第一篇：William Deresiewicz在斯坦福大學(xué)的演講.docx

我的題目提出的問題，當(dāng)然，是一個傳統(tǒng)地面向人文科學(xué)的專業(yè)所提出的問題：學(xué)習(xí)文學(xué)、藝術(shù)或哲學(xué)能有什么實(shí)效價(jià)值（practical value）？你肯定納悶，我為什么在以科技堡壘而聞名的斯坦福提出這個問題呢？大學(xué)學(xué)位給人帶來眾多機(jī)會，這還有什么需要質(zhì)疑的嗎？

但 那不是我提出的問題。這里的“做（do）”并不是指工作（job），“那(that)”并不是指你的專業(yè)（major）。]我們不僅僅是我們的工作，教育 的全部也不僅僅是一門主修專業(yè)。（We are more than our jobs, and education is more than a major.）教育也不僅僅是上大學(xué)，甚至也不僅是從幼兒園到研究生院的正規(guī)學(xué)校教育。我說的“你要做什么”的意思是你要過什么樣的生活（what kind of life are you going to lead?）？我所說的“那”指的是你得到的正規(guī)或非正規(guī)的任何訓(xùn)練，那些把你送到這里來的東西，你在學(xué)校的剩余時間里將要做的任何事。

我們不妨先來討論你是如何考入斯坦福的吧。

你 能進(jìn)入這所大學(xué)說明你在某些技能（skills）上非常出色。你的父母在你很小的時候就鼓勵你追求卓越（excel）。他們送你到好學(xué)校，老師的鼓勵和同 伴的榜樣激勵你更努力地學(xué)習(xí)。除了在所有課程上都出類拔萃之外，你還注重修養(yǎng)的提高，充滿熱情地培養(yǎng)了一些特殊興趣。你用幾個暑假在本地大學(xué)里預(yù)習(xí)大學(xué)課 程，或參加專門技能的夏令營或訓(xùn)練營。你學(xué)習(xí)刻苦、精力集中、全力以赴。所以，你在數(shù)學(xué)、鋼琴、曲棍球等眾多方面都很出色。

掌握 這些技能當(dāng)然沒有錯，全力以赴成為最優(yōu)秀的人也沒有錯。錯誤之處在于這個體系遺漏的地方：即任何別的東西（everything else）。我并不是說因?yàn)檫x擇鉆研數(shù)學(xué)，你在充分發(fā)展話語表達(dá)能力的潛力方面就失敗了；也不是說除了集中精力學(xué)習(xí)地質(zhì)學(xué)之外，你還應(yīng)該研究政治學(xué)；也不 是說你在學(xué)習(xí)鋼琴時還應(yīng)該學(xué)吹笛子。畢竟，專業(yè)化的本質(zhì)就是要專業(yè)性?？墒?，專業(yè)化的問題在于它把你的注意力限制在一個點(diǎn)上，你所已知的和你想探知的東西 都限界于此（it narrows your attention to the point where all you know about and all you want to know about）。真的，你能知道的一切就只是你的專業(yè)了。

專 業(yè)化（specialization）的問題是它讓你成為專家（specialist），切斷你與世界上其他任何東西的聯(lián)系，不僅如此，還切斷你與自身其 他潛能的聯(lián)系（It cuts you off, not only from everything else in the world, but also from everything else in yourself.）。當(dāng)然，作為大一新生，你的專業(yè)才剛剛開始。在你走向所 渴望的成功之路的過程中，進(jìn)入斯坦福是你踏上的眾多階梯中的一個。再讀三年大學(xué)，三五年法學(xué)院或醫(yī)學(xué)院或博士，然后再干若干年住院實(shí)習(xí)生或博士后或助理教 授?？偠灾?，進(jìn)入越來越狹窄的專業(yè)化軌道。你可能從政治學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生變成了律師或者公司代理人，再變成專門研究消費(fèi)品領(lǐng)域的稅收問題的公司代理人。你從 生物化學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生變成了博士，再變成心臟病學(xué)家，再變成專門做心臟瓣膜移植的心臟病醫(yī)生。

再次，做這些事沒有任何錯。只不過，在你越來越深入地進(jìn)入這個軌道后，再記得你最初的樣子（remember who you once were）就益發(fā)困難了。你 開始懷念那個曾經(jīng)談鋼琴和打曲棍球的人，思考那個曾經(jīng)和朋友熱烈討論人生和政治以及在課堂內(nèi)容的人在做什么。那個活潑能干的19歲年輕人已經(jīng)變成了只想一 件事的40歲中年人。（The 19-year-old who could do so many things, and was interested in so many things, has become a 40-year-old who thinks about only one thing.）難怪年長的人這么乏味無趣。（That's why older people are so boring.）“哎，我爸爸曾經(jīng)是非常聰明的人，但他現(xiàn)在除了談?wù)撳X和肝臟外再無其他?！保ā癏ey, my dad's a smart guy, but all he talks about is money and livers.”）

還有另外一個問題。

或許你從來沒有想過當(dāng)心臟病醫(yī)生，只是碰巧發(fā)生了而已。隨大流最容易，這就是體制的力量。（It's easy, the way the system works, to simply go with the flow.）我不是說這個工作容易，而是說做出這種選擇很容易。或者，這些根本就不是自己做出的選擇。你 來到斯坦福這樣的名牌大學(xué)是因?yàn)槁斆鞯暮⒆佣歼@樣（because that's what smart kids do.）。你考入醫(yī)學(xué)院是因?yàn)樗牡匚桓?，人人都羨慕。你選擇心臟病學(xué)是因?yàn)楫?dāng)心臟病醫(yī)生的待遇很好。你做那些事能給你帶來好處，讓你的父母感到驕傲，令 你的老師感到高興，也讓朋友們羨慕。從你上高中開始，甚至初中開始，你的唯一目標(biāo)就是進(jìn)入最好的大學(xué)，所以現(xiàn)在你會很自然地從“進(jìn)入下個階段”的角度看待 人生（you naturally think about your life in terms of “getting into” whatever's next）。“進(jìn)入”就是能力的證明，“進(jìn)入”就是勝利。先進(jìn)入斯坦福，然后是約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)學(xué)院，再進(jìn)入舊金山大學(xué)做實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生等。或者進(jìn)入密歇根法學(xué) 院，或高盛集團(tuán)（GoldmanSachs）或麥肯錫公司（McKinsey）或別的什么地方。你邁出了這一步，下一步似乎就必然在等著你。

也許你確實(shí)想當(dāng)心臟病學(xué)家。十歲時就夢想成為醫(yī)生，即使你根本不知道醫(yī)生意味著什么。你在上學(xué)期間全身心都在朝著這個目標(biāo)前進(jìn)。你拒絕了上大學(xué)預(yù)修歷史課（AP history）時的美妙體驗(yàn)的誘惑，也無視你在醫(yī)學(xué)院第四年的兒科學(xué)輪流值班時照看孩子的可怕感受。

但不管是什么，要么因?yàn)槟汶S大流，要么因?yàn)槟阍缇瓦x定了道路，20年后某天醒來，你或許會納悶到底發(fā)生了什么：你怎么變成現(xiàn)在這個樣子，這一切意味著什么。不 是它是什么，不在于它是否“大畫面”（big picture）而是它對你意味著什么。你為什么做它，到底為了什么。這聽起來像老生常談，但這個被稱為中年危機(jī)（midlife crisis）的“有一天醒來”（“waking up one day”）一直就發(fā)生在每個人身上。

不過，還有另外一種情況，或許中年危機(jī)并不會發(fā)生在你身上。

讓 我通過告訴你們一個同伴的故事來解釋我的意思吧，即她沒有遭遇的情況。幾年前，我在哈佛參加了一次小組討論會，談到這些問題。后來參加這次討論的一個學(xué)生 給我聯(lián)系，這個哈佛學(xué)生正在寫有關(guān)哈佛的畢業(yè)論文，討論哈佛是如何給學(xué)生灌輸她所說的“自我效能”（self-efficacy），一種相信自己能做一切 的意識。自我效能或更熟悉的說法“自我尊重”（self-esteem）。她說在考試中得了優(yōu)秀的有些學(xué)生會說“我得優(yōu)秀是因?yàn)樵囶}很簡單。” 但另外一些學(xué)生，那種具有自我效能感或自我尊重的學(xué)生，考試得了優(yōu)秀會說“我得優(yōu)秀是因?yàn)槲衣斆鳌！?/p>

再次，認(rèn)為得了優(yōu)秀是因?yàn)樽约郝斆鞯南敕ú]有任何錯，不過，哈佛學(xué)生沒有認(rèn)識到的是他們沒有第三種選擇（a third alternative）。當(dāng)我指出這一點(diǎn)時，她十分震驚。我指出，真 正的自尊意味著最初根本就不在乎成績是否優(yōu)秀。真正的自尊意味著對此問題的足夠認(rèn)識：盡管你在成長過程中的一切都在教導(dǎo)你要相信自己，但你所達(dá)到的登記，還有那些獎勵、成績、獎品、錄取通知書等所有這一切，都不能來定義你是誰（defines who you are）。

她 還說，這個年輕的女孩子說哈佛學(xué)生把他們的自我效能帶到了世界上，如她所說的“創(chuàng)新”（innovative）。但當(dāng)我問她“創(chuàng)新”意味著什么時，她能夠 想到的唯一例子不過是“世界大公司五百強(qiáng)的首席執(zhí)行官”（“being CEO of a Fortune 500”）。我告訴她這不是創(chuàng)新，這只是成功（that's just successful），而且是根據(jù)非常狹隘的成功定義而認(rèn)定的成功而已。真 正的創(chuàng)新意味著運(yùn)用你的想象力，發(fā)揮你的潛力，創(chuàng)造新的可能性。（True innovation means using your imagination, exercising the capacity to envision new possibilities.）

但這里我并不是在談?wù)摷夹g(shù)創(chuàng)新，不是發(fā)明新機(jī)器或者制造一種新藥，我談?wù)摰氖橇硗庖环N創(chuàng)新，是創(chuàng) 造你自己的生活（inventing your own life）。不是走現(xiàn)成的道路而是創(chuàng)造一條屬于自己的道路。（Not following a path, but making your own path.）我談?wù)摰南胂罅κ堑赖孪胂罅Γ╩oral imagination；眠按：這個是心理學(xué)專業(yè)名詞）?！暗赖隆痹谶@里無關(guān)對錯，而是與選擇有關(guān)。道德想象力意味著創(chuàng)造自己新生的能力（envision new ways to live your life）。

它意味著不隨波 逐流（going with the flow），不是下一步要“進(jìn)入”什么名牌大學(xué)或研究生院。而是要弄清楚自己到底想要什么，而不是父母、同伴、學(xué)校、或社會想要什么。即確認(rèn)你自己的價(jià)值 觀（own values），思考邁向自己所定義的成功的道路，而不僅僅是接受別人給你的生活(simply accepting the life that you've been handed)，不僅僅是接受別人給你的選擇。當(dāng)今走進(jìn)星巴克咖啡館，服務(wù)員可能讓你在牛奶咖啡（latte）、加糖咖啡（macchiato）、特制咖 啡（espresso）等幾樣?xùn)|西之間做出選擇。但你可以做出另外的選擇，你可以轉(zhuǎn)身走出去。當(dāng)你進(jìn)入大學(xué)，人家給你眾多選擇，或法律或醫(yī)學(xué)或投資銀行和 咨詢以及其他，但你同樣也可以做其他事，做從前根本沒有人想過的事(something that no one has thought of before)。

讓我再舉一個反面的例子。

幾年前我寫過一篇涉及同類問題的文章。我說，那些在耶魯和斯 坦福這類名校的孩子往往比較謹(jǐn)慎，去追求一些穩(wěn)妥的獎勵。我得到的最常見的批評是：教育項(xiàng)目“為美國而教”（Teach for America）如何？從名校出來的很多學(xué)生畢業(yè)后很多參與這個教育項(xiàng)目，因此我的觀點(diǎn)是錯誤的。我一再聽到TFA這個術(shù)語?！盀槊绹獭碑?dāng)然是好東 西，但引用這個項(xiàng)目來反駁我的觀點(diǎn)恰恰是不得要領(lǐng)，實(shí)際上正好證明了我想說的東西?！盀槊绹獭钡膯栴}或者“為美國而教”已經(jīng)成為體系一部分的問題，是它已經(jīng)成為另外一個需要“進(jìn)入”的門檻。

從其內(nèi)容來看，“為美國而教”完全不同于高盛或者麥肯錫公司或哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院或者伯克利法學(xué)院，但從它在精英期待的體系中的地位來說，完全是一樣的。它享有盛名，很難進(jìn)入，是值得你和父母夸耀的東西，如果寫在簡歷上會很好看（it looks good on your résumé），最重要的是，它代表了清晰標(biāo)記的道路（a clearly marked path.）。你根本不用自己創(chuàng)造，什么都不用做，只需申請然后按要求做就行了，就像上大學(xué)或法學(xué)院或麥肯錫公司或別的什么。它是社會參與方面的斯坦?；?哈佛，是另一個柵欄，另一枚獎?wù)?。該?xiàng)目需要能力和勤奮，但不需要一丁點(diǎn)兒的道德想象力。

道德想象力是困 難的，這種困難與你已經(jīng)習(xí)慣的困難完全不同。不僅如此，光有道德想象力還不夠。如果你要創(chuàng)造自己的生活（invent your own life），如果你想成為真正的獨(dú)立思想者（truly autonomous），你還需要勇氣：道德勇氣（moral courage）。不管別人說什么，有按自己的價(jià)值觀行動的勇氣，不會因?yàn)閯e人不喜歡而試圖改變自己的想法。具有道德勇氣的個人往往讓周圍的人感到不舒 服。他們和其他人對世界的看法格格不入，更糟糕的是，讓別人對自己已經(jīng)做出的選擇感到不安全或無法做出選擇。只要別人也不享受自由，人們就不在乎自己被關(guān) 進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。可一旦有人越獄，其他人都會跟著跑出去。

在《青年藝術(shù)家的肖像》（A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man）中，詹姆斯?喬伊斯（James Joyce）讓主人公斯蒂芬?迪達(dá)勒斯（Stephen Dedalus）就19世紀(jì)末期的愛爾蘭的成長環(huán)境說出了如下名言“當(dāng)一個人的靈魂誕生在這個國家時，有一張大網(wǎng)把它罩住，防止它飛翔。你會給我談?wù)撁褡?性、語言和宗教。我想沖出這些牢籠?！保ā癢hen the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight.You talk to me of nationality, language, religion.I shall try to fly by those nets.”）

今天，我們面臨的是其他的網(wǎng)。

其 中之一是我在就這些問題與學(xué)生交流時經(jīng)常聽到的一個術(shù)語“自我放任”（“self-indulgent”）?！霸诠プx學(xué)位過程中有這么多事要做的時候（so many other things），試圖按照自己的感覺生活難道不是自我放任嗎？”“畢業(yè)后不去找個真正的工作（getting a real job）而去畫畫難道不是自我放任嗎？”

這些是年輕人只要思考一下稍稍出格（a little bit different）的事就不由自主地質(zhì)問自己的問題。更糟糕的是，他們覺得提出這些問題是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)（feel compelled）的。許多學(xué)生在畢業(yè)前夕的未來探索中跟我說，他們感受到來自同伴那里的壓力（the pressure they felt from their peers），需要為創(chuàng)造性的生活或思想生活辯護(hù)（to justify a creative or intellectual life）。好像自己已經(jīng)走火入魔了似的：拋棄確定無疑的東西是瘋了，認(rèn)為思想生活可行是瘋了，想象你有權(quán)嘗試是瘋了。（You're made to feel like you're crazy: crazy to forsake the sure thing, crazy to think it could work, crazy to imagine that you even have a right to try.眠按：“羊霸王”比更外界的壓力更厲害。）

想象我們現(xiàn)在面臨的局面。這是美國社會的貧困——思想、道德和精神貧困的最明顯癥狀，美國最聰明的年輕人竟然認(rèn)為聽從自己的好奇心行動就是自我放任。你 們得到的教導(dǎo)是應(yīng)該上大學(xué)，但你們同時也被告知如果真的想得到教育，那就是“自我放任”。如果你自我教育的話，更糟糕。這是什么道理？進(jìn)入證券咨詢業(yè)是不 是自我放任？進(jìn)入金融業(yè)是不是自我放任？像許多人那樣進(jìn)入律師界發(fā)財(cái)是不是自我放任？搞音樂，寫文章就不行，因?yàn)樗荒芙o人帶來利益（what good does that really do anyone）。但為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司工作就可以。追求自己的理想和激情是自私的，除非它能讓你賺很多錢。那樣的話，就一點(diǎn)兒也不自私了。（It's selfish to pursue your passion, unless it's also going to make you a lot of money, in which case it's not selfish at all.）

你看到這些觀點(diǎn)是多么荒謬了嗎？這就是罩在你們身上的網(wǎng)，就是我說的需要勇氣的意思。這是永不停息的過程（a never-ending process）。在 兩年前的哈佛事件中，有個學(xué)生談到我說的大學(xué)生需要重新思考人生決定的觀點(diǎn)，他說“我們已經(jīng)做出了決定，我們早在中學(xué)時就已經(jīng)決定成為能夠進(jìn)入哈佛的高材 生?！蔽以谙?，誰會打算按照他在12歲時做出的決定生活呢？(who wants to live with the decisions that they made when they were 12?)讓我換一種說法，誰愿意讓一個12歲的孩子決定他們未來一輩子要做什么呢？或者一個19歲的小毛孩兒？

你能做出的決定是你現(xiàn)在想什么，你需要準(zhǔn)備好不斷修改自己的決定。

讓 我說得更明白一些。我不是在試圖說服你們都成為音樂家或者作家。成為醫(yī)生、律師、科學(xué)家、工程師或者經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家沒有什么不好，這些都是可靠的、可敬的選擇（valid and admirable choices）。我想說的是你需要思考它，認(rèn)真地思考（think about it hard）。我請求你們做的，是根據(jù)正確的理由做出你的選擇。我在敦促你們的，是認(rèn)識到你的道德自由（moral freedom）并熱情擁抱它。

最 重要的是，不要過分謹(jǐn)慎。（Don't play it safe.）去拒否（RESIST）我們社會給予了過高獎賞的那些卑怯的價(jià)值觀的誘惑：舒服、方便、安全、可預(yù)測的、可控制的。這些，同樣是羅網(wǎng)。最重要 的是，去拒否失敗的恐懼感。是的，你會犯錯誤。可那是你的錯誤，不是別人的。你將從錯誤中緩過來，而且，正是因?yàn)檫@些錯誤，你更好地認(rèn)識你自己。由此，你 成為更完整和強(qiáng)大的人（a fuller and a stronger person）。

人們 常說你們年輕人屬于“后情感”一代（a “postemotional” generation），我想我未必贊同這個說法，但這個說法值得嚴(yán)肅對待。你們更愿意規(guī)避混亂、動蕩和強(qiáng)烈的感情（avoid messy and turbulent and powerful feelings），但我想說，不要回避挑戰(zhàn)自我（the challenging parts of yourself），不要否認(rèn)欲望和好奇心（the desires and curiosities）、懷疑和不滿（the doubts and dissatisfactions）、快樂和陰郁（the joy and the darkness），它們可能改變你預(yù)設(shè)的人生軌跡。大學(xué)剛開始，成年時代也才剛開始。打開自己，直面各種可能性吧。這個世界的深廣遠(yuǎn)超你現(xiàn)在想象的邊 際。這意味著，你自身的深廣也將遠(yuǎn)超你現(xiàn)在的想象。

第二篇：奧普拉在斯坦福大學(xué)演講文本

Thank you, President Hennessy, and to the trustees and the faculty, to all of the parents and grandparents, to you, the Stanford graduates.Thank you for letting me share this amazing day with you.I need to begin by letting everyone in on a little secret.The secret is that Kirby Bumpus, Stanford Class of '08, is my goddaughter.So, I was thrilled when President Hennessy asked me to be your Commencement speaker, because this is the first time I've been allowed on campus since Kirby's been here.You see, Kirby's a very smart girl.She wants people to get to know her on her own terms, she says.Not in terms of who she knows.So, she never wants anyone who's first meeting her to know that I know her and she knows me.So, when she first came to Stanford for new student orientation with her mom, I hear that they arrived and everybody was so welcoming, and somebody came up to Kirby and they said, “Ohmigod, that's Gayle King!” Because a lot of people know Gayle King as my BFF [best friend forever].And so somebody comes up to Kirby, and they say, “Ohmigod, is that Gayle King?” And Kirby's like, “Uh-huh.She's my mom.” And so the person says, “Ohmigod, does it mean, like, you know Oprah Winfrey?” And Kirby says, “Sort of.” I said, “Sort of? You sort of know me?” Well, I have photographic proof.I have pictures which I can e-mail to you all of Kirby riding horsey with me on all fours.So, I more than sort-of know Kirby Bumpus.And I'm so happy to be here, just happy that I finally, after four years, get to see her room.There's really nowhere else I'd rather be, because I'm so proud of Kirby, who graduates today with two degrees, one in human bio and the other in psychology.Love you, Kirby Cakes!That's how well I know her.I can call her Cakes.And so proud of her mother and father, who helped her get through this time, and her brother, Will.I really had nothing to do with her graduating from Stanford, but every time anybody's asked me in the past couple of weeks what I was doing, I would say, “I'm getting ready to go to Stanford.” I just love saying “Stanford.” Because the truth is, I know I would have never gotten my degree at all, 'cause I didn't go to Stanford.I went to Tennessee State University.But I never would have gotten my diploma at all, because I was supposed to graduate back in 1975, but I was short one credit.And I figured, I'm just going to forget it, 'cause, you know, I'm not going to march with my class.Because by that point, I was already on television.I'd been in television since I was 19 and a sophomore.Granted, I was the only television anchor person that had an 11 o'clock curfew doing the 10 o'clock news.Seriously, my dad was like, “Well, that news is over at 10:30.Be home by 11.” But that didn't matter to me, because I was earning a living.I was on my way.So, I thought, I'm going to let this college thing go and I only had one credit short.But, my father, from that time on and for years after, was always on my case, because I did not graduate.He'd say, “Oprah Gail”—that's my middle name—“I don't know what you're gonna do without that degree.” And I'd say, “But, Dad, I have my own television show.” And he'd say, “Well, I still don't know what you're going to do without that degree.” And I'd say, “But, Dad, now I'm a talk show host.” He'd say, “I don't know how you're going to get another job without that degree.” So, in 1987, Tennessee State University invited me back to speak at their commencement.By then, I had my own show, was nationally syndicated.I'd made a movie, had been nominated for an Oscar and founded my company, Harpo.But I told them, I cannot come and give a speech unless I can earn one more credit, because my dad's still saying I'm not going to get anywhere without that degree.So, I finished my coursework, I turned in my final paper and I got the degree.And my dad was very proud.And I know that, if anything happens, that one credit will be my salvation.But I also know why my dad was insisting on that diploma, because, as B.B.King put it, “The beautiful thing about learning is that nobody can take that away from you.” And learning is really in the broadest sense what I want to talk about today, because your education, of course, isn't ending here.In many ways, it's only just begun.The world has so many lessons to teach you.I consider the world, this Earth, to be like a school and our life the classrooms.And sometimes here in this Planet Earth school the lessons often come dressed up as detours or roadblocks.And sometimes as full-blown crises.And the secret I've learned to getting ahead is being open to the lessons, lessons from the grandest university of all, that is, the universe itself.It's being able to walk through life eager and open to self-improvement and that which is going to best help you evolve, 'cause that's really why we're here, to evolve as human beings.To grow into more of ourselves, always moving to the next level of understanding, the next level of compassion and growth.I think about one of the greatest compliments I've ever received: I interviewed with a reporter when I was first starting out in Chicago.And then many years later, I saw the same reporter.And she said to me, “You know what? You really haven't changed.You've just become more of yourself.” And that is really what we're all trying to do, become more of ourselves.And I believe that there's a lesson in almost everything that you do and every experience, and getting the lesson is how you move forward.It's how you enrich your spirit.And, trust me, I know that inner wisdom is more precious than wealth.The more you spend it, the more you gain.So, today, I just want to share a few lessons—meaning three—that I've learned in my journey so far.And aren't you glad? Don't you hate it when somebody says, “I'm going to share a few,” and it's 10 lessons later? And, you're like, “Listen, this is my graduation.This is not about you.” So, it's only going to be three.The three lessons that have had the greatest impact on my life have to do with feelings, with failure and with finding happiness.A year after I left college, I was given the opportunity to co-anchor the 6 o'clock news in Baltimore, because the whole goal in the media at the time I was coming up was you try to move to larger markets.And Baltimore was a much larger market than Nashville.So, getting the 6 o'clock news co-anchor job at 22 was such a big deal.It felt like the biggest deal in the world at the time.And I was so proud, because I was finally going to have my chance to be like Barbara Walters, which is who I had been trying to emulate since the start of my TV career.So, I was 22 years old, making $22,000 a year.And it's where I met my best friend, Gayle, who was an intern at the same TV station.And once we became friends, we'd say, “Ohmigod, I can't believe it!You're making $22,000 and you're only 22.Imagine when you're 40 and you're making $40,000!” When I turned 40, I was so glad that didn't happen.So, here I am, 22, making $22,000 a year and, yet, it didn't feel right.It didn't feel right.The first sign, as President Hennessy was saying, was when they tried to change my name.The news director said to me at the time, “Nobody's going to remember Oprah.So, we want to change your name.We've come up with a name we think that people will remember and people will like.It's a friendly name: Suzie.” Hi, Suzie.Very friendly.You can't be angry with Suzie.Remember Suzie.But my name wasn't Suzie.And, you know, I'd grown up not really loving my name, because when you're looking for your little name on the lunch boxes and the license plate tags, you're never going to find Oprah.So, I grew up not loving the name, but once I was asked to change it, I thought, well, it is my name and do I look like a Suzie to you? So, I thought, no, it doesn't feel right.I'm not going to change my name.And if people remember it or not, that's OK.And then they said they didn't like the way I looked.This was in 1976, when your boss could call you in and say, “I don't like the way you look.” Now that would be called a lawsuit, but back then they could just say, “I don't like the way you look.” Which, in case some of you in the back, if you can't tell, is nothing like Barbara Walters.So, they sent me to a salon where they gave me a perm, and after a few days all my hair fell out and I had to shave my head.And then they really didn't like the way I looked.Because now I am black and bald and sitting on TV.Not a pretty picture.But even worse than being bald, I really hated, hated, hated being sent to report on other people's tragedies as a part of my daily duty, knowing that I was just expected to observe, when everything in my instinct told me that I should be doing something, I should be lending a hand.So, as President Hennessy said, I'd cover a fire and then I'd go back and I'd try to give the victims blankets.And I wouldn't be able to sleep at night because of all the things I was covering during the day.And, meanwhile, I was trying to sit gracefully like Barbara and make myself talk like Barbara.And I thought, well, I could make a pretty goofy Barbara.And if I could figure out how to be myself, I could be a pretty good Oprah.I was trying to sound elegant like Barbara.And sometimes I didn't read my copy, because something inside me said, this should be spontaneous.So, I wanted to get the news as I was giving it to the people.So, sometimes, I wouldn't read my copy and it would be, like, six people on a pileup on I-40.Oh, my goodness.And sometimes I wouldn't read the copy—because I wanted to be spontaneous—and I'd come across a list of words I didn't know and I'd mispronounce.And one day I was reading copy and I called Canada “ca nada.” And I decided, this Barbara thing's not going too well.I should try being myself.But at the same time, my dad was saying, “Oprah Gail, this is an opportunity of a lifetime.You better keep that job.” And my boss was saying, “This is the nightly news.You're an anchor, not a social worker.Just do your job.” So, I was juggling these messages of expectation and obligation and feeling really miserable with myself.I'd go home at night and fill up my journals, 'cause I've kept a journal since I was 15—so I now have volumes of journals.So, I'd go home at night and fill up my journals about how miserable I was and frustrated.Then I'd eat my anxiety.That's where I learned that habit.And after eight months, I lost that job.They said I was too emotional.I was too much.But since they didn't want to pay out the contract, they put me on a talk show in Baltimore.And the moment I sat down on that show, the moment I did, I felt like I'd come home.I realized that TV could be more than just a playground, but a platform for service, for helping other people lift their lives.And the moment I sat down, doing that talk show, it felt like breathing.It felt right.And that's where everything that followed for me began.And I got that lesson.When you're doing the work you're meant to do, it feels right and every day is a bonus, regardless of what you're getting paid.It's true.And how do you know when you're doing something right? How do you know that? It feels so.What I know now is that feelings are really your GPS system for life.When you're supposed to do something or not supposed to do something, your emotional guidance system lets you know.The trick is to learn to check your ego at the door and start checking your gut instead.Every right decision I've made—every right decision I've ever made—has come from my gut.And every wrong decision I've ever made was a result of me not listening to the greater voice of myself.If it doesn't feel right, don't do it.That's the lesson.And that lesson alone will save you, my friends, a lot of grief.Even doubt means don't.This is what I've learned.There are many times when you don't know what to do.When you don't know what to do, get still, get very still, until you do know what to do.And when you do get still and let your internal motivation be the driver, not only will your personal life improve, but you will gain a competitive edge in the working world as well.Because, as Daniel Pink writes in his best-seller, A Whole New Mind, we're entering a whole new age.And he calls it the Conceptual Age, where traits that set people apart today are going to come from our hearts—right brain—as well as our heads.It's no longer just the logical, linear, rules-based thinking that matters, he says.It's also empathy and joyfulness and purpose, inner traits that have transcendent worth.These qualities bloom when we're doing what we love, when we're involving the wholeness of ourselves in our work, both our expertise and our emotion.So, I say to you, forget about the fast lane.If you really want to fly, just harness your power to your passion.Honor your calling.Everybody has one.Trust your heart and success will come to you.So, how do I define success? Let me tell you, money's pretty nice.I'm not going to stand up here and tell you that it's not about money, 'cause money is very nice.I like money.It's good for buying things.But having a lot of money does not automatically make you a successful person.What you want is money and meaning.You want your work to be meaningful.Because meaning is what brings the real richness to your life.What you really want is to be surrounded by people you trust and treasure and by people who cherish you.That's when you're really rich.So, lesson one, follow your feelings.If it feels right, move forward.If it doesn't feel right, don't do it.Now I want to talk a little bit about failings, because nobody's journey is seamless or smooth.We all stumble.We all have setbacks.If things go wrong, you hit a dead end—as you will—it's just life's way of saying time to change course.So, ask every failure—this is what I do with every failure, every crisis, every difficult time—I say, what is this here to teach me? And as soon as you get the lesson, you get to move on.If you really get the lesson, you pass and you don't have to repeat the class.If you don't get the lesson, it shows up wearing another pair of pants—or skirt—to give you some remedial work.And what I've found is that difficulties come when you don't pay attention to life's whisper, because life always whispers to you first.And if you ignore the whisper, sooner or later you'll get a scream.Whatever you resist persists.But, if you ask the right question—not why is this happening, but what is this here to teach me?—it puts you in the place and space to get the lesson you need.My friend Eckhart Tolle, who's written this wonderful book called A New Earth that's all about letting the awareness of who you are stimulate everything that you do, he puts it like this: He says, don't react against a bad situation;merge with that situation instead.And the solution will arise from the challenge.Because surrendering yourself doesn't mean giving up;it means acting with responsibility.Many of you know that, as President Hennessy said, I started this school in Africa.And I founded the school, where I'm trying to give South African girls a shot at a future like yours—Stanford.And I spent five years making sure that school would be as beautiful as the students.I wanted every girl to feel her worth reflected in her surroundings.So, I checked every blueprint, I picked every pillow.I was looking at the grout in between the bricks.I knew every thread count of the sheets.I chose every girl from the villages, from nine provinces.And yet, last fall, I was faced with a crisis I had never anticipated.I was told that one of the dorm matrons was suspected of sexual abuse.That was, as you can imagine, devastating news.First, I cried—actually, I sobbed—for about half an hour.And then I said, let's get to it;that's all you get, a half an hour.You need to focus on the now, what you need to do now.So, I contacted a child trauma specialist.I put together a team of investigators.I made sure the girls had counseling and support.And Gayle and I got on a plane and flew to South Africa.And the whole time I kept asking that question: What is this here to teach me? And, as difficult as that experience has been, I got a lot of lessons.I understand now the mistakes I made, because I had been paying attention to all of the wrong things.I'd built that school from the outside in, when what really mattered was the inside out.So, it's a lesson that applies to all of our lives as a whole.What matters most is what's inside.What matters most is the sense of integrity, of quality and beauty.I got that lesson.And what I know is that the girls came away with something, too.They have emerged from this more resilient and knowing that their voices have power.And their resilience and spirit have given me more than I could ever give to them, which leads me to my final lesson—the one about finding happiness—which we could talk about all day, but I know you have other wacky things to do.Not a small topic this is, finding happiness.But in some ways I think it's the simplest of all.Gwendolyn Brooks wrote a poem for her children.It's called “Speech to the Young : Speech to the Progress-Toward.” And she says at the end, “Live not for battles won./ Live not for the-end-of-the-song./ Live in the along.” She's saying, like Eckhart Tolle, that you have to live for the present.You have to be in the moment.Whatever has happened to you in your past has no power over this present moment, because life is now.But I think she's also saying, be a part of something.Don't live for yourself alone.This is what I know for sure: In order to be truly happy, you must live along with and you have to stand for something larger than yourself.Because life is a reciprocal exchange.To move forward you have to give back.And to me, that is the greatest lesson of life.To be happy, you have to give something back.I know you know that, because that's a lesson that's woven into the very fabric of this university.It's a lesson that Jane and Leland Stanford got and one they've bequeathed to you.Because all of you know the story of how this great school came to be, how the Stanfords lost their only child to typhoid at the age of 15.They had every right and they had every reason to turn their backs against the world at that time, but instead, they channeled their grief and their pain into an act of grace.Within a year of their son's death, they had made the founding grant for this great school, pledging to do for other people's children what they were not able to do for their own boy.The lesson here is clear, and that is, if you're hurting, you need to help somebody ease their hurt.If you're in pain, help somebody else's pain.And when you're in a mess, you get yourself out of the mess helping somebody out of theirs.And in the process, you get to become a member of what I call the greatest fellowship of all, the sorority of compassion and the fraternity of service.The Stanfords had suffered the worst thing any mom and dad can ever endure, yet they understood that helping others is the way we help ourselves.And this wisdom is increasingly supported by scientific and sociological research.It's no longer just woo-woo soft-skills talk.There's actually a helper's high, a spiritual surge you gain from serving others.So, if you want to feel good, you have to go out and do some good.But when you do good, I hope you strive for more than just the good feeling that service provides, because I know this for sure, that doing good actually makes you better.So, whatever field you choose, if you operate from the paradigm of service, I know your life will have more value and you will be happy.I was always happy doing my talk show, but that happiness reached a depth of fulfillment, of joy, that I really can't describe to you or measure when I stopped just being on TV and looking at TV as a job and decided to use television, to use it and not have it use me, to use it as a platform to serve my viewers.That alone changed the trajectory of my success.So, I know this—that whether you're an actor, you offer your talent in the way that most inspires art.If you're an anatomist, you look at your gift as knowledge and service to healing.Whether you've been called, as so many of you here today getting doctorates and other degrees, to the professions of business, law, engineering, humanities, science, medicine, if you choose to offer your skills and talent in service, when you choose the paradigm of service, looking at life through that paradigm, it turns everything you do from a job into a gift.And I know you haven't spent all this time at Stanford just to go out and get a job.You've been enriched in countless ways.There's no better way to make your mark on the world and to share that abundance with others.My constant prayer for myself is to be used in service for the greater good.So, let me end with one of my favorite quotes from Martin Luther King.Dr.King said, “Not everybody can be famous.” And I don't know, but everybody today seems to want to be famous.But fame is a trip.People follow you to the bathroom, listen to you pee.It's just—try to pee quietly.It doesn't matter, they come out and say, “Ohmigod, it's you.You peed.” That's the fame trip, so I don't know if you want that.So, Dr.King said, “Not everybody can be famous.But everybody can be great, because greatness is determined by service.” Those of you who are history scholars may know the rest of that passage.He said, “You don't have to have a college degree to serve.You don't have to make your subject and verb agree to serve.You don't have to know about Plato or Aristotle to serve.You don't have to know Einstein's theory of relativity to serve.You don't have to know the second theory of thermodynamics in physics to serve.You only need a heart full of grace and a soul generated by love.” In a few moments, you'll all be officially Stanford's '08.You have the heart and the smarts to go with it.And it's up to you to decide, really, where will you now use those gifts? You've got the diploma, so go out and get the lessons, 'cause I know great things are sure to come.You know, I've always believed that everything is better when you share it, so before I go, I wanted to share a graduation gift with you.Underneath your seats you'll find two of my favorite books.Eckhart Tolle's A New Earth is my current book club selection.Our New Earth webcast has been downloaded 30 million times with that book.And Daniel Pink's A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future has reassured me I'm in the right direction.I really wanted to give you cars but I just couldn't pull that off!Congratulations, '08!Thank you.Thank you

第三篇：喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)演講全文

喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)演講全文：'You've got to find what you love,' 來源： 蔣文軒的日志

'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says

This is a prepared text of the Commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005.I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.I never graduated from college.Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That's it.No big deal.Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out? It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.And 17 years later I did go to college.But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition.After six months, I couldn't see the value in it.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.It wasn't all romantic.I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5￠ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.I loved it.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever.This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life.Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20.We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired.How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well.But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him.So at 30 I was out.And very publicly out.What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.I really didn't know what to do for a few months.I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs downthese things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important.Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer.I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.I didn't even know what a pancreas was.The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die.It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnosis all day.Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.I had the surgery and I'm fine now.This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades.Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there.And yet death is the destination we all share.No one has ever escaped it.And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life.It is Life's change agent.It clears out the old to make way for the new.Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much

第四篇：比爾蓋茨在斯坦福大學(xué)的演講

比爾蓋茨在斯坦福大學(xué)的演講

主講人介紹：比爾·蓋茨是微軟公司主席和首席軟件架構(gòu)師。微軟公司在個人計(jì)算和商業(yè)計(jì)算軟件、服務(wù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)方面都是全球范圍內(nèi)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。在2002年6月截止的上個財(cái)年，微軟公司的收入達(dá)283.7億美元，在78個國家和地區(qū)開展業(yè)務(wù)，全球的員工總數(shù)超過50,000人。

內(nèi)容：比爾·蓋茨于2008年02月20日在斯坦福大學(xué)發(fā)表了一次演講，主題是“軟件、創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)業(yè)和回饋”。

比爾·蓋茨(Bill Gates)2008年02月19日 在斯坦福大學(xué)發(fā)表了一次演講，主題是“軟件、創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)業(yè)和回饋”。

蓋茨首先談了軟件在下一個數(shù)字十年可以做哪些事情。同第一個數(shù)字十年相比，第二個數(shù)字十年將帶來更大的變化，這主要得益于此前打下的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。到目前為止，全球已經(jīng)擁有超過10億臺PC，手機(jī)用戶達(dá)到幾十億人，寬帶互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶也達(dá)到幾億人。中國的寬帶用戶人數(shù)已經(jīng)超越美國，而且美國無力再反超。美國只有PC和軟件市場還大于中國。

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)讓世界變得更小。PC最初主要用于編輯文檔，現(xiàn)在用于收發(fā)電子郵件和內(nèi)容，而未來一切都將數(shù)字化。PC的普及將給每一個行業(yè)帶來影響，甚至包括教育行業(yè)。

考慮到軟件所能發(fā)揮的巨大作用，我們對未來應(yīng)當(dāng)有更大的“野心”。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及，全世界的人越來越緊密的連接在一起，軟件為他們提供了更好的工具，創(chuàng)新將加速這一過程。

存儲容量將呈幾何級數(shù)增長，晶體管也是如此。但是，處理器主頻將會遭遇瓶頸，過去幾年不斷提升的局面不復(fù)存在。

消費(fèi)者最需要的數(shù)字產(chǎn)品包括：可以占據(jù)家中每面墻的低價(jià)顯示屏；可以識別人的動作和身份的攝像頭，而且價(jià)錢不貴；鍵盤和鼠標(biāo)將被其它交互技術(shù)所取代，例如Wii控制器和iPod觸摸屏等等；TellMe軟件被移植到手機(jī)平臺，可以更加準(zhǔn)確地識別語音；延長筆記本的待機(jī)時間；計(jì)算機(jī)不僅位于桌面，還可以位于桌內(nèi)，桌面就是一個顯示屏。

電視將變得更加個性化，更加具有互動性。孩子可以觀看體育比賽，而其它人可以觀看HD DVD高清晰電影。廣告將更具針對性，而觀看則更具互動性。我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于有限的電視體驗(yàn)，被迫觀看哪些乏味的電視節(jié)目，這種情況未來將會發(fā)生變化。

對于一家公司來說，研發(fā)是最好的投資之一。微軟在研發(fā)方面的投入高達(dá)60億美元以上，而且分布在全球各地。

第五篇：喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)演講經(jīng)典語句

You've got to find what you love the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios No big deal connecting the dots.trust that it would all work out OK much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life you can't connect the dots looking forward.You can only connect them looking backwards, so you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in something--your gut, destiny, life, karma,whatever--because believing that the dots will connect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it leads you off the well-worn path, and that will make all the difference What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating I'd been rejected but I was still in love Sometimes life's going to hit you in the head with a brick.Don't lose faith.I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.You've got to find what you love, and that is as true for work as it is for your lovers.Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work, and the only way to do great work is to love what you do.If you haven't found it yet, keep looking, and don't settle.As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it, and like any great relationship it just gets better and better as the years roll on.So keep looking.Don't settle.If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.death is the destination we all share.No one has ever escaped it Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma, which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice, heart and intuition if you were so adventurous.Beneath were the words, "Stay hungry, stay foolish