第一篇：中英文食品安全

As is depicted in the drawing above，F(xiàn)ood Safety Law，who is like a brave fighter，is trying to cut off the claws of all food safety problems with a sharp sword although he is under all kinds of pressure from food，drink，milk，vegetables and other aspects。This image vividly（生動地）shows that maintaining food safety is a long way to go。

For a long period of time，people’s worship of money has resulted in distorted personality（扭曲的人格）and alienated soul（異化的靈魂），which makes people disregard human life in their desperate pursuit for maximum interests。Such incidents like melamine（三聚氰胺）in milk power，the random additive or pigment in food，water-injected meat and mushroom，Sudan Red in KFC are continuing around China and have become a challenging problem。

To completely ensure food safety，we should first advocate the development of healthy green food and teach farmers how to prevent pesticide residues，thus eliminating the root of generating harmful food。Secondly，the punishment for illegal traders should be more serious，thus increasing the cost of their crimes and make them think twice before doing desperate moves。圖片中的食品安全法，猶如一位勇敢的斗士，頂著來自于食品、飲料、奶粉、蔬菜等方面的重大壓力，手持利劍，要斬斷種種伸向食品安全的魔爪。這就形象地告知人們，維護食品安全任重而道遠(yuǎn)。

長期以來，由于一些人的拜金主義，致使其人格扭曲，靈魂異化，為了使自己的利益最大化，置食品安全于不顧，漠視生命，為發(fā)財鋌而走險。奶粉中添加三聚氰胺，食品中亂加添加劑或色素，注水肉和注水蘑菇，肯德基蘇丹紅等事件可謂此起彼伏，實在氣人頭疼。要徹底保障食品安全，首先應(yīng)倡導(dǎo)健康綠色食品的發(fā)展，教育糧農(nóng)，奶農(nóng)，菜農(nóng)，果農(nóng)如何防止農(nóng)藥殘留，從根源上杜絕有害食品的產(chǎn)生。其次是加大對不法商販的懲罰力度，增大其違法犯罪的成本，使他們鋌而走險的心理有所收斂。

第二篇：食品安全主要組織中英文名稱

FAO：Food and Agriculture Organization 聯(lián)合國糧食與農(nóng)業(yè)組織 WHO: World Health Organization 世界衛(wèi)生組織

FDA: Food and Drug Administration 美國食品與藥品管理局 EPA:Environmental Protection Agency美國環(huán)保署 USDA:US Department of Agriculture 美國農(nóng)業(yè)部

CAC: Codex Alimentarius Commission 國際食品法典委員會

JECFA: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 食品添加劑聯(lián)合專家委員會（隸屬于FAO和WHO）

CC/RVFD: Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food 獸藥殘留法典委員會（CAC倡導(dǎo)下成立）

JMPR: Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues FAO/WHO農(nóng)藥殘留聯(lián)席會議 EC：EU 歐盟

AOAC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists 美國公職分析化學(xué)師協(xié)會 HACCP: hazard analysis and critical control point 危害分析與關(guān)鍵控制點

GMP: good manufacturing practice 良好操作規(guī)范 GAP: good agriculture practice 良好農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)范

SSOP: sanitation standard operation procedure 衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序 ISO: international organization for standardization 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織

ADI：acceptable daily intake 人體每日允許攝入量 MRL: maximum residues limit 最高殘留限量

第三篇：食品安全外文文獻翻譯(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯+中英文對照)

w 論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全

上世紀(jì)90年代以來,供應(yīng)鏈管理已成為學(xué)術(shù)界和實業(yè)界關(guān)注的熱門話題,特別是供應(yīng)鏈管理成功地應(yīng)用于IBM、P&G、DELL 等公司的經(jīng)營管理以后,食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品行業(yè)也紛紛效仿并借助供應(yīng)鏈管理這一工具來提高自身的競爭力。1996年,Zuurbier等學(xué)者在一般供應(yīng)鏈的基礎(chǔ)上，首次提出了食品供應(yīng)鏈概念，并認(rèn)為食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)銷售等組織,為了降低食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流成本、提高其質(zhì)量安全和物流服務(wù)水平而進行的垂直一體化運作模式。如今,在美國、英國、加拿大和荷蘭等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達的國家,這一管理模式已經(jīng)廣為應(yīng)用,并逐漸成為當(dāng)今學(xué)術(shù)研究的重點課題。

對食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的研究大致經(jīng)歷了三個階段：第一階段為商流管理階段，研究范圍包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品加工企業(yè)的產(chǎn)出到消費者消費前的商流階段，其研究內(nèi)容通常被包含在營銷范疇內(nèi)；第二階段為集成物流管理階段，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的物流管理從市場營銷中分離出來，且向上游擴展到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)加工過程，強調(diào)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)以市場需求為導(dǎo)向和對整個物流環(huán)節(jié)的成本控制；第三階段為供應(yīng)鏈一體化管理階段，研究范圍進一步向上游延伸到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的最上游企業(yè)(如種子供應(yīng)商等)，延伸的目的是為了跟蹤和追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品質(zhì)量安全問題，以便快速和有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)并解決問題。本文介紹了不同食品供應(yīng)鏈的生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)特點，并對食品供應(yīng)鏈與食品質(zhì)量安全管理的發(fā)展進行了分析和探討。

一．食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的產(chǎn)生原因

近年來，食品供應(yīng)鏈的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是人們對食品消費的要求不斷提高的必然結(jié)果。具體而言，產(chǎn)生的原因主要有：(1)消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的新鮮度要求越來越高，并要求食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交貨期、生產(chǎn)期越短越好。(2)消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求也越來越高，迫使食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)實行食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，以保證穩(wěn)定的上游原料供應(yīng)和下游的銷售渠道暢通。(3)消費者對食品的質(zhì)量安全也越來越關(guān)注。為了滿足消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在種類和數(shù)量上的要求，企業(yè)不斷尋求和研發(fā)新技術(shù)，而新技術(shù)和新方法的過度使用(如殺蟲劑、激素、抗生素和轉(zhuǎn)

w 基因技術(shù)等)，在滿足了消費者需求的同時，也不可避免地對人體產(chǎn)生了危害從而引起食品質(zhì)量安全問題。這是因為市場中買賣雙方信息不對稱,消費者在購買食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品時，不了解產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保和安全信息。因此，企業(yè)有必要在生產(chǎn)過程的各個環(huán)節(jié)對產(chǎn)品進行檢驗和檢測并及時向消費者披露這些信息。(4)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品企業(yè)迫于政府、相關(guān)社會組織和消費者的要求和壓力，不得不按食品供應(yīng)鏈來進行運作。例如，歐盟管理法規(guī)第178號規(guī)定，從2004年起在歐盟范圍內(nèi)銷售的所有食品，都要實行食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與追溯；同樣在美國，食品與藥品管理局規(guī)定，在美國國內(nèi)外從事食品生產(chǎn)、加工和包裝等的部門以及相關(guān)組織，在2003年12月12日前要向食品與藥品管理局進行登記，以便進行食品安全跟蹤與追溯，未登記者就不許從事食品生產(chǎn)和銷售。由此可見，食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是在市場內(nèi)在動力和政府外在壓力的情況下促成的。

二．食品供應(yīng)鏈生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)

食品供應(yīng)鏈的形成是與其物流系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容不斷變化密切相關(guān)的,特別是在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)不斷演變的情況下,為人們創(chuàng)建高效率的食品供應(yīng)鏈管理范式提供了基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流的發(fā)展階段,典型的食品供應(yīng)鏈可劃分為啞鈴型、T型、對稱型和混合型四種類型。

1.啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈嚴(yán)格來說是一種準(zhǔn)供應(yīng)鏈。它的特點是供應(yīng)鏈較短,連接位于兩端的交易主體很多,而中間鏈節(jié)少且交易主體也較少，呈現(xiàn)為啞鈴型。由于上游生產(chǎn)者擁有的技術(shù)條件較差、產(chǎn)量低和品種少，故上游聚集了為數(shù)眾多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者；同時，由于產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)地離市場較近且只提供單一農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，也又使得鏈中參與交易的主體大多為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者，他們在市場上進行直接交易，而少有聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)者和消費者之間的中間商，因此，種植業(yè)者直接將食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售給消費者。在發(fā)展中國家,特別是靠近城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的蔬菜供應(yīng),一般都采用這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈。

2.T型食品供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈一般適用于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)地和銷售地相距較遠(yuǎn)，消費需求差異較大的情況。由于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品易腐爛，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者不可能直接銷售自己的產(chǎn)品,需要通過必要的中間商提供服務(wù),如第三方物流、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工商和批發(fā)商等所提供的相應(yīng)服務(wù)。這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈，上游聚

w 集了較多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者,而在中游環(huán)節(jié)對產(chǎn)地生產(chǎn)情況比較了解,又在銷售地占有一定渠道優(yōu)勢的銷售商卻較少。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。與啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈相比,它的鏈條較長,食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷售表現(xiàn)為間接性和增值服務(wù)性。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈在中國較為普遍，在中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化不發(fā)達的地區(qū),由于缺乏一端連接上游農(nóng)戶，另一端聯(lián)結(jié)銷售市場、專門從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的龍頭企業(yè)以及相應(yīng)的中間環(huán)節(jié)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)往往和市場需求相脫節(jié)。因此T型食品供應(yīng)鏈由于中間環(huán)節(jié)缺位和低水平的物流運作，易出現(xiàn)上游農(nóng)戶盲目生產(chǎn)而下游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售困難的現(xiàn)象。

3.對稱型食品供應(yīng)鏈。隨著新興銷售業(yè)態(tài)的出現(xiàn),銷售渠道日益被大型專業(yè)市場和超市所壟斷,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的傳統(tǒng)銷售形式也被超市所取代,而且這種趨勢越來越明顯,同時由于技術(shù)水平的提高,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)也趨向于由少數(shù)種植商集約經(jīng)營。Boselie.D通過對泰國皇家阿荷生鮮超市食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),曼谷有50%的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是在大型超市(如7-

11、皇家阿荷、家樂福、Sainsburry和TESCO)售出的。這些大型超市為了滿足市場對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)一致性和供應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性的要求，對供應(yīng)商進行了嚴(yán)格的篩選。因此，皇家阿荷生鮮超市實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理后，將供應(yīng)商從原來的250家減少為60家左右，使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡潔。隨著上游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商數(shù)目的銳減和超市連鎖店的不斷擴張，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游供應(yīng)商與下游超市連鎖店的數(shù)目呈現(xiàn)對稱增長之態(tài)勢。在發(fā)達國家及物流發(fā)展較為成熟的大城市里，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為集中采購、統(tǒng)一流通配送和減少不增值的物流環(huán)節(jié),以實現(xiàn)節(jié)約成本的精益物流戰(zhàn)略。

4.混合型食品供應(yīng)鏈。隨著市場食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費需求的多樣化，食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的比重也在逐步提高。據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計表明，美國2002未加工和加工蔬菜的比例為15%和85%；水果為30%和70%。其他國家的情況也大致如此。大型超市為了適應(yīng)消費需求的顯著變化，將原先由獨立企業(yè)從事的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的增值環(huán)節(jié)進行“內(nèi)部化”，專門建立大型加工及配送中心，對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進行清洗、分類、深度加工、包裝和配送等增值業(yè)務(wù)，同時通過在大型加工中心實施HACCP和GMP加工質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生安全認(rèn)證，來保證食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)安全。這個環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒有的，這是大型超市和連鎖店對市場需求作出快速反

w 應(yīng)的結(jié)果。隨著上游供應(yīng)商實力和優(yōu)勢的增強，加工中心的部分功能，如清洗、分類和深度加工等環(huán)節(jié)又向供應(yīng)商回流，使得加工中心的重點放在處理和不斷擴大的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量和種類業(yè)務(wù)上。因此，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且环N綜合型、多品種、大批量和多頻次的混合型供應(yīng)鏈體系。這種食品供應(yīng)鏈更關(guān)注消費者的滿意度，通過加工中心來對市場需求作出快速反應(yīng)，并實時對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品進行“量身定制”和深度加工，以實現(xiàn)不同于精益物流的靈捷物流戰(zhàn)略。

三．食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與食品質(zhì)量安全

近年來，由于食品供應(yīng)鏈合作的重點由原來的保證供貨質(zhì)量逐步轉(zhuǎn)向加強食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全，如瘋牛病、口蹄疫和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等的出現(xiàn)。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤離不開食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，因此基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤成了食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的重點和難點。Golan.E等通過對美國生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、谷類和油菜以及牛肉制品的調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三者經(jīng)食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤后，在食品質(zhì)量安全方面出現(xiàn)了很大的差異。而分析這些差異，他們又發(fā)現(xiàn)三種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的共性，即存在三種驅(qū)動力。這也是企業(yè)實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時需要分析考察的問題：

1.有利于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品差別化營銷，以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。通過那些細(xì)小的或不能直接發(fā)現(xiàn)的食品質(zhì)量安全的特性，可區(qū)別不同類型的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品。因為在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場上不僅存在大量單一的谷類和肉類產(chǎn)品，而且也有根據(jù)消費者不同的偏好和口味量身定制的食品。有些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的質(zhì)量可能容易判別，而另一些則不容易直接判別，甚至在消費之后也不能馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)其質(zhì)量問題。例如，轉(zhuǎn)基因食用油，如未進行標(biāo)識，消費者就很難判別食用油是否由非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆加工而成。因此，對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的安全質(zhì)量和品質(zhì)進行細(xì)分，是差別化營銷的必要前提。

2.有利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤，減少食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品召回成本。許多企業(yè)已利用食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤系統(tǒng)，來最大限度地減少食品安全體系缺陷可能造成的潛在損失。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強的經(jīng)濟驅(qū)動性，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患和質(zhì)量問題時，他們往往會采取措施，避免食品質(zhì)量安全問題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來負(fù)面的影響?；谑称饭?yīng)鏈的跟蹤能幫助企業(yè)縮短確認(rèn)和清理有問題食品的時

w 間，為此，國外許多企業(yè)將相關(guān)標(biāo)識信息揭示在食品包裝上，以便利消費者的識別和認(rèn)定。例如，在美國大多數(shù)要求召回的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都被公布在美國農(nóng)業(yè)部食品安全和檢驗服務(wù)的官方網(wǎng)站上，以便消費者根據(jù)食品包裝的標(biāo)識信息來判定有問題的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。有些企業(yè)則通過使用先進RSS條碼系統(tǒng)和EAN/UCC全球統(tǒng)一標(biāo)識系統(tǒng)，更為具體地揭示食品供應(yīng)鏈的標(biāo)識信息，如每種產(chǎn)品的種子、施肥、使用抗生素的情況、生產(chǎn)時間、生產(chǎn)線、生產(chǎn)地、生產(chǎn)所使用的技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)次序，等等。因此某種產(chǎn)品一旦出現(xiàn)問題，這些標(biāo)識信息將能夠發(fā)揮很大的作用。

目前，歐盟已經(jīng)采用EAN/UCC系統(tǒng)，成功地開展了對牛肉、蔬菜等食品追蹤的研究。通過采用EAN/UCC-128條碼符號、GLN(全球位置碼)可以對食品供應(yīng)鏈全過程中的產(chǎn)品及其屬性信息和參與方信息等進行有效的標(biāo)識。在對食品跟蹤與追溯時，要求供應(yīng)鏈中的每一道加工環(huán)節(jié)，不僅要對自己所加工完成的產(chǎn)品進行標(biāo)識，還要采集所需加工的食品原料上的已有標(biāo)識信息，并將其全部信息標(biāo)識在加工完成的產(chǎn)品上，以備下一道加工環(huán)節(jié)或消費者使用，從而有效地解決了供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系比較脆弱、實施跟蹤和追溯難度大的問題，也為企業(yè)減少因缺乏明確信息而將混在優(yōu)質(zhì)食品中的劣質(zhì)食品連同優(yōu)質(zhì)食品一同處理的可能性。

3.有利于提高和改善供應(yīng)方的物流管理。對于企業(yè)來說，管理生產(chǎn)物流和跟蹤相關(guān)零售信息(如條形碼)，能幫助企業(yè)了解其食品供應(yīng)鏈的物流流出狀況，以便對供應(yīng)鏈上游物流的流入進行有效管理。特別是有些企業(yè)采用了基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的高新技術(shù)追溯系統(tǒng)，如農(nóng)場主使用電子耳標(biāo)識和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)收集卡來跟蹤食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的免疫記錄、健康記錄和飼養(yǎng)記錄等。這些食品供應(yīng)鏈的信息也能使食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在市場上獲得與其質(zhì)量相符的價格。

然而，對所有食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都實施食品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全跟蹤是沒有必要的。Van Weele根據(jù)市場對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品信息的需求，確定食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度。同理，企業(yè)對食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度也反映出其對基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的成本和收益的一種綜合取向。因為信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度決定著企業(yè)整合食品供應(yīng)鏈的投入和成本。只有當(dāng)收益大于成本時，企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動力和保證。

w Discussion on food supply chain management and food quality and safety

Since the 1990s, supply chain management has become the academic and business circles hot topic, especially in supply chain management successfully applied to IBM, P & G, DELL, etc.after the company's management, food and agricultural industries have followed suit and Supply chain management with a tool to improve their competitiveness.1996, Zuurbier and other scholars in general, on the basis of the supply chain, first proposed the concept of the food supply chain, and that the food supply chain management of agricultural and food production and marketing organization, food and agricultural products in order to reduce logistics costs and improve its quality and safety and logistics service level and for vertical integration mode of operation.Now, in the U.S., UK, Canada and the Netherlands and other more developed countries, agricultural production, this management model has been widely used, and gradually become the focus of academic research project.The food supply chain management research has gone through three stages: the first stage of the business flow management phase, the study of agricultural products and food processing enterprises, including the output of consumer spending to business before the flow phase, the content of their research is often included In the marketing context;the second stage of integrated logistics management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream producers of agricultural and food production process, emphasizing the production should be based on market demand and cost control throughout the supply chain;the third stage of supply chain integration management phase, the study extends further upstream to the most upstream agricultural enterprises(such as seed suppliers, etc.), the purpose is to extend the tracking and tracing of food quality and safety of

w agricultural products issues in order to quickly and effectively identify and solve problems.This article describes the production of different food supply chain logistics system characteristics, and the food supply chain management with the development of food quality and safety are analyzed and discussed.One.Food causes of supply chain management In recent years, the food supply chain, production and development of people's increasing demands for food consumption, the inevitable result.Specifically, the causes are:(1)the consumer fresh food and agricultural products have become increasingly demanding and require delivery of food and agricultural products, the production period as short as possible.(2)consumers of food and agricultural products quality requirements have become more sophisticated, forcing food manufacturers to implement the food supply chain management to ensure a stable supply of raw materials upstream and downstream sales channels.(3)food quality and safety of consumers are increasingly concerned about.In order to meet consumer demand for food and agricultural products in the type and quantity requirements, companies continue to seek and develop new technologies, and new technologies and new methods of excessive use(such as pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and genetically modified technology, etc.)to meet the consumer demand, but also inevitably produced a hazard causing human food quality and safety issues.This is because buyers and sellers in the market information asymmetry, consumers in the purchase of food or agricultural products, the products do not understand the health, environmental and safety information.Therefore, enterprises need in all aspects of the production process inspection and testing of products and timely disclosure of information to consumers.(4)food and agricultural companies forced the government, Relevant social

w organizations and consumer demands and pressure to press the food supply chain to operate.For example, EU regulations No.178, as from 2004 in all EU-wide sales of food, must be implemented to track and trace food supply chain;the same in the United States Food and Drug Administration regulations in the United States and abroad engaged in food production, processing and packaging departments and related organizations in the December 12, 2003 to register the Food and Drug Administration for food safety tracking and tracing, on the allowed unregistered persons engaged in food production and sales.Thus, the food supply chain management is inherent in the market dynamics and the external pressure the government to promote the case.Two.Food supply chain, production logistics system The formation of the food supply chain logistics system with the changing content of closely related, particularly in the food and agricultural production logistics system evolving situation, for people to create a highly efficient food supply chain management paradigm provides the basis.According to food and agricultural products logistics stage of development, typical of the food supply chain can be divided into dumbbell-shaped, T-, symmetric and mixed four types.1．dumbbell food supply chain.This type of food supply chain is a quasi-strict supply chain.It is characterized by a shorter supply chain, connecting the main lot located at both ends of the transaction, while the middle of the main chain are few and fewer transactions, showing the dumbbell type.Upstream producers have poor technical conditions, production is low and less variety, it gathered a large number of upstream agricultural producers;the same time, products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and little

w contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural products.In developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply chain.2.T type of food supply chain.This type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer demand quite different situation.As perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as third-party logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate services.This type of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer vendors.Therefore, T-food supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream and concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the T-type.And dumbbell-shaped compared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and value-added services for the indirect nature.This type of food supply chains more common in China, China's agriculture industry in less developed regions, due to lack of upstream farmers to connect one end, other end of the link sales market, specializing in the processing of agricultural products among leading enterprises and the corresponding part of agricultural production often out of line with market demand.Therefore, T-middle part of the food supply chain as a low level of absence and logistics operation, prone to upstream farmers and downstream production of agricultural products sold blindly difficult phenomenon.3．symmetric food supply chain.With the emergence of new sales formats, distribution channels are increasingly large-scale professional market

w and supermarket monopoly, the traditional sales of agricultural products and food forms have been replaced by supermarkets, and this trend is more and more obvious, and because of its technological level of agricultural products production also tends to intensive management by a few growers.Boselie.D Ahe by the Royal Thai supermarket fresh food supply chain management survey found that 50% of Bangkok's food and agricultural products in large supermarkets(such as 7-11, Royal Ahe, Carrefour, Sainsburry and TESCO)sold of.These large supermarkets in order to meet the market for agricultural products, quality consistency and supply stability requirements, the supplier of a rigorous screening.Therefore, the implementation of the Royal Ahe supermarket fresh food supply chain management, will be vendors from the original 250 was reduced to about 60, so that the logistics system more efficient and concise.With the upper reaches of the sharp drop in the number of suppliers of agricultural products and the continuous expansion of the supermarket chain, this food supply chain, upstream suppliers and downstream number of supermarket chains showed symmetrical growth trend.Logistics development in developed and more mature cities, this has been expressed in the food supply chain, centralized purchasing, reduce non-uniform flow distribution and value-added logistics sectors, in order to achieve cost savings of lean logistics strategy.4．mixed food supply chain.With consumer demand for food and agricultural products market diversification, the proportion of food and agricultural processing has gradually improved.According to the statistics that the United States in 2002 raw and processed vegetables for 15% and 85%;fruit of 30% and 70%.Other countries also generally the case.Large supermarkets in order to meet consumer demand significant changes to the original by an independent enterprise engaged in specialized production of value-added aspects of “internal” and

w specifically the establishment of large-scale processing and distribution center for agricultural products for cleaning, sorting, in-depth processing, packaging and distribution and other value-added services, through the implementation of HACCP in a large processing center and GMP certification process quality and health and safety, to ensure the quality of food and agricultural safety.The link is above three does not have the food supply chain, which is large supermarkets and chain stores to respond quickly to market demands results.With upstream suppliers to enhance the strength and advantages of the processing center part of the function, such as cleaning, sorting and depth of processing and other sectors Youxiang supplier back, making the processing center focused on the processing of agricultural products and expanding the number and type of business.Therefore, this food supply chain is a comprehensive, multi-species, multi-frequency high-volume and mix of supply chain system.This food supply chain are more concerned about customer satisfaction, through the processing centers to respond quickly to market demand, and real-time on agricultural products and foodstuffs “tailored” and depth of processing, in order to achieve different from the lean agile logistics logistics strategy.Three.Food supply chain tracking and food quality and safety In recent years, the focus of the food supply chain collaboration to ensure delivery of quality from the gradual move to reinforce the quality and safety of food and agricultural products, such as BSE, foot and mouth disease and the emergence of genetically modified foods.Agricultural products and food quality and safety of track without food supply chain management, so based on quality and safety of the food supply chain to track the food supply chain management has become important and difficult.Golan.E by the United States and other fresh produce, meat products，w cereals and oilseed rape, and survey findings, three by the food supply chain tracking, food quality and safety in that there are great differences.The analysis of these differences, they also found that three agricultural products common food supply chain management, that there are three driving forces.This is also the corporate implementation of the food supply chain management requires analysis examines the question: 1．will help differentiate the marketing of food and agricultural products to improve food and agricultural sales.Through those small or can not be directly found in food quality and safety features, can distinguish between different types of agricultural products and food.Because in the food and agricultural products on the market not only in large single grains and meat products, but also based on consumer preferences and tastes of different tailor-made food.Some agricultural products and food quality may be easier to distinguish, while others are not easy to directly determine, even after the consumer can not immediately find its quality.For example, transgenic edible oil, if not identified, the consumer it is difficult to determine whether the oil processed from non-genetically modified soybeans.Therefore, the quality of agricultural products and food safety and quality of the segmentation is a necessary prerequisite for differentiated marketing.2.is conducive to quality and safety of agricultural products and food tracking, reducing the cost of food and agricultural products recall.Many companies have used the food supply chain tracking systems to minimize food safety system deficiencies may result in potential losses.Suppliers often have a strong economy driven, when discovered food safety hazards and quality problems are, they tend to take measures to avoid food quality and safety issues to the companies themselves, or have a negative impact on the brand.Based on the food supply chain tracking can help businesses identify and reduce the time to clean up the food in question, for many

w foreign companies to reveal identifying information related to food packaging, to facilitate the identification of consumers and identified.For example, in the United States requested the recall of most food and agricultural products have been released in the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service's official website for consumers based on food packaging, identification information to determine the question of food and agricultural products.Some companies are using advanced RSS bar code system and EAN / UCC Global unified identification system, more specifically reveal the identity of the food supply chain information, such as the product of each seed, fertilizer, use of antibiotics, production time, production lines, production , the production technology used and the production order, and so on.Therefore, a product if there are problems, these identification information will be able to play a significant role.Currently, the EU has adopted EAN / UCC system, successfully carried out on beef, vegetables and other food tracking research.By using EAN/UCC-128 bar code symbol, GLN(Global Location Number)to the food supply chain and the whole process of product attribute information and participants information for effective identification.Tracking and traceability in the food, the requirements of the supply chain process in every aspect, not only to complete the processing of their products for identification, but also to collect the necessary processing of food materials has been on the identification information, and all information identified in the processing of finished products, to prepare for the next part of a process or consumer use, in order to effectively solve the supply chain link between the weak, difficult to track and trace the problem, but also for companies to reduce by lack of clear information and good food will be mixed in with the poor quality of food processing with the possibility of high-quality food.w 3．will help enhance and improve the supply side of logistics management.For businesses, the management of production logistics and track-related retail information(such as bar code), to help businesses understand their food supply chain, logistics and outflow conditions for the supply chain for effective management of logistics flows.In particular, some businesses have adopted based on the quality and safety of the food supply chain of high-tech tracking system, such as farmers use electronic ear identification cards and related data collection to track the immunization records of food and agricultural products, health records and breeding records.The food supply chain information can also make food or agricultural products in the market for its consistent quality and price.However, the implementation of all food and agricultural products quality and safety of the food supply chain tracking is not necessary.Van Weele, according to market information on agricultural and food needs of the food supply chain information to determine the track width, depth and accuracy.Similarly, companies in the food supply chain information to track width, depth and accuracy also reflects on the quality and safety of its food supply chain costs and benefits of an integrated approach.Because the information track width, depth and accuracy of a determinant of business investment in the food supply chain integration and cost.Only when the benefits outweigh the costs, the firm chosen width, depth and accuracy is the implementation of supply chain quality and safety of track power and assurance.

第四篇：中英文簡歷

小 麗

基本情況：性別：女年齡：25戶口：重慶

電話：86-***/86-023-67791670郵箱：elle.xiaoli@gmail.com

教育背景：

西南政法大學(xué) 外國語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)學(xué)院 法律英語專業(yè)2007～2010 重慶 ◆ 將于2010年7月獲英語語言文學(xué)碩士學(xué)位

四川外語學(xué)院 英語系 英語翻譯專業(yè)2003～2007 重慶 ◆2007年7月獲英語語言文學(xué)學(xué)士

實習(xí)經(jīng)歷:

重慶康輝旅行社歐洲部 實習(xí)生2007.02～03 重慶 ◆ 康輝旅游集團為行業(yè)領(lǐng)先的大型旅游運營商

◆ 設(shè)計旅游路線，參與旅行社網(wǎng)站制作，銷售旅游產(chǎn)品，旅游咨詢

工作經(jīng)歷：

重慶全球采購中心外展部 臨時助理2009.05 重慶 ◆ 協(xié)助全球采購中心會籌備“第十二屆中國（重慶）國際投資暨全球采購會” ◆ 培訓(xùn)志愿者

◆ 會議期間負(fù)責(zé)綜合調(diào)度，管理機場組志愿者，擔(dān)任現(xiàn)場翻譯

會議稿件翻譯2008.10 重慶 ◆ 組織人員為重慶巴南區(qū)招商局翻譯“精密機床、精密模具制造及教育培訓(xùn)與產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)項目”規(guī)劃初步方案并總校全部譯稿

◆ 獨立為中國機械工業(yè)集團公司機械工業(yè)第三設(shè)計研究所翻譯該項目的初步方案

法律稿件翻譯2008.10～12 重慶 ◆ 為宋雷翻譯服務(wù)有限公司內(nèi)翻譯大量法律稿件

“跨國公司投資重慶經(jīng)貿(mào)洽談會” 志愿者2008.07 重慶 ◆ 隨行翻譯和對接項目現(xiàn)場翻譯

◆ 外賓接待

西南政法大學(xué)留學(xué)生部 對外漢語主講教師2008.04～07重慶 ◆ 編寫教案，探索和創(chuàng)新教學(xué)方法，運用多媒體等教學(xué)手段進行教學(xué)

◆ 帶領(lǐng)美國留學(xué)生進行重慶一日游，介紹重慶人文歷史

“英語沙龍” 主辦人2008.03～05 重慶1

◆ 主辦“英語沙龍”，擬定活動綱領(lǐng)與計劃，主持第一期“英語沙龍”

◆ 組織“英語沙龍”成員春游

商務(wù)會談現(xiàn)場口譯2007.10 成都 ◆ 獨立擔(dān)任重慶順方醫(yī)療器材有限公司與德國公司代表商務(wù)會談現(xiàn)場口譯

中國(重慶)國際教育展 志愿者2005～2007 重慶 ◆ 協(xié)助院方代表為來訪者答疑解惑

◆ 現(xiàn)場口譯

英語家教2005至今 重慶 ◆ 制定個性化學(xué)習(xí)計劃和方法，提高了學(xué)生的應(yīng)試成績和英語綜合能力

四川外語學(xué)院院學(xué)生會外聯(lián)部成員2003 重慶◆ 聯(lián)絡(luò)贊助商，籌集活動資金，參與活動策劃

獲獎情況:

2003年至2007年多次獲得四川外語學(xué)院獎學(xué)金

2007年代表西南政法大學(xué)研究生部參加重慶大學(xué)生英語演講大賽暨CCTV杯英語演講大賽西

南片區(qū)預(yù)選賽獲優(yōu)勝獎

2007年獲西南政法大學(xué)研究生部校園十大歌手稱號

2003年獲四川外語學(xué)院綜合技能大賽暨演講比賽優(yōu)勝獎

能力資格:

2007年通過全國高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)八級（TEM 8）考試

2007年通過全國高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)八級（TEM 8）口語與口譯考試

2007年取得機動車（C1）駕駛證

2006年獲劍橋商務(wù)英語（BEC）中級證書

2005年獲中華人民共和國（英語）導(dǎo)游員資格證書

熟練應(yīng)用OFFICE系列軟件

興趣愛好:

閱讀；音樂；運動；駕駛

Xiao Li

Tian Yi Xin Cheng, Yubei

district, Chongqing 40114786-***, 86-023-67791670

EDUCATION

Postgraduate School, Southwest University of Political Science & Law, concentration in forensic linguistics2007-2010 Chongqing Sichuan International Studies University, B.A.in English translation2003-2007 Chongqing

INTERNSHIP

China Comfort Travel Group co., Ltd, Chongqing branch2007.02-03 Chongqing ◆China Comfort Travel Group plays a leading role in inbound and outbound tourism

◆Route design, website building, travel products marketing, travel consultation

WORK EXPERIENCE

Global Souring Center, Inc., Chongqing2009.05 Chongqing Temporary Assistant

◆Coordinated a team of 10 professionals from Global Souring Center, Inc., and 15 volunteers in pre-arrangement of China(Chongqing)International Investment and Global Souring Fair

◆Directed and trained a team of 15 volunteers

◆Accompanying interpreter

Investment promotion Bureau of Banan District, Chongqing & Third Design and Research Institute

SINOMACH2008.10 Chongqing◆Organized a team of 5 students to translate Preliminary Project of Precision Machine Tools, Precision Mold Manufacture, Education & Training, and Projects of Industrial Park for Investment promotion Bureau of Banan District, Chongqing and edited all of the versions

◆Personally translated another version of Preliminary Project for Third Design and Research Institute SINOMACH

Song Lei Translation Service Co., Ltd2008.10-12 Chongqing ◆Translated a lot of legal documents

Multinational Corporation Invest Chongqing Economic & Trade Conference2008.07 Chongqing Volunteer

◆Project Matching Conference Interpreter

International Students’ Dept.of Southwest

University of Political Science & Law2008.04-07 ChongqingLeading Lecturer

◆Taught 23 American Students Chinese

◆Developed teaching plan and applied various instruments in teaching

◆Conducted 52 American Students to tour the city of Chongqing

Initiator of English Salon2008.03-05 Chongqing

◆Motivated 16 students to join English Salon, established articles of English Salon, drafted activity plans, presided over the first section of English Salon

◆Organized Spring outing for English Salon members

Chongqing Shun Fang Medical Instrument Co., Ltd2007.10 Chengdu Site Interpreter

◆Consecutively interpreted business talk between Chongqing Shun Fang Medical Instrument Co., Ltd and a German corporation

China(Chongqing)International Education Exhibition2005-2007 Chongqing Volunteer

◆Site Interpreter

◆Assisted representatives of foreign universities and performed site consultation

English tutor2005-present Chongqing ◆Developed personalized studying plan and means

◆Upgraded students’ examination score and English capability

Liaison department of student union of Sichuan2003 Chongqing International Studies University(SISU)

◆Contacted with sponsor, raised funds, planed activities

HONORS

Winner’s Prize of Primary Contest of CCTV CUP English Speaking Contest

Winner’s Prize of Speaking Contest of Sichuan International Studies University(SISU)Consecutive third Scholarships of Sichuan International Studies University(SISU)

Winner of Campus Top 10 Singers of Postgraduate School of Southwest University of Political Science & Law

SKILLS

LanguagesMandarin(excellent), English(excellent), French(basic)

[National Test for English Major 8(TEM 8), National Oral & Interpretation Test for

English Major 8(TEM 8), Business English Certificate(BEC)Vantage, Certificate of

Tour Guide of PRC(working language: English)]

OthersDriving [Driving License(C1)of PRC]

Skillful in MS Office

INTEREST

Reading, music, sport, driving, accomplished singer

第五篇：中英文新年賀詞

尊敬的客戶：

您好！

值此新年來臨之際，我司懷著感恩的心情，感謝貴司在雞年對本公司的支持和幫助。

本公司茲訂于2018年 2月6日至3月4日（農(nóng)歷十二月廿一至正月十七）為春節(jié)假期，并于03月5日(正月十八)正式啟市。

在此我司全體同仁恭祝大家身體健康，萬事如意，合家歡樂，生活美滿，事業(yè)有成。祝

商祺！

@@@@家具有限公司

Dearest Customers，Kung Hei Fat Choi!

Please be informed that our office will be closed from Feb 6 , 2018(Tuesday)to Mar 4, 2018(Sunday)for Lunar New Year Holiday and we will resume to normal on Mar 5, 2018(Monday).May we take this opportunity to thank you for your past support and wish all of a prosperous and happy Year of Monkey！

Warmest Regards, @@@@@@@@ Co.,Ltd.