑吊古人，應(yīng)該笑我自己多情善感，頭發(fā)早早地都變白了。人生在世就象一場夢一樣，我還是倒一杯酒來祭奠江上的明月吧！

歷經(jīng)千古的江山，再也難找到像孫權(quán)那樣的英雄。昔日的舞榭歌臺(tái)、顯赫人物，都被風(fēng)吹雨打化為土。斜陽照著長滿草樹的普通小巷，人們說那是當(dāng)年劉裕曾經(jīng)住過的地方?；叵氘?dāng)年，他領(lǐng)軍北伐、收復(fù)失地的時(shí)候是何等的威猛！然而劉裕的兒子劉義隆好大喜功，倉促北伐，卻反而讓北魏太武帝拓跋燾乘機(jī)揮師南下，兵抵長江北岸而返，遭到對手的重創(chuàng)。我回到南方已經(jīng)有四十三年了，看著中原仍然記得揚(yáng)州路上烽火連天的戰(zhàn)亂場景。怎么能回首啊，當(dāng)年拓跋燾的行宮外竟有百姓在那里祭祀，烏鴉啄食祭品，人們過著社日，只把他當(dāng)作一位神祗來供奉，而不知道這里曾是一個(gè)皇帝的行宮。還有誰會(huì)問，廉頗老了，飯量還好嗎？

————————————————————《必修二》↑

碧藍(lán)的天空，開滿了菊花的大地，西風(fēng)猛烈吹，大雁從北往南飛。

清晨，是誰把經(jīng)霜的楓林染紅了？ 那總是離人的眼淚。

恨相見得太遲，怨離別得太快。柳絲雖長，卻難系住遠(yuǎn)行人的馬，恨不能使疏林一直掛住那斜陽。

張生的馬慢慢地走 我和車緊緊地跟隨，剛剛結(jié)束了相思之苦，卻又早開始了別離之愁。聽他說“要走了”，人頓時(shí)消瘦下來；遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地望見十里長亭，減了玉?。捍撕拚l知？

【一煞】

青山隔送行，疏林不做美，淡煙暮靄相遮蔽。夕陽古道無人語。禾黍秋風(fēng)聽馬嘶。我為甚么懶上車兒內(nèi)，來時(shí)甚急，去后何遲？

【收尾】

四圍山色中，一鞭殘照里。遍人間煩惱填胸臆，量這些大小車兒如何載得起？

漁父——《楚辭》 屈原既放，游于江潭，行吟澤畔，顏色憔悴，形容枯槁。

漁父見而問之曰：“ 子非三閭大夫與？ 何故至于斯？” 屈原曰：“

舉世皆濁我獨(dú)清，眾人皆醉我獨(dú)醒，是以見放?！?/p>

漁父曰：“圣人不凝滯于物，而能與世推移。世人皆濁，何不淈其泥而揚(yáng)其波？

眾人皆醉，何不饣甫其糟而歠其醨？ 何故深思高舉，自令放為？”

屈原曰：“吾聞之，新沐者必彈冠，新浴者必振衣。

安能以身之察察，受物之汶汶者乎？ 寧赴湘流，葬于江魚之腹中。

安能以皓皓之白，而蒙世俗之塵埃乎？” 漁父莞爾而笑，鼓枻而去，乃歌曰：“滄浪之水清兮，可以濯吾纓； 滄浪之水濁兮，可以濯吾足?！?遂去，不復(fù)與言。

↑————————————————————

人更消瘦了：這離愁別恨有誰能理解？

青山阻隔我送行，疏林擋住我目光，淡淡炊煙和那傍晚的霧氣相互掩映。殘陽斜照的古道沒有人聲，秋風(fēng)吹過莊稼傳來馬的嘶鳴。我為什么懶得上車呢，來的時(shí)候多么急切，別離獨(dú)回卻又多么遲緩？

四周群山中，一馬遠(yuǎn)去殘陽里。整個(gè)人間的煩惱都填在我胸中，估量這樣大的小車子怎么能載得起呢？

屈原被放逐以后，來往於江潭之間，在水邊且走且嘆息，看起來憔悴枯瘦，一副病態(tài)愁容。漁夫看到了就問他： “你不是三閭大夫嗎？

為什麼會(huì)流落到這個(gè)地方來呢？” 屈原回答說：“

全天下的人都污濁了，只有我是清白的，所有的人都昏醉了，只有我是清醒的。所以就被放逐了。”

漁夫說：“一個(gè)才德兼?zhèn)涞娜耸遣粫?huì)執(zhí)著拘泥於外物的，而且能夠配合時(shí)局轉(zhuǎn)變作為。全天下都污濁了，為什麼不跟著同流合污呢？

所有人都昏醉了，為什麼不跟著飲酒享樂呢？ 為什麼要思慮得那麼深遠(yuǎn)，表現(xiàn)得那麼清高，而使自己遭到放逐呢？”

屈原回答說：“我聽說剛洗過頭的人一定要把帽子拍乾凈才戴上；剛洗過澡的人，一定要把衣服抖乾凈才穿上。怎麼可以用潔凈的身體去承受污穢的東西呢？ 寧可投身到湘江的流水中，葬身在江中的魚肚里； 怎麼可以用清白的人格，去蒙受人世間的塵土呢？” 漁夫微微一笑，敲擊著船板要離開了，一面唱著歌說：“滄浪的水清澈的話啊，可用來洗我的帽帶，滄浪的水污濁的話啊，可用來洗我的雙腳！” 然后就離去了，不再和屈原說話。

—————————————————————《必修五》↑