第一篇：【心理分析】TED演講：性格的迷思,你究竟是誰？
http://004km.cn/ 【心理分析】TED演講：性格的迷思，你究竟是誰？
我是誰? 我真的了解自己?jiǎn)? 相信看過成龍電影《我是誰》的可能也會(huì)問出來這樣一個(gè)問題!在現(xiàn)實(shí)中你是不是也會(huì)有過這樣的奇思妙想：我其實(shí)并不是真的我，我的記憶被刪去，現(xiàn)在我只是被植入了某些固定的記憶，就像是《逃出克隆島》一樣!什么是真實(shí)的自己？怎樣才叫做自己？
這里小編為大家推薦三個(gè)與“做自己”有關(guān)的精彩心理學(xué)演講。
一、如何認(rèn)識(shí)自我？
第一個(gè)演講，題目叫：性格的迷思，你究竟是誰？ 演講者Brian Little 博士是國(guó)際知名的人格和動(dòng)機(jī)心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者。他對(duì)日常個(gè)人項(xiàng)目和“自由特質(zhì)”對(duì)生活的影響的開創(chuàng)性研究，已成為解釋和促進(jìn)人類繁榮的一個(gè)重要途徑。
Brian教授目前在劍橋大學(xué)心理學(xué)系的社會(huì)生態(tài)學(xué)研究小組的主任。他也隸屬于劍橋大學(xué)賈奇商學(xué)院和劍橋大學(xué)心理測(cè)量中心。他著有《Me, Myself, and Us: The Science of Personality and the Art of Well-Being》
他希望能給每個(gè)人“解碼”：
“We try to make sense of how each of us — each of you — is in some respects like all other people, like some other people and like no other person.”
接著就一起來看看Brian教授能給我們帶來怎樣的關(guān)于認(rèn)識(shí)自我的演講!五個(gè)維度，劃分了每個(gè)人的不同性格
他說，在心理學(xué)家眼中，人的特質(zhì)有五個(gè)維度Free Traits；自由特性，這是一個(gè)人真正重要的東西。
所以，真正要了解一個(gè)人，不要僅僅問 “你是什么性格類型？” 而是要盯著他的眼睛，輕輕地問他，“你生命中核心的東西是什么？” 的確，我們對(duì)自我的認(rèn)知，往往是從分析自己的性格、特質(zhì)開始的?？赐赀@個(gè)演講，如果你和我一樣，會(huì)對(duì)怎么看待自己的特質(zhì)有更多的了解，但是也會(huì)想到一個(gè)問題：我的身體，我的性格，我的行為，這一切的集合，是不是就是我本身？
二、現(xiàn)在的我是真正的我嗎？我是一成不變的么？
回答這個(gè)問題，我們要看第二個(gè)演講，題目叫：Is there a real you?-真實(shí)的你存在嗎？
演講者是Julian Baggini，《哲學(xué)家雜志》（The Philosophers’ Magazine）的創(chuàng)始人。
Julian Baggini 是一位英國(guó)很有名的當(dāng)代哲學(xué)家，他也做了不少關(guān)于“自我”的研究，2011年于受到 TED邀請(qǐng)做了一個(gè)非常不同尋常的演講，非常精彩。
真實(shí)的你存在嗎？
這看起來是個(gè)很奇怪的問題，真我當(dāng)然存在了。我們終其一生，就是為了尋找真實(shí)的自我，挖掘自身存在的潛能啊。風(fēng)靡社會(huì)的星座占卜學(xué)，性格分析測(cè)試，無不是在幫助我們尋找真實(shí)的自我。
可是哲學(xué)家Julian Baggini卻給了我們另一種答案：如果說真我是一種內(nèi)在的，永恒不變的特質(zhì)，那么這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)的。我們本身并沒有任何一種內(nèi)在的核心的特質(zhì)主導(dǎo)認(rèn)知，我們每個(gè)人都是由自己的各個(gè)部分結(jié)合起來而成的，我們的記憶、欲望、意愿、直覺等等，這些交錯(cuò)、疊加，互相作用，才構(gòu)成了我們這樣的個(gè)體，我們的單個(gè)行為構(gòu)成了我們的記憶，我們的記憶形成了我們對(duì)世界的認(rèn)知。
他舉了兩個(gè)例子，水，是由氫和癢組成的；手表，是由有表盤、指針、電池組成的，我們能很清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)到這些事物是由各個(gè)元素組成，而不是水和手表本身存在，而這些組成部分是它們的核心。
我們?nèi)祟愑衷趺磿?huì)有什么不同呢？ 真實(shí)的自己，并不是等著你去發(fā)現(xiàn)的什么東西，你不是在靈魂中尋找那個(gè)真實(shí)的自己。你或多或少正在做的，其實(shí)是在創(chuàng)造真實(shí)的自己。
他希望能傳遞這樣的信息：我們需要做的就是認(rèn)為我們自己是可以塑造，規(guī)劃，并不斷改變的事物。佛說： “水人調(diào)船，弓匠調(diào)角，巧匠調(diào)木，智者調(diào)身?！?這正是我要傳
http://004km.cn/ 達(dá)給你們的理念，你無須尋找真實(shí)的自己，也許這是個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)無法解開的謎。即便存在真實(shí)的自己，你也需要一邊發(fā)掘，一邊創(chuàng)造。
這是一種自由釋放性的，非常的令人振奮的觀點(diǎn)。演講有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)，大家可以分兩次來聽，耐心聽完，一定會(huì)受益匪淺。
三、怎樣才能成為自己呢？
也許我們要繼續(xù)看一看演講三：《認(rèn)識(shí)自己與成為自己—心理分析與探索心靈之旅》 演講者是申荷永教授，是今年?yáng)|方心理分析研究院獻(xiàn)給大家新春公益演講的主題。以下是演講語錄：
到底什么是心理學(xué)？
作為學(xué)生，我翻開大英百科全書，找到其中心理學(xué)的詞條，其中這樣寫道“在遙遠(yuǎn)的古希臘，有德爾菲神殿，那里存放著無數(shù)的石碑，由于年代久遠(yuǎn)，上面刻的文字都漸漸失去了，但仍然有一塊石碑上的文字依稀可辨：人認(rèn)識(shí)你自己?！边@個(gè)詞條的作者接著說“就是這樣一句話，經(jīng)過漫漫幾千年的演變，形成了我們今天的心理學(xué)?！弊x到這里的時(shí)候我也是心潮澎湃。心理學(xué)的緣起及本來的意義是為了讓我們認(rèn)識(shí)自己。
認(rèn)識(shí)自己有什么意義呢？
老子曰：知人者智，自知者明。于是，我們知道人貴有自知之明。
兵法云：知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不怠。于是，我們知道知己原來如此重要，決勝千里，生死攸關(guān)。
很多年前，當(dāng)克林頓還擔(dān)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)，希拉里還是第一夫人的時(shí)候，美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)的主席叫福勒，他前往白宮，拜訪克林頓夫婦，他們大概有一個(gè)下午的談話。臨別之前，福勒先生作為一位心理學(xué)家，留給克林頓一個(gè)心理學(xué)的武功秘籍，這武功秘籍可用這樣的公式來表達(dá)：成功=認(rèn)識(shí)自己（自我認(rèn)識(shí)）+動(dòng)機(jī)。不管我們?cè)趺丛u(píng)價(jià)成功，不管我們各自成功的目標(biāo)如何，如果你想獲得成功，那么認(rèn)識(shí)自己都是其中的關(guān)鍵；動(dòng)機(jī)，也正是我們精神分析和分析心理學(xué)的關(guān)鍵，叫動(dòng)力心理學(xué)。
所以，我剛才講的故事，當(dāng)然一半也是借用了金庸先生的武功秘籍。據(jù)說愛斯坦的公式，E=mc2，其中包含的正是他所寄托的，剛才講到的，他遺言中的“愛的力量”，其中也是一種心理學(xué)，即成功=認(rèn)識(shí)自己+你的動(dòng)力。
如何才能獲得真正的自我認(rèn)識(shí)呢？
自我認(rèn)識(shí)，也被稱為自我知識(shí)。我們每個(gè)人都必須自己去面對(duì)斯芬克斯的拷問，獨(dú)自去回答斯芬克斯的謎語。大家可能會(huì)知道這個(gè)流傳已久的故事，所有的心理學(xué)家、科學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家，他們的目標(biāo)盡管不同，但他們都試著去回答斯芬克斯的謎語——揭開斯芬克斯之謎。
大家可能知道，傳說中的斯芬克斯將德爾菲神殿的箴言化作了一段謎語，提問所有經(jīng)過的人類。謎語是這樣說的：有個(gè)東西，早晨四條腿，中午兩條腿，晚上三條腿，這是什么？斯芬克斯，大家也不陌生，大家可以看到金字塔前面的大斯芬克斯。如果去到了希臘的德爾菲神殿，進(jìn)去首先就是要面對(duì)斯芬克斯。
斯芬克斯會(huì)提問你，會(huì)拷問你：你認(rèn)識(shí)你自己?jiǎn)?？那么斯芬克斯是“認(rèn)識(shí)你自己”這句神的箴言的守護(hù)者，我們每個(gè)人都必須獨(dú)自面對(duì)他，來回答他的謎語，才有機(jī)會(huì)去接觸那塊刻著神圣箴言的石頭。
獲得真正的自我認(rèn)識(shí)，方法何在？
要經(jīng)歷痛苦！在這個(gè)刻有“認(rèn)識(shí)自己”的石頭背后，據(jù)說是宙斯當(dāng)年留下一句話，英文是這樣說的“The Suffering, The Knowledge”，經(jīng)歷苦難來獲得自我認(rèn)識(shí)。就是說你要想
http://004km.cn/ 獲得自我認(rèn)識(shí)，想認(rèn)識(shí)自己，必須通過苦難。就像慧能法師，我很喜歡他，慧能法師的教誨是“煩惱即菩提”。
我在《洗心島之夢(mèng)》一本書中提到過我小時(shí)候的一個(gè)故事：我很小的時(shí)候，我的啟蒙老師告訴我，生活猶如一根棍子，當(dāng)你拿起它，一邊是幸福，一邊是痛苦，你需要同時(shí)面對(duì)，你不可能只撿起幸福而逃避痛苦。你要有勇氣同時(shí)面對(duì)幸福與痛苦。
這個(gè)故事中也包含了我們心理分析的觀點(diǎn)：“執(zhí)其兩端，而用其中?！?“執(zhí)其兩端用其中”源于我們中國(guó)的十六字心經(jīng)，這十六字心經(jīng)說的是堯舜禹代代相傳的心法叫“人心惟危，道心惟微，惟精惟一，允執(zhí)厥中”?！叭诵奈┪！庇玫氖俏ｋU(xiǎn)的“?！保暗佬奈┪ⅰ庇玫氖俏⒚畹摹拔ⅰ?，“執(zhí)其兩端用其中”的“中”就是我們中醫(yī)的“中”，就是我們中國(guó)人的“中”，非同尋常。
今天，東方心理成長(zhǎng)和大家分享這三個(gè)關(guān)于“認(rèn)識(shí)自我”的演講，無論是對(duì)于我們自己，還是對(duì)于我們?cè)趺纯创⒆拥某砷L(zhǎng)和教育，也許都會(huì)有幫助。
你或許聽過功夫之王李小龍的一段名言。雖然 Be Yourself 是一句不太容易理解的話，對(duì)“自我”的定義也存在很多說法，但是最終，我們還是要成為自己。
電影《功夫熊貓》三部, 也是一步一步的引導(dǎo)我們過自己的人生，找到自己, 做自己,你就是成功的。
第二篇：TED演講 性格的迷思--你究竟是誰English
TED演講【性格的迷思--你究竟是誰】
0:12 What an intriguing group of individuals you are...to a psychologist.0:19 I've had the opportunity over the last couple of days of listening in on some of your conversations and watching you interact with each other.And I think it's fair to say, already, that there are 47 people in this audience, at this moment, displaying psychological symptoms I would like to discuss today.0:43 And I thought you might like to know who you are.0:48 But instead of pointing at you, which would be gratuitous and intrusive, I thought I would tell you a few facts and stories, in which you may catch a glimpse of yourself.1:01 I'm in the field of research known as personality psychology, which is part of a larger personality science which spans the full spectrum, from neurons to narratives.And what we try to do, in our own way, is to make sense of how each of us--each of you--is, in certain respects, like all other people, like some other people and like no other person.1:33 Now, already you may be saying of yourself, “I'm not intriguing.I am the 46th most boring person in the Western Hemisphere.” Or you may say of yourself, “I am intriguing, even if I am regarded by most people as a great, thundering twit.” 1:56(Laughter)1:57 But it is your self-diagnosed boringness and your inherent “twitiness” that makes me, as a psychologist, really fascinated by you.So let me explain why this is so.2:11 One of the most influential approaches in personality science is known as trait psychology, and it aligns you along five dimensions which are normally distributed, and that describe universally held aspects of difference between people.They spell out the acronym OCEAN.So, “O” stands for “open to experience,” versus those who are more closed.“C” stands for “conscientiousness,” in contrast to those with a more lackadaisical approach to life.“E”--“extroversion,” in contrast to more introverted people.“A”--“agreeable individuals,” in contrast to those decidedly not agreeable.And “N”--“neurotic individuals,” in contrast to those who are more stable.3:03 All of these dimensions have implications for our well-being, for how our life goes.And so we know that, for example, openness and conscientiousness are very good predictors of life success, but the open people achieve that success through being audacious and, occasionally, odd.The conscientious people achieve it through sticking to deadlines, to persevering, as well as having some passion.Extroversion and agreeableness are both conducive to working well with people.Extroverts, for example, I find intriguing.With my classes, I sometimes give them a basic fact that might be revealing with respect to their personality: I tell them that it is virtually impossible for adults to lick the outside of their own elbow.4:01 Did you know that? Already, some of you have tried to lick the outside of your own elbow.But extroverts amongst you are probably those who have not only tried, but they have successfully licked the elbow of the person sitting next to them.4:18 Those are the extroverts.4:20 Let me deal in a bit more detail with extroversion, because it's consequential and it's intriguing, and it helps us understand what I call our three natures.First, our biogenic nature--our neurophysiology.Second, our sociogenic or second nature, which has to do with the cultural and social aspects of our lives.And third, what makes you individually you--idiosyncratic--what I call your “idiogenic” nature.4:52 Let me explain.One of the things that characterizes extroverts is they need stimulation.And that stimulation can be achieved by finding things that are exciting: loud noises, parties and social events here at TED--you see the extroverts forming a magnetic core.They all gather together.And I've seen you.The introverts are more likely to spend time in the quiet spaces up on the second floor, where they are able to reduce stimulation--and may be misconstrued as being antisocial, but you're not necessarily antisocial.It may be that you simply realize that you do better when you have a chance to lower that level of stimulation.5:41 Sometimes it's an internal stimulant, from your body.Caffeine, for example, works much better with extroverts than it does introverts.When extroverts come into the office at nine o'clock in the morning and say, “I really need a cup of coffee,” they're not kidding--they really do.Introverts do not do as well, particularly if the tasks they're engaged in--and they've had some coffee--if those tasks are speeded, and if they're quantitative, introverts may give the appearance of not being particularly quantitative.But it's a misconstrual.6:18 So here are the consequences that are really quite intriguing: we're not always what seem to be, and that takes me to my next point.I should say, before getting to this, something about sexual intercourse, although I may not have time.And so, if you would like me to--yes, you would? OK.6:40 There are studies done on the frequency with which individuals engage in the conjugal act, as broken down by male, female;introvert, extrovert.So I ask you: How many times per minute--oh, I'm sorry, that was a rat study –
7:01 How many times per month do introverted men engage in the act? 3.0.Extroverted men? More or less? Yes, more.5.5--almost twice as much.Introverted women: 3.1.Extroverted women? Frankly, speaking as an introverted male, which I will explain later--they are heroic.7.5.They not only handle all the male extroverts, they pick up a few introverts as well.7:47 We communicate differently, extroverts and introverts.Extroverts, when they interact, want to have lots of social encounter punctuated by closeness.They'd like to stand close for comfortable communication.They like to have a lot of eye contact, or mutual gaze.We found in some research that they use more diminutive terms when they meet somebody.So when an extrovert meets a Charles, it rapidly becomes “Charlie,” and then “Chuck,” and then “Chuckles Baby.” 8:22 Whereas for introverts, it remains “Charles,” until he's given a pass to be more intimate by the person he's talking to.We speak differently.Extroverts prefer black-and-white, concrete, simple language.Introverts prefer--and I must again tell you that I am as extreme an introvert as you could possibly imagine--we speak differently.We prefer contextually complex, contingent, weasel-word sentences – 9:02 More or less.9:05 As it were.9:08 Not to put too fine a point upon it--like that.9:12 When we talk, we sometimes talk past each other.I had a consulting contract I shared with a colleague who's as different from me as two people can possibly be.First, his name is Tom.Mine isn't.9:28 Secondly, he's six foot five.I have a tendency not to be.9:33 And thirdly, he's as extroverted a person as you could find.I am seriously introverted.I overload so much, I can't even have a cup of coffee after three in the afternoon and expect to sleep in the evening.9:49 We had seconded to this project a fellow called Michael.And Michael almost brought the project to a crashing halt.So the person who seconded him asked Tom and me, “What do you make of Michael?” Well, I'll tell you what Tom said in a minute.He spoke in classic “extrovert-ese.” And here is how extroverted earsheard what I said, which is actually pretty accurate.I said, “Well Michael does have a tendency at times of behaving in a way that some of us might see as perhaps more assertive than is normally called for.” 10:32 Tom rolled his eyes and he said, “Brian, that's what I said: he's an asshole!” 10:44 Now, as an introvert, I might gently allude to certain “asshole” qualities in this man's behavior, but I'm not going to lunge for the a-word.10:58 But the extrovert says, “If he walks like one, if he talks like one, I call him one.” And we go past each other.11:04 Now is this something that we should be heedful of? Of course.It's important that we know this.Is that all we are? Are we just a bunch of traits? No, we're not.Remember, you're like some other people and like no other person.How about that idiosyncratic you? As Elizabeth or as George, you may share your extroversion or your neuroticism.But are there some distinctively Elizabethan features of your behavior, or Georgian of yours, that make us understand you better than just a bunch of traits? That make us love you? Not just because you're a certain type of person.11:54 I'm uncomfortable putting people in pigeonholes.I don't even think pigeons belong in pigeonholes.So what is it that makes us different? It's the doings that we have in our life--the personal projects.You have a personal project right now, but nobody may know it here.It relates to your kid--you've been back three times to the hospital, and they still don't know what's wrong.Or it could be your mom.And you'd been acting out of character.These are free traits.You're very agreeable, but you act disagreeably in order to break down those barriers of administrative torpor in the hospital, to get something for your mom or your child.12:44 What are these free traits? They're where we enact a script in order to advance a core project in our lives.And they are what matters.Don't ask people what type you are;ask them, “What are your core projects in your life?” And we enact those free traits.I'm an introvert, but I have a core project, which is to profess.I'm a professor.And I adore my students, and I adore my field.And I can't wait to tell them about what's new, what's exciting, what I can't wait to tell them about.And so I act in an extroverted way, because at eight in the morning, the students need a little bit of humor, a little bit of engagement to keep them going in arduous days of study.13:35 But we need to be very careful when we act protractedly out of character.Sometimes we may find that we don't take care of ourselves.I find, for example, after a period of pseudo-extroverted behavior, I need to repair somewhere on my own.As Susan Cain said in her “Quiet” book, in a chapter that featured the strange Canadian professor who was teaching at the time at Harvard, I sometimes go to the men's room to escape the slings and arrows of outrageous extroverts.14:13 I remember one particular day when I was retired to a cubicle, trying to avoid overstimulation.And a real extrovert came in beside me--not right in my cubicle, but in the next cubicle over--and I could hear various evacuatory noises, which we hate--even our own, that's why we flush during as well as after.14:39 And then I heard this gravelly voice saying, “Hey, is that Dr.Little?” 14:49 If anything is guaranteed to constipate an introvert for six months, it's talking on the john.14:59 That's where I'm going now.Don't follow me.15:03 Thank you.
第三篇：TED演講——內(nèi)向性格的力量
When I was 9 years old, I went off to summer camp for the first time.And my mother packed me a suitcase full of books, which to me seemed like a perfectly natural thing to do, because in my family, reading was the primary group activity.And this might sound antisocial to you, but for us it was really just a different way of being social.You have the animal warmth of your family sitting right next to you, but you are also free to go roaming around the adventure land inside your own mind.And I had this idea that camp was going just like this, but better.I had a vision of 10 girls sitting in a cabin cozily reading books in their matching nightgowns.Camp was more like a keg party without any alcohol.And on the very first day, our counselor gathered us all together and she taught us a cheer that she said we would be doing everyday for the test of the summer to instill camp spirit.And it went like this: R-O-W-D-I-E, that?s the way we spell rowdy.Rowdy, rowdy, let?s get rowdy.Yeah.So I couldn?t figure out for the life of me why we were supposed to be so rowdy, or why we had to spell this word incorrectly, but I recited a cheer.I recited a cheer along with everybody else.I did my best.And I just waited for the time that I could go off and read my books, but the first time that I took my book out of my suitcase, the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me and she asked me, “Why are you being so mellow? “Mellow, of course, being the exact opposite of “R-O-W-D-I-E”.And then the second time I tired it, the counselor came up to me with a concerned expression on her face and she repeated the point
about camp spirit and said we should all work very hard to be outgoing.And so I put my books away, back in their suitcase, and I put them under my bed, and there they stayed for the rest of the summer.And I felt kind of guilty about this.I felt as if the books needed me somehow, and they are calling out to me and I was forsaking them, but I did forsake them and I didn?t open that suitcase again until I was back home with my family at the end of the summer.Now, I tell you this story about summer camp.I could have told you 50 other just like it, all the time that I got the message that somehow my quiet and introverted style of being was not necessarily the right way to go, that I should be trying to pass as more of an extrovert.And I always sensed deep down that this was wrong and that introverts were pretty excellent just as they were, but for years I denied this intuition, and so I become a Wall Street lawyer, of all things, instead of the writer that I had always longed to be, partly because I needed to prove myself that I could be bold and assertive too.And I was always going off to crowded bars when I really would have preferred to just have a nice dinner with friends.And I made these self-negating choices so reflexively, that I wasn?t even aware that I was making them.Now this is what many introverts do, and it?s our loss for sure, but it is also our colleagues? loss and our communities? loss.And at the risk of sounding grandiose, it is the
world?s loss, because when it comes to creativity and to leadership, we need introverts doing what they do best.A third to a half of the population is introverts, a third to a half.So that?s one out of every two or three people you know.So even if you?re an extrovert yourself, you know I? talking about your coworkers and your spouses and your children and the person sitting next to you right now, all of them subject to this bias that is pretty deep and real in our society.We all internalize it from a very early age without even having a language for what we?re doing.Now to see the bias clearly you need to understand what introversion is.And it?s different from being shy.Shyness is about fear of social judgment.Introversion is more about, how do you respond to stimulation, including social stimulation.So extroverts really crave large amounts of stimulation, whereas introverts feel at their most alive and their most switched on and their most capable when they?re in quiet, more low-key environments.Not all the time, you know these things aren?t absolute, but a lot of the time.So the key then to maximizing our talents is for us all to put ourselves in the zone of stimulation that is right for us.But now here?s where the bias comes in.Our most important institutions, our schools and our workplaces, they are designed mostly for extroverts, and for extroverts? need for lots of stimulation.And also we are living through this belief system.We have this belief system right now that I call the new groupthink, which
holds that all creativity and all productivity come from a very oddly gregarious place.So if you picture the typical classroom nowadays: When I was going to school, we sat in rows.You know, we sat in rows of desks like this, and we did most of our work pretty autonomously, but nowadays, your typical classroom has pods of desks, four or five or six or seven kids all facing each other.And kids are working in countless group assignments.Even in subjects like math and creative writing, which you think, would depend on solo flights of thought.Kids are now expected to act as committee members.And for the kids who prefer to go off by themselves or just to work alone, those kids are seen as outliers often, or worse, as problem cases.And the vast majority of teachers? reports believing that the ideal student is an extrovert as opposed to an introvert, even though introverts actually get better grades and are more knowledgeable, according to research.Okay, same thing is true in our workplaces.We now, most of us work in open plan offices, without walls, where we are subject to the constant noise and gaze of our coworkers.And when it comes to leadership, introverts are routinely passed over for leadership positions, even though introverts tend to be very careful, much less likely to take outsize risks, which is something we might all favor nowadays.And interesting research by Adam Grant at the Wharton School has found that introverted leaders often deliver better outcomes than extroverts do, because when they are managing proactive employees, they?re much more
likely to let those employees run with their ideas, whereas an extrovert can, quite unwittingly, get so excited about things that they?re putting their own stamp on things, and other people?s ideas might not as easily then bubble up to the surface.Now in fact, some of our transformative leaders in history have been introverts.I?ll give you some examples.Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Gandhi, all these people described themselves as quiet and soft-spoken and even shy.And they all took the spotlight, even though every bone in their bodies was telling them not to.And this turns out to have a special power all its own, because people could feel these leaders were at the helm, not because they enjoyed directing others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at.They were there because they had no choice;because they were driven to do what they thought was right.Now I think at this point it?s important for me to say that I actually love extroverts.I always like to say some of my best friends are extrovert including my beloved husband.And we all fall at different points, of course, along the introvert/extrovert spectrum.Even Carl Jung, the psychologist who first popularized these terms, said that there?s no such thing as a pure introvert or a pure extrovert.He said that such a man would be in a lunatic asylum, if he existed at all.And some people fall smack in the middle of the introvert/extrovert spectrum, and we call these people ambiverts.And I often think that they have the best of all worlds, but many of us do recognize
ourselves as one type or the other.And what I?m saying is that culturally we need a much better balance.We need more of a yin and yang between these two types.This is especially important when it comes to creativity and to productivity, because when psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people, what they find are people who are very good at exchanging ideas and advancing ideas, but also have a serious streak of introversion in them.And this is because solitude is a crucial ingredient often to creativity.So Darwin, he took long walks alone in the woods and emphatically turned down dinner party invitations.Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr.Seuss, he dreamed up many of his amazing creations in a lonely bell tower office that he had in the back of his house in La Jolla, California.And he was actually afraid to meet the young children who read his books for fear that they were expecting him this kind of jolly Santa Claus-like figure and would be disappointed with his more reserved persona.Steve Wozniak invented the first Apple computer sitting alone in his cubical in Hewlett-Packard where he was working at the time.And he says that he never would have become such an expert in the first place had he not been too introverted to leave the house when he was growing up.Now of course, this does not mean that we should all stop collaborating, and case in
point is Steve Wozniak famously coming together with Steve Jobs to start Apple Computer, but it does mean that solitude matters and that for some people it is the air that they breathe.And in the fact, we have known for centuries about the transcendent power of solitude.It?s only recently that we?ve strangely begun to forget it.If you look at most of the world?s major religions, you will find seekers, Moses, Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad, seeders who are going off by themselves alone to the wilderness where they then have profound epiphanies and revelations that they then bring back to the rest of the community.So no wildness, no revelations.This is no surprise though if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology.It turns out that we can?t even be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring, mimicking their opinions.Even about seemingly personal and visceral things like which you?re attracted to, you will start aping the beliefs of the people around you without even realizing that that?s what you?re doing.And groups famously follow the opinions of the most dominant or charismatic person in the room, even though there?s zero correlation between being the best talker and having the best ideas, I mean zero.So……
You might be following the person with the best ideas, but you might not.And do you really want to leave it up to chance? Much better for everybody to go off by themselves, generate their own ideas freed from the distortions of group dynamics, and then come
together as a team to talk them through in a well-managed environment and take it from there.Now if all this is true, then why are we getting it so wrong? Why are we setting up our schools this way and our workplaces? And why are we making these introverts feel so guilty about wanting to just go off by themselves some of the time?
One answer lies deep in our cultural history.Western societies, and in particular the U.S., have always favored the man of action over the man of contemplation and “man” of contemplation, but in America?s early days, we lived in what historians call a culture of character, where we still, at that point, valued people for their inner selves and their moral rectitude.And if you look at the self-help books from this era, they all had titles with things like “Character, the Grandest Thing in the World.” And they featured role models like Abraham Lincoln who was praised for being modest and unassuming.Ralph Waldo Emerson called him” A man who does not offend by superiority.”
But then we hit the 20th century and we entered a new culture that historians call the culture of personality.What happened is we had evolved an agricultural economy to a world of big business.And so suddenly people are moving from small towns to the cities.And instead of working alongside people they?ve known all their lives, now they are having to prove themselves in a crowd of strangers.So, quite understandably, qualities like magnetism
and charisma suddenly come to seem really important.And sure enough, the self-help books change to meet these new needs and they start to have names like “how to win friends and influence people”.And they feature as their role models really great salesmen.So that?s the world we?re living in today.That?s our cultural inheritance.Now none of this is to say that social skills are unimportant, and I?m also not calling for the abolishing of teamwork at all.The same religions who send their sages off to lonely mountain tops also teach us love and trust.And the problems that we are facing today in fields like science and in economics are so vast and so complex that we are going to need armies of people coming together to solve them working together.But I am saying that the more freedom that we give introverts to be themselves, the more likely that they are to come up with their own unique solutions to these problems.So now I?d like to share with you what?s in my suitcase today.Guess what? Books.I have a suitcase full of books.Here?s Margaret Atwood, “Cat?s Eye.” Here?s a novel by Milan Kundera.And here?s” the guide for the perplexed” by Maimonides.But these are not exactly my books.I brought these books with me because they were written by my grandfather?s favorite authors.My grandfather was a rabbi and he was a widower, who lived alone in a small apartment in Brooklyn that was my favorite place in the world when I was growing up，partly because it was filled with his very gentle, very courtly presence and partly because it was filled with books.I mean literally every table;every chair in his apartment had yielded its original function to now serve as a surface for swaying stacks of books.Just like the rest of my family, my grandfather?s favorite thing to do in the whole world was to read.But he also loved his congregation, and you could feel this love in the sermons that he gave every week for the 62 years that he was a rabbi.He would take the fruits of each week?s reading and he would weave these intricate tapestries of ancient and humanist thought.And people would come from all over to hear him speak.But here?s the thing about my grandfather.Underneath this ceremonial role, he was really modest and really introverted, so much so that when he delivered these sermons, he had trouble making eye contact with the very same congregation that he had been speaking to for 62 years.And even away from the podium, when you called him to say hello, he would often end the conversation prematurely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time.But when he died at the age of 94, the police had to close down the streets of his neighborhood to accommodate the crowd of people who came out to mourn him.And so these days I try to learn from my grand father?s example in my own way.So I just published a book about introversion, and it took me about 7 years to write.And for me, that seven years was like total bliss, because I was reading, I was writing, I was
thinking, I was researching.It was my version of my grandfather?s hours of the day alone in his library.But now all of a sudden my job is very different, and my job is to be out here talking about it, talking about introversion.And that?s a lot harder for me, because as honored as I am to be here with all of you right now, this is not my natural milieu.So I prepared for moments like these as best I could.I spent the last year practicing public speaking every chance I could get.And I call this my “year of speaking dangerously.” And that actually helped a lot.But I?ll tell you, what helps even more is my sense, my belief, my hope that when it comes to our attitudes to introversion and to quiet and to solitude, we truly are poised on the brink on dramatic change.I mean, we are.And so I am going to leave you now with three calls for action for those who share this vision.No.1, stop the madness for constant group works.Just stop it.And I want to be clear about what I?m saying, because I deeply believe our offices should be encouraging casual, chatty café-style types of interactions, you know, the kind where people come together and serendipitously have an exchange of ideas.That is great.It?s great for introverts and it?s great for extroverts.But we need much more privacy and much more freedom and much more autonomy at work.School, same thing.We need to be teaching kids to work together, for sure，but we also need to be teaching them how to work on their own.This is especially important for extroverted children too.They need to work on their own because that is where deep thought comes from in part.Okay, no.2, go to the wilderness.Be like Buddha, have your own revelations.I?m not saying that we all have to now go off and build our own cabins in the woods and never talk to each other again, but I am saying that we could all stand to unplug and get inside our own heads a little more often.No.3, take a good look at what?s inside your own suitcase and why you put it there.So extroverts, maybe your suitcases are also full of books.Or maybe they?re full of champagne glasses or skydiving equipment.Whatever it is, I hope you take these things out every chance you get and grace us with your energy and your joy.But introverts, you being you, you probably have the impulse to guard very carefully what?s inside your own suitcase.And that?s okay.But occasionally, just occasionally, I hope you will open up your suitcases for other people to see, because the world needs you and in needs the things you carry.So I wish you the best of all possible journeys and the courage to speak softly.Thank you very much.
第四篇：TED演講英文演講稿：內(nèi)向性格的力量
TED演講英文演講稿：內(nèi)向性格的力量
when i was nine years old i went off to summer camp for the first time.and my mother packed me a suitcase full of books, which to me seemed like a perfectly natural thing to do.because in my family, reading was the primary group activity.and this might sound antisocial to you, but for us it was really just a different way of being social.you have the animal warmth of your family sitting right next to you, but you are also free to go roaming around the adventureland inside your own mind.and i had this idea that camp was going to be just like this, but better.(laughter)i had a vision of 10 girls sitting in a cabin cozily reading books in their matching nightgowns.(laughter)
camp was more like a keg party without any alcohol.and on the very first day our counselor gathered us all together and she taught us a cheer that she said we would be doing every day for the rest of the summer to instill camp spirit.and it went like this: “r-o-w-d-i-e, that's the way we spell rowdie.rowdie, rowdie, let's get rowdie.” yeah.so i couldn't figure out for the life of me why we were supposed to be so rowdy, or why we had to spell this word incorrectly.(laughter)but i recited a cheer.i recited a cheer along with everybody else.i did my best.and i just waited for the time that i could go off and read my books.but the first time that i took my book out of my suitcase, the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me and she asked me, “why are you being so mellow?”--mellow, of course, being the exact opposite of r-o-w-d-i-e.and then the second time i tried it, the counselor came up to me with a concerned expression on her face and she repeated the point about camp spirit and said we should all work very hard to be outgoing.and so i put my books away, back in their suitcase, and i put them under my bed, and there they stayed for the rest of the summer.and i felt kind of guilty about this.i felt as if the books needed me somehow, and they were calling out to me and i was forsaking them.but i did forsake them and i didn't open that suitcase again until i was back home with my family at the end of the summer.now, i tell you this story about summer camp.i could have told you 50 others just like it--all the times that i got the message that somehow my quiet and introverted style of being was not necessarily the right way to go, that i should be trying to pass as more of an extrovert.and i always sensed deep down that this was wrong and that introverts were pretty excellent just as they were.but for years i denied this intuition, and so i became a wall street lawyer, of all things, instead of the writer that i had always longed to be--partly because i needed to prove to myself that i could be bold and assertive too.and i was always going off to crowded bars when i really would have preferred to just have a nice dinner with friends.and i made these self-negating choices so reflexively, that i wasn't even aware that i was making them.now this is what many introverts do, and it's our loss for sure, but it is also our colleagues' loss and our communities' loss.and at the risk of sounding grandiose, it is the world's loss.because when it comes to creativity and to leadership, we need introverts doing what they do best.a third to a half of the population are introverts--a third to a half.so that's one out of every two or three people you know.so even if you're an extrovert yourself, i'm talking about your coworkers and your spouses and your children and the person sitting next to you right now--all of them subject to this bias that is pretty deep and real in our society.we all internalize it from a very early age without even having a language for what we're doing.now to see the bias clearly you need to understand what introversion is.it's different from being shy.shyness is about fear of social judgment.introversion is more about, how do you respond to stimulation, including social stimulation.so extroverts really crave large amounts of stimulation, whereas introverts feel at their most alive and their most switched-on and their most capable when they're in quieter, more low-key environments.not all the time--these things aren't absolute--but a lot of the time.so the key then to maximizing our talents is for us all to put ourselves in the zone of stimulation that is right for us.but now here's where the bias comes in.our most important institutions, our schools and our workplaces, they are designed mostly for extroverts and for extroverts' need for lots of stimulation.and also we have this belief system right now that i call the new groupthink, which holds that all creativity and all productivity comes from a very oddly gregarious place.so if you picture the typical classroom nowadays: when i was going to school, we sat in rows.we sat in rows of desks like this, and we did most of our work pretty autonomously.but nowadays, your typical classroom has pods of desks--four or five or six or seven kids all facing each other.and kids are working in countless group assignments.even in subjects like math and creative writing, which you think would depend on solo flights of thought, kids are now expected to act as committee members.and for the kids who prefer to go off by themselves or just to work alone, those kids are seen as outliers often or, worse, as problem cases.and the vast majority of teachers reports believing that the ideal student is an extrovert as opposed to an introvert, even though introverts actually get better grades and are more knowledgeable, according to research.(laughter)
okay, same thing is true in our workplaces.now, most of us work in open plan offices, without walls, where we are subject to the constant noise and gaze of our coworkers.and when it comes to leadership, introverts are routinely passed over for leadership positions, even though introverts tend to be very careful, much less likely to take outsize risks--which is something we might all favor nowadays.and interesting research by adam grant at the wharton school has found that introverted leaders often deliver better outcomes than extroverts do, because when they are managing proactive employees, they're much more likely to let those employees run with their ideas, whereas an extrovert can, quite unwittingly, get so excited about things that they're putting their own stamp on things, and other people's ideas might not as easily then bubble up to the surface.now in fact, some of our transformative leaders in history have been introverts.i'll give you some examples.eleanor roosevelt, rosa parks, gandhi--all these peopled described themselves as quiet and soft-spoken and even shy.and they all took the spotlight, even though every bone in their bodies was telling them not to.and this turns out to have a special power all its own, because people could feel that these leaders were at the helm, not because they enjoyed directing others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at;they were there because they had no choice, because they were driven to do what they thought was right.now i think at this point it's important for me to say that i actually love extroverts.i always like to say some of my best friends are extroverts, including my beloved husband.and we all fall at different points, of course, along the introvert/extrovert spectrum.even carl jung, the psychologist who first popularized these terms, said that there's no such thing as a pure introvert or a pure extrovert.he said that such a man would be in a lunatic asylum, if he existed at all.and some people fall smack in the middle of the introvert/extrovert spectrum, and we call these people ambiverts.and i often think that they have the best of all worlds.but many of us do recognize ourselves as one type or the other.and what i'm saying is that culturally we need a much better balance.we need more of a yin and yang between these two types.this is especially important when it comes to creativity and to productivity, because when psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people, what they find are people who are very good at exchanging ideas and advancing ideas, but who also have a serious streak of introversion in them.and this is because solitude is a crucial ingredient often to creativity.so darwin, he took long walks alone in the woods and emphatically turned down dinner party invitations.theodor geisel, better known as dr.seuss, he dreamed up many of his amazing creations in a lonely bell tower office that he had in the back of his house in la jolla, california.and he was actually afraid to meet the young children who read his books for fear that they were expecting him this kind of jolly santa claus-like figure and would be disappointed with his more reserved persona.steve wozniak invented the first apple computer sitting alone in his cubical in hewlett-packard where he was working at the time.and he says that he never would have become such an expert in the first place had he not been too introverted to leave the house when he was growing up.now of course, this does not mean that we should all stop collaborating--and case in point, is steve wozniak famously coming together with steve jobs to start apple computer--but it does mean that solitude matters and that for some people it is the air that they breathe.and in fact, we have known for centuries about the transcendent power of solitude.it's only recently that we've strangely begun to forget it.if you look at most of the world's major religions, you will find seekers--moses, jesus, buddha, muhammad--seekers who are going off by themselves alone to the wilderness where they then have profound epiphanies and revelations that they then bring back to the rest of the community.so no wilderness, no revelations.this is no surprise though if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology.it turns out that we can't even be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring, mimicking their opinions.even about seemingly personal and visceral things like who you're attracted to, you will start aping the beliefs of the people around you without even realizing that that's what you're doing.and groups famously follow the opinions of the most dominant or charismatic person in the room, even though there's zero correlation between being the best talker and having the best ideas--i mean zero.so...(laughter)you might be following the person with the best ideas, but you might not.and do you really want to leave it up to chance? much better for everybody to go off by themselves, generate their own ideas freed from the distortions of group dynamics, and then come together as a team to talk them through in a well-managed environment and take it from there.now if all this is true, then why are we getting it so wrong? why are we setting up our schools this way and our workplaces? and why are we making these introverts feel so guilty about wanting to just go off by themselves some of the time? one answer lies deep in our cultural history.western societies, and in particular the , have always favored the man of action over the man of contemplation and “man” of contemplation.but in america's early days, we lived in what historians call a culture of character, where we still, at that point, valued people for their inner selves and their moral rectitude.and if you look at the self-help books from this era, they all had titles with things like “character, the grandest thing in the world.” and they featured role models like abraham lincoln who was praised for being modest and unassuming.ralph waldo emerson called him “a man who does not offend by superiority.”
but then we hit the 20th century and we entered a new culture that historians call the culture of personality.what happened is we had evolved an agricultural economy to a world of big business.and so suddenly people are moving from small towns to the cities.and instead of working alongside people they've known all their lives, now they are having to prove themselves in a crowd of strangers.so, quite understandably, qualities like magnetism and charisma suddenly come to seem really important.and sure enough, the self-help books change to meet these new needs and they start to have names like “how to win friends and influence people.” and they feature as their role models really great salesmen.so that's the world we're living in today.that's our cultural inheritance.now none of this is to say that social skills are unimportant, and i'm also not calling for the abolishing of teamwork at all.the same religions who send their sages off to lonely mountain tops also teach us love and trust.and the problems that we are facing today in fields like science and in economics are so vast and so complex that we are going to need armies of people coming together to solve them working together.but i am saying that the more freedom that we give introverts to be themselves, the more likely that they are to come up with their own unique solutions to these problems.so now i'd like to share with you what's in my suitcase today.guess what? books.i have a suitcase full of books.here's margaret atwood, “cat's eye.” here's a novel by milan kundera.and here's “the guide for the perplexed” by maimonides.but these are not exactly my books.i brought these books with me because they were written by my grandfather's favorite authors.my grandfather was a rabbi and he was a widower who lived alone in a small apartment in brooklyn that was my favorite place in the world when i was growing up, partly because it was filled with his very gentle, very courtly presence and partly because it was filled with books.i mean literally every table, every chair in this apartment had yielded its original function to now serve as a surface for swaying stacks of books.just like the rest of my family, my grandfather's favorite thing to do in the whole world was to read.but he also loved his congregation, and you could feel this love in the sermons that he gave every week for the 62 years that he was a rabbi.he would takes the fruits of each week's reading and he would weave these intricate tapestries of ancient and humanist thought.and people would come from all over to hear him speak.but here's the thing about my grandfather.underneath this ceremonial role, he was really modest and really introverted--so much so that when he delivered these sermons, he had trouble making eye contact with the very same congregation that he had been speaking to for 62 years.and even away from the podium, when you called him to say hello, he would often end the conversation prematurely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time.but when he died at the age of 94, the police had to close down the streets of his neighborhood to accommodate the crowd of people who came out to mourn him.and so these days i try to learn from my grandfather's example in my own way.so i just published a book about introversion, and it took me about seven years to write.and for me, that seven years was like total bliss, because i was reading, i was writing, i was thinking, i was researching.it was my version of my grandfather's hours of the day alone in his library.but now all of a sudden my job is very different, and my job is to be out here talking about it, talking about introversion.(laughter)and that's a lot harder for me, because as honored as i am to be here with all of you right now, this is not my natural milieu.so i prepared for moments like these as best i could.i spent the last year practicing public speaking every chance i could get.and i call this my “year of speaking dangerously.”(laughter)and that actually helped a lot.but i'll tell you, what helps even more is my sense, my belief, my hope that when it comes to our attitudes to introversion and to quiet and to solitude, we truly are poised on the brink on dramatic change.i mean, we are.and so i am going to leave you now with three calls for action for those who share this vision.number one: stop the madness for constant group work.just stop it.(laughter)thank you.(applause)and i want to be clear about what i'm saying, because i deeply believe our offices should be encouraging casual, chatty cafe-style types of interactions--you know, the kind where people come together and serendipitously have an exchange of ideas.that is great.it's great for introverts and it's great for extroverts.but we need much more privacy and much more freedom and much more autonomy at work.school, same thing.we need to be teaching kids to work together, for sure, but we also need to be teaching them how to work on their own.this is especially important for extroverted children too.they need to work on their own because that is where deep thought comes from in part.okay, number two: go to the wilderness.be like buddha, have your own revelations.i'm not saying that we all have to now go off and build our own cabins in the woods and never talk to each other again, but i am saying that we could all stand to unplug and get inside our own heads a little more often.number three: take a good look at what's inside your own suitcase and why you put it there.so extroverts, maybe your suitcases are also full of books.or maybe they're full of champagne glasses or skydiving equipment.whatever it is, i hope you take these things out every chance you get and grace us with your energy and your joy.but introverts, you being you, you probably have the impulse to guard very carefully what's inside your own suitcase.and that's okay.but occasionally, just occasionally, i hope you will open up your suitcases for other people to see, because the world needs you and it needs the things you carry.so i wish you the best of all possible journeys and the courage to speak softly.thank you very much.(applause)
thank you.thank you.
第五篇：The-power-of-introverts-內(nèi)向性格的力量-Ted演講中英文
The power of introverts
When I went off to summer camp for the first time.And when I took my book out of my suitcase, the counselor came up to me with a concerned expression on her face and she said we should all work very hard to be outgoing.And so I put my books away, and put them under my bed.All the times that I got the message that somehow my quiet and introverted style of being was not necessarily the right way to go, that I should be trying to pass as more of an extrovert.And I always sensed deep down that this was wrong and that introverts were pretty excellent just as they were.Now this is what many introverts do, and it's our loss for sure, Because when it comes to creativity , we need introverts doing what they do best.A third to a half of the population are introverts--a third to a half.So that's one out of every two or three people you know.So even if you're an extrovert yourself, I'm talking about your coworkers and your feiends and your relative and the person sitting next to you right now--all of them subject to this bias that is pretty deep and real in our society.We all internalize it from a very early age without even having a language for what we're doing.Now in fact, some of our leaders in history have been introverts.Steve Wozniak invented the first Apple computer sitting alone in his cubicle in Hewlett-Packard where he was working at the time.And he says that he never would have become such an expert in the first place had he not been too introverted to leave the house when he was growing up.Now if all this is true, then why are we getting it so wrong? And why are we making these introverts feel so guilty about wanting to just go off by themselves some of the time? So I wish you the best of all possible journeys and the courage to speak softly.當(dāng)我第一次把書從行李箱中拿出來的時(shí)候 我們的顧問滿臉憂慮的向我走了過來 接著她重復(fù)了關(guān)于“露營(yíng)精神”的要點(diǎn) 并且說我們都應(yīng)當(dāng)努力 去變得外向些.于是我放好我的書 放回了屬于它們的行李箱中
2:30 每當(dāng)我感覺到這樣的時(shí)候 它告訴我出于某種原因，我的寧?kù)o和內(nèi)向的風(fēng)格 并不是正確道路上的必需品 我應(yīng)該更多地嘗試一個(gè)外向者的角色 而在我內(nèi)心深處感覺得到，這是錯(cuò)誤的 內(nèi)向的人們都是非常優(yōu)秀的.3:18 這就是很多內(nèi)向的人正在做的事情 這當(dāng)然是我們的損失 因?yàn)楫?dāng)涉及創(chuàng)造和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的時(shí)候 我們需要內(nèi)向的人做到最好 三分之一到二分之一的人都是內(nèi)向的--三分之一到二分之一 你要知道這可意味著每?jī)傻饺齻€(gè)人中就有一個(gè)內(nèi)向的 所以即使你自己是一個(gè)外向的人 我正在說你的同事 和你的配偶和你的孩子 還有現(xiàn)在正坐在你旁邊的那個(gè)家伙--他們都要屈從于這樣的偏見 一種在我們的社會(huì)中已經(jīng)扎根的現(xiàn)實(shí)偏見 我們從很小的時(shí)候就把它藏在內(nèi)心最深處 甚至都不說幾句話，關(guān)于我們正在做的事情 6:47 事實(shí)上，歷史上一些有改革能力的領(lǐng)袖都是內(nèi)向的人 史蒂夫·沃茲尼亞克發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)蘋果電腦 一個(gè)人獨(dú)自坐在他的機(jī)柜旁 在他當(dāng)時(shí)工作的惠普公司 并且他說他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)在那方面成為一號(hào)專家 但他還沒因太內(nèi)向到要離開那里 那個(gè)他成長(zhǎng)起來的地方 11:02 如果說現(xiàn)在這一切都是真的 那么為什么我們還得到這樣錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論？
為什么我們要讓這些內(nèi)向的人覺得那么愧疚 對(duì)于他們只是想要離開，一個(gè)人獨(dú)處一段時(shí)間的事實(shí)？ 18:32 所以對(duì)于你們即將走上的所有旅程，我都給予你們我最美好的祝愿 還有溫柔地說話的勇氣
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