第一篇：英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同的翻譯和寫作

鑒于現(xiàn)在對(duì)外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準(zhǔn)確或不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),勢(shì)必會(huì)引起不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛.故今以一英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同寫作書籍為藍(lán)本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其權(quán)威性.英文合同用語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達(dá)的意思準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,達(dá)到雙方對(duì)合同中使用的詞無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的程度。

一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語(yǔ)；在條款中需要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可用。

語(yǔ)法：一般置于主語(yǔ)后,緊鄰主語(yǔ).例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價(jià),或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項(xiàng),以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷的報(bào)酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價(jià),指工程的總造價(jià)(6)such...as: 關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據(jù)我們所知

（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中（5）documentary proof：證明文件 參考譯文：

特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內(nèi)容真實(shí)，正確無(wú)誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應(yīng)貴方要求出具證明文件。例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on

(Date), in

(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上

（4）through amicable consultation：通過(guò)友好協(xié)商 參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)友好協(xié)商，于

****年**月**日在中國(guó)

（地點(diǎn)），特簽訂本合同。例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on

(Date), by

and between

Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協(xié)議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協(xié)議”可用以下4個(gè)動(dòng)詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點(diǎn)，可用上述4個(gè)動(dòng)詞中的兩個(gè)來(lái)表示）。

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議特由中國(guó)

公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱甲方）與

公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方）于

****年**月**日訂立 二

hereof 英文釋義: of this 中文譯詞:關(guān)于此點(diǎn)；在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時(shí)，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時(shí)，可以說(shuō)“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Works”。語(yǔ)法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereof和thereof的區(qū)別：hereof強(qiáng)調(diào)“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，whether… or not：不論……是否

（2）the owner of the goods：貨方（3）without interruption：無(wú)間斷地（4）carrier：承運(yùn)人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規(guī)定 hereof：of this Clause 參考譯文：

不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，貨方都應(yīng)晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運(yùn)人需要），無(wú)間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對(duì)違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。例2

Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：

（1）foreign trade dealers：對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng) 參考譯文：

本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者，是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：

（1）a limited liability company：有限責(zé)任公司

（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：

設(shè)立有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規(guī)定的條件。符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，登記為有限責(zé)任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，不得登記為有限責(zé)任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注釋：

（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因

（2）arbitrator：仲裁員

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）be selected or appointed：選定或指定 參考譯文：

仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責(zé)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照本法規(guī)定重新選定或指定仲裁員。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and

the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注釋：

（1）conflict：相抵觸

（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前

（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準(zhǔn) hereof：of this Law 參考譯文：

本法施行前制定的有關(guān)仲裁的規(guī)定與本法的規(guī)定相抵觸的，以本法為準(zhǔn)。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注釋：

（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)

（2）shall pay compensation：應(yīng)當(dāng)給予賠償（3）the claimant for compensation：賠償請(qǐng)求人

（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權(quán)申訴（6）claims compensation：要求賠償

（7）apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.參考譯文：

賠償義務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)依法確認(rèn)有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定的情形之一的，應(yīng)當(dāng)給予賠償。

賠償請(qǐng)求人要求確認(rèn)有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定情形之一的，被要求的機(jī)關(guān)不予確認(rèn)的，賠償請(qǐng)求人有權(quán)申訴。賠償請(qǐng)求人要求賠償，應(yīng)當(dāng)先向賠償義務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規(guī)定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from

the list of arbitrators.注釋：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁員

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會(huì)

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：

仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任，仲裁委員會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責(zé)的有關(guān)主管部門

（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負(fù)責(zé)公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請(qǐng)復(fù)議（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：

依照本法，履行審批職責(zé)的有關(guān)主管部門，對(duì)符合本法條件的申請(qǐng)不予批準(zhǔn)，或負(fù)責(zé)公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當(dāng)事人可以依法申請(qǐng)復(fù)議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：

有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of

this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注釋：

（1）companies registered：已登記成立的公司

（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限責(zé)任公司規(guī)范意見》

（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》

（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council國(guó)務(wù)院有關(guān)主管部門

（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國(guó)務(wù)院另行規(guī)定 參考譯文：

本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應(yīng)依照法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和國(guó)務(wù)院有關(guān)主管部門制定的《有限責(zé)任公司規(guī)范意見》，和《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》，繼續(xù)保留。其中不完全具備本法規(guī)定的條件的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在規(guī)定的期限

內(nèi)達(dá)到本法規(guī)定的條件。具體實(shí)施辦法，由國(guó)務(wù)院另行規(guī)定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（2）business operators：經(jīng)營(yíng)者

（3）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定 the provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法權(quán)益

（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益，擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的行為 三 hereto 英文釋義: to this 中文譯詞:至此，在此上。

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”時(shí)，使用該詞。例如表示“本合同雙方”，可以說(shuō)“the Parties hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本協(xié)議附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。

語(yǔ)法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereto和thereto的區(qū)別：同前面所言hereof和thereof的區(qū)別類似，hereto強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“to this”。

例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好協(xié)商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進(jìn)行仲裁（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京）（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規(guī)則（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外 參考譯文：

對(duì)于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議，本合同雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無(wú)法解決爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)將爭(zhēng)議提交中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京），依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對(duì)雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔(dān)，但仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）patented technology：專利技術(shù)（2）patent：專利

（3）application for the patent：專利申請(qǐng)

（4）may have the right to control：可能有權(quán)控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓

（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文：

“專利技術(shù)”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來(lái)獲得的，或乙方有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請(qǐng)。

例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注釋：

（1）technical documents：技術(shù)資料（2）the data and the information：資料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造

（5）original information：原始資料（6）blueprint：藍(lán)本

（7）design sheets：設(shè)計(jì)圖表

（8）material specifications：材料規(guī)格（9）photostats：影印資料（10）general data：一般資料

（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)及其說(shuō)明書 參考譯文：

“技術(shù)資料”系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的圖紙、藍(lán)本、設(shè)計(jì)圖表、材料規(guī)格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設(shè)計(jì)及其說(shuō)明書等，但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的資料。

例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注釋：

（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帳目

（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款

（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具體的查帳內(nèi)容和程序

（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 參考譯文：

乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時(shí)，應(yīng)在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規(guī)定開出的書面通知后10天之內(nèi)通知甲方，其具體的查帳內(nèi)容和程序詳見本合同附件4。

例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or

un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋：

（1）either Party hereto：本協(xié)議各方（不譯成“one Party hereto）。（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進(jìn)、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)

（3）discover, make or develop：開發(fā)

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件（5）file application for Letter Patent：申請(qǐng)專利

（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護(hù)程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此產(chǎn)生的專利（8）consistent with this agreement：與本協(xié)議不相矛盾 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議各方同意，一方對(duì)于有關(guān)生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件所做的改進(jìn)、修正、更新發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)均應(yīng)立即全部通知另一方。開發(fā)改進(jìn)的一方可以自負(fù)費(fèi)用并以自身名義申請(qǐng)專利或采取其它必要的法律保護(hù)程序，由此產(chǎn)生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協(xié)議的有效期內(nèi)，另一方可以與本協(xié)議不相矛盾的方式無(wú)償使用和銷售利用改進(jìn)、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)（無(wú)論其是否取得專利權(quán)）生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。

例6

The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)

（2）the technical assistance agreement：技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本協(xié)議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)，F(xiàn)CAM和Y將訂立技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議并作為本協(xié)議附件2（以下稱作“技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實(shí)際可能最大限度地

（2）data on management and financial information：管理和財(cái)務(wù)信息材料

（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)帳目

（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以備本協(xié)議各方的檢查或?qū)徲?jì) either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方 inspection：檢查 audit：審計(jì) 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實(shí)際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣，用于FCAM向協(xié)議各方提供管理和財(cái)務(wù)信息材料；并且FCAM應(yīng)建好會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)帳目以備協(xié)議雙方的檢查或?qū)徲?jì)。

例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注釋：

（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本協(xié)議雙

方授權(quán)的董事會(huì) hereto：to this Agreement（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：業(yè)務(wù)管理

（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整體經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃

（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：監(jiān)督該計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行

（5）review and approval：審閱和批準(zhǔn) 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意授權(quán)管理FCAM的董事會(huì)對(duì)公司整體經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃的報(bào)批和監(jiān)督執(zhí)行負(fù)責(zé)。該經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃需要提交協(xié)議雙方審閱和批準(zhǔn)。

例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定機(jī)器設(shè)備 equipment：（單數(shù)形式）設(shè)備

（2）determined through mutual consultation：協(xié)商決定

（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技術(shù)訣竅

（4）terms and conditions：條件

（5）(such…)as：作關(guān)系代詞，意為which, that 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售，F(xiàn)CAM從Y購(gòu)買經(jīng)過(guò)Y和FCAM協(xié)商決定的特定機(jī)器設(shè)備，以保證根據(jù)技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議由Y向FCAM提供的技術(shù)訣竅得到有效使用，并以協(xié)議雙方同意的價(jià)格和條件成交。

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務(wù)（3）debtor：債務(wù)人（4）creditor：債權(quán)人 參考譯文：

本合同期滿時(shí)，雙方之間發(fā)生的未了債務(wù)不受合同期滿的影響，債務(wù)人應(yīng)向債權(quán)人繼續(xù)支付未了債務(wù) 四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等時(shí)，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協(xié)議（中）內(nèi)容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。

語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益

（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經(jīng)營(yíng)者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經(jīng)營(yíng)或營(yíng)利性服務(wù) engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益，擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的行為。

本法所稱的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，是指從事商品經(jīng)營(yíng)或營(yíng)利性服務(wù)（以下所稱商品包括服務(wù)）的法人、其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和個(gè)人。

例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注釋：

（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：茲制定本法（2）maintain the foreign trade order：維護(hù)對(duì)外貿(mào)易秩序（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展

（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易 herein：in this Law（5）the international trade in services：國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易 參考譯文：

為了發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易，維護(hù)對(duì)外貿(mào)易秩序，促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展，茲制定本法。本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易，是指貨物進(jìn)出口、技術(shù)進(jìn)出口和國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易。

例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注釋：

（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所稱（2）limited liability company：有限責(zé)任公司（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4）within the territory of China：在中國(guó)境內(nèi) 參考譯文：

本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公

司。

例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注釋：

（1）illegal gains：違法所得

（2）shall be confiscated：應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收

（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本決定規(guī)定

（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被沒收違法所得（5）a fine imposed on：判處罰金（6）property forfeited：沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)

（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任 參考譯文：

犯本決定規(guī)定之罪有違法所得的，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收。

犯本決定規(guī)定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)、承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的，其財(cái)產(chǎn)不足以支付時(shí)，先承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（…<指定裝運(yùn)港>）

（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（…<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)（……<指定目的港>）

（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》 參考譯文：

除非本合同另有規(guī)定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應(yīng)依照國(guó)際商會(huì)制定的《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。

例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any

breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：爭(zhēng)議（3）controversy：糾紛（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過(guò)失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：

除非另有明確表示，則由于執(zhí)行本協(xié)議所引發(fā)或與本協(xié)議有關(guān)的協(xié)議雙方的所有爭(zhēng)議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過(guò)失（包括，但不限于有關(guān)本協(xié)議存續(xù)的爭(zhēng)議，仲裁條款有效性的爭(zhēng)議），如不能以友好協(xié)商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

例7

The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注釋：

（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行

（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同規(guī)定的條件 herein：in this Contract（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4）credit the funds received：貸記入所收資金（5）the Borrower：借款人 參考譯文：

代理行應(yīng)按照本合同規(guī)定的條件，在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據(jù)2.2款指定的帳戶。

例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注釋：

（1）cumulative：累加的

（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3）privilege：特權(quán)

（4）remedy：補(bǔ)救方法

（5）provided for by laws：法律規(guī)定的 參考譯文：

本合同規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利是累加的，并不排除法律規(guī)定的其它權(quán)利、權(quán)力、特權(quán)或補(bǔ)救方法。

例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注釋：

（1）Now Therefore：據(jù)此

（2）the consideration：對(duì)價(jià)。對(duì)價(jià)是對(duì)一項(xiàng)允諾（promise）的回報(bào)。例如，甲方允諾向乙方提供若干數(shù)量的貨物，乙方同意付給甲方一定數(shù)目的貨款，該貨款便構(gòu)成甲方允諾的對(duì)價(jià)。在經(jīng)過(guò)要約（offer）與承諾（acceptance）的基礎(chǔ)上，只有那些擁有對(duì)價(jià)的允諾才被認(rèn)作合同，得到法律的保護(hù)和執(zhí)行。

（3）the contents herein：本協(xié)議內(nèi)容 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

據(jù)此，以本協(xié)議雙方相互承諾為對(duì)價(jià)，就下述內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：

例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the

obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注釋：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付義務(wù)（2）reimbursement：償付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費(fèi)用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免稅的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔(dān)全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù) herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

借款人應(yīng)按照本協(xié)議和票據(jù)完成所有支付義務(wù)。向銀行的償付應(yīng)是不附帶其它費(fèi)用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項(xiàng)不含任何稅務(wù)。借款人應(yīng)按本協(xié)議承擔(dān)全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù) 五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文

語(yǔ)法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復(fù)，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：

（1）in accordance with：under 根據(jù)

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合營(yíng)公司章程（條款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制訂 參考譯文：

根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》以及由

公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head

offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注釋：

(1)financial institution：金融機(jī)構(gòu)

(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：總行在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)資本銀行。在中譯英時(shí)，這里的“外國(guó)資本銀行”，應(yīng)理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”，英文為subsidiary banks，而不能簡(jiǎn)單地譯成foreign banks，因?yàn)楹苌儆幸患彝鈬?guó)銀行把自己的總部搬到國(guó)外，但在境外設(shè)立子銀行、子公司是經(jīng)常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行。(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行分行。

(5)finance company：財(cái)務(wù)公司，這里應(yīng)理解為金融公司，是指在商業(yè)銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業(yè)務(wù)的金融企業(yè)。如果中文為會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所，則要

譯成：accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資財(cái)務(wù)公司

(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下簡(jiǎn)稱合資財(cái)務(wù)公司 參考譯文：

本條例所稱外資金融機(jī)構(gòu)，是指依照中華人民共和國(guó)有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)的規(guī)定，經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立和營(yíng)業(yè)的下列金融機(jī)構(gòu)：

（一）總行在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)資本銀行（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行）

（二）外國(guó)銀行在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的分行（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資銀行分行）

（三）外國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)同中國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的銀行（以下簡(jiǎn)稱合資銀行）

（四）總公司在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)資本的財(cái)務(wù)公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外資財(cái)務(wù)公司）

（五）外國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)同中國(guó)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的財(cái)務(wù)公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱合資財(cái)務(wù)公司）

例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.35

注釋：

(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)，即現(xiàn)有的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)

(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外資企業(yè)

(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外商投資企業(yè)

(5)shall have a record of making profits：應(yīng)有盈利紀(jì)錄 參考譯文：

已設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)，外資企業(yè)（以下稱為外商投資企業(yè)），如申請(qǐng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣镜?，?yīng)有最近連續(xù)3年的盈利紀(jì)錄。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部）

（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門

（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計(jì)劃單列市 參考譯文：

申請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)立投資公司，投資者應(yīng)將下列文件經(jīng)擬設(shè)立投資公司所在地的省、自治區(qū)、直轄市、計(jì)劃單列市外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門審核同意后，報(bào)對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部）審查批準(zhǔn)。

例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定

（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人

民共和國(guó)公司法》

（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公司法》（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認(rèn)公司的企業(yè)法人資格

（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規(guī)范公司登記行為 參考譯文：

為了確認(rèn)公司的企業(yè)法人資格，規(guī)范公司登記行為，依據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)公司法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公司法》），制定本條例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：

（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and

technological exchange：進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)交流（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進(jìn)外資

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)股東 foreign shareholders：外國(guó)股東

（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下簡(jiǎn)稱中國(guó)股東

（6）within the territory of China：在中國(guó)境內(nèi)

（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投資股份有限公司 參考譯文：

為進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)交流，引進(jìn)外資，促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，外國(guó)的公司、企業(yè)和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或個(gè)人（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)股東），按照平等互利的原則，可與中國(guó)的公司、企業(yè)或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織（以下簡(jiǎn)稱中國(guó)股東）在中國(guó)境內(nèi)共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱公司）。

例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign

investment and these Regulations.注釋：

（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)

（2）to establish investment company：設(shè)立投資公司

（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下簡(jiǎn)稱投資公司

（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中國(guó)有關(guān)外國(guó)投資的法律、法規(guī) 參考譯文：

為了促進(jìn)外國(guó)投資者來(lái)華投資，引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，允許外國(guó)投資者根據(jù)中國(guó)有關(guān)外國(guó)投資的法律、法規(guī)及本規(guī)定，在中國(guó)設(shè)立投資公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱投資公司）。

例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注釋：

（1）these Detailed Rules：本實(shí)施細(xì)則

（2）apply（to）：vi.適用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常駐代表機(jī)構(gòu)（4）shipping agents：貨運(yùn)代理商（5）consultant company：咨詢公司（6）advertising agency：廣告公司（7）leasing company：租賃公司

（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)企業(yè) 參考譯文：

本實(shí)施細(xì)則適用于外國(guó)貿(mào)易商、制造廠商、貨運(yùn)代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易組織（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)企業(yè)）在中華人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的常駐代表機(jī)構(gòu)。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and

the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權(quán)的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡(jiǎn)稱審批機(jī)關(guān) Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機(jī)關(guān)（3）register with：辦理登記手續(xù)

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國(guó)家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權(quán)的（各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市）工商行政管理局 參考譯文：

外國(guó)企業(yè)申請(qǐng)?jiān)谥腥A人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)成立常設(shè)代表機(jī)構(gòu)，應(yīng)經(jīng)對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)（廳）（以下簡(jiǎn)稱審批機(jī)關(guān)）批準(zhǔn)，并在中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家工商行政管理局或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡(jiǎn)稱登記機(jī)關(guān)）辦理登記手續(xù)

六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里；在那點(diǎn)上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等時(shí)使用。例如表示“修補(bǔ)工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或機(jī)械設(shè)備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。

語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注釋：

(1)Temporary Works：臨時(shí)工程，是指為永久工程服務(wù)的工程，永久工程建成后應(yīng)予以拆除。建造臨時(shí)工程的費(fèi)用，按國(guó)際FIDIC合同條件規(guī)定，應(yīng)由承包人負(fù)責(zé)。

(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出現(xiàn)的問題，即工程本身存在的問題，而不是因業(yè)主使用不當(dāng)造成的。

(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修補(bǔ)工程中任何缺陷。建造一項(xiàng)工

程一般分成兩個(gè)階段進(jìn)行，工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工、竣工為第一階段，修補(bǔ)工程中任何缺陷為第二階段，因此此句中的第一個(gè)and是對(duì)的，表示建造工程的兩個(gè)階段。參考譯文：

臨時(shí)工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修補(bǔ)工程中任何缺陷時(shí)需要或與上述工程階段有關(guān)的所有各種臨時(shí)工程，但承包人的設(shè)備除外。

例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注釋：

（1）the prior consent of the Employer：業(yè)主的事先同意

注意：consent只有單數(shù)形式，表示同意（2）assign：轉(zhuǎn)讓

（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情況除外。也可寫成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 參考譯文：

沒有業(yè)主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，但下列情況除外：

例3

This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注釋：

（1）Note：期票，即借據(jù)，票據(jù)（2）loan agreement：貸款協(xié)議

（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的）全部利益（4）advance payment：預(yù)付（5）default：違約

（6）in the event of default：因違約 參考譯文：

本期票是貸款協(xié)議中所指的期票，享有貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的全部利益，是指貸款協(xié)議中規(guī)定的預(yù)付、違約及因違約提前到期的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。

例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人說(shuō)明書（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附錄4規(guī)定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4

參考譯文：

借款人證明書，其格式基本上應(yīng)遵照附錄4規(guī)定的格式及其規(guī)定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋：

（1）exemption：免征稅款（2）local authorities：地方當(dāng)局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機(jī)構(gòu)

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當(dāng)局的稅收當(dāng)局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根據(jù)合同規(guī)定（6）shall be due：應(yīng)予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件 in question：上述 參考譯文：

任何時(shí)候，如果由當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚱淙魏握种C(jī)構(gòu)或稅收當(dāng)局，對(duì)任何根據(jù)合同

規(guī)定所支付費(fèi)用應(yīng)予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質(zhì)，現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，凡可以免征的，借款人應(yīng)及時(shí)向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。

例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)和外國(guó)企業(yè)所得稅法。

（2）at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規(guī)定的稅率 therein：in the Tax Law 參考譯文：

在《中華人民共和國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)和外國(guó)企業(yè)所得稅法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱稅法）公布前已經(jīng)辦理工商登記的外商投資企業(yè)，該企業(yè)應(yīng)按稅法規(guī)定的稅率繳納所得稅。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this

Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注釋：

（1）the Borrower：借款人

（2）to make the borrowings：借貸資金（3）to execute and deliver the Note：簽署票據(jù)

（4）to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承擔(dān)由此產(chǎn)生的義務(wù) therein：in the Note（5）all the actions in question：上述全部行為（6）legal person：法人 參考譯文：

借款人有充分的權(quán)力訂立本協(xié)議，借貸資金、簽署票據(jù)并承擔(dān)由此而產(chǎn)生的義務(wù)，上述全部行為均應(yīng)經(jīng)法人適當(dāng)和必需的授權(quán)。

例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注釋：

（1）leasee：承租人

（2）keep the commodity in good condition：維持商品的良好狀況（3）provided that：除非，表示進(jìn)一步規(guī)定（4）leasor：出租人

（5）to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出賠償

（6）any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的損失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出現(xiàn)的故障 參考譯文：

承租人必須自負(fù)費(fèi)用維持商品的良好狀況；除非由出租人對(duì)商品的故障負(fù)責(zé)，承租人則有權(quán)向出租人提出賠償因之所遭受的損失。

例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注釋：

（1）documents：shipping documents貨運(yùn)單據(jù)（2）transport documents：運(yùn)輸單據(jù)

（3）insurance documents：insurance policies保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)

（4）commercial invoice：商業(yè)發(fā)票（5）the credit：the letter of credit 信用證（6）drawer：出單人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容

（9）referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的 參考譯文：

當(dāng)信用證要求運(yùn)輸單據(jù)、保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)和商業(yè)發(fā)票以外的單據(jù)時(shí)，信用證應(yīng)規(guī)定該單據(jù)的出單人及其措辭或項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。如信用證雖無(wú)此規(guī)定，但提交的單據(jù)的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容可能證實(shí)與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務(wù)有關(guān)聯(lián)，則銀行將予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋：

（1）loss or damage：損失與損壞 注：loss與damage同義，同義詞

第二篇：經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的寫作

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的寫作

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同依法成立，即具有法律約束力，當(dāng)事人必須全面履行合同規(guī)定的義務(wù)，任何一方不得擅自變更或解除合同。違反合同，要追究責(zé)任，賠償損失，直至法律制裁。法人之間為顯示一定經(jīng)濟(jì)目的，明確相互權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系而訂立的協(xié)議。

一般都采用書面形式。主要條款有：標(biāo)的（指貨物、勞務(wù)、工程項(xiàng)目等）；數(shù)量和質(zhì)量；價(jià)款或酬金；履行的期限、地點(diǎn)和方式；違約責(zé)任；根據(jù)法律規(guī)定的或按經(jīng)濟(jì)合同性質(zhì)必須具備的條款以及當(dāng)事人一方要求必須規(guī)定的條款。按其內(nèi)容，一般可分為：購(gòu)銷合同（包括供應(yīng)、采購(gòu)、預(yù)購(gòu)、購(gòu)銷結(jié)合及協(xié)作、調(diào)劑等合同）；建設(shè)工程承包合同；加工承攬合同；貨物運(yùn)輸合同；供用電合同；倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)保管合同；財(cái)產(chǎn)租賃合同；借款合同；科技協(xié)作合同等。簽訂經(jīng)濟(jì)合同是一種法律行為，必須遵循合法原則、平等互利原則、協(xié)商一致原則和等價(jià)有償原則。

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的要素包括：

主體：自然人、法人、其他組織

自然人：公民，依法享有民事權(quán)利承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)的人。

法人：經(jīng)國(guó)家認(rèn)可，有獨(dú)立的財(cái)產(chǎn)或獨(dú)立的預(yù)算，具有民事權(quán)利能力和行為能力，依法獨(dú)立享受民事權(quán)利和承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)的組織。

內(nèi)容：合同主體享有的權(quán)利和所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。

客體：合同主體的權(quán)利、義務(wù)所共同指向的事物。

自然人：是指因出生而獲得生命的人類個(gè)體。不僅包括公民還包括外國(guó)人，無(wú)國(guó)籍人。

自然人和法人相對(duì)立，一個(gè)反映自然屬性，一個(gè)反映法律擬制的人。我國(guó)民法在公民括號(hào)內(nèi)寫明自然人，說(shuō)明在民事主體這一范疇，自然人等同于公民。

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的作用：合同是專業(yè)協(xié)作的紐帶、橫向經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系的工具。合同有利于加強(qiáng)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理。

訂立經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的原則：平等原則、公平原則、誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則、合法原則。

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的分類：

《合同法》規(guī)定有15種：買賣合同（購(gòu)銷合同）/供用電、水、氣、熱力合同/贈(zèng)與合同/借款合同/租賃合同/融資租賃合同/承攬合同/借款合同/租賃合同……

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的形式：

表格式：簡(jiǎn)單明了，規(guī)范有序，適用于企業(yè)之間經(jīng)常性的業(yè)務(wù)往來(lái)。條文式：偶爾簽定合同的單位和個(gè)人使用，或內(nèi)容不穩(wěn)定的合同。表格條文結(jié)合式。

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的基本內(nèi)容（必備條款）

當(dāng)事人的名稱或姓名和住所標(biāo)的數(shù)量質(zhì)量?jī)r(jià)款或酬金履行期限履行地點(diǎn)與方式驗(yàn)收結(jié)算方式違約責(zé)任

解決爭(zhēng)議的方法

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的結(jié)構(gòu)與寫法

標(biāo)題：合同的性質(zhì)+文種

《糧食定購(gòu)合同》

標(biāo)題的下方應(yīng)標(biāo)明合同編號(hào)

在表格式合同中，簽訂日期和地點(diǎn)也可放在標(biāo)題的右下方，與編號(hào)上下排列，用小一號(hào)字體。

訂立合同雙方名稱及代稱

正文

引言：合同的開頭，主要寫目的和依據(jù)。

“為了……，根據(jù)……法律的規(guī)定，……雙方經(jīng)過(guò)充分協(xié)商，特訂立本合同，以便共同遵守?！?/p>

引言可部分省略或全部省略

主體：指合同條款。

必備條款（標(biāo)的，數(shù)量，質(zhì)量，價(jià)款或酬金，履行期限，履行地點(diǎn)與方式，驗(yàn)收，結(jié)算方式，違約責(zé)任，解決爭(zhēng)議的方法。）

其他條款

合同文本的份數(shù)及保存

“本合同一式四份，甲乙雙方各執(zhí)一份，副本兩份，送雙方上級(jí)主管機(jī)關(guān)存查?！?/p>

合同的有效期限：合同執(zhí)行的起止日期。

“本合同有效期自××××年×月×日至××××年×月×日，過(guò)期作廢?！?/p>

“本合同自雙方代表簽字，加蓋雙方公章或合同專用章即生效，至××后終止。”

附件說(shuō)明：有附件，注明合同附件的效力。

“本合同附件、附表均為本合同的組成部分，且具有同等的法律效力?！?/p>

附件、附表均寫在合同條款的最下方。

注明附件名稱、序數(shù)和份數(shù)。

結(jié)尾

落款：雙方單位全稱和法人姓名，加蓋公章或合同專用章，雙方代表簽字。

如需審批，需寫雙方主管機(jī)關(guān)和簽證機(jī)關(guān)的名稱并加蓋印章。數(shù)額較大、周期較長(zhǎng)的合同還要公證。

日期：簽訂合同日期。

附項(xiàng)：日期下寫合同當(dāng)事人的地址、郵編、電掛、電話、圖文傳真、銀行帳號(hào)等。

擬寫合同的注意事項(xiàng)

格式要規(guī)范

條款要完備

文字要精確

第三篇：英文寫作 中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化翻譯

? 段落翻譯考綱新增考點(diǎn)“中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化”必備詞句【背會(huì)典型16

更多13年12月四六級(jí)考綱關(guān)于翻譯題有兩點(diǎn)大綱變動(dòng)

1、句子翻譯改為段落漢譯英翻譯。

2、考試范圍由“校園文化、民生發(fā)展、科技興國(guó)、生命科學(xué)、求職就業(yè)”改為“校園文化、社會(huì)生命科學(xué)、求職就業(yè)、新興學(xué)科發(fā)展、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化”，其中亮點(diǎn)就是新增了難度較大的文化領(lǐng)域化語(yǔ)句的通用表達(dá)，必背！背下這16句，傳統(tǒng)文化考點(diǎn)將一分不丟。

推薦大家復(fù)制到word中打印出來(lái)天天看！本文也適用于針對(duì)四六級(jí)作文考綱“民族傳統(tǒng)”的必背

一、對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The aloong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thundephenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion processdragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinclight costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Sprinthe sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appeople in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamerwhole year.三、長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢?！睂?shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come tojust like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyrareach the Great Wall is not a true man.“In fact, it began as independent walls for different states the ”Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguthe west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.更多四六級(jí)資料 請(qǐng)加盧秋錢 111923747

4四、DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.Accordinwere first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in makinout of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.Withtender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of tim“Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidayChinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people whohaving dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of biddnew year.餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容

五、AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In achannels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi ayang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chto be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles tobody, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channeadvantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spreacupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳频哪康摹ａ樉囊云洫?dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中

六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese cultursport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a seChinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultione’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has amany different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weaponsinvolve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxin(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, twotomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中國(guó)養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵⒅娴膮⑽?。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember tit finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhywhich was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shforms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphiregular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside anChinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese char(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the tu漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

八、Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The rthan three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look decemulti-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, pok

taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tonemetaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks ahallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹一幟。有史記載箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊

九、Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seasuch as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of anciAccording to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-2fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and eas round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artwor印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

十、Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for rHeavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthchen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancientand wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 daStems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first inventenow.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測(cè)朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個(gè)輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干

十一、hinese Beijing OperaPraised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuinoriginated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southernCentury, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opeof performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijplot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opfemale), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性

十二、Chinese TaoismTaoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Llived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose a

Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a hdiscarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivanourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden sayingan unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creaturethat rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never routcomes.道教是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道崇尚清靜無(wú)為，修身養(yǎng)性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無(wú)名天地之始；有名萬(wàn)物之母。便是老子的至理名言。

十三、Chinese IdiomsChinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer thcomes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient worallusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that a中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)?！俺烧Z(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and ththe ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC),techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynastoutstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with thMediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communbecame well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the 中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

十五、Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasuarchitecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artiand buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chineable to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscapeand rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese claorigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)開”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

十六、The Four Treasures of the StudyThe writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, an

the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.Afterbamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as wrThe ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After ththe “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuanpapeXuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangcalled Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the who筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國(guó)可追竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f(shuō)文房四寶書寫了整個(gè)中華文明。

免費(fèi)注冊(cè)返利網(wǎng)，終身享受網(wǎng)購(gòu)最低六五折優(yōu)惠，省錢實(shí)惠，強(qiáng)烈推薦你來(lái)啊，http://www.51

第四篇：經(jīng)濟(jì)合同寫作注意事項(xiàng)

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同寫作注意事項(xiàng)：一，合法二，平等三，規(guī)范四，完整明晰五，做好調(diào)查研究

感謝信：概念：感謝信是機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、單位在獲得有關(guān)方面和人員的關(guān)心、支持、幫助、慰問、饋贈(zèng)后，向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖兄x的事務(wù)文書。

特點(diǎn)：1，確指2，事實(shí)3，及時(shí)4，感激

慰問信概念及種類：慰問信是機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、單位向有關(guān)方面或個(gè)人，一般是同級(jí)、或上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)單位、個(gè)人表示安慰、問候鼓勵(lì)和致意的一種事務(wù)文書。它能體現(xiàn)組織的關(guān)懷溫暖、社會(huì)的愛心與支持，朋友親人間的深厚友誼，能給人以?shī)^進(jìn)的勇氣信心和力量。慰問信以電訊的方式傳達(dá)時(shí)，叫慰問電。

慰問信三種類型：1，表彰慰問2，遇災(zāi)慰問3，節(jié)日慰問

慰問信特點(diǎn)：1，針對(duì)2，感情3，溝通4，公開

自薦信的寫作注意事項(xiàng)：1語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔凝練2內(nèi)容實(shí)事求是3語(yǔ)氣真誠(chéng)自然4文面整潔美觀 消息的特點(diǎn)：快，短，實(shí)，活

通訊的特點(diǎn)：形象性，豐富性，評(píng)論性

通訊的種類：人物通訊，事件通訊，工作通訊

人物通訊是以表現(xiàn)人物的思想言論、事跡、命運(yùn)等為主要內(nèi)容的通訊。有的寫一個(gè)人的一生有的寫一個(gè)人的談話，如人物專訪，有的寫一個(gè)或一群人的某方面，如《誰(shuí)是最可愛的人》 事件通訊是以具有典型意義的事件作為報(bào)道對(duì)象的通訊。它的特點(diǎn)是以記事為主，圍繞事件選材布局，通過(guò)詳盡的展示事件的完整過(guò)程，挖掘出事件的本質(zhì)、意義。

第五篇：應(yīng)用寫作課件14.經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

經(jīng)濟(jì)合同經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

一、概念

（一）合同合同通常也叫合約或契約?！吨腥A人民共和國(guó)合同法》對(duì)合同的概念作了統(tǒng)一的界定：合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議。經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

（二）經(jīng)濟(jì)合同經(jīng)濟(jì)合同依據(jù)其經(jīng)濟(jì)性質(zhì)，是指平等主體的法人、其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織、個(gè)體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營(yíng)戶之間，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)目的，明確相互義務(wù)權(quán)利關(guān)系而訂立的協(xié)議。經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

二、作用1.合同是實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)劃的客觀保證。2.合同是企業(yè)加強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的有效手段。3.通過(guò)合同把供、產(chǎn)、銷關(guān)系緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，克服產(chǎn)銷脫節(jié)、供需不協(xié)調(diào)的現(xiàn)象。經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

三、特點(diǎn)1.內(nèi)容的合法性內(nèi)容不合法，應(yīng)被視為無(wú)效合同。2.格式的規(guī)范性3.條款的完備性

4.措辭的嚴(yán)密性經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

四、種類

（一）按形式分：表格式合同、條款式合同、表格條款相結(jié)合的合同。

（二）按期限分：長(zhǎng)期合同、中期合同、短期合同。

（三）按性質(zhì)分：轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)產(chǎn)的合同、完成工作的合同、提供勞務(wù)的合同。

（四）按是否立即交付標(biāo)的分：諾成合同、實(shí)踐合同

（五）按內(nèi)容分：買賣合同、贈(zèng)與合同、借款合同、租賃合同、融資合同、承攬合同、建設(shè)工程合同等。經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

五、條款

（一）法定條款1.當(dāng)事人的名稱或者姓名和住所

2.標(biāo)的3.數(shù)量4.質(zhì)量5.價(jià)款或報(bào)酬6.履行期限、地點(diǎn)、方式7.違約責(zé)任8.解決爭(zhēng)議的方法

（二）約定條款經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

六、結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題+約首+正文+約尾

（一）標(biāo)題（合同首頁(yè)上方居中）1.合同性質(zhì)+文種《借款合同》《購(gòu)書合同》《倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)合同》2.合同標(biāo)的+合同性質(zhì)+文種《松下電視機(jī)買賣合同》《汽車租賃合同》經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

（二）約首：訂立合同各方當(dāng)事人名稱或姓名1.訂立合同雙（各）方：供貨單位：XXXXXX，以下簡(jiǎn)稱甲方。購(gòu)貨單位：XXXXXX，以下簡(jiǎn)稱乙方。2.甲方：XXXXXXX乙方：XXXXXXX 3.發(fā)包方（供方）：XXXXXXX承包方（需方）：XXXXXXX 經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

（三）正文1.引言：雙方訂立合同的依據(jù)和目的。2.合同的法定條款：①標(biāo)的②數(shù)量③質(zhì)量④價(jià)款或報(bào)酬⑤履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式⑦違約責(zé)任⑧解決爭(zhēng)議的方法3.合同的約定條款4.訂立合同的有關(guān)事項(xiàng)的說(shuō)明經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

（四）約尾1.雙方當(dāng)事人簽名、蓋章。單位合同要簽明雙方單位全稱、法人代表姓名，加蓋公章、專用章，還要有雙方法定代表人簽字。2.雙方單位住址、電話號(hào)碼、電報(bào)掛號(hào)、傳真號(hào)碼、郵政編碼。

3.雙方開戶銀行、銀行開戶名、銀行帳號(hào)。4.必要時(shí)雙方可請(qǐng)有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)公證或鑒證，鑒（公）證機(jī)構(gòu)可在雙方當(dāng)事人情況欄后簽署有關(guān)意見。5.標(biāo)題處未寫簽約日期的，此處要寫全。經(jīng)濟(jì)合同

七、注意問題1.遵守《合同法》訂立合同必須貫徹平等互利、協(xié)商一致、等價(jià)有償原則。2.格式規(guī)范3.語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確經(jīng)濟(jì)合同布置作業(yè)根據(jù)下面材料寫份經(jīng)濟(jì)合同。牡丹江市綜合貿(mào)易公司向湛江市家用電器廠購(gòu)買三角牌WAC 型電炒鍋1200 個(gè)，三角牌ART 型電飯煲1800 個(gè)，三角牌TBE 型電水壺2400 個(gè)。合同于2000 年12 月1日簽定，合同有效期

一年，上述產(chǎn)品分四批交貨。* *