第一篇：職稱英語 c級 第4部分 閱讀理解

(一)Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．

General Motors。and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．

Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．

“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market．”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday．“We feel we have given electric our best shot”

The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time．General Motors’EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 miles．

The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives．An electric Toyot~RAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42，000 in the US, compared with just $17，000 for the petrol version．Toyota and Nissan…are now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles．

“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance．Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program“，and that is what we will be judging them on，”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth，told the Environment News Service．

Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well．Hybrid engines Offer Greater mileage than petrol—only engines , and the batteries recharge themselves.Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the U.S.However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit．In June，General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction，delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car—makers to offer 100，000 zero-emission and other low—emission vehicles in the state by 2003．Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low--emission，rather than zero—emission，vehicles．

1．What have the Ford motor company．General Motor’s and Honda done concerning electric cars? A)They have started to produce electric cars．B)They have done extensive research on electric Cars C They have given up producing electric cars．D)They have produced thousands of electric Cars 2．According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe，battery-powered cars A)will be the main transportation vehicles in the future B)will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future． C)will be good to the environment in the future D)will replace petrol—powered vehicles in the future．

3.Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles? A)Toyota and Nissan B)General Motor’s and Honda C)Ford and Toyota D)Honda and Toyota 4．According to the eighth paragraph，hybrid cars A)offer fewer mileage than petrol driven cars B)run faster than petrol driven cars C)run more miles than petrol driven cars D)offer more batteries than petrol driven cars 5．Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? A)Low-emission cars should be banned．

B)Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorways．

C)The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric cars． D)The legislation will allow more 10w．emission to be produced 答案與題解 :

1.C 第一段第一個句子告訴我們福特汽車公司放棄了電動汽年，第二段說通運汽年公司和本田汽車公司停止生產(chǎn)電動汽車。2.B 第四段第一個句子是 Tim Holmes對電動汽車未來的評價，他認(rèn)為未來的交通運輸?shù)拇蟊娛袌霾豢赡苁请妱悠嚒?/p>

3.A 答案的依據(jù)是第六段昀后一句。

4.C答案的依據(jù)是倒數(shù)第二段第二句。

5.D 答案的依據(jù)是文意的昀后一句 : the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more lowemission.rather than zero-emission, vehicles。

第一篇福特放棄電動汽車

分析人士評論，福特汽車公司放棄電動汽年的舉動有力地證明了這種技術(shù)是行不通的。

通用汽車公司和日本本田汽車公司早于 1999年就停止了電池動力汽車的生產(chǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)而開發(fā)燃料電池和電池內(nèi)燃混合機，這對消費者更有吸引力。福特宣布它現(xiàn)在也要做同樣的嘗試。3年前，福特推出名為 Think City的雙排座汽車和 Think或 Think Neighbor系列高爾夫車，希望能銷售 5000輛汽車、10000高爾夫車。但由于需求不足，截至 2002年僅生產(chǎn)了大約 1000輛汽車，售出的高爾夫車還不足 1700輛?！瓣P(guān)鍵是我們認(rèn)為電動車不能代表大眾市場環(huán)保交通的未來”，福特歐洲區(qū)的 Tim Holmes于周五說，“我們感覺自己對電力車已做了昀好的嘗試?！?/p>

Think City系列的運行里程僅 53英里，電池充電需 6小時。通用公司的 EVI電力車也僅能運行 100英里。

昂貴的電池也意味著電動汽車的造價比汽油動力車高出許多。日本豐田產(chǎn)的 RAV4EV系列電動車在美國的售價達 42000美元，而同系列的汽油動力車僅售 17000美元。豐田和日產(chǎn)汽車公司是現(xiàn)在僅存的兩大電動車制造商?！皯?yīng)該說電池動力車已經(jīng)獲得了充分的機會。福特現(xiàn)已轉(zhuǎn)向電池內(nèi)燃混合機開發(fā)項目，我們應(yīng)據(jù)此評價他們的發(fā)展?！盧oger Higman，英國 Friends of the Earth組織的一位高級交通運動代表這樣對《環(huán)保新聞》評論說。

日本本田和豐田公司推出的混合機汽車在過去幾年取得了良好的銷售業(yè)績?；旌蟿恿嚤绕蜋C車運行里程更長，電池又可自行充電。福特表示，他們認(rèn)為這樣的機車有助于達到美國新制訂的車輛排放規(guī)定。

不過，這些規(guī)定究竟允許怎樣的排放物現(xiàn)在還不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克萊斯勒公司贏得一項法庭裁決，可推遲兩年執(zhí)行一項加州法令，該法令要求汽車生產(chǎn)商在2003年前向該州提供10萬輛零排放和其他低排放汽車。制造商希望修改此法令，允許他們生產(chǎn)更多低排放而不是零排放的汽車。

（二）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy＆Fuels1．

Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting “peak oil”．“Peak oil ”is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines.Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later.One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of “Peak Oil.” The term “Peal Oil” indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．

The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．

However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6．They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated.The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year.The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.詞匯：Conserve v． 保護，保存 crude oil原油 spark v．閃耀；激發(fā)；鼓舞 curve n．曲線

irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改變的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的

注釋：1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美國化學(xué)學(xué)會)的縮寫。該學(xué)會成立于l876年，現(xiàn)已成為世界最大的科技協(xié)會。多年來，ACS一直致力于為全球化學(xué)研究機構(gòu)、企業(yè)及個人提供高品質(zhì)的文獻資訊及服務(wù)。ACS出版的期刊有34種，這些期刊在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中是被引用次數(shù)最多的化學(xué)期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。

2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美國地質(zhì)學(xué)家M．King Hubbert于1956年創(chuàng)建的，這是一個隨時間增長的模型，Hubbert將其引入油氣田開發(fā)，經(jīng)推導(dǎo)使其成為一個可以預(yù)測油氣田累積產(chǎn)量、瞬時產(chǎn)量、年產(chǎn)量和可采儲量等多項開發(fā)指標(biāo)的多功能預(yù)測模型。3．a(chǎn) bell shaped curve：鐘形曲線

4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。5．a(chǎn)ccount for：說明，解釋

6．conventional crude oil：常規(guī)原油

7．oil reserves：石油儲量。通常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式reserves。

練習(xí)：1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended 2．The term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．

D．start to decline after global oil production peaks．

3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．

C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．

4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014． B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries．

C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．

D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．

答案與題解：1．B spark一詞做及物動詞使用時有“發(fā)動”、“激發(fā)”的意思，在此意為stimulated，即“引發(fā)”，這個句子的意思是：全球石油消費的快速增長已引發(fā)了對“石油峰值”預(yù)測的興趣。

2．D此句接下來的句子中所提到的a related concept即是與a bell shaped curve相關(guān)的概念，也就是說，接下來的這個句子對a bell shaped curve做了解釋，即世界石油生產(chǎn)達到最大峰值后將下降。

3．D 文章的第三段告訴我們，Hubbert預(yù)測模型精確地預(yù)測到美國石油生產(chǎn)于1970年將達到峰值。這一模型自受到公認(rèn)后，已用于預(yù)測世界石油生產(chǎn)。第四段說，這一模型對于某些國家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期而言，其計算尚不充分。這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。所以，A、B和C都是對Hubbert模型的正確說明。4．A選項

8、C和D所述內(nèi)容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家使用新的模型評估了47個主要的產(chǎn)油國家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢，并預(yù)計全球常規(guī)原油生產(chǎn)到2014年將達最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5．B 短文第一段的第一個句子提供了答案。

第二篇

世界原油產(chǎn)量可能提前十年達到峰值

科威特科學(xué)家預(yù)測世界常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將在2014年達到峰值，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會促進儲存石油的努力。這一預(yù)測比其他預(yù)測提前了將近十年，已經(jīng)發(fā)表在美國化學(xué)學(xué)會《能量與燃料》雜志上。

伊布赫姆·納夏威和同事們指出，全球石油消耗的快速增長使人們對“石油峰值”預(yù)測的興趣越來越濃?！笆头逯怠敝傅氖鞘彤a(chǎn)量達到最大值后開始 下降的時間點?？茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)構(gòu)建了幾個模型來預(yù)測這一時間，有些模型認(rèn)為這一時間在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的預(yù)測模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型認(rèn) 為世界石油產(chǎn)量呈鐘形曲線，與此相關(guān)的概念是“石油峰值”。這一術(shù)語指的是世界石油產(chǎn)量達到峰值的那一刻，之后將呈現(xiàn)無法逆轉(zhuǎn)的下降趨勢。

赫伯特模型精確地預(yù)測到美國石油產(chǎn)量于1970年達到峰值。這一模型從此受到歡迎，已經(jīng)用于預(yù)測世界石油生產(chǎn)。

但是，最近研究表明，這一模型不足以解釋某些國家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期。科學(xué)家稱，這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)變化、政策和其他因素的很大影響。

最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加實際、更加準(zhǔn)確的石油生產(chǎn)預(yù)測?？茖W(xué)家使用新模型評估了47個主要產(chǎn)油國家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢，這 47個國家是世界常規(guī)原油的主要提供者?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)計全球常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將于2014年達到峰值，比之前預(yù)計的要早很多年?？茖W(xué)家還指出，世界石油儲量正在以 2.1%的速度逐年減少，他們認(rèn)為新模型會幫助做出與能源相關(guān)的決定，幫助進行國家政策辯論。

（三）Citizen Scientists Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the springbirds, trees, flowers budding, etc.which is open to everyonetwice as long as usual-and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample, Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that A melatonin levels need to be raised.B neurohormone can wake us up.C coffee is a stimulant.D decaf is a caffeinated coffee.2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? A Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.B Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.C Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone.D Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.C The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.D The proof that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? A There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers’ urine sample.B There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers’ urine sample.C Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.D Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5.The author of this passage probably agrees that A coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.B we should not drink coffee after supper.C people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.D if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.答案與題解 :

1.C pick-me-up指提神飲料，也就是一種剌激物，在這篇文章里具體指咖啡。所以，答案應(yīng)選 C。

2.C 第二段的第三個句子談到，“控制我們睡眠的是神經(jīng)激素”，而這一段的昀后一個句子也告訴我們“含咖啡因咖啡能使這種睡眠激素減半”。這正是咖啡因影響睡眠的原理。

3.A第三段涉及的是一個實驗，這個實驗的目的是測試含咖啡因咖啡和脫咖啡因咖啡對睡眠的影響，該段主要談?wù)摰氖沁@個實驗的結(jié)果。

4.D 第四段是第三段實驗的繼續(xù)，是該實驗的第二個階段。研究人員通過對志愿者尿樣進行化驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，咖啡因攝入者體內(nèi)的褪黑激素僅為非咖啡因攝入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素，所以，答案應(yīng)該選 D。

5.B 文章的結(jié)尾談到，“Ohayon建議愛喝咖啡的人午飯后應(yīng)該換喝脫咖啡因咖啡”。另外，整個文章都在探討咖啡因影響睡眠的機理，所以，作者大概會同意“晚飯后不應(yīng)該喝咖啡”的說法。選項 A是一個全稱判斷，這等于說“所有喜歡喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡覺少”。這不一定，因為如果咖啡適量，喝咖啡的時間適當(dāng)，咖啡不會影響睡眠。所以，作者可能不會同意這種說法。根據(jù)文章第二段第二個句子，選項 C是錯的。根據(jù)文章第二段的第一個句子，我們體內(nèi)褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的濃度在我們上床時間前兩個小時開始上升，而這個時候我們會開始有困意。反過來說就是，人們并非一有困意就睡覺。所以，選項 D不是答案。

譯文：

喜歡喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡對你的睡眠造成嚴(yán)重破壞。并且咖啡因作為一種刺激物會打斷褪黑激素的流動。褪黑激素是使人們進入睡眠的神經(jīng)激素。

褪黑激素的濃度在睡前兩小時開始上升。凌晨2點和4點之間達到最高植，然后再次下降。加利福尼亞斯坦福大學(xué)的斯坦福睡眠流行病學(xué)研究中心的Maurice Ohayon說：“控制我們睡眠是神經(jīng)激素，它告訴我們的身體什么時候睡覺什么時候醒?！钡且陨械难芯空甙l(fā)現(xiàn)含咖啡因咖啡能使人體中這種睡眠激素減半。

特拉維夫大學(xué)的塞帕醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Lotan Shilo和一個小組發(fā)現(xiàn)六個志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分鐘，而喝完脫咖啡后平均每晚睡415分鐘，他們用半個小時才能睡著——比平常長一倍，而且翻來覆去的時間比平常多一倍。

在試驗的第二階段，研究者每三個小時叫醒志愿者一次，并要他們提供一個尿樣。Shilo測量了褪黑激素分解物的濃度。結(jié)果表明飲用含咖啡因咖啡的人體內(nèi)的褪黑激素的濃度是飲用脫咖啡因咖啡的人體內(nèi)褪黑激素濃度的一半。在《睡眠知學(xué)》上發(fā)表的一篇論文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻礙促使褪黑激素產(chǎn)生的酶的形成。

Ohayon建議愛喝咖啡的人午飯后應(yīng)該換喝脫咖咖啡，因為要排除體內(nèi)的咖啡因要用好幾個小時。

第六篇

Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7.It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.詞匯：

circadian/s3:'keidi?n/ adj.晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的 adolescent/?d?u'les?nt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ 'pju:b?ti/ n．發(fā)育；青春期

sync/si?k/ n.（口語）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào) synchronize/'si?kr?naiz / V.（使）同時發(fā)生；（使）同步

注釋： 1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀?/p>

2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock（生物鐘）。

3.stay up：不睡覺，熬夜

4.This shift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時間的變化青少年上床時間越來越晚的現(xiàn) 象。

5.get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時間循環(huán)之間的平衡 6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態(tài)

7.Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美國羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是Rhode Island（羅得島）的首字母縮寫；Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國一流大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)）中的一員。8.the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號

練習(xí)：.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案與題解：

1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。

2.C 第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。3.B 第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。4.C 根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時間，但生物鐘能通過眼睛接

受的日光來自動調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因為鬧鐘不能自動重新設(shè)定時間。

5.B 問題使用的是過去時，問的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)（recent discoveries）之前對眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系 統(tǒng)），也就是說，研究者之前認(rèn)為人類的眼睛只有一個感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個感光系統(tǒng)。

（七）Sugar Power for Cell Phones

Using enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket.“We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment” for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.” Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”

Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find.And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.詞匯：

enzyme/5enzaIm/n.酶 electrode/I5lektrEJd/n.電極platinum/5plAtinEm/n.鉑，白金 membrane/5membrein/n.膜，薄膜

electron/I5lektrRn/n.電子 oxidize/5Cksi7daiz/v.氧化degrade/di5reid/v.降解 glucose/5lu:kEus/n.葡萄糖

polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合物 biodegradable/7baiEudi5reidEbl/adj.能進行生物降解的 microenvironment n.微環(huán)境 embed/im5bed/v.埋置，插入

proton/5prEutCn/n.質(zhì)子

試題

1.According to the first paragraph，when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?

A When enzymes can be commonly found in living ceils.B When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.D When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.2.What trouble did Minteer and Klotzhach have in their research?

A They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.B They had trouble keeping biological cells active.C They had trouble producing fresh enzymes.D They had trouble finding mechanism for producing enzymes.3.According to Paragraph 5，electrons are released

A when bags of enzyme are embedded in the new fuel cell.B when glucose from a sugary liquid goes through the enzyme.C when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes through

a pocket.D when the enzyme oxidizes the sugary liquid that goes through a pocket.4.What is exciting about the new fuel cells?

A Their limitless power generation capacity is amazing.B Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.C Their limited power generation capacity is the result of great efforts.D Their limitless power generation capacity is a major accomplishment，5.According to the last paragraph，what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?

A The new fuel cells run on sugar that is easy to find.B The new fuel cells are environment friendly.C The new fuel cells are biologically degradable，D It will take some time before the new fuel cells can be used in popular products.答案與題解：

1.C A和D明顯不是正確答案。B不是正確選擇，因為只有當(dāng)這種新的燃料電池被大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)時，才有可能實現(xiàn)用甜飲料給手機提供電能。

2.A 文章第三段的第一句是問題的答案。

3.C 該段第二句“When glucose from a sugary liquid penetrates a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and proton”中的it指代glucose，而不是a sugary liquid，因 此C是正確選擇。

4.B 第六段的大意是，盡管這種新型燃料電池還不能產(chǎn)牛很多電能，但是，它能夠產(chǎn)生電能的事實就已經(jīng)是很大的成就了。因而激動人心。所以只有B是正確答案。

5.D 文章的最后一段指出了這種新型燃料電池的優(yōu)點，即A、B、C所述內(nèi)容。最后一句說，科學(xué)家預(yù)計，在不到三年的時間里這種新技術(shù)便可在大眾的流行產(chǎn)品中使用。所以D是正確選擇。

譯文：

一種新型燃料細(xì)胞通過利用活體細(xì)胞中很常見的酶能從糖中生產(chǎn)少量的電。如果這項技術(shù)能夠成功應(yīng)用于大批量生產(chǎn)，人們可以與自己的手機分享甜飲料(因為糖可以發(fā)電供給手機)。

燃料細(xì)胞中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)能產(chǎn)生電流。這個過程通常依賴于貴金屬，比如鉑。在活體細(xì)胞中，酶發(fā)揮類似的作用，通過分解糖得到電子進而產(chǎn)生能量。

圣路易斯大學(xué)的Shelley D．Minteer說，以前研究人員在燃料細(xì)胞中使用酶時，很難維持酶的活性。生物細(xì)胞能不停地產(chǎn)生新鮮的酶，但燃料細(xì)胞中沒有能替換很快降解的酶的機制。

Minteer與同樣來自圣路易斯大學(xué)的TamaraKlotzbach現(xiàn)在研制了一種聚合物，它能包裹酶并將其保存在用顯微鏡才能看見的袋子里。Minteer解釋說：“我們改造袋子使其能為酶提供理想的微環(huán)境?！边@種聚合物能使酶保持幾個月而不是幾天的活性。

在新型燃料細(xì)胞中，裝有酶的微小的聚合物袋子鑲嵌在一張裹在一個電極上的薄膜里。含糖液體中的葡萄糖進入袋子時，酶將其氧化，釋放出電子和質(zhì)子。電子穿過薄膜進入一根導(dǎo)線并通過這根導(dǎo)線到達其他電子。導(dǎo)線中的電子與大氣中的氧發(fā)生反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生水。電子在導(dǎo)線中流動形成電流，電流能產(chǎn)生電能。

伊利諾斯大學(xué)Urbana-Champaign校區(qū)的化學(xué)工程師Paul Kenis指出，目前這種新型燃料細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生不了多少電能，但它們確實產(chǎn)生了電，這一事實令人激動。Kenis說：“單是使它可以產(chǎn)生電能，就是一項大的成果?！?/p>

消耗糖的燃料細(xì)胞有可能成為高效的發(fā)電工具。糖容易得到，而且消耗糖的新型燃料細(xì)胞可生物降解，因此這項技術(shù)不會損害環(huán)境。目前，科學(xué)家們正試圖利用別的能從糖中產(chǎn)生更多電的酶。他們預(yù)計，在不到三年的時間里這種新技術(shù)便可在大眾化的產(chǎn)品中使用。

（八）Eiffel Is an Eyeful

Some2 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3.Japanese,Brazilians, Americans — they graffiti4 their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5.With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7.But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8? The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces9 a structure some 90 stories high.But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness.Regularly maintained, it should never rust away.Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.“Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France.It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard10,a 31-year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor 一 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet.”It's iron lady，It inspires us11 ”，he says.But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose.It ceased to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York.Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14.To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph.For lovers, it's romantic.“The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.詞匯：

Eiffel /'aifel/ Tower(法國巴黎的)埃菲爾鐵塔

eyeful /'aiful/ n.引人注目的景象

scribble /'skribl/ v.亂涂，亂畫

graffiti /grs'fizti：/ n?涂寫,涂畫

iron work 鐵制品；鐵工

agelessness /'eid3lisnis/ n.永恒，永不過日寸

rust /rASt/ v.生銹（rust away 銹爛掉）

frenetic /frs'netik/ a辦極度激動的

tinker /'tiqko/ n.白鐵匠，能做各種小修小補的人 aerodynamics /leorsudai'naemiks/ n?空氣動力學(xué)

注釋：

Eiffel Is an Eyefiil:引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔。由于Eiffel和Eyeful讀音相似，使用Eyeful而 不是其他的詞是有其修辭效果的。埃菲爾鐵塔是古斯塔夫?埃菲爾（Gustave Eiffel，1832— 1923，法國工程師)為1889年的巴黎博覽會設(shè)計的。該塔在塞納河南岸，高300公尺（984 英尺）。埃菲爾鐵塔的法文是第二段最后一句中的“l(fā)a Tour Eiffel”。some:意為“approximately;about，（大約，將近）。如它 40 people attended the rally.大約 有40個人參加了集會。the world comes to scribble:世界各地的人們來此涂鴉。

graffiti:在此用作graffito的動詞形式，意思是“涂鴉，在墻或其他表面上創(chuàng)作的畫或銘刻”。

transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.使最有法蘭西 色彩的紀(jì)念碑成為動感世界的象征。the most + adj.+ of + n.意為“在……中最為…… 的” 如：Beethoven is the greatest of musicians.貝多芬是最偉大的音樂家。on the move:在 運動中。in miniature:小型的，小規(guī)模的，縮影的

would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view.寧愿花時間留下到此一游的痕跡,而不去觀賞風(fēng)景。would rather…than:寧愿……而不……： He would rather stay at home watching DVD than going to the cinema.他寧愿待在家里看 DVD,而不愿到電影院去看電影。

在原句 Why is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?的 Why 與 la Tour Eiffel still so popular?之間插 AT nearly 114 years after it was completed, and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure.graces:在此作動詞，意為“to give beauty, elegance, or charm to”（使……優(yōu)美，優(yōu)雅或具有魅 力）o Hugues Richard:法國自行車運動員，多次打破自行車運動的世界紀(jì)錄，于2002年4月8日 以19分鐘零4秒的成績騎自行車登上埃菲爾鐵塔的第二層，第六次打破自行車運動的世 界紀(jì)錄。

“It’s iron lady,it inspires us.”：“這是鐵娘子，能讓人產(chǎn)生靈感?！盜t指埃菲爾鐵塔。But to what?這是一個省略句,接著上段Hugues Richard的話發(fā)問，完整的句子可以是:But what does it inspire people to? the Chrysler Building:是美國紐約帝國大廈（the Empire State Building)建成之前，世界第一 高樓，共77層，設(shè)計師是William Van Alen。

a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will:—張空白的畫布，任游客自由遐想

To the technically minded:對于那些善于從技術(shù)角度考慮問題的人來說，從技術(shù)的角度來 說?！癟he tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way.”：“這座塔將在我們所有的人離去后長 久存在。”outlast：意為“ to last longer than”（比……持久）。out-：前綴，意思是“比…… 更…”。如：Women are said to outlive men.據(jù)說女人比男人長壽。

by a long way ：副詞，意思是“大大地”。練習(xí)：

1.Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move? A)Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.B)Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.C)The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.D)The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.2.What seems strange to the author? A)Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.B)Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.C)Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.D)Scribbling spread from country to country.3.Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard? A)He is a cyclist.B)He is a record holder.C)He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.D)He cycled up to the tower's second floor.4.What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for? A)Sending radio and television signals all over the world.B)Conducting research in various fields.C)Giving people inspiration.D)Demonstrating French culture.5.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “（The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will ______？

A)Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.B)Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.C)Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.D)Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.答案與題解：

1.B第一段提供了答案。見注釋3、4、5。

2.A 第二段第一句中的句型 would rather do something than doing something else,也可以用 prefer doing something to doing something else的句型來表達。所以，A是正確選項。句型解 釋見注釋7。3.C第四段i訴我們,Hugues Richard蹬車上塔，打破世界紀(jì)錄。C不是正確選項，因為他 cycling up to the tower's second floor,而不是 climbing up the tower.4.B A不是正確選項，因為Gustave Eiffel沒有也不可能使用該塔向全世界發(fā)射電視信號。第五段的最后一句提供了答案。5.C第六段的大意是：對不同的人，埃菲爾鐵塔有不同的象征意義。見注釋14。

譯文：

引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔

世箅各地的人們都來到大約300米高，接近埃菲爾鐵塔頂端的地方涂鴉。日本人、巴西人、美國人都在冰冷的鐵上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治觀點，使這最具有法蘭西色彩的紀(jì)念碑成為 動感世界的象征。

從塔上可以看到巴黎市的遠景，但奇怪的是觀光者們寧愿花時間留下到此一游的痕跡，而不 去觀賞風(fēng)景。但這些涂鴉者也引起了一個問題：為什么在建成114年后，埃菲爾鐵塔仍然這么受 歡迎?盡管它在幾十年前減已經(jīng)不是世界上最高的建筑物了。

這個問題的答案就像那構(gòu)成90層的鐵塔的工程一樣復(fù)雜。一部分的理由是，毫無疑問，鐵塔 是永不過時的。周期性的維護使得它永遠不會被腐蝕掉。埃菲爾鐵塔定期油漆，覆蓋那些涂鴉, 但是它仍將繼續(xù)存在下去。

“埃菲爾是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法國。所以，埃菲爾十分具有象征性?！?Hugues Richard說道。這位31歲的法國人保持著在19分零4秒的時間內(nèi)騎自行車經(jīng)過747級臺階登上鐵 塔二層的紀(jì)錄。“這是鐵娘子，能讓人產(chǎn)生靈感，”他說。

但是它能使人們產(chǎn)生怎樣的靈感呢？畢竟，鐵塔并沒有任何&的。1930年紐約的克萊斯勒大 廈取代它成為世界上最高的建筑。但是電視和廣播信號仍然從塔頂發(fā)送出來，而古斯塔夫?埃菲 爾，這個狂熱的建造者利用它的高度進行氣象學(xué)、空氣動力學(xué)和無線電通訊的研究。他在12月27 日逝世，終年91歲。

本質(zhì)上來說，鐵塔佇立在那兒本身就是一個靈感——它就像一張空白的畫布，任游客自由遐 想。對于那些善于從技術(shù)角度考慮伺題的人來說，它是一個工程上的勝利;而對于戀人們來說，它則象征著浪漫?！斑@座塔將在我們所有的人離去后長久存在。”埃菲爾鐵塔管理公司的伊莎貝爾說。第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants.Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food.Then animals feed upon the plants.They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored.But that’s not all.Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen.Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses.The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis.Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide.The water gets to the plant through its roots.The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata.The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants.This is where photosynthesis takes place.Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color.The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy.The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata.Water vapor also moves out of the stomata.More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata.During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open.This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis.As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed.The stomata of most plants close.Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth.Most organisms would disappear.The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen.Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.詞匯：

nutrient n.營養(yǎng)物

organism n.生物體，有機體 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.葉綠體 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸氣 oxygen n.氧氣 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.葉綠素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注釋：

1．Then animals feed upon the plants.動物以植物為食。練習(xí)：

1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means A heavy.B extra.C green.D liquid.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata? A Carbon dioxide.B Water vapor.C Oxygen.D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.B the formation of glucose.C global warming.D water getting to the roots of plants.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.B telling a story.C comparing and contrasting.D convincing the reader of plants’ importance.5．Another good title for this passage would be A Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.B Plants and Their Roots.C How Photosynthesis Works.D Why Our Earth Needs Water.答案與題解：

1．B 前文講到，植物產(chǎn)生的氧氣一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧氣量遠小于它們產(chǎn)生的氧氣，因此可以推測這句話的意思應(yīng)該是剩余的氧氣對于動物以及其他生物體的生存是至關(guān)重要的。excess在句中的意思是“超額的”，與extra“額外的”意思相近。

2．D 從第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧氣和水蒸氣都能從氣孔中通過，唯一一個沒有提到的是food“養(yǎng)分、食物”，因此該題選D項。3．A 文章通篇都在講Photosynthesis，即光合作頌鈉作用和重要性，文章結(jié)尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此選A項。B項是光合作用的一個部分，C、D項則毫不相干。4．A 文章先是介紹了進行光合作用所需的原料和組織，又介紹了光合作用的過程，因此整個邏輯應(yīng)該是解釋過程，而不是講故事或比較對比。D項是“向讀者說明植物的重要性”，這確實是文章的一個目的，但不是文章的組織方式。

5．C 文章的主題是光合作用的基本原理，因此選項C。A、B項在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D項與本文無關(guān)。

譯文：地球上的一切生命都依靠綠色植物。利用陽光，植物種植自己的食物。然后在動物飼料的植物。他們接受的養(yǎng)分的植物已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生和儲存。但這還不是全部。陽光也可以幫助植物制造氧氣。一些氧氣是用植物，但植物通常會產(chǎn)生比使用更多的氧氣。過量的氧氣是動物和其他生物的生活需要。）改變光轉(zhuǎn)化為食物和氧氣的過程叫做光合作用。除了光能量來自太陽，植物也使用水和二氧化碳。水被植物通過根。二氧化碳進入葉片通過細(xì)小的氣孔。旅行中葉綠體的二氧化碳，在綠色植物的體細(xì)胞。這是進行光合作用的場所。葉綠體含有賦予植物綠色的葉綠素。葉綠素是陷阱的光能量的分子。被困的光能量的變化水和二氧化碳制造氧氣和簡單的糖稱為葡萄糖）

二氧化碳和氧氣進入和出氣孔。水蒸氣也移出氣孔。超過百分之90的植物需要水在通過其根通過氣孔。在白天，大多數(shù)植物的氣孔開放。這允許二氧化碳進入光合作用的葉。夜幕降臨，二氧化碳是沒有必要的。大部分植物氣孔關(guān)閉。水的損失停止）如果光合作用停止，地球上就沒有食物或其他有機物。大多數(shù)生物都會消失。地球的大氣層將不再含有氧。光合作用是地球上生命的本質(zhì)）

（十）Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys.While young male chimps pass their time playing.Young female chimps carefully study their mothers.As a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “cultural behavior”.The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team.The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing.“A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature.Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool.The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths.Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average.Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound.Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys.“Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant.This makes hunting difficult,” she says.“Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “They can watch their offspring at the same time.The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles{10} at a very young age.”

練習(xí):

1.Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? A Because young female chimps don’t play with their brothers.B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.C Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites.D Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.2.What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites? A Tree branches.B Vegetation.C Fruits.D Grass.3.Which of the Following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? A Males often compete with females in fishing for termites.B Males could get out more termites with every dip.C Females could get out more termites with every dip.D Males are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites.4.How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing? A They like hunting.B They enjoy fighting.C It helps them to stay fit.D It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.5.According to the last paragrnph, which of the following is NOT true? A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites.B The main source of animal protein for male chimps is colobus monkeys.C The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites.D Female chimps fish for termites while watching their children.答案與題解 :

1.B 根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容，雄性小猩猩將時間用來玩要，而雌性小猩猩則研究她們母親的行為，因此，她們比雄性小猩猩早兩年學(xué)會捕食白蟻。A、D文中沒有提到，C與問題沒有關(guān)系。

2.B第五段的第一個句子告訴我們，猩猩用植物作成方便的工具，用來捕食白蟻。A、C和 D均是錯誤的。

3.C 該段告訴我們，對六只小猩猩的分析表明，雌性小猩狠不但較早學(xué)會捕食白蟻.而且能比雄性小猩猩更為熟練地捕食到更多的白蟻。所以，B和 D都不是正確選項。A項內(nèi)容文中沒有提到。

4.D A、B和 C都是錯誤的，因為文中沒有捉到雄性小猩猩喜歡獵食和打斗，也沒有提及玩耍能使他們更健康。D是正確答案。第七段昀后一句說，他們喜歡玩耍的行為有助于他們長大后的生活，因為，到那時，他們要獵食和爭權(quán)奪位。

5.A 根據(jù)昀后一段的內(nèi)容，成年雄猩猩主要獵食生活在樹上的一種叫做 colobus（疣猴）的猴子，而雌性猩猩捕食白蟻。所以 A是正確選項。B、C和 D的內(nèi)容均可在該段中找到。

譯文：

第十篇 年輕雌猩猩學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)于她們的弟兄

一項新的研究顯示，與年輕雄性相比，年輕雌黑猩猩是更快更好的學(xué)習(xí)者，這與人類的兩性學(xué)習(xí)差異相仿。

在小雄猩猩玩樂嬉鬧時候，雌猩猩卻在悉心向母親學(xué)習(xí)。結(jié)果她們比“男孩們”提早兩年學(xué)會捕獲美味小吃——白蟻。美國芝加哥林肯公司動物園的Elizabeth Lonsdorf 和她在圣保羅市明尼蘇達大學(xué)的同事們用了4年時間觀察坦桑尼亞Gombe 自然公園的年輕黑猩猩學(xué)習(xí)它們的“文化行為”。

學(xué)習(xí)行為的性別差異是“一貫和驚人顯著的”，觀察小組報告說。研究人員指出，類似的差別也存在于人類兒童寫作等技巧的學(xué)習(xí)過程。他們在《自然》雜志中寫道，“基于性別的學(xué)習(xí)差異因而可以上溯到人類和黑猩猩最近的共同始祖?！?/p>

黑猩猩用植物制造靈巧的工具，將它們插入蟻丘把白蟻驅(qū)趕出來，再津津有味地享用粘在工具上的白蟻。研究人員用攝像機記錄下這種捕食行為，發(fā)現(xiàn)每位猩猩母親在諸如怎樣使用不同長度的工具等方面都有她們自己的訣竅。分析研究六只已知年齡的幼猩猩顯示，雌猩猩在平均31個月大時就能成功捕獲白蟻，而雄猩猩則需要到58個月時才能學(xué)會。雌性每次都能熟練地收獲更多的白蟻，并能采用與母親相似的技巧，而雄性卻做不到。

“男孩們”不向母親學(xué)習(xí)，卻花費大量時間在蟻丘周圍嬉戲。研究人員認(rèn)為玩耍、搖蕩等活動或許對公幼獸后來的諸如捕獵、爭奪領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)等典型的雄性活動大有裨益。

Lonsdorf 補充說，黑猩猩食物中動物蛋白的主要來源有兩個——白蟻和疣猴?！俺墒煨坌猿Ｔ跇溟g抓捕疣猴，而雌性則總是因為懷孕或身上吊著小猩猩而難以捕獵，”她說，“成年雌性比雄性花更多的時間捕食白蟻。”因此嫻熟地捕獲白蟻意味著雌性比雄性吃得更好，“并且可以同時看護后代。雌雄兩性似乎都是在十分年幼的時候就開始了與成年后性別角色有關(guān)的活動?！?/p>

第十一篇When our Eyes Serve our Stomach Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're affected by what's going on in otir heads, A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who've just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses.For example,poorer cliildren think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter, Remi Radel of University of Nice Sopbia-Antipolis, France, wanted to investigate how this happens.Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index.On the day of his or her rest,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating.Then they were told there was a delay.Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first.So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen.One by one ,80 words flashed on the screen for about 1/300th of a second each.They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive.A quarter of the words were food-related.After each word , eachperson was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen-a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat.Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words.Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception not in thinking processes,Radel says.”This is something great to me, Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for.From the experiment,1 know that our brain can really be at the disposal of 6 our motives and needs , “ Radel says.詞匯：

threshold n.起點，開端；門檻 disposal n.處理，處置：配置 neutral adj.中性的；中立的 motive n.動機，目的 strive v.努力.力求：斗爭 注釋：

1.Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of ?in our heads ：這個句子的大概意思是：我們的五官感覺不僅僅讓我們感知世界；五官感覺還受大腦活動的影響。

2.university of Nice Sophia-Antipolis ：法國尼斯· 索菲亞· 安提波利斯大學(xué)t 簡稱尼斯大學(xué)1965年經(jīng)法國政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大學(xué)在尼斯市設(shè)有7 處主校園，另外，還在縈菲亞，安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛納市(Cannes)和芒東市(Menton)設(shè)有校區(qū)。索菲亞 ·安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南側(cè)的科技園區(qū)，是許多高等學(xué)府的所在地。

3.body mass index ：身體質(zhì)量指數(shù) 4.at the threshold of：當(dāng)??快要開始時 5.in perception ：感知

6.at the disposalof：受到??的控制 練習(xí)：

1.What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find? A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.C Hungrypeople are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.2.Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment? A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees,hungry and non-hungry.C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.3.What does the writer want to tell us? A Human's senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world.B What's perceived by our senses affects onr way of thinking.C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses.4.What did the results of the experiment indicate? A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.C People who bad just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or wbat they strived for.5.What can we infer from the passage? A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.C Our thinking proeesses are independent of our senses.D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.答案與題解：

1.C 第一段第二句是本題答案的依據(jù)。饑腸轆轆的人只是看food-related words 比較清楚.選 項C 的句意與上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。選項A 說的是every word.所以不是答 案。選項B 和D 文章中沒有提到。

2.B 答案的根據(jù)可在第三段找到。Radel為了保證42 名學(xué)生到達實驗室時是空腹，所以要求他們中午到達。然后告訴一部分學(xué)生實驗時間推遲了，請他們10 分鐘后再來。他又請另外一部分學(xué)生用午餐。Radel用推遲實驗的方法造就了兩組實驗者，即饑餓組與飽食組。選項B 是答案.3.C 雖然A、B、D 選項均可在文中找到對應(yīng)部分，但只屬于細(xì)節(jié).而非主旨，因此不能選。本文最后一句給出了直接的答案。

4.A 第四段第三行中consciously 與A 項中的intentionally 是同義詞。B 項neutral 意思為“ 中性的” 在本文中的意思是與food-relatad 相對的，即“與食物不相關(guān)的” 因此是錯誤選擇：C項不符合課文原意；D項barely 意為“僅僅，勉強，幾乎沒有” 因此也不符合句意。

5.D 選項A 所說的實驗樣本的大小與本題主旨無關(guān)，不是答案，而是干擾項；B、C 內(nèi)容也不能直接從短文中推斷出來。選項D 是答案.最后一段第二句的“Humans an really perceive what they need or what they strive for”為選擇D 項提供了依據(jù)。

第11篇，當(dāng)胃主宰眼睛時

我們的五官感覺不僅僅讓我們感知世界，五官感覺還受大腦活動的影響。一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，相對于吃飽狀態(tài)，人餓的時候?qū)τ嘘P(guān)食物的詞語更加敏感。

近些年來，心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦活動影響著人類的感覺。例如：越窮的人，越覺得硬幣比它實際要大。餓的人認(rèn)為食物的圖片特別鮮明。法國尼斯.索菲亞.安提波利斯大學(xué)的若米.若戴爾想要弄清楚這個環(huán)節(jié)到底是如何發(fā)生。是否就像大腦收到視覺感受到的信息，人們看到世界這個過程一樣還是更深層一些，在這個過程中有大腦高級思維過程的參與。

若戴爾找到42名身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)正常的學(xué)生，想要在他們身上進行實驗。實驗當(dāng)天，這42名學(xué)生要在中午趕到實驗室，在這之前的3、4個小時之內(nèi)，他們都不能進食。當(dāng)42名學(xué)生到達后，實驗人員告訴他們實驗推遲。一組是要在10分鐘之后再來，另一組給了他們一個小時的時間，讓他們吃過中飯再來。所以當(dāng)進行這個實驗的時候，一半的學(xué)生是饑餓的，另一半是吃飽的。

在實驗中，這些人看電腦屏幕，80個詞語以1/300秒的速度依次出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕上。詞語出現(xiàn)的很快，所以被實驗人員只能瞬間感受到這些詞語，其中，有1/4的詞語是關(guān)于食物的。詞語播放完后，每個人要說出詞語的明顯度，然后在給出的兩個詞語中選出他們看到過的詞語，比如蛋糕和船。每個詞語都很清晰方便參與者讀出。實驗結(jié)果顯示：饑餓的人感覺有關(guān)食物的詞語感更加明顯，在辨別時也更加清楚。由于每個詞語出現(xiàn)的很快，每個人只能看到，沒有時間去思考，因此，這就意味著沒有思維過程的參與，完全是因為人的感知而產(chǎn)生不同。若戴爾說：“這個結(jié)果對我來說很重要。人類能夠明確地抓住自己需要什么，爭取什么。從這個實驗中，我明白我們的大腦受到動機和需要的控制。”

（十二）Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass In January, 2003, the eastern two-thirds of the United States was at the mercy of a bitterly cold air mass that has endangered Florida’s citrus trees, choked northern harbors with ice and left bewildered residents of North Carolina’s Outer Banks digging out of up to a foot of snow.The ice chill deepened as temperatures fell to the single digits in most of the South, with an unfamiliar dip below the freezing mark as far south as parts of interior South Florida.Temperatures in Florida plunged, with West Palm Beach dropping to a record low of 2 degrees.“We couldn’t believe how cold it was,” said Martin King, who arrived this week in Orlando from England.“we brought shorts, T-shirt, and I had to go out and buy another coat.”

The temperature plunge posed a threat to Florida’s US$9.1 billion-a-year citrus crop, more of which is still on the trees.Growers were hurrying to harvest as much of the fruit as possible before it was damaged by cold.“Time is of the essence in getting fruit to the plant,” said Tom Rogers, a citrus grower who expected to see damage to oranges and grapefruit at that time.In Florida, Governor Jeb Bush signed an emergency order to eliminate the weight limit on trucks so citrus growers could get as much fruit to market as possible.Casey Pace, a spokeswoman for Florida Citrus Mutual, said growers had sprayed trees with sprinklers, which created a layer of ice and helped maintain a temperature near freezing.Citrus trees are considered in danger of damage if the temperature drops below minus 2 degrees Celsius for four hours or more.Snow ranging from a dusting to up to 30 centimeters blanketed the Carolinas, Tennessee and parts of Virginia.1.Which of the following statements is not meant in the first two paragraphs?

A.The cold air mass was a threat to Florida’s citrus crop.B.The temperature in the United States except the South dropped below the freezing mark.C.The northern harbors were blocked with ice.D.The eastern two thirds of the United States was hit by cold air mass.2.According to the second paragraph, in which area(s)did the temperature fall below zero? A.Most of the south.B.Parts of interior South Florida.C.West Palm Beach.D.All of the above.3.King’s statement that “We brought shorts, T-shirt, and I had to go out and buy another coat,” shows that A.he was caught by the sudden cold.B.he needed formal clothes.C.fashion in Florida is tempting.D.Florida is how compared with England.4.Governor Jeb issue the emergency order because he A.thought speed limit for trucks was unreasonable.B.tried to improved the traffic condition of the express ways.C.wanted to encourage trucks to transport as much fruit to market as possible.D.wanted to stop trucks from carrying too much fruit to market.5.Which statement is NOT true according to the last paragraph? A.Sprinklers were used to protect citrus trees from being damaged.B.Citrus trees would be damaged if the temperature drops below minus 2℃for four hours.C.The Carolinas.Tennessee and parts of Virginia were covered with snow.D.Florida Citrus Mutual sprayed trees with sprinklers for citrus growers.答案與解釋：

1.A 第二段中就有冷氣團侵襲到 most of the South，所以，B是不符合原意的。

2.B … with an unfamiliar dip below the freezing mark as far south as parts of interior South Florida.在南至南佛羅里達州腹地的一些區(qū)域，氣溫前所未有地降至冰點以下這句話說明 B是正確選項。在 most of the South,氣溫降至 10℃以下，在 West Palm Bench，氣溫雖然降至歷史昀低，但有 2℃。

3.A 佛羅里達位于炎熱的南方。King只帶了短褲、T恤。到了佛羅里達，寒潮來了，他只好去買御寒衣服。

4.C 第六段中“ Jeb Bush signed an emergency order to eliminate the weight limit on trucks so citrus growers could get as much fruit to market as possible.”這個句子提供了答案。

5.D 選項 A、B、C文章中都提到，而且，A、B、C的內(nèi)容都符合原意，唯有 D不正確。因為，文章中只是說 Florida Citrus Mutual(佛羅里達柑橘互助協(xié)會)通報了柑橘種植人采取的防凍措施，并沒有說這個協(xié)會自己采取了防凍措施。

譯文：

第十二篇

納佛羅里達遭受冷氣團襲擊

2003年1月，美國東部2/3的地區(qū)處于強冷空氣團的控制下，強冷空氣團給佛羅里達的柑橘樹造成了危脅，同時也使北部的港口被冰凍結(jié)。冷空氣團讓北卡羅來納州沿岸地區(qū)的居民不知所措，不停地鏟著尺把深的積雪。

當(dāng)南方部分地區(qū)的氣溫降到個位數(shù)時，冰雪帶來的寒意加深了，從南方的大部分地區(qū)直到南佛羅里達的腹地地區(qū)，氣溫前所未有地驟降至冰點以下。氣溫在佛羅里達驟降，西棕櫚海岸的氣溫創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄地降至2度。

“我們不能相信有那么冷”，這周剛從英國來到奧蘭多的馬丁?金說，“我們買了運動褲、T恤，但我還不得不出去買件大衣?！?/p>

氣溫的驟降對佛羅里達每年價值91億美元的柑橘產(chǎn)量造成了危脅，大部分的柑橘還未采摘，果農(nóng)們正趕著在柑橘被凍壞之前盡可能地多采些。

“時間對柑橘成熟是非常重要的，”果農(nóng)湯姆?羅根斯說，他預(yù)計冷空氣會對柑橘和葡萄造成損害。

佛羅里達州州長杰夫?布什簽署了一份緊急命令，這個命令取消了對卡車上貨物的重量限制，這樣，果農(nóng)們就能使盡可能多的柑橘上市。

佛羅里達州柑橘信托基金會的發(fā)言人Casey Pace女士說，果農(nóng)們用灑水器向果樹噴水，這使果樹表面形成了一層冰，冰有助于氣溫維持在冰點附近。如果氣溫降到-2℃以下超過4個小時，柑橘就會被凍壞。厚度從薄薄一層到30厘米的雪覆蓋了卡羅來納、田納西和弗吉尼亞的部分地區(qū)。

（十三）Invisibility Ring

Scientists can’t yet make an invisibility cloak1 like the one that Harry Potter2 uses.But，for the first time，they’ve constructed a simple cloaking device that makes itself and somethingplaced inside it invisible to microwaves.When a person “sees” an object，his or her eye senses many different waves of visiblelight as they bounce off the object.The eye and brain then work together to organize thesesensations and reconstruct the object’s original shape.So，to make an object invisible，scientists have to keep waves from bouncing off it.And they have to make sure the objectcasts no shadow.Otherwise，the absence of reflected light on one side would give the obiectaway.Invisibility isn’t possible yet with waves of light that the human eye can see.But it is nowpossible with microwaves.Like visible light，microwaves are a form of radiant energy.Theyare part of the electromagnetic spectrum，which also includes radio waves，infrared light，ultraviolet rays，X rays，and gamma rays.The wavelengths of microwaves are shorter thanthose of radio waves but longer than those of visible light.The scientists’ new “invisibility device” is the size of a drink coaster and shaped like aring.The ring is made of a special material with unusual ability.When microwaves strike thering，very few bounce off it.Instead，they pass through the ring，which bends the waves allthe way around until they reach the opposite side.The waves then return to their originalpaths.To a detector set up to receive microwaves on the other side of the ring，it looks as if thewaves never changed their paths as if there were no object in the way!So，the ring is effectively invisible.When the researchers put a small cdpper loop inside the ring，it，too，is nearly invisible.However，the cloaking device and anything inside it do cast a pale shadow.And the deviceworks only for microwaves，not for visible light or any kind of electromagnetic radiation.So，Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak doesn’t have any real competition yet.詞匯：

invisibility/invizE5biliti/n.看不見，無形 spectrum/5spektrEm/n.光譜

cloak/klEuk/斗篷，披風(fēng) infrared/5infrE5red/adj.紅外線的

microwave/5maikrEuweiv/n.微波 ultraviolet ray 紫外線

reconstruct/5ri:kEn5strQkt/v.重建 gamma ray 伽馬射線

radiant/5reidjEnt/adj.輻射的 wavelength/5weivleNW/n.波長

electromagnetic/IlektrEJ5mA^nItIk/adj.電磁的coaster/5kEustE(r)/n.托盤，墊子

練習(xí)：

1.Harry Potter is mentioned in the passage，because scientists Acan now make an invisible cloak of the same kind as he uses.Btry to make an invisible cloak of the same kind as he uses.Ctry to invent a device Similar in idea to the invisible cloak he uses.Dknow that it is possible to make an invisible cloak of the same kind.2.What is true of microwaves? ATheir wavelengths are shorter than those of visible light.BTheir wavelengths are longer than those of visible light.CThey are different from visible light as they are a kind of radiant energy.DThey are visible to the human eye.3.What is NOT true of the invisibility device? AIt is made of a special material with unusual ability.BMicrowaves bounce off it when they strike it.CMicrowaves pass through it when they strike it.DIt bends the microwaves all the way around until they reach the opposite side.4.What does the word “coaster” mean in the passage?

AA disk or plate placed under a drinking glass to protect a table top.BA vessel engaged in coastal trade.CA roller coaster.DA resident of a coastal area.5.Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak doesn’t have any real competition yet，because Ascientists have not found out how his cloak works.Bthe cloaking device is a total failure.Cthe cloaking device works only for microwaves.Dthe cloaking device works only for visible light.答案與題解：

1.C文章的第一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家還沒有發(fā)明哈里·波特使用的那種隱身衣，所以不能選 A;該段還告訴我們，科學(xué)家已制造了，一種裝置，這種裝置能使自身或置于其中的物體不被微波發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以C是正確選擇，也就是說，科學(xué)家發(fā)明的隱形裝置和哈里波特的隱身衣僅僅在概念上相同，這同時說明B和D是錯誤的選擇。

2.B第三段最后一句中告訴我們，A是錯誤選擇，B是正確選擇。該段第三句說，微波與可見光一樣都是一種輻射能，所以C的說法是錯誤的，不能選擇;根據(jù)該段第一句：with wavesof light that the human eye can see和第三句：Like visible light，可以得知D是錯誤的說法，也不能選擇。

3.B第四段第三句說，當(dāng)微波到達裝置表面時，very few bounce off。very few是幾乎沒有的意思，所以選擇B。其他選擇所述內(nèi)容都可以很容易在該段中找到。

4.A第四段第一句告訴我們，科學(xué)家的這個隱形裝置和一個杯墊差不多大小，所以A是正確選擇。coaster是一個多義詞，其他幾個選擇是該詞的其他意思，B：從事沿海貿(mào)易的船;C：過山車，摩天輪;D：海岸地區(qū)居民。

5.CA句在短文中沒有提到;按文章的內(nèi)容B不是正確的說法;文章最后一段說，And thedevice works only for microwaves，not forvisible light，所以C是正確選擇。

譯文：

隱形環(huán)

到目前為止，科學(xué)家還不能造出哈利；波特使用過的隱身斗篷。但是他們率先研制出了一種與其類似的裝置，這種裝置能使自身和置于其中的物體不受微波的探測。

當(dāng)一個人“看”某物體時，他的眼睛就會感知到從那個物體反射過來的光波。眼睛和大腦一同工作，編輯這些光感并重建其原貌。所以，如果要讓一個物體隱形，科學(xué)家們就必須阻止光波反射。并且他們得確保此物體沒有陰影。否則，反射光的缺失會使物體顯現(xiàn)。

鑒于人眼對光波的感知性，要想隱形某物體很難做到，但對微波就可以做到。如同可見光，微波是一種輻射能。他們是電磁波譜的一部分，其中也包括無線電波、紅外線光、紫外線、x射線和伽馬射線。微波的波長比無線電波短，但比可見光長。

科學(xué)家研制出的這種新型隱身裝置和杯墊一般大小，形狀像個環(huán)。由于它是特殊材料制成，因此具有非同尋常的功能。當(dāng)微波射向它時，僅有極少的光會反射回去，這些光會從一端穿過這個環(huán)，并在此過程中沿著彎曲的路線前進，直到抵達另一端。最后光波回到原來的路線。

對于在環(huán)的另一端放置的探測器來說，光波看上去就像從來沒有改變過路徑一樣，即好像沒有遇到障礙物。這樣一來，這個環(huán)就如同沒有存在過。

研究者又將一個銅線圈放進環(huán)里，依然得到同樣的結(jié)果。不過，這個環(huán)和里面的東西還是會留下一點影子。環(huán)形隱身器只能作用于微波，而不能作用于可見光及電磁波。因此，哈里，波特的隱形斗篷目前還沒有競爭對手。

（十四）Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers

A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road.The car’s sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver’s sweat for traces of alcohol.An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit.The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver

and passenger seats,while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver’s palm.Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems.For example,Sweden’s Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start.Nissan’s new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a drivers alertness by monitoring their eyes.It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest.The car technology is still in development,but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology.”For example,if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver,the facial recognition system would still be used,“ Doi says.Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system,but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015.The car’s seat belt can also tighten if drowsiness is detected,while an external camera checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly.However,Doi admits that some of the technology,such as the alcohol odor sensor,should be improved.”If you drink one beer,it’s going to register,so we need to study what’s the appropriate level for the system to activate," he says.In the UK,some research groups are using similar advanced techniques to understand driver behavior and the effectiveness of different road designs.1.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Japanese concept care

A It has a sensor system that could issue a warning if the driver is drunk.B It has sensors that detect traces of alcohol inside the car.C It has sensors locked up in the ignition system.D It has a breathalyzer-like detection system.2.What has Volvo developed? A The same detection system mentioned in the previous paragraph.B A breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt.C A smart car seat belt.D An intelligent engine.3.What is the function of the camera mentioned in Paragraph 4? A It monitors the driver’s eyes to see if he needs a rest.B It judges if the driver wants to pull over.C It judges if the driver wants to take a rest.D It issues an alarm when the driver speaks.4.According to Doi, A the overall effectiveness of the detection technology has improved.B Nissan is making a timetable to market the detection system.C it is impossible to improve the overall effectiveness of the detection system.D Nissan aims to improve the detection technology to reduce the fatality rate.5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 6? A An external camera checks that the car is going properly.B The car will automatically keep to its lane.C The seat belt will tighten when the driver is found drowsy.D The technology of the alcohol odor sensor should be improved.答案：

1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B 解析：

1.C 選項A、B、D所述內(nèi)容都可在短文的第一、第二段中找到。第二段最后一個句子告訴我們，傳感器裝在司機和乘客的座椅里，而不是在點火系統(tǒng)里，所以選擇C。

2.B 短文第三段告訴我們，沃爾沃公司也發(fā)明了一種相類似的酒精檢測裝置，安裝在保險帶上。所以B是正確選擇。

3.A 第四段描寫了安裝在概念車儀表板上的照相機的功能。相機跟蹤司機的眼睛的活動從而監(jiān)測司機是否保持清醒狀態(tài)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)司機需要停車休息，便用英語或日語發(fā)出警告。所以除A以外，其他選擇都不正確。

4.D 短文第五段說，這種監(jiān)測技術(shù)仍然在發(fā)展之中，使用不同的監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)應(yīng)能改進這項技術(shù)的整體有效性，所以A和C都不是正確選擇。該段的最后一句說，日產(chǎn)公司并不準(zhǔn)備將這種監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)推向市場，但它的目標(biāo)是使用這種技術(shù)到2015年將日產(chǎn)車的事故率年減少到 1995年的一半。所以B也不是正確選擇，只有D表達了Doi的意思。

5.B 選項A、C、D在短文第六段都能找到，但是卻找不到選項B所表達的意思

譯文：

第十四篇 日本用來監(jiān)視醉酒司機的新型概念車

日本日產(chǎn)公司日前開發(fā)了一種新型概念車，這種車含有呼氣酒精檢測器和其他一些裝置，用來防止那些醉酒和過于疲勞的司機上路駕駛。

車上的傳感器能檢測出車中的酒氣，并通過監(jiān)測司機身上的汗味探知酒精度。車中的電腦系統(tǒng)能報警，甚至還能在司機超速行駛時鎖住引擎。這個氣味傳感器被牢牢固定在駕駛員和乘客的座位上。另一個探測器裝在車的換檔把手上，用來測試司機的掌心的汗液。

其他的汽車制造商們也開發(fā)了類似的探測系統(tǒng)。比如，瑞典的沃爾沃在汽車的安全帶上安裝了很多呼氣酒精檢測器，司機在開車前必須向里吹氣。

這種新型概念車還在儀表盤上裝有照相機，通過監(jiān)測駕駛員的雙眼探知其清醒程度。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)司機需要停車休息，便用英語或日語發(fā)出警告。

汽車監(jiān)測技術(shù)仍在發(fā)展，總裁Kazuhiro Doi指出：綜合多種探測技術(shù)將對整體技術(shù)水平的提高更為有利。例如，若是換檔裝置探測器被乘客代用，面部識別技術(shù)仍能受用。日產(chǎn)公司并沒有明確將此項技術(shù)推向市場的時間，只是試圖借助此項技術(shù)在2015年把死亡率降到1995年的一半。

如若探知司機昏昏欲睡，安全帶會自動收緊，外部照相機也會檢查汽車是否偏離路線。盡管如此，Doi承認(rèn)有一些技術(shù)，如氣味傳感器仍有待改進。因為對很多人來說，往往只喝—口都會被檢測出來。為避免這類事件的發(fā)生，必須研究激活系統(tǒng)的最低限度。

在英國，一些組織正在運用類似的先進技術(shù)來研究司機的行為和路標(biāo)設(shè)置的有效性。

（十五）Winged Robot Learns to Fly

Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial and error1-but a winged robot has cracked2 it in only a few hours, using the same evolutionary principles.Krister Wolff and Peter Nordin of Chalmers University of Technology(CUT)in Gothenburg , Sweden, built a winged robot and set about3 testing whether it could learn to fly by itself, without any pre-programmed data on what flapping is or how to do it.To begin with4, the robot just twitched and jerked erratically.But, gradually, it made movements that gained height.At first, it cheated-simply standing on its wing tips was one early short cut5.After three hours, however, the robot abandoned such methods in favor of6 a more effective flapping technique where it rotated its wings through 90 degrees and raised them before twisting them back to the horizontal and pushing down.“This tells us that this kind of evolution is capable of7 coming up8 with flying motion,” says Peter Bentley, who works on evolutionary computing at University College London.But while9 the robot had worked out how best to produce lift10, it was not about to take off.“There’s only so much that evolution can do,” Bentley says.“This thing is never going to fly because the motors will never have the strength to do it,” he says.The robot had metre-long wings made from balsa wood and covered with a light plastic film.Small motors on the robot let it move its wings forwards or backwards.up or down or twist them in either direction.The team attached the robot to two vertical rods, so it could slide up and down.At the start of a test, the robot was suspended by an elastic band.A movement detector measured how much lift, if any11, the robot produced for any given movement.A computer program fed the robot random instructions12, at the rate of13 20 per second, to test its flapping abilities.Each instruction told the robot either to do nothing or to move the wings slightly in the various directions.Feedback from the movement detector let the program work out which sets of instructions were best at producing lift.The most successful ones were paired up14 and “offspring” sets of instructions15 were generated by swapping instructions randomly between successful pairs.These next-generation instructions were then sent to the robot and evaluated before breeding a new generation, and the process was repeated.注釋：

1.Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial and error:自然界里的飛行學(xué)習(xí)用了幾百萬年的時間反復(fù)實踐和磨煉。

2.crack: to break through(an obstacle)in order to win acceptance or acknowledgement: 突破（障礙）

3.set about:開始做，著手

4.To begin with: 首先

5.short cut: 捷徑

6.in favor of:原意為“贊成；支持”。這里，…… the robot abandoned such methods in favor of a more effective flapping technique意為:……這個機器人放棄了這樣的方法，而去使用一種更為有效的扇動翅膀的技術(shù)。

7.be capable of: [指物]有可能，可以……

8.come up: to manifest itself;arise 出現(xiàn)。

9.while:雖然，盡管

10.lift:升高

11.if any:若有的話。確切意思是 :如果它能升高的話。

12....fed the robot random instructions:給機器人輸入隨意設(shè)定的指令。fed是feed的過去式。

13.at the rate of:以……的速度

14.pair up:把……配成一對

15.“offspring”sets of instructions:指的是將成功的指令配對后的結(jié)果?！?offspring”本來是后代的意思，在此修飾sets of instructions，所以加了雙引號。練習(xí):

1.Which of the following is NOT true of what is mentioned about the winged robot in the second paragraph? A The two professors of CUT built the winged robot B The two professors of CUT tested whether the winged robot could learn to fly.C The two professors of CUT programmed the data on how the robot flapped its wings.D The two professors of CUT tried to find out if the robot could fly by itself.2.How did the robot behave at the beginning of the test?

A It rotated its wings through 90 degrees.B It twitched but gradually gained height.C It was twitched and broke down.D It landed not long after the test.3.Which of the following is nearest to Peter Bentley’s view on the winged robot? A The winged robot could never really fly.B The winged robot did not have a motor.C The winged robot should go through further evolution before it could fly.D The robot could fly if it were lighter.4.What measured how much lift the robot produced? A Two vertical rods.B A movement detector.C An elastic band.D Both B and C.5.What does “the process” appearing in the last paragraph refer to? A Pairing up successful inst ructions.B Sending instructions to the robot.C Generating new sets of instructions for evaluation.D All the above.答案與題解 :

1.C A、B、D在第二段中都提到過。C是錯誤的，因為文中說，教授們測試機器人是否會自己學(xué)會飛行，而且預(yù)先沒有對翅膀扇動的方式進行數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)定。

2.B第三段描述了機器人如何學(xué)習(xí)飛行的過程。第一句和第二句是問題的答案。

3.A第四段主要是 Peter Bentley對飛行機器人的看法。他認(rèn)為前文描述的進化過程只能使機器人有一些飛行的動作，而要讓其起飛則永遠不可能，因為不可能有如此大功率的發(fā)動機。所以 A是正確選項

4.B答案在第六段的第三句中。

5.D文章昀后一段具體描述在機器人的進化過程中，指令的進化過程。成功的指令配對后產(chǎn)生新一代的指令，將指令輸入機輯人，經(jīng)篩選再進行成功指令配對，再產(chǎn)生新一代指令，如此反復(fù)進行。所以 D是正確選項。

譯文：

自然界中的飛行學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷了幾百萬年的反復(fù)實踐和磨練，而安裝機翼的機器人僅在數(shù)小時內(nèi)就成功實現(xiàn)突破，用的是同進化原理。瑞典Gothenburg Chalmers科技大學(xué)的Krister Wolff 和PeterNordin 研制出帶翼的機器人，著手測試它能否在不預(yù)設(shè)振翅數(shù)據(jù)程序的條件下自行學(xué)會飛行。首先，機器人只是飄忽不定地振動盤桓，不過它的運動逐漸獲得了上升高度，起初，它想走走捷徑，試圖僅用翅尖保持直立。然而三小時后，它放棄了這種方法，轉(zhuǎn)用更有效的振翅技術(shù)，90度角旋轉(zhuǎn)兩翼，并在它們恢復(fù)到水平位置將其拉起?！笆聦嵏嬖V我們，飛行裝置有可能實現(xiàn)這種進化?！盤eter Bentley 說。他現(xiàn)正在倫敦大學(xué)研究進化計算技術(shù)。雖然機器人可以摸索出上升飛行的最佳方式，卻不會起飛?！斑M化升級所做的只有這么多，”Bentley說，“這東西不可能自行起飛，因為發(fā)動機不能產(chǎn)生足夠動力?！睓C器人的兩翼由輕木制成，長約一米，覆有一層輕塑膠。它的小馬達使機翼可以前后上下運動，并能在這兩個方向上任意旋轉(zhuǎn)。研究小組將機器人附著在兩根豎直標(biāo)桿上，它便能上下滑動。實驗剛開始的時候，機器人懸掛在一根彈性帶上。一旦它升高，運動探測器就能測量它任何運動的高度。每過20秒，計算機程序就給機器人輸入任意設(shè)定的指令，以檢測其振翅能力。每個指令或是讓機器人停止運動或是在各種方向上轉(zhuǎn)動機翼。通過來自運動探測器的反饋，程序測算出哪幾組指令能最有效地產(chǎn)生高度。最成功的幾組進行配對，而其“后代”指令則通過在成功組合間隨意交換指令產(chǎn)生。在產(chǎn)生下一代組合之前，這些第二代指令被發(fā)往機器人并進行評估，然后這一過程反復(fù)進行。

（十六）Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth

In what resembles a journey to the center of the Earth, Japanese scientists have launched the world’s first attempt to bore a hole into the red-hot core of a volcano and unlock the secrets of deadly eruption.A 50-meter-high oil-rig-like derrick perched on the scrubby slopes of Japan’s Mount Unzen will begin drilling through the volcano’s crust next week in a bid1 to sample the magma bubbling below2.The aim is to study how the liquefied rock causes menacing gas buildup, said team leader Setsuya Nakata, of the University of Tokyo’s Earthquake Research Institute.“Gassing is important because it controls the explosivity of eruptions,” Nakata said.“The results can be expanded to anti-disaster research.”

Mount Unzen , a wind-swept 1.486-meter dome on the southern island of Kyushu, is a perfect model.It erupted in 1991, showering avalanches of hot rocks over a nearby town, killing 43 people and leaving nearly 2,300 homeless.Another 11.000 people were evacuated from the area until 1995, when the volcano had stabilized.The results are particularly important to a nation like Japan, where the meteorological agency monitors 20 dangerous peaks.Perhaps Japan’s most famous volcano is snowcapped Mount Fuji, which last erupted in 1707 and sprinkled Tokyo with ash.The drilling on Mount Unzen will begin very soon from an altitude of 850 meters on its northwest slope.Scientists hope to tap a magma vent around sea level by August and extract a 200-meter-long core sample by summer 2004.3

Boring into the glowing magma at that level would normally be impossible, because of its fiery 700 degree Celsius heat.Thus, a slurry of water will be pumped into the drill shaft to cool the magma and allow the drill head to cut through.Nakata said there is no danger of triggering another eruption.4

注釋:

1.in a bid: 企圖，努力 a在 in a bid之后，可接動詞不定式，如 : The two sides negotiated again and again in a bid to find a solution.雙方進行一次又一次的談判，努力尋求一個解決方案。

2.below: below指的是 below the crust。3.Scientists hope to tap a magma vent around sea level by August and extract a 200-mcterlong core sample by summer 2004:到 8月底，科學(xué)家希望在約為海平面高度的地方引出一個巖漿口，到 2004年夏末，提取長度為 200米的樣本。4.Nakata said there is 110 danger of triggering another eruption: Nakata說，不存在引發(fā)火山新一輪爆發(fā)的危險性。練習(xí):

1.According to the passage, Mount Unzen A erupted in 1707.B erupted in 1991.C erupted in 1995.D several times in the last century.2.According to the passage, the study of the Mount Unzen volcano may benefit Japan in all the following aspects

EXCEPT

A finding causes of volcano eruptions.B helping to launch anti-disaster research.C looking into the connection between liquified rocks and gas buildup.D predicting volcano eruptions.3.Why is this research project so important to Japan?

A.Because Japan has many living volcanos.B Because Japan wants to turn Mount Fuji to a dead volcano.C Because volcano gas could be a source of energy.D Because Japan is testing a new way of drilling into the earth.4.The drilling site on Mount Unzen is A around the sea level.B on the northeast slope of the mountain.C about half way up the mountain.D as high as 1,486 meters.5.The title of this passage Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth actually means that they A drill a hole into the core of a volcano.B bore into the rocks near the volcanic vent.C conduct an imagery journey to the core of a volcano.D regard magma as the core of Earth.答案與題解 :

1.B答案的根據(jù)在第五段。

2.D 選項 A是這個研究項目的主要宗旨（見第一段的“ unlock the secrets of deadly eruption”），選項 B是這個研究項目的后續(xù)研究項目（見第四段的“ The results can be expanded to anti-disaster research.”）。選項 C是這個研究項目的具體目標(biāo)（見第三段的第一句）。選項 D文中沒有提到，所以是答案。

3.A答案的根據(jù)是第六段的第一句。這一句說到 : “? the meteorological agency monitors 20 dangerous peaks.” dangerous peaks指的是 dangerous living vocanos。

4.C Mount Unzen高 1486米，而鉆探地點選在海拔 850米的半山腰。

5.A關(guān)于本文標(biāo)題的確切含義在第一段的后半句能夠找到。

譯文：

日本人的地心旅行

就像進行一次地心旅行，日本科學(xué)家進行了世界上的首次嘗試，在炙熱的火山核心鉆孔，從而揭開了火山致命噴發(fā)的秘密。

日本Unzen山繁茂的山坡上，佇立著一個高達50米，猶如石油鉆探平臺的鉆塔。下周，它將鉆透火山殼，試圖采集下面沸騰的火山巖漿的樣本。

研究工作小組的負(fù)責(zé)人，來自東京大學(xué)地震研究中心的Setsuya Nakata表示，這次任務(wù)的目的是要研究液化巖石如何導(dǎo)致威脅性氣體的積聚。

“氣體積聚很重要，因為它控制著火山噴發(fā)的爆炸性?！彼f，“研究的結(jié)果還可以用于防災(zāi)研究。”

Unzen山是一座高達1,485米的圓頂山，它位于南部的Kyushu島，是一個極佳的模型，1991年，它噴發(fā)出的熱巖漿覆蓋了附近的小城，造成了43人死亡，將近2,300人無家可歸，到1995年它恢復(fù)平靜時，又有11,000人從這五地區(qū)疏散。

研究結(jié)果對于像日本這樣擁有20座被氣象局監(jiān)控的危險山峰的國家來說，尤為重要，日本最著名的火山也許就是被冰雪覆蓋的富士山。它上一次噴發(fā)是在1707年，火山灰噴灑到東京。

鉆探工作將很快從Unzen山的西北坡上850米的高度開始。到八月底，科學(xué)家希望在約為海平面高度的地方引出一個巖漿口，到2004年夏末，提取長度為200米的樣本。

由于巖漿有將近700度的高溫，在那個高度進行鉆探是不可能的。所以，泥漿將被抽進鉆孔機，用來冷卻巖漿，以保證鉆頭的順利工作。Nakata說，不存在引發(fā)火山新一輪爆發(fā)的危險性。

第二篇：2011年職稱英語綜合類C級近義詞組匯總

2011年職稱英語綜合類C級近義詞組匯總

notion – concept – idea 概念

characteristic – feature 特征

be characteristic of – be typical of 是….所特有的 difficult – hard – tough 困難的 area – field 領(lǐng)域

area – region 區(qū)域

final –last 最后的 diploma – certificate 證書

pleasing – satisfactory 令人滿意的 wish – hope 希望

massive – extensive – a mass of--plentiful大量的 conference – meeting 會議

close – intimate--near 親密的 link – connect 連接

explore – investigate 調(diào)查

propose – suggest – advise--recommend 建議

cater for – meet – satisfy 滿足

provide – supply – furnish 提供

unite – combine – join 聯(lián)合，合并

come across – run into – meet 遇到

appealing – attractive--fascinating 吸引人的 appeal to--tempt – attract – fascinate(A 級)吸引

instruct – teach 教授(…課程)

private – personal 私人的 vanish – disappear 消失

phase – stage 階段

pattern – mode 模式，式樣

destroy – ruin 毀滅

facilitate(A 級)– help – assist 有助于

manufacture – make – produce – turn out 制造，生產(chǎn) prior to – before 在…之前

for good – forever 永遠

be anxious to do …-be eager to do…-be keen to ….渴望…

write down – put down 寫下

try – attempt 努力

annoying – irritating 討厭的，令人生氣的 boring – dull--uninteresting 令人厭煩的 seem – appear 看起來

contented – satisfactory – satisfied 滿意的 exhibit – show 展示

show – indicate 表明

hate – dislike – be tired of – be sick of 討厭，不喜歡

terrible--awful 可怕的 precise – accurate – exact 精確的 concise – brief--short 簡明的

elementary – basic – primary – fundamental 基本的 purchase – buy 購買

deal with – cope with – handle 應(yīng)付，處理

forbid--ban 禁止

lawful – legal 合法的

unbelievable – incredible 難以置信的 diligent – hardworking 勤勞的，刻苦的 principal –chief--leading---main 主要的，首要的

employ – hire 雇傭

fire – dismiss – send away 解雇

assume – suppose 假定

on the verge of---close to 接近于, 瀕臨于

gaze at – look at – stare at 凝視，注視

entitled – qualified 有資格的 employment – work – job 工作

encourage – inspire – push 鼓勵，激勵 no longer – no more 不再

admit – acknowledge 承認(rèn)

allow – permit 允許

state – declare – announce 宣布，聲明

regret – sorry 遺憾的 remove – get off 脫下

start – begin 開始

observe--stick to 遵守

previous – former 以前的 maintain – hold – think 認(rèn)為

cause – bring about – lead to – result in 導(dǎo)致

error – mistake 錯誤

component – ingredient – element 成分

solve – settle 解決(問題)

involve – include 包括

numerous – a number of – a lot of – abundant(B 級)---plentiful 大量的, 豐富的 stay –remain 保持(用作半系動詞)

rest – break 休息

account for – explain 解釋

examination – test 測試，考試

examine – check up 檢查，核對

gain – put on 增加

put up – lift – raise 舉起

put up – build – construct 建造

relieve--lessen 減輕，減少

severe –serious--bad 嚴(yán)重的 severe – strict 嚴(yán)厲的

sharp– acute – severe 劇烈的(疼痛)

severe – hard-tough 艱苦的 quit – give up – abandon 放棄

subject – topic 話題

remarkable – exceptional – extraordinary – great – marvelous – striking – special – unusual 顯著的

polite – respectful 有禮貌的 politeness – good manners 禮貌

crazy – mad 瘋狂的 sensible –wise 明智的

clever – intelligent – wise – bright 聰明的(be)exhausted –(be)tired –(be)worn out 疲憊

believable – convincing--credible 可信的 original – initial 最初的 original – creative 創(chuàng)造性的 competent – capable – able 有能力的

第三篇：2011年職稱英語綜合類C級近義詞組匯總

2011年職稱英語綜合類C級近義詞組匯總

notion – concept – idea 概念

characteristic – feature 特征

be characteristic of – be typical of 是….所特有的 difficult – hard – tough 困難的 area – field 領(lǐng)域

area – region 區(qū)域

final –last 最后的 diploma – certificate 證書

pleasing – satisfactory 令人滿意的 wish – hope 希望

massive – extensive – a mass of--plentiful大量的 conference – meeting 會議

close – intimate--near 親密的 link – connect 連接

explore – investigate 調(diào)查

propose – suggest – advise--recommend 建議

cater for – meet – satisfy 滿足

provide – supply – furnish 提供

unite – combine – join 聯(lián)合，合并

come across – run into – meet 遇到

appealing – attractive--fascinating 吸引人的 appeal to--tempt – attract – fascinate(A 級)吸引

instruct – teach 教授(…課程)

private – personal 私人的 vanish – disappear 消失

phase – stage 階段

pattern – mode 模式，式樣

destroy – ruin 毀滅

facilitate(A 級)– help – assist 有助于

manufacture – make – produce – turn out 制造，生產(chǎn)

prior to – before 在…之前

for good – forever 永遠

be anxious to do …-be eager to do…-be keen to ….渴望…

write down – put down 寫下

try – attempt 努力

annoying – irritating 討厭的，令人生氣的 boring – dull--uninteresting 令人厭煩的 seem – appear 看起來

contented – satisfactory – satisfied 滿意的 exhibit – show 展示

show – indicate 表明

hate – dislike – be tired of – be sick of 討厭，不喜歡

terrible--awful 可怕的 precise – accurate – exact 精確的 concise – brief--short 簡明的

elementary – basic – primary – fundamental 基本的 purchase – buy 購買

deal with – cope with – handle 應(yīng)付，處理

forbid--ban 禁止

lawful – legal 合法的

unbelievable – incredible 難以置信的 diligent – hardworking 勤勞的，刻苦的 principal –chief--leading---main 主要的，首要的

employ – hire 雇傭

fire – dismiss – send away 解雇

assume – suppose 假定

on the verge of---close to 接近于, 瀕臨于

gaze at – look at – stare at 凝視，注視

entitled – qualified 有資格的 employment – work – job 工作

encourage – inspire – push 鼓勵，激勵

no longer – no more 不再

admit – acknowledge 承認(rèn)

allow – permit 允許

state – declare – announce 宣布，聲明

regret – sorry 遺憾的 remove – get off 脫下

start – begin 開始

observe--stick to 遵守

previous – former 以前的 maintain – hold – think 認(rèn)為

cause – bring about – lead to – result in 導(dǎo)致

error – mistake 錯誤

component – ingredient – element 成分

solve – settle 解決(問題)

involve – include 包括

numerous – a number of – a lot of – abundant(B 級)---plentiful 大量的, 豐富的

stay –remain 保持(用作半系動詞)

rest – break 休息

account for – explain 解釋

examination – test 測試，考試

examine – check up 檢查，核對

gain – put on 增加

put up – lift – raise 舉起

put up – build – construct 建造

relieve--lessen 減輕，減少

severe –serious--bad 嚴(yán)重的 severe – strict 嚴(yán)厲的

sharp– acute – severe 劇烈的(疼痛)

severe – hard-tough 艱苦的 quit – give up – abandon 放棄

subject – topic 話題

remarkable – exceptional – extraordinary – great – marvelous – striking – special – unusual 顯著的 polite – respectful 有禮貌的 politeness – good manners 禮貌

crazy – mad 瘋狂的 sensible –wise 明智的

clever – intelligent – wise – bright 聰明的

(be)exhausted –(be)tired –(be)worn out 疲憊

believable – convincing--credible 可信的 original – initial 最初的 original – creative 創(chuàng)造性的 competent – capable – able 有能力的 第2部分：閱讀判斷（16～22題，第題1分，共7分）

閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷。如果該句提供的是正確信息，請在答題卡上把A涂黑；如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請在答題卡上把B涂黑；如果該句的信息文章中沒有提及，請在答題卡上把C涂黑。

Plants and Mankind

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.We don't know what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.This is logical.Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants.They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines shelter, and many other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “knowledge” at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid.When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.It is logical that a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned People cannot survive without plants.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon teach botany to their children at school.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Our direct contact with plants grows with the process of industrialization

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Today people usually acquire a large amount of botanical knowledge from textbooks.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned People living in the Middle East first learned to grow plants for food about 10,000 year ago.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Once mankind began farming, they no longer had to get food from many varieties that grew wild.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

答案：

16.A

17.A

18.B

19.B

20.B

21.A

22.B

Hercules

Once upon a time there was a great Greek hero, Hercules.He was taller and stronger than anyone you have ever seen.On his shoulder he carried a club and in his hand he held a bow(弓).He was known as the hero of a hundred adventures.Hercules served a king.The king was afraid of him.So again and again he sent him on difficult tasks.One morning the king sent for him and told him to fetch three golden apples for him from the garden of the Singing Maidens(歌女).But no one knew where the garden was.So Hercules went away.He walked the whole day and the next day and the next.He walked for months before he saw mountains far in the distance one fine morning.One of the mountains was in the shape of a man, with long, long legs and arms and huge shoulders and a huge head.He was holding up the sky.Hercules knew it was Atlas, the Mountain God.So he asked him for help.Atlas answered, “My head and arms and shoulders all ache.Could you hold up the sky while I fetch the golden apples for you?”

Hercules climbed the mountain and shouldered the sky.Soon the sky grew very heavy.When finally Atlas came back with three golden apples, he said, “Well, you are going to carry the mountain for ever.I'm going to see the king with the apples.” Hercules knew that he couldn't fight him because of the sky on his back.So he shouted:

“Just one minute's help.My shoulders are hurting.Hold the sky for a minute while I make a cushion(墊子)for my shoulders.”

Atlas believed him.He threw down the apples and held up the sky.Hercules picked up the apples and ran back to see the king.Hercules was the tallest man in the world.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Hercules worked in the king's garden.A Right B Wrong

C Not mentioned Hercules was given many difficult tasks because the king wanted to get rid of him.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Atlas was the giant who held up the sky.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Atlas ran faster than Hercules.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Atlas got the golden apples for Hercules because he wanted to be the king himself.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Hercules finally managed to get the apples by defeating Atlas.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

【參考答案】16.A17.C18.A19.A 20.C21.B22.B

2010年職稱英語綜合C類閱讀判斷考點精華(1)

Will Hillary Be the Next American President?

Back in 1969, US President Richard Nixon confidently predicted: “In the next 50 years, we shall see a woman president, perhaps sooner than you think.”

Today, not too far off Nixon?s deadline, America is looking at that possibility.Over the weekend, Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced her run for 2008 presidency.US polls indicate that Americans feel comfortable with a female president.A New York Times survey found nearly all Americans saying they would vote for president if she were qualified.However, accepting the theoretical notion of a female leader is quite different from voting an actual woman.In fact, there is still widespread distrust of a woman in the top position.This is partly due to the biased thinking that women are weak on national security, though they might be strong on education and health care.This damages their prospects as a presidential contender.“There?s still an inherent nervousness on the part of voters putting a woman in as the ultimate decision-maker.Control of the army and border security are sorts of traditionally male jobs,”commented Amy Walter,an American campaign analyst.“That?s where I think voters consciously or unconsciously have difficulties with women candidates.”

Women have held the top job in other major Western countries.In 1979, Britain elected Margaret Thatcher prime minister.Last year, Germany made Angela Merkel its first female chancellor.In the US, no woman has succeeded in being nominated as a presidential candidate.One woman did make the attempt: Elizabeth Dole.In 1999,she tried to get the Republican Party nomination.But Dole could only raise $ 5 million for her bid-compared with the $ 56 million George W.Bush raised.So Barriers lie ahead for Hillary if she wants to make history by becoming the first female US president.With the Iraqi war underway, she?ll find it even harder.“I don?t feel that our society is ready for a woman president.The enemy we face does not respect females the same way we have come to see them as equals.If we were not in this war,I would support a woman president,”said Chris Dildy, a computer engineering student.1.Up to the present, no woman has been elected president in the US.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.Bill Clinton will strongly support Hillary to run for the 2008 presidency.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.American people will elect a woman president of the United States in 2008.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.One of Hillary?s campaign promises is to reform the nation?s health care system.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.Germans elected a woman chancellor last year.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.Hillary has already raised a large anount of campaign fund.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.Chris Dildy will vote for Hillary.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

答案與解析：

1.分析文章標(biāo)題：Will Hillary(希拉里)Be the Next(下一個的)American President(總統(tǒng))?

2.直接解題：

1.Up to the present(至今), no woman has been elected(曾經(jīng)被選為)president(總統(tǒng))in the US.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

1.A.問題句說“迄今為止在美國沒有一個女人曾經(jīng)被選舉為總統(tǒng)”。關(guān)注文章開頭部分的句子，利用問題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息詞women(女人)和up to the present作為答案線索，在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句：(第1段)Back(向后地)in 1969, US President Richard Nixon confidently(充滿自信地)predicted(預(yù)言): “In the next(下一個)50 years, we shall see(看見)a woman president(總統(tǒng)), perhaps(可能)sooner than you think.”該句說“1969年，美國總統(tǒng)Richard Nixon 很有信心地預(yù)測： ?在下一個50年里, 我們將會看見一個女總統(tǒng)，這或許比你想象的更快些?”。根據(jù)該句內(nèi)容可以推斷出在1969年以前美國沒有出現(xiàn)過女總統(tǒng)，而人們期望從1969年到2019年期間美國會出現(xiàn)女總統(tǒng)。但根據(jù)該句內(nèi)容無法判斷出從1969年到2019年期間美國是否出現(xiàn)了女總統(tǒng)，因此接著關(guān)注答案相關(guān)句周邊的句子。文章接下來的句子(第2段)說“Today,not too far(太遠)off(離開，距離)Nixon?s deadline(最終期限), America is looking at(正在關(guān)注)that possibility(可能性).”該句說“今天距離Nixon總統(tǒng)給出的最終期限已經(jīng)不遠了，美國人現(xiàn)在正關(guān)注這可能性”。相鄰語句句意相關(guān)，顯然，定冠詞結(jié)構(gòu)“the possibility”指答案相關(guān)句中提到的“可能出現(xiàn)美國女總統(tǒng)”。從該句中可以推斷出“從1969年到現(xiàn)在為止，美國還沒有出現(xiàn)女總統(tǒng)”。因此問題句提供了正確信息。

考點：指示代詞結(jié)構(gòu)指代的內(nèi)容(that possibility)+ 推斷能力

2.Bill Clinton will strongly(強有力地，堅固地)support(支持)Hillary to run for(競選)the 2008 presidency(任期，總統(tǒng)職位).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.C.問題句說“Bill Clinton將強力支持Hillary參加2008年總統(tǒng)選舉”。該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。利用問題句中的特征詞Bill Clinton和2008 presidency 作為答案線索，在文章中查找到答案相關(guān)句：(第2段第2句)Over(在...期間)the weekend(周末), Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife(妻子)of former(以前的)president Bill Clinton, announced(宣布)her run for(競選)2008 presidency.該句只是提到Hillary是Bill Clinton的妻子，而文章的其部分沒有再提到Bill Clinton，由此判斷問題句的信息在文章中沒有被提到。

考點：細(xì)節(jié)信息的查找和確認(rèn)

3.American(美國的)people will elect(選舉，選擇)a woman president of the United States in 2008.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.B.問題句說“美國人民在2008年將選一位女總統(tǒng)”。該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。利用問題句中的特征信息2008作為答案線索，在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句：(第2段第2句)Over the weekend, Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced(宣布)her run for(競選)2008 presidency.該句只是提到Hillary宣布她要競選2008年的總統(tǒng)職位。顯然該句內(nèi)容與問題句內(nèi)容不相關(guān)，因此接著關(guān)注答案相關(guān)句周邊的句子。文章接下來的句子(第4段)說：However(然而), accepting(接受，認(rèn)可)the theoretical(理論的)notion(概念，觀念)of a female(女性的)leader(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者)is quite(十分，完全)different from(與...不同)voting(投票選舉)an actual(實際的，真正的)woman.In fact(實事上), there is(有)still(仍然)widespread(普遍的)distrust(不信任)of a woman in the top(頂部的;最高的)position(職位，位置).該句說“接受女總統(tǒng)這個概念不等同于同意投票選舉出一位女總統(tǒng)。事實上，人們?nèi)匀黄毡椴幌嘈排四軇偃晤I(lǐng)袖的職位”。由此可見問題句提供的信息錯誤。

考點：推斷能力。

4.One of(...之一)Hillary?s campaign(競選運動)promises(承諾)is to reform(改革)the nation?s health care system(醫(yī)療保健制度).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.C.問題句說“Hillary的一個競選承諾是改革國家的醫(yī)療制度。”該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。利用問題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息health care system(醫(yī)療保健制度)作為答案線索，在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句(第5段第1句)：This is partly(部分地)due to(因為)the biased(偏見的)thinking(思想)that women are weak(軟弱的，虛弱的)on national security(國家安全), though(盡管)they might be strong(強大的)on education(教育)and health care(醫(yī)療保健).該句只是說“女人做教育和醫(yī)療方面的工作有優(yōu)勢”，但沒有說Hillary的一個競選承諾式改革國家的醫(yī)療制度，因此問題句的信息在文章中沒有被提到。

考點：細(xì)節(jié)信息的查找和確認(rèn)

5.Germans(德國人)elected(選擇)a woman chancellor(總理，大臣)last year(去年).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.A.問題句說“德國去年選了一個女總理”，利用問題句中的特征詞Germans和細(xì)節(jié)信息詞woman chancellor作為答案線索，在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句：Last years, Germany made(使成為)Angela Merkel its first female chancellor.該句說“去年，德國選舉了Angela Merkel為德國第一位女總理”，因此問題句提供了正確信息。

考點：多義詞詞義的確認(rèn)。

6.Hillary has already raised(已經(jīng)募集了)a large amount of(大量的)campaign fund(資金).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.C.問題句說“Hillary 已經(jīng)籌集到了一大筆競選款”，利用問題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息campaign fund(競選款)作為答案線索，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)該詞以及與改詞詞義相近的詞語均沒有在文章中出現(xiàn)，因此判斷問題句的信息在文章中沒有被提到。

7.Chris Dildy will vote for(投票支持)Hillary.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.B.問題句說“Chris Dildy 要投Hillary的票”。利用問題句中的特征詞Chris Dildy作為答案線索，在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句(文章最后一句)：“If we were not in this war, I would support(支持)a woman president”, said Chris Dildy, a computer(計算機)engineering(工程)student.該句說“如果我們沒有在打這場戰(zhàn)爭，我會支持選一位女總統(tǒng)”，虛擬語氣表示與事實相反，或事先可能性較小的假設(shè)。因此這句話得實際語義是“我們現(xiàn)在卷入了一場戰(zhàn)爭之中，因此我是不會支持女總統(tǒng)的”。由此可見問題句的說法不正確。

考點: 虛擬語氣。

2010年職稱英語綜合C類閱讀判斷考點精華(2)

The Cold Places

The Arctic is a polar region.It surrounds the North Pole.Like Antarctica, the Arctic is a land of ice and snow.Antarctica holds the record for a low temperature reading-----125 Fahrenheit below zero.Readings of 85 degrees below zero are common in both the Arctic and Antarctica.Winter temperatures average 30 degrees below zero in the Arctic.At the South Pole the winter is about 73 degrees below zero.One thing alone makes it almost impossible for men to live in Antarctica and in parts of the Arctic.This one thing is the low temperature---the killing chill of the far North and the polar South.To survive, men must wear the warmest possible clothing.They must build windproof shelters.They must keep heaters going at all times.Not even for moment can they be unprotected against the below-zero temperature.Men have a way of providing for themselves.Polar explorers wrap themselves in warm coats and furs.The cold makes life difficult.But the explorers can stay alive.What about animals? Can they survive? Do we find plants? Do we find life in the Arctic and the Antarctica? Yes, we do.There is life in the oceans.There is life on land.Antarctica, as we have seen, is a cold place indeed.But this has not always been the case.Expedition scientists have discovered that Antarctica may have been much like our own.Explores have discovered coal in Antarctica.This leads them to believe that Antarctica at one time was a land of swamps and forests.Heat and moisture must have kept the trees in the forests alive.1.As discovered by expedition scientists, Antarctica has not always been so cold as it is today, so has the Arctic.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.Winter temperatures average 85 degrees below zero in Antarctica.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.The Arctic and Antarctica are no man's lands because of their notorious coldness.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.Polar explorers can stay alive without heaters and windproof shelters.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.Despite the hostile environment, both animals and plants can be found in the oceans and on land in polar areas.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.The lowest temperature that man has ever known was recorded in Antarctica.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.At one time, the weather in Antarctica was so warm and damp that trees grew there.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

1.C。文章的倒數(shù)第2段的第2句中提到了expedition scientists，并說南極洲那里的氣候曾經(jīng)一度象我們現(xiàn)在生活的地區(qū)的氣候那樣溫和，但并沒說道北極也是如此。

2.B。線索詞及關(guān)鍵詞average(平均)。第2段的最后1句中包含average一詞，該句說“南極洲冬天的平均溫度是零下73度?！?，所以該問題句的說法錯誤。

3.B。該問題說“因為南極和北極的嚴(yán)寒，這些地區(qū)是無人區(qū)。”憑直覺判斷這種說法太絕對，應(yīng)該是錯誤的。注意：說的絕對的句子一定不正確。在原文中的第3段的段首句說“僅一個原因就使得南極洲和部分的北極地區(qū)幾乎不可能讓人居住?！?，依據(jù)此也可判斷該問題句不正確。

4.B。原文第4段的段首句中出現(xiàn)了survive(生存)一詞，該句及其緊接的一句說“為了生存，人們必須修建防風(fēng)屏障。”，憑借此判斷該問題句的說法也不正確。

5.A.原文中的第6段中對極地動植物進行了論述，且其表述的含義與問題句一致。

6.A。文章第2段的段首句中提到了Antarctica，接著的一句說“南極洲保持著世界的低溫記錄。”，所以該問題句的說法正確。

7.A。文章的最后1段的段首句說“探險者在南極發(fā)現(xiàn)了煤。”，而緊接的一句講述的正是該問題句所講述的內(nèi)容。

2010年職稱英語綜合C類閱讀判斷考點精華(3)

Dining Custom

Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception.Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time.If a person is invited to dinner at 6: 30, the hostess expects him to be there at 6: 30 or not more than a few minutes after.Because she usually does her own cooking, she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come.If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed.When the guest can not come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she found a chair.A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman.A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them.Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons besides his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner.The rule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside.Or watch the hostess and do what she does.The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup.The spoon on butter spreader, on a small bread-and-butter plate at the left.As the bread is passed, each quest puts his piece on the bread-and-butter plate.1.At formal American dinner, the knives, forks, and spoons besides the plate are placed in a certain order.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.At a formal dinner, bread is usually served together with salad and soup.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.A woman usually rises when she is being introduced to an aged gentleman.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.At a dinner table, it is customary for the men to arrange chairs for ladies.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.As a country of immigrants, the U.S.does not have its own dinning customs.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.The right order to use the knives, forks and spoons at a formal dinner is from the left to the right.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.The guest is expected to arrive on time because the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time he is required to come.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

1.答案為A。該問題說“在正式的美國宴席上，盤子旁邊的刀，叉子和調(diào)羹按一定的順序擺放?！薄４鸢覆檎业南嚓P(guān)線索詞：knives, forks and spoons(刀，叉子和調(diào)羹)。于是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在第三段的第一句發(fā)現(xiàn)knives, forks and spoons，并在隨后的一句發(fā)現(xiàn)提到了順序。該句說“原則是按照它們擺放的順序使用?！保缘?，叉子和調(diào)羹是有擺放順序的。

2.答案為C。該問題說“在正式的美國宴席上，面包通常和色拉和湯一塊兒吃?！?。答案查找的相關(guān)線索詞：bread 和soup。于是不難在原文的第三段的四句中發(fā)現(xiàn)“色拉和湯一塊兒吃”的說法，但并沒提到面包，所以答案為C。

3.答案為B。該問題說“當(dāng)一個婦女被介紹給一個年長的男人時，她通常站起來?！贝鸢覆檎业南嚓P(guān)線索詞：woman(婦女)和an aged gentleman(一個年長的男人)。于是先在第二段的最后一句中找到woman和old(aged的近義詞)。而該句說的是“年長的人的婦女”這種情況，而不是年長的男人，所以該說法不正確。

4.答案為C。該問題說“在餐桌上，按照習(xí)俗男人應(yīng)為女人安排座位?！贝鸢覆檎业南嚓P(guān)線索詞：arrange chairs for ladies(為女人安排座位)或該短語的同義短語/句子。于是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中并沒提到該動作，所以答案為C。

5.答案為B。文章第一段的第一句是說“每個國家都有自己的飲食風(fēng)俗，美國也不例外。”

6.答案為B。該問題說“在正式的美國宴席上，盤子旁邊的刀，叉子和調(diào)羹的使用順序是從坐到右?！?。這道題與前一題相關(guān)，在前一題我們已發(fā)現(xiàn)了涉及刀，叉子和調(diào)羹擺放順序的句子，而該句說“從外到里”，所以應(yīng)是從右到左，而不是從坐到右。

7.答案為A。答案查找的相關(guān)線索詞：on time(準(zhǔn)時)和coffee and meat(咖啡和肉)。于是先在第一段的第二句中找到on time，并在該段的第四句發(fā)現(xiàn)coffee and meat，再看該句的語義：“因為女主人計算時間做飯，以便當(dāng)客人在預(yù)期的時間里到達時可以享受到最可口的咖啡和飯菜”，所以該說法正確。

2010年職稱英語綜合C類閱讀判斷考點精華(4)

TV Games Shows

One of the most fascinating things about television is the size of the audience.A novel can be on the best sellers list with a sale of fewer than 100,000copies, but a popular TV show might have 70 million TV viewers.TV can make anything or anyone well known overnight.This is the principle behind quiz or game shows, which put ordinary people on TV to play a game for the prize and money.A quiz show can make anyone a star, and it can give away thousands of dollars just for fun.But all of this money can create problems.For instance, in the 1950s, quiz shows were very popular in the U.S.and almost everyone watched them.Charles Van Doren, an English instructor, became rich and famous after winning money on several shows.He even had a career as a television personality.But one of the losers proved that Charles Van Doren was cheating.It turned out that the show's producers, who were pulling the strings, gave the answers to the most popular contestants beforehand.Why? Because if the audience didn't like the person who won the game, they turned the show off.Based on his story, a movie under the title Quiz Show is on 40 years later.Charles Van Doren is no longer involved with TV.But game shows are still here, though they aren't taken as seriously.In fact, some of them try to be as ridiculous as possible.There are shows that send strangers on vacation trips together, or that try to cause newly-married couples to fight on TV, or that punish losers by humiliating them.The entertainment now is to see what people will do just to be on TV.People still win money, but the real prize is to be in front of an audience of millions.1.The huge scandal of cheating in TV games shows was not exposed until 40 years later in the movie Quiz Show.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.the principle behind quiz or game shows is to put ordinary people on TV to play a game for prizes and money.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.Nowadays game shows are not treated as seriously as they used to be.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.Winners of present-day TV shows no longer get money from the shows.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.TV can make a beggar world-famous overnight.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.Prizes and money are usually provided by TV stars and large companies for winners.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.One of the TV personalities, Charles Van Doren was proved to be cheating by persuading the Show's producers to give him the answers beforehand.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

答案及解析

1.B。該句也是長句，所以首先要弄清楚問題句的大意。該問題句說“大量電視節(jié)目中的欺騙丑聞40年以后才在名為?quiz show?的電影中被暴光”。答案查找的線索詞：40 years和 Quiz Show。從第二段短末開始查找，不難從第二段的最后一句找到含有這兩個線索詞的直接相關(guān)句。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文并不是說“40年后該電影才暴光這一丑聞”，原句只是說“名為Quiz Show的電影在40年后才上演”，所以該句說法錯誤。

2.B。該句是一長句，解這道題的關(guān)鍵首先是讀懂問題句的結(jié)構(gòu)，了解它說的是什么。該句是說“猜謎節(jié)目背后的原則是為了讓普通人參加贏取獎品和獎金的電視節(jié)目”。答案查找的線索詞：ordinary people(普通人)。從第二段開始查找(因為問題一的答案在第一句的最后依據(jù))，不難在第二段的第一句中找到含有ordinary people的相關(guān)句。對照原句和問題句，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原句的結(jié)構(gòu)與問題句的結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同：原句中有代詞：this，說“這就是猜謎節(jié)目背后的原則”，而代詞往往指代前一句的內(nèi)容，可見“TV can make anything or anyone well-known overnight.”才是猜謎節(jié)目背后的原則。所以該句說法錯誤。

3.A。答案查找的線索詞：nowadays(現(xiàn)在)或 seriously(嚴(yán)肅地)。從第三段開始查找，不難在第三段的第二句中找到含有seriously的相關(guān)句。對照原句和問題句，原句說“這種節(jié)目仍然在電視上播放，但人們對它的態(tài)度不再象從前那樣認(rèn)真?！保c問題句的大意相符，所以這句話正確。

4.B。答案查找的線索詞：get money from the shows(從節(jié)目中得到錢)。從第三段開始查找，不難在第三段的最后一句中找到與get money from the shows語義相近的詞：win money.對照原句和問題句，原句說人們?nèi)匀豢梢在A得錢，所以問題句的大意與原句不符。

5.A。答案查找的線索詞：world-famous overnight(一夜成名)或 beggar(乞丐)。從第一段開始查找，不難在第一段的最后一句中找到含有world-famous overnight的相關(guān)句，于是對照原句和問題句，原句說電視可讓anything(一切)和 anyone(一切人)一夜成名，所以當(dāng)然包括beggar，所以這句話正確。

6.C。答案查找的線索詞：provide(提供)或 companies and TV stars(電視明星和大公司)。從第二段開始查找，但查找完全文也沒發(fā)現(xiàn)這些線索詞，可見該問題并沒在原文中提到，所以答案為：not mentioned。

7.B。該句也是長句，所以首先要弄清楚問題句的大意。該問題句說“Charles Van Doren被證明通過勸說節(jié)目制作人事先給他答案來進行欺騙”。答案查找的線索詞：Charles Van Doren(人名)和cheating(欺騙)。從第二段開始查找，不難從第二段的第五行開始找到含有Charles Van Doren的相關(guān)句，再找另一線索詞：cheating，于是又進一步在該段找到直接相關(guān)行(7-10行)。對照原文和問題句，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文是說“為了吸引觀眾，節(jié)目制作人主動把答案事先告訴Charles Van Doren”。所以該句說法錯誤。

2010年職稱英語綜合C類閱讀判斷考點精華(5)

Most Adults in U.S.Have Low Risk of Heart Disease

More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than l O-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years，according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.“I hope that these numbers will give physicians，researchers，health policy analysts，and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population.”lead author Dr.Earl S.Ford，from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?in Atlanta, said in a statement.The findings are based on analysis of data from 13，769 subjects，between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the 1nbjrd National Health and Nutrition Exanimation Survey from 1988 to 1994.Overall，82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent, 15 percent had a risk that fell between 1 0 to 20 percent.and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age，and men were more likely than women to be in this group.By contrast, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10一year risk of heart disease，a large proportion have a high or immediate risk，Dr.Daniel S.Berman，from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles，and Dr.Nathan D.Wong，from the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward，they add.練習(xí)：

1.Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

2.Only 3 percent of US adults have a more than 10 percent 10-year risk of heart disease.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

3.More than 100thousandpeopleparticipatedinthe survey.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

4.There was a greater proportion of men than women in the survey.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

5.The distributions of the risk of heart disease are closely related to race.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

6.The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most US adults.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

7.The US government will take measures to reduce the overall population risk.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 參考答案：1A 2B 3B 4C 5B 6A 7C

2011職稱英語綜合類C級：概括大意題目練習(xí)(1)

Successful Language Learners Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages.They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others.They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners.They do not depend on the book or the teacher;they discover their own way to learn the language.Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions.When they guess wrong, they guess again.They try to learn from mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning.Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language;they look for such a chance.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.They will try anything to communicate.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things;they are willing to make mistakes and try again.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose.They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.Paragraph 1

.24 Paragraph 2

.25 Paragraph 3

.26 Paragraph 4

.A Ways to Learn a Language Successfully

B Learning a Language Purposefully

C Learning a Language Actively

D Learning a Language Independently

E Learning from Mistakes

F Learning to Think in the Target Language Successful language learners derive conclusions

.28 Independent language learners rely on themselves

.29 Active language learners seize every opportunity

.30 The author wrote this text

.A to discover sentence patterns and grammatical rules

B to expand vocabulary

C to use the target language

D to encourage unsuccessful language learners to learn independently, actively and purposefully

E from clues

F to say strange things

答案：

23.A

24.D

25.C

26.B

27.E

28.A

29.C

30.D

Hints for Reading Practice

1.Most of us can find 15 minutes or half an hour each day for some regular activity.For example, one famous surgeon always spent 15 minutes reading something before he went to sleep each day.Whether he went to bed at 10 p.m.or 2:30 a.m.made no difference.2.“Speed Reading” courses teach students how to read more quickly.In such courses, teachers often ask students to find out how many words a minute he is reading.You can do this too: look at your watch every 5 or 10 minutes and write down the page number you have reached.3.Obviously, you should not increase your reading speed if you do not understand what you are reading.If you find something you don't understand in the book, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what is said, why not read the chapter again?

4.Take four or five pages of an interesting book you happen to be reading now.Read these pages as fast as you can.Don't worry about whether you understand or not.If you keep doing this “l(fā)ightning speed” reading for a period of time, you will usually find that your normal speed has increased.5.Most paragraphs in an article have a topic sentence that expresses the central idea.The opening paragraph often suggests the general direction and content of the article, while paragraphs that follow expand or support the first.The closing paragraph often gives a summary of the most important points of the article.Paragraph 2

.Paragraph 3

.Paragraph 4

.Paragraph 5

.A The Organization of An Article

B Check Your Reading Speed

C A Way to Increase Your Reading Speed

D Check Your Understanding

E Read Something Every Day

F Read Extensively You are advised to read something before you

.In “Speed Reading” courses, teachers often asks students to

.You can improve your reading speed if you

.It will help you to understand the article if you

.A find the topic sentences

B find out the new words

C keep reading fast

D go to bed every day

E keep a note of their reading speed

F look at your watch every few minutes

【參考答案】23.B24.D25.C26.A 27.D28.E29.C30.A

第四篇：2010年職稱英語綜合類C級近義詞組匯總

2010年職稱英語綜合類C級近義詞組匯總

http://004km.cn 2009-7-17 10:23:36 考易網(wǎng)

notion – concept – idea 概念

characteristic – feature 特征

be characteristic of – be typical of 是….所特有的 difficult – hard – tough 困難的 area – field 領(lǐng)域

area – region 區(qū)域

final –last 最后的

diploma – certificate 證書

pleasing – satisfactory 令人滿意的 wish – hope 希望

massive – extensive – a mass of--plentiful大量的 conference – meeting會議

close – intimate--near親密的 link – connect 連接

explore – investigate 調(diào)查

propose – suggest – advise--recommend 建議

cater for – meet – satisfy 滿足

provide – supply – furnish 提供

unite – combine – join 聯(lián)合，合并

come across – run into – meet 遇到

appealing – attractive--fascinating 吸引人的

appeal to--tempt – attract – fascinate(A 級)吸引

instruct – teach 教授(…課程)

private – personal 私人的 vanish – disappear 消失

phase – stage 階段

pattern – mode 模式，式樣

destroy – ruin 毀滅

facilitate(A 級)– help – assist 有助于

manufacture – make – produce – turn out 制造，生產(chǎn) prior to – before 在…之前

for good – forever 永遠

be anxious to do …----be eager to do…---be keen to ….渴望…

write down – put down 寫下

try – attempt 努力

annoying – irritating 討厭的，令人生氣的 boring – dull--uninteresting令人厭煩的 seem – appear 看起來

contented – satisfactory – satisfied 滿意的 exhibit – show 展示

show – indicate 表明

hate – dislike – be tired of – be sick of 討厭，不喜歡

terrible--awful 可怕的

precise – accurate – exact 精確的 concise – brief--short 簡明的

elementary – basic – primary – fundamental 基本的 purchase – buy 購買

deal with – cope with – handle 應(yīng)付，處理

forbid--ban 禁止

lawful – legal 合法的

unbelievable – incredible 難以置信的 diligent – hardworking 勤勞的，刻苦的

principal –chief--leading---main 主要的，首要的 employ – hire 雇傭

fire – dismiss – send away解雇

assume – suppose 假定

on the verge of---close to 接近于, 瀕臨于

gaze at – look at – stare at 凝視，注視 entitled – qualified 有資格的 employment – work – job 工作

encourage – inspire – push 鼓勵，激勵

no longer – no more 不再

admit – acknowledge 承認(rèn)

allow – permit 允許

state – declare – announce 宣布，聲明

regret – sorry 遺憾的 remove – get off 脫下

start – begin 開始

observe--stick to 遵守

previous – former 以前的 maintain – hold – think 認(rèn)為

cause – bring about – lead to – result in 導(dǎo)致

error – mistake 錯誤

component – ingredient – element 成分

solve – settle 解決(問題)

involve – include 包括

numerous – a number of – a lot of – abundant(B 級)– plentiful 大量的, 豐富的 stay –remain 保持(用作半系動詞)

rest – break 休息

account for – explain 解釋

examination – test 測試，考試

examine – check up 檢查，核對

gain – put on 增加

put up – lift – raise 舉起

put up – build – construct 建造

relieve--lessen 減輕，減少

severe –serious--bad 嚴(yán)重的 severe – strict 嚴(yán)厲的

sharp– acute – severe 劇烈的(疼痛)

severe – hard-tough艱苦的 quit – give up – abandon放棄

subject – topic 話題

remarkable – exceptional – extraordinary – great – marvelous – striking – special – unusual顯著的

polite – respectful 有禮貌的 politeness – good manners 禮貌

crazy – mad 瘋狂的 sensible –wise 明智的

clever – intelligent – wise – bright 聰明的(be)exhausted –(be)tired –(be)worn out 疲憊

believable – convincing--credible 可信的 original – initial 最初的 original – creative 創(chuàng)造性的

competent – capable – able 有能力的

第五篇：職稱英語A級閱讀理解譯文及答案

Who Wants to Live Forever 1)things that living longer might enable an individual to do? 1)Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the Having more education.2)Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph? 2)Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.3)might have All of the following are possible effects living longer be used by employees in payment of their employees.on working life EXCEPT3)More money would 4)long life is that4)it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is An important feature of a society in which people live a new 5)to anti-ageing technology? 5)Reserved.Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitudeSingle-parent Kids Do Best 1)With which of the following statements would the author probably agree? 1)Two-parent families produce less attractive children.2)According to the passage, in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring? 2)The young males get less care.3)paragraph 5? 3)Experiment and result.What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and 4)influenced by sexual conflict? 4)The offspring’s body size.According to Hartley, which of the following is NOT 5)reproductive strategy is influenced by5)Ecological factors.According to the passage, people believe that a female’sDangerous Sunshine to Children 1Why become greater and greater? 1)Because the earth's protective does the risk of developing skin cancers in children ozone layer declines year after year.2How melanoma many

66,000, all over people the die world from every skin year? cancers 2)An average including of 3What People living near the equator.people are more likely to develop eye cataracts? 3)4All unfavorable for the preservation of the ozone layer EXCEPT4)of the following articlesmay use some chemicals medicines 5The replaced by5)permanently phrase “for good” in the last paragraph can be bestHypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke 1)another How many people surviving the first stroke may them.attack during the following five years? 1）20% suffer of 2)_____less risk of secondary strokes than taking only one such Takingtwo blood pressure-lowering drugs may produce drug.2）about one fourteenth

3)Which of the following is NOT a symptom left by strokes? 34)）

stroke How Habitual sleeplessness.many strokes may be

recommends? 4patients can be treated reduced in the in way a year as if the most article of 5)benefit greatly from taking blood pressure-lowering drugs?all What patients）500,000 among those who have had a stroke will of thePregnancy Anomalies May Lower Breast Cancer Risk 1decline）Which of the following may have NOTHING to do with a morning sickness during the early period of pregnancy.in breast cancer incidence? 1）Experiencing serious 2important role in lowering breast cancer risk? 2）According to the study, what on earth may play an in mother’s body.the levels of hormones and other substances）The changes 3women whose blood pressure _____ may have the least risk）From thein the

fifth paragraph we may infer that pregnant

of breast cancer.34）

4）Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta? increases the most

5）

mechanisms at work.5）Protecting the mother against breast cancer.It seems that Cohn is _____ of finding out the exact）confident

Sauna 1.2.Ceremonial bathing C)has various forms sauna experience?B)What is understood by some people to be the true 3.the following EXCEPT.D)According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all ofSaunas with smoke.4.skin a healthy glow becauseA)According to the fourthcuring asthma paragraph, sauna gives

5.Who are advised not to take a sauna?D)pores are cleaned by sweat the Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersAll of the above.1accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly）In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out that1）many people 2subjects and what to do in the research.）The fourth paragraph describes briefly2）how to select 3saltiness is their primary flavor.）The article argues that supertasters3）like snack foods as 4bitter taste? 4）Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter..）They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less 5acuity is genetically determined.）What message do the last two paragraphs carry'? 5）TasteKidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each Other 1)How simmering kidney disease? 1)By urine and blood tests.can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer

2)How according to an estimation? 2)19,000,000.many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease

3)How and required many Americans suffered end-stagekidney ago according to an estimation? 3)100,000.dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty failure years

4)What did the Archives Of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patients to do? 4)To start rigorously checking out their patients' kidneys 5)Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney blood.function? 5)Levels of the white blood cells in theMore about Alzheimer’s Disease1)The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future

is disease.to allow doctors to1)predict who might get Alzheimer’s

2)The easy to be diagnosed.passage indicates that Alzheimer’s is a disease2)not3)Which of the following statements about the Alzheimer’s disease and cure the disease now.is NOT true? 3)There are many ways to deal with 4)Alzheimer’s and dementia is true? 4)Dementia is one of the Which of the following about the relationship between signs of Alzheimer’s5)not be proven valid smoothly.The last paragraphimplies that the diagnostic test5)mayEducation of Students with Vision Impairments 1)Vclearly and read books and so on.arious adaptive aids are used to1）help children see more 2)words in them.Large-print books are those books which2）have large

3)Many blind students like to listen to books because3can save time.）this

4)“Orientation and mobility training” is meant to teach blind and partially sighted children4other people’s help.5)It may be good for children with vision impairments to live）how to move around without in special schools because these schools5trouble of coming from and going back homes.）can save them theWater Pollution 1)statements According to this passage, which of the following water is used for farming.is true of yearly water consumption? 1)Most 2)Paragraph 2 suggests all of the following EXCEPT that2)EPA America.is responsible for causing serious water pollution in 3)fast-growing Water runoff where they live.algae causes have fish used to up die the partly oxygen because3)in the water the 4)too many trees may also cause water pollution.An important idea of paragraph 4 is that4)cutting down 5)The main subject of the last paragraph is5)Oil Spills and Pollution of the Sea.DNA Fingerprinting 1)According to the essay, we can find chromosomes1sheep.）in a 2)evidence in court investigations.DNA fingerprinting is more often used for2）providing 3)When your brother looks exactly like DNA may be34)Some people believe that using a DNA fingerprint）exactly like his.you, your complete may not be so reliable because4researchers explain what have come of their tests.）mistakes are possible when5)This essay talks about DNA fingerprinting concerning the following aspects EXCEPT5）possible danger in drawing aDNA sample from the human body.1Malnutrition.）What is the cause of much of the sickness and death? 1）22）3）What is the writer’s attitude toward the serious situation? nutrition? 3）We should act.How many countrieshave made plans of action for 4）98.4）5）Which of the following is NOT the harm of lacking iron? Traffic accidents.iron deficiency?5)Drinking coffee soon after meals.）Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a remedy forAIDSDrug Resistance1 Fades Quickly in Key Aids Drug1passing）Whatduring delivery.HIV effect infection does nevirapine from mothers have? on 1）to It their may newborns prevent 2quickly）Why Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles even does when HIV resistance the drug is against used nevirapine alone just build once? very 2）that survive nevirapine.3she gets the single does of nevirapine at delivery? 3）When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if to wait at least six months after that nevirapine exposure.）She has 4nevirapine_4）We may learn from this passage that HIV resistance against quickly.）lasts only for about a half year and fades 5nevirapine is 5）Generally speaking, the author’s attitude towards the use of）positiveIQ-Gene 1)scientists In the genes.can beginning not agree1)of paragraph How much one of we IQ are comes told from that 2)What does “some “in the second sentence of paragraph one stands for? 2)Genes.3)A gene for chopsticks flexibility is found to be3)Unrelated to the ability to use chopsticks.4)finding in that4)There may not be a causal link between gene Plomin’s IQ-gene study is similar to the chopsticks gene and intelligence.5)findings with a whole box of salt”?5)He doubts the findings What does Feinberg mean by saying “I would take these very much.15 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety1)fear of1)facing social or performance situations.People with social anxiety disorder are known for their 2)What do people with social anxiety disorder think of their fear? 2)They think it's beyond their control.3)Which is NOT true of people with social anxiety disorder? 3)They tend to judge or criticize other people:4)following EXCEPT4)sore throat.The symptoms of social anxiety disorder include all the 5)It can be seen from the last paragraph that treatment of the disorder5)can lead to improvement in the sufferers' lives.A Gay Biologist 1)and character.The first paragraph describes Hamer’s1)looks, hobbies 2)Hamer was a2)biologist.3)What is Hamer doing now? 4)exploring What happened He turned to behavioral genetics.the role of to genes Hamer’s in deciding research one’s interest? personality.3)He 4)is 5)According to Hamer, what was one of the main reasons for him to choose homosexual behavior as his research subject?5)He was curious about it as a scientist.