第一篇:英語(yǔ)演講主題+口語(yǔ)表達(dá)(模版)
小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師素養(yǎng)大賽口語(yǔ)知識(shí)問(wèn)答測(cè)試題
1.Animals are our good friends.They can bring us happiness and help us do many things.Which animal do you like best? Why? 2.There are so many hobbies to choose.Some people enjoy collecting coins or stamps.Others choose to spend their time on sports or music.Can you talk about your hobby? 3.Flowers can make the environment beautiful and make us happy.Can you talk about your favorite flower? 4.People said “The whole year’s work depends on a good start in spring.” Spring is a very wonderful season.Do you like spring? Why? 5.Family has a great influence on our personal development.We can get warmth, help, comfort and strength from it.Can you introduce your family? 6.Fathers are our best teacher.We all grow up on their shoulders.They do their best to work for the whole family.Can you introduce your father? 7.Singers play very important role in our life.They influence a lot people, especially the youth.Can you introduce you favorite singer? 8.Fruit is good for our health.We should eat three or four kinds of fruit.They all contain many kinds of vitamin.Then what kind of fruit do you like best? Why? 9.Mothers are the most important person in our life.They take care of us all the time.They give us love、happiness and help.I think your mother is the best in your heart.So can you talk about your mother?
10.Tour is more and more popular in our life.It is one of the best ways to relax.Do you like to trip?Why? 11.Childhood is nice and wonderful for most of us.Maybe there are lots of unforgettable things.Can you talk about one of them? 12.Beijing is the capital of our country.Many people like to go there.Do you want to go? Why? 13.School is the important place which we study and work.We spend most of our time in it.Do you like your school? Why? 14.Friends play the important role in our life.Nobody can live happily without them.Can you explain the proverb “Friends and wines improve with age.”? 15.Water is the sauce of life.Nobody can live without it.But many places lack of it in our country.Can you talk about how to save the water? 16.Watching TV is one of the best ways to relax at home.But there are so many TV programs.Which kind of programs do you like? Talk about it.17.Dogs are people’s best friend.Most of us like them because they are lovely、loyal and helpful.Do you like dogs? Why? 18.Reading books is the good way to learn for us.But there are so many books to choose.What kind of books do you like Why ? 19.Fall is cool and windy but isn't hot and cold.So many people like it? Do you like it? Why? 20.Sports help everyone to keep healthy, happy, and efficient.So we should pay special attention to games.Which sport do you like best?
21.Failure is what often happens.It is everywhere in our life.Then how do you think about failure? 22.Everyone has his ideals.A businessman wishes to make greater profit;a farmer expects bumper harvests;a student tries to learn more and better.Can you talk about your ideal? 23.Everybody wants to get wealth.In today’s material world, making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person’s success and capability.How do you think of money? 24.Summer is the hottest season.We can go swimming、go hiking and go fishing.Do you like summer? Why? 25.Competition makes people original and creative.It very necessary to compete if human society wants to advance.Do you think so? Why? 26.As the saying goes, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it and you don’t know what health is until you are ill.Can you talk about health and life? 27.The computer is widely used in all fields of society.Today, wherever you go, you will find computers being used.How do you think about it? 28.Today the quality of our natural environment has become an important issue.Can you talk about how to protect the environment? 29.In modern times, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force is of primary importance.Do you think so?
30.Nowadays, more and more people are exchanging a great variety of information by using electronic mails instead of traditional ways of mailing letters.How do you think about it?] 31.There are lots of people who are convinced that good numbers bring good luck and bad numbers bring disasters.Do you have a lucky number? Talk about it.32.China is called the “kingdom of bicycles”, because there are thousands of millions of bicycles in China and bicycles are the most important means of transport in China.Do you think so? 33.In the modern times, there are many ways for people to communicate, among which are telephone calls and writing letters.Which one would you like to choose? Why? 34.Smoking is harmful.This has been proved by scientific experiments.However, many young people are still getting into the habit of smoking.Can you talk about your idea? 35.Winter is a cold season.The snowflakes fly in the sky like the fairies.All the things are clean and shining.Do you like winter? Why? 36.The relationship between a teacher and the student can be good or bad, helpful or harmful.How do you think about it? 37.Physical exercise is a necessary part of our life.However, still some people do not like to attend sports activities.Do you think so? Why? 38.In my life I have met a great many people who are really worth recalling.Can you talk you unforgettable;39.With the rapid development of our national economy, private cars have become in large number.Do you want to have a car? Why?
40.Green food is good for our health nowadays.People all like healthy food.do you like? Why? 41.As the holidays arrive it is easy to become distracted by our desire for perfection.How about your holiday? Can you talk about it? 42.There are so many colors which make the world much more wonderful.Which color do you like best? Why? 43.Nowadays more and more parents are eager to send their children to study abroad before they finish high school by whatever means and at whatever cost.How do you think about it? 44.Teaching is the most brilliance career under the sun.So we should be proud of ourselves.Do you like teaching? Why? 45.As a teacher, the first class is very unforgettable.Maybe you can experience a special experience.Can you tell us? 46.A famous American poet says well,Life is short,art is long。Everyone should work hard and study well.Never waste any time.How you think of the time? 47.Lantern Festival is a China‘s traditional festival.It is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar year.Do you like it? Why? 48.What does it mean to relax? Despite hearing this term thousands of times during the course of our lives, very few people have deeply considered what it's really about.Can you tell us how to relax yourself? 49.Fast food is becoming more and more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Do you like it? Why? 50.English has been getting more and more popular in the last decade.Many countries have made English taught as the second language in schools.But why do students need English
第二篇:英語(yǔ)演講口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練
英語(yǔ)演講口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練(發(fā)音)
英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)完美發(fā)音的10個(gè)竅門(mén)
每個(gè)人都知道使用英語(yǔ)是真正改善發(fā)音的唯一辦法。但是如果你每天不能和英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士交談的話(huà),那該怎么辦呢?別擔(dān)心!還有很多提高口語(yǔ)能力的方法。
1.Listen to yourself.如果你聽(tīng)不到自己的發(fā)音問(wèn)題,要糾正就很難了。試著把你將的話(huà)錄下來(lái)并和英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)人士將的對(duì)比一下。應(yīng)對(duì)雅思口語(yǔ)非常有效。
2.Slow down!
很多英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者常說(shuō)語(yǔ)速太快容易養(yǎng)成他們的壞習(xí)慣。由于太快而模糊不清是口語(yǔ)考試的大忌。所以我們要accuracy 然后才是fluency,每天操練一些基本語(yǔ)言以單音節(jié)開(kāi)始,然后單詞,把幾個(gè)詞連在一起,組成句子。這樣你就能慢慢開(kāi)始表達(dá)自己的思想了。
3.Picture it...閉上你的眼睛并在說(shuō)出口之前想一想如何發(fā)這個(gè)音。想象出口型和臉部動(dòng)作。這個(gè)可以配合看電影來(lái)做,留意Hollywood的明星是怎么樣一字一句的說(shuō)出那些令人神魂顛倒的話(huà)語(yǔ)的。
4.Get physical!
發(fā)音是個(gè)形體動(dòng)作。要學(xué)會(huì)嘴巴的發(fā)聲方法和移動(dòng)肌肉的方式。每天集中訓(xùn)練幾個(gè)音。你發(fā)this, thank, they,和little, wool等單詞困難嗎?試試發(fā)‘th’,將你的舌頭放在齒間(不要咬住)并從口中吐氣。感受氣流從你的舌間吹過(guò)。
5.Watch yourself.站在鏡子前查看當(dāng)你發(fā)某些固定音時(shí)的嘴型,唇型和舌頭的位置。和你看到的native speaker的發(fā)音對(duì)比!平時(shí)還可以把自己的發(fā)音模樣錄成video,仔細(xì)觀察比較。
6.Copy the experts.絕對(duì)沒(méi)有取代從專(zhuān)家-英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士處學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)音的方式。因此仔細(xì)聽(tīng)!聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)廣播節(jié)目并看英語(yǔ)的電視節(jié)目和電影。盡量不要念字幕!模仿你所聽(tīng)到的-就算你還不肯定他們說(shuō)的話(huà)。
7.Practice makes perfect.發(fā)音的問(wèn)題遲遲不能解決就是因?yàn)槲覀兒ε路稿e(cuò)。-第一次見(jiàn)面,在飯店點(diǎn)菜,詢(xún)問(wèn)方向-然后你自己表演出對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容。別害羞!啟德雅思每周都舉行免費(fèi)的口語(yǔ)練習(xí),不少同學(xué)來(lái)到廣州圖書(shū)館practice,特別是考前的機(jī)經(jīng)特訓(xùn),對(duì)真題的模擬大有裨益。
8.Find a language buddy.從其他人處獲得反饋是非常重要的。找一個(gè)對(duì)提高英語(yǔ)水平同樣感興趣的朋友。試著更換錄音資料這樣你就可以互相聽(tīng)對(duì)方的發(fā)音。記住錄完要重新聽(tīng)聽(tīng),找出錯(cuò)誤和閃光點(diǎn)啊。
9.Be poetic.好的發(fā)音不僅是掌握單獨(dú)的音節(jié)。還是對(duì)intonation(聲音的升降調(diào))和 stress(對(duì)單詞中一些音節(jié)和句子中的一些單詞更大聲更清晰的發(fā)音)的理解。大聲念一些詩(shī)歌,演講,歌曲,集中練習(xí)單詞的重音和音調(diào)。
10.Sing a song!
學(xué)習(xí)一些英語(yǔ)流行歌曲的歌詞并跟著唱。唱歌幫助你放松并能讓這些詞說(shuō)出來(lái),同時(shí)幫助改進(jìn)你的語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)調(diào)。
第三篇:聽(tīng)力常用口語(yǔ)表達(dá)
常用的口語(yǔ)詞組和表達(dá)
************************ 聽(tīng)力中具有否定意義的結(jié)構(gòu) ************************(1)包含否定性的關(guān)鍵詞
W:What kind of fruit would you like, apple or orange? M:Neither.Actually, I prefer banana to any other fruit.Q: What did the man mean?
A)He didn't like any fruit.B)He wanted other kinds of fruit.C)He liked banana more than any other fruit.D)He liked all sorts of fruit except for apple and orange.本句中neither是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,出這個(gè)詞可知,男方既不喜歡蘋(píng)果也不喜歡桔子,再配合后一句話(huà)可知,他只愛(ài)香蕉。因此選C為正確答案。否定形式的關(guān)鍵詞主要有以下類(lèi)型:
表示否定意義的副詞和形容詞,如 hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never 等。表示否定意義的代詞和連詞,如:nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。
由否定前綴或否定后綴構(gòu)成的詞。常見(jiàn)否定前綴有im-,un-,dis-,non-;常見(jiàn)否定后綴有-less等。
表示否定意義的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ),如:fail, miss, avoid, deny, hate, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。
從所表達(dá)的否定的意義上來(lái)講可分為:
1.全部否定 用完全否定詞no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, not等表示。
2.部分否定 常用半否定詞seldom, rarely, few, hardly, little等來(lái)否定其中一部分。此外,還可用not與always, all, entirely, both, every連用,表示部分否定。3.雙重否定 雙重否定通常表示肯定意義,往往是加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。
4.強(qiáng)調(diào)否定 常見(jiàn)的否定詞或短語(yǔ)有:never, little, barely, seldom, in no way, by no means, under no circumstances, on no account, 且為倒裝語(yǔ)序。5.含否定意思的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),介詞、介詞詞組等 如deny, without, too?to, anything but, miss, fail, rather than, instead of等。(2)否定式句法結(jié)構(gòu)
常用的否定結(jié)構(gòu)有too?to結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)否定式結(jié)構(gòu),如以 never, little, rarely等詞開(kāi)頭的倒裝句,以及雙重否定式結(jié)構(gòu),如not uncommon, not impossible, No one can deny?, not careless等。這類(lèi)否定較為常見(jiàn),要求考生敏感地覺(jué)察出句子的否定意味,否則就會(huì)造成判斷錯(cuò)誤。如:
W: I heard the student bus was overturned in a traffic accident M: Yes, and what is more, no one on the bus was not injured.Q: How many were injured in the accident? A)No one on the bus was injured.B)More than one student on the bus was injured.C)Every one on the bus was injured.D)Only one student on the bus was injured.如果聽(tīng)出男方話(huà)中的雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu),就不難選出正確答案C〉但如果未聽(tīng)出雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu),漏聽(tīng)一個(gè)或兩個(gè)not,那么就極可能選出A或D。(3)對(duì)一方觀點(diǎn)的委婉否定
這種現(xiàn)象也比較常見(jiàn)。英美人否定他人觀點(diǎn)一般不直接表述,而采取十分委婉的方式,顯得禮貌和尊重對(duì)方,因此要特別注意。如:
M: You have been in London for several months.How do you like the city? W: The only thing is the sun never shines.It's always gray and gloomy.Q: What doesn't the woman seem to like about London?
A)The unsmiling faces B)The weather C)The Londoners D)The sun
由女方的話(huà)中不難體會(huì)出,這位女士除了抱怨倫敦整天霧氣蒙蒙,難見(jiàn)艷陽(yáng)之外,別的方面還算過(guò)得去。因此,答案是B。
************************************************ 英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)實(shí)例分析及常見(jiàn)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式
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1、英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方法
英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)主要是靠一些口語(yǔ)常用的單詞、短語(yǔ)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。而且口語(yǔ)中使用的單詞大都是音節(jié)較少的詞。如單音節(jié)或雙音節(jié)詞,這些詞往往都是學(xué)生很熟悉的,如work, make, fix, pick等。在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中,學(xué)生大都能聽(tīng)清楚這些詞的發(fā)音,但卻不能揣摩出整個(gè)句子的含義,因?yàn)樗麄兺窃跁?shū)面語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境里掌握這些詞的,殊不知在口語(yǔ)中,這些詞的意思發(fā)生了變化。
例如:A: You have 15 minutes to get your train.B: All right, I guess I can make it.譯文
A:你只有一刻鐘的時(shí)間去趕乘這班火車(chē)了。B:沒(méi)關(guān)系,我想我趕得上。
W: I hear there's a good Japanese restaurant nearby.Would you like to go there for lunch? M: Yes, but it's my treat this time.Q: What does the man mean?
譯文
W:我聽(tīng)說(shuō)附近有一家不錯(cuò)的日本餐館,你愿意去那里吃午飯嗎? M:行,不過(guò)這次該我請(qǐng)了。Q:這位男士的話(huà)是什么意思?
2(1)do進(jìn)展,進(jìn)行(作為不及物動(dòng)詞)
How are you doing on your paper? 你的論文進(jìn)展順利嗎? How did you do in the examination? 你考得怎么樣?(2)dead不動(dòng),失靈
The car is totally dead.這輛車(chē)完全開(kāi)不動(dòng)了。
(3)fix修理,確定,準(zhǔn)備
I'm going to fix the bicycle myself.我打算自己修理自行車(chē)。
We have to fix a date for the next meeting.我們應(yīng)確定下一次會(huì)議的日期。She's fixing breakfast for three of us.她正在為我們?nèi)藴?zhǔn)備早餐。(4)check(憑客票)托運(yùn)(用于美國(guó)英語(yǔ))
We checked two trunks to Chicago.我們把兩個(gè)箱子托運(yùn)到芝加哥。(5)work out產(chǎn)生結(jié)果,成功
The plan worked out badly.計(jì)劃執(zhí)行得很不成功。
(6)agree with(食物、氣候等)適合某人
The climate here doesn't agree with me.我不適應(yīng)這里的氣候。
(7)pick up順便去買(mǎi),把??載上車(chē)
Don't forget to pick up bananas on your way home.回家途中別忘了順便買(mǎi)些香蕉。Shall I pick you up at the station? 要我開(kāi)車(chē)到車(chē)站支接你嗎?(8)go Dutch 各人付各人的帳
let's go Dutch.咱們各付各的帳。
(9)be around 露面,被見(jiàn)到
He'll be around this afternoon.今天下午可以見(jiàn)到他。
(10)call on sb.請(qǐng)某人回答問(wèn)題/講話(huà)
The chairman called on me to speak at the meeting.會(huì)議主席要我在會(huì)上發(fā)言。(11)How are you going?你好嗎? 其實(shí)這一表達(dá)法類(lèi)似于“How are you?”,也是常用于口語(yǔ)中的問(wèn)題候語(yǔ)。類(lèi)似的表達(dá)法還有: How are things going?近來(lái)好嗎? How is everything?一切都好嗎? How are you getting on/along?你過(guò)得好嗎?(12)I can't agree with you more.我完全同意你的想法。
這是一句典型的形式否定而意思肯定的句子,這種句子在口語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)得較多。又如: I couldn't be more sure.我再肯定不過(guò)了。
學(xué)生若不熟悉這種口語(yǔ)表達(dá)法,對(duì)聽(tīng)到的句子所表示的肯定意義就無(wú)法做出正確判斷。
2、英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式 ****************** 常見(jiàn)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式 *******************
下面節(jié)選了聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中常用的,并且在意義上容易弄錯(cuò)的一些短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)和慣用法等。供考生學(xué)習(xí)參考:
absence of mind 心不在焉;發(fā)呆 apply one's mind to 專(zhuān)心于(某事)as good as gold(小孩)很乖
as right as rain
非常健康、很好的 at sb's back 支持某人
at the top of the ladder/tree 名列前茅 babe in the woods 天真而缺憲法經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人 bear watching 有希望;有前途
beat aroundabout the bush 旁敲側(cè)擊;轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角 back out 食言;變卦
back up sb./sth.支持;援助(某人)beyone(all)question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn):無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辨
bird in the bush 未到手的東西;未定局的事情 bird in the hand 已到手的東西;已定局的事情 blow hot and cold 搖擺不定;反復(fù)無(wú)常
booked up 沒(méi)空;有約會(huì);(戲票等)已被預(yù)訂一空 burn the midnight oil 開(kāi)夜車(chē);工作到深夜
bury/hide/have/put oneself 不愿接受或正視現(xiàn)實(shí);采取鴕鳥(niǎo)政策 cannot help doing sth.不禁要(做某事)check in 登記;報(bào)到 check out 付帳后離開(kāi)
check off/over/out sth.檢驗(yàn);復(fù)核
close/shut one's eye to 無(wú)視;對(duì)?置之不理 call it a day 今天就這樣算了;就干這里為止 come up with 趕上;提出
come off with flying colours 凱旋;太功告成 come about 發(fā)生
come to 總計(jì);蘇醒;復(fù)原
count for little/nothing 無(wú)足輕重;微不足道 count for much 非常重要;關(guān)系重大 count on/upon 依靠,指望
do sb.a favour 幫(某人)一個(gè)忙
do sb.'s heart good 上某人當(dāng);受某人欺騙 do the business 起作用;奏效;可以滿(mǎn)足要求 do sth up brown 把(某事)徹底做好 a dog's age 很久,長(zhǎng)久
down on one's luck 倒霉;不走運(yùn) draw(a)blank 失敗;落空
draw the/a line 拒絕做某事;對(duì)某事有節(jié)制 draw one's time(被迫地)辭去工作 dying for 渴望,非常想 dying of ??得要死
eat one's heart out 憂(yōu)傷過(guò)度
have other fish to fry 另外有事要做,別有要事 have the game in one's hand 穩(wěn)操勝券
keep/have/one's feet on the ground 講究實(shí)際 keep one's nose clean 安分守已
lay sth.at sb's door 把(責(zé)任等)推給(某人)lead sb.a dance 給(某人)帶來(lái)不少麻煩 leave that to sb.由某人決定
let the cat out of the bag 泄露秘密 lose one's heart to 愛(ài)上了;非常喜歡
make a point of doing sth.堅(jiān)持做某事;決心做某事 make believe 裝作;假裝 man of his word 守信用的人 man of iron 意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人
man of the world 深通世敵的人,閱歷豐富的人 miss the boat/bus 錯(cuò)過(guò)機(jī)會(huì);坐失良機(jī) move heaven and earth 竭盡全力;全力以赴 nine times out of ten 十有八九;通常;多半 not in the same street with 無(wú)法與?相比 not know sb.from Adam 不認(rèn)識(shí)某人
off the top of one's head 不加思索地;不清楚 on the top of the world 對(duì)一切都滿(mǎn)意
out of the question 不能考慮的,完全不可能的 out of the swim 不了解情況,不熟悉內(nèi)情 out of tune(with?)(與?)不一致,不協(xié)調(diào) out of lunch 注意力不集中;心不在焉 pay lip-service to 只說(shuō)不做;唱高調(diào)
eat one's words 收回前言;認(rèn)錯(cuò)道歉(不是“食言”)face the lousic 毅然面對(duì)困難;勇于承擔(dān)后果 fall behind 落后;跟不上
fall on one's face 徹底失敗;慘敗 fall over each other 爭(zhēng)先恐后
far be it from me 我決不認(rèn)為;我決不想要 fill in/fill out/fill up 把(表格等)填好 fish in troubled waters 混水摸魚(yú);趁火打動(dòng) for the time being 暫時(shí);眼下
get along 設(shè)法生活下去;相處;進(jìn)展;離開(kāi);上(年紀(jì))get into hot water 陷入困境
get off the ground 開(kāi)始很順利;取得時(shí)展 give sb.a/the glad hand 熱烈歡迎(某人)give sth.a miss 避開(kāi)(某物);略去(某物)give/ lend an ear to 傾聽(tīng);注意
give sb.the green light 允許(某人)做某事 go to bed with the chickens 很早就寢
good, bad and indifferent 好的、壞的和一般的 hand it to sb.贊揚(yáng)某人;承認(rèn)某人的長(zhǎng)處 hand in the air 未決定;懸擱著
hardly/scarcely?when? ?剛?就;一?就 have an eye for 對(duì)?有眼力;對(duì)?有識(shí)別力 have/get cold feet 害怕起琿;膽怯起來(lái)
have one's heart in the right place 好心好意 too clever by half(諷刺用)過(guò)分聰明
cannot see the wood for the trees 見(jiàn)樹(shù)不見(jiàn)林 under lock and key 妥善保管 up the pole 處于困境;進(jìn)退兩難 up the wall 十分煩燥;非常惱火 wash one's handds 不管;不過(guò)問(wèn)
wet behind the ears 乳臭未干的;不成熟的 what's what 具體情況;直相 while away 混時(shí)間;浪費(fèi)時(shí)間
with open arms 熱烈地、親切地(表示歡迎)write home about 大書(shū)特書(shū)
penny wise and pound foolish 小處精明,大處糊涂(浪費(fèi))play one't best card 使出絕招 polish the apple 逢迎;拍馬 pocket one't dignity 放下架子
pull out all the stops 全力以赴;千主百計(jì)
put all one's eggs in one basket 孤注一擲;寄希望于某人(某事)put one's back into sht.盡最大努力去做(某事)put one's foot in one's mouth 說(shuō)錯(cuò)話(huà);做錯(cuò)事
put one's hand in one's pocket 準(zhǔn)備花錢(qián);準(zhǔn)備解囊捐款 put sb.on his honour 信任某人
ring a bell 使想起(某事);聽(tīng)起來(lái)覺(jué)得耳熟 sleep like a log/top 睡得很熟;酣睡 song and dance 枯燥元味的廢話(huà)
sweep sth.under the carpet 隱瞞某事不讓別人知道 take a short-cut 走捷徑 take French leave 不告而別
take his words with a grain of salt 不全信某人的話(huà) think on one's feet 思想敏捷;反應(yīng)快
throw away/out the baby with the bathwater 棄沙拋金 throw cold water on 對(duì)?潑冷水;不贊成 throw up one's hand 放棄努力;認(rèn)輸
turn/give the cold shoulder on/to sb.疏遠(yuǎn)某人;冷淡某人 ************************************* 顯示對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞 *************************************
Airport: arrival/departure time, booking office, ticket agent, take off, board, land, flight, airways, airlines, flight number, by air Library: borrow, lend, latest issue, card, catalogue, call number, due, over due, fine, novel, renew, fiction, magazine, bookshelf Hotel: reception, receptionist, vacant beds, single room, double room, book a room, bath, lavatory, occupy a room, full, front desk, porter, tip, room key, room number, suit Meeting: for, against, proposal, report, speech, suggest, disagree, agree, decide, point out, argue, chairman, conclusion Post office: mail, post, postage, stamp, parcel, telegram, urgent cable, airmail, registered letter, money order, ordinary mail, oversea mail Restaurant: reservation, bar, order, soft drink, dessert, salad, soup, menu, bread, potato, tomato, toast beef, meat, mutton, chicken, fry, pic, cake, I'm full, bill, waiter, waitress, go Dutch Store: size, color, style, price, cost, cheap, What can I do for you? How much does it cost? Fashion, expensive, counter, department, check out, brand, fresh, cash, pay, shop girl, assistant, counter, fashion School: department, Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Doctor's degree, campus, lecture, dormitory, semester, term, playground, dining-hall, swimming pool, course, foreign language, gym, midterm exam, final exam, clinic, professor, assistant, lecturer, lab, test, required courses, elective courses, credit
Bank: draw on one's account, pay interest on..., open account, interest rate, fixed deposit, current account, bank clerk Barber's: haircut, hairstyle, hairdresser, shave, moustache, beard, spray, shampoo The Customs House: pay duty on..., duty free, free of charge, fill in the form
Dance: disco, dance with, have a ball, party, May I have the pleasure of next dance? Hospital: pain, cough, fever, vomit, headache, stomachache, temperature, heart, lung, blood-pressure, take medicine, pills, tablets, insomnia, indigestion, physician, surgeon, wards, operating room, pharmacy ******************************** 如何準(zhǔn)備對(duì)話(huà)地點(diǎn)及人物關(guān)系題(一)********************************
在英語(yǔ)四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中,經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)特定的場(chǎng)所、人物的關(guān)系、身份或職業(yè)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的題目,我們把它們歸納為場(chǎng)所關(guān)系類(lèi)(Place & Relationship)題型。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有:
1.Where is the conversation most probably taking place? 2.Where is the man/woman probably going? 3.What most probably is the man? 4.What is the probable relationship between the speakers? 5.Who is the man/woman? 另外,職業(yè)身份題的提問(wèn)一般是:
1.What's the man(woman)? 2.Who's the man(woman)? 3.What does the man(woman)do? 4.What's the man's(woman's)job? 要做好這類(lèi)考題,首先要養(yǎng)成預(yù)期(prediction)的習(xí)慣。這類(lèi)考題有一個(gè)很明顯的共同點(diǎn),即看過(guò)幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)后,很容易判斷出將要提出的問(wèn)題。這樣,可以做到心中有數(shù),以便集中精力注意重要信息。這是平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中要充分重視的技能。
其次,要提高判斷能力。我們?cè)谏厦媪谐龅奈鍌€(gè)問(wèn)題句中,四個(gè)問(wèn)句里有“probable”或“probably”。也就是說(shuō),要根據(jù)提供的信息進(jìn)行合理的推斷。要做到判斷正確,關(guān)鍵詞必須 抓住。如對(duì)話(huà)中出“cash the check”“open an account” 等,就很可能是銀行里的揚(yáng)景。如出現(xiàn)“menu”“table”“order” 之類(lèi)的詞,也許就是飯館的場(chǎng)景。另外,要做到判斷正確,還必須積累一定的文化背景知識(shí)。如1993年6月國(guó)家四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試中有這樣一題:
M: Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.W: I am not going to any store.I'm going to see Aunt Mary, but I will get them for you at the gas station.Q: Where will the woman stop on her way? A)At a cigarette store.B)At a bus station.C)At a gas station.D)At Aunt Mary's.本題答案為選項(xiàng)C。有許多同學(xué)選錯(cuò)了,是因?yàn)闆](méi)弄清Aunt Mary's 是女士的目的地,而不是中途停車(chē)之外。當(dāng)然,也與不太清楚gas station(加油站)在美國(guó)也兼賣(mài)一些日用雜貨有關(guān)。
******************** 地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系(二)********************
對(duì)于這種考查地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系,職業(yè)身份的題,考生可以通過(guò)抓關(guān)鍵的特征詞來(lái)判斷。四級(jí)聽(tīng)力中常見(jiàn)的人物關(guān)系及其常用特征用語(yǔ)和詞組有:
Teacher and student(老師與學(xué)生)
examination, midterm, exam, test, quiz, homework, assignment, pass, arts courses, engineering courses, school campus, teachin building, teacher's office Librarian and student(圖書(shū)館工作人員與學(xué)生)
borrow, return, renew, on time, magazine, reference book, author, writer, shelves, check out, loan desk, library/card, cash or charge? Are you done? Shop-assistant and customer(店員與顧客)
Can I help you? but, sell, expensive, cheap, department, store, Lady's department, coat, shoes, hat, jacket, sweater, sale price, on sale, price, cut down, discount, cashier, auction, high-heeled shoes underwears, leather, plastic fabric, silk, jeans, pajama(睡衣)
Doctor and patient(醫(yī)生和病人)
What's the matter with you? a sore throat headache, flu, fever, what's your trouble, take one's temperature, give sb.an injection, take medicine, surgery Waiter(Waitress)and customer(侍者與顧客)
Anything to drink? What kind of wine do you want? Is that all? Finished? Anything else? order, menu, brandy, whisky, check, dessert, sandwiches
第四篇:聽(tīng)力常用口語(yǔ)表達(dá)
************************ 聽(tīng)力中具有否定意義的結(jié)構(gòu) ************************(1)包含否定性的關(guān)鍵詞
W:What kind of fruit would you like, apple or orange? M:Neither.Actually, I prefer banana to any other fruit.Q: What did the man mean?
A)He didn't like any fruit.B)He wanted other kinds of fruit.C)He liked banana more than any other fruit.D)He liked all sorts of fruit except for apple and orange.本句中neither是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,出這個(gè)詞可知,男方既不喜歡蘋(píng)果也不喜歡桔子,再配合后一句話(huà)可知,他只愛(ài)香蕉。因此選C為正確答案。
否定形式的關(guān)鍵詞主要有以下類(lèi)型:
表示否定意義的副詞和形容詞,如 hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never 等。
表示否定意義的代詞和連詞,如:nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。由否定前綴或否定后綴構(gòu)成的詞。常見(jiàn)否定前綴有im-,un-,dis-,non-;常見(jiàn)否定后綴有-less等。表示否定意義的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ),如:fail, miss, avoid, deny, hate, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。
從所表達(dá)的否定的意義上來(lái)講可分為:
1.全部否定 用完全否定詞no,none,nobody,no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, not等表示。
2.部分否定 常用半否定詞seldom, rarely, few, hardly, little等來(lái)否定其中一部分。此外,還可用not與always, all, entirely, both, every連用,表示部分否定。
3.雙重否定 雙重否定通常表示肯定意義,往往是加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。
4.強(qiáng)調(diào)否定 常見(jiàn)的否定詞或短語(yǔ)有:never, little, barely, seldom, in no way, by no means, under no circumstances, on no account, 且為倒裝語(yǔ)序。5.含否定意思的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),介詞、介詞詞組等 如deny, without, too?to, anything but, miss, fail, rather than, instead of等。
(2)否定式句法結(jié)構(gòu)
常用的否定結(jié)構(gòu)有too?to結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)否定式結(jié)構(gòu),如以 never, little, rarely等詞開(kāi)頭的倒裝句,以及雙重否定式結(jié)構(gòu),如not uncommon, not impossible, No one can deny?, not careless等。這類(lèi)否定較為常見(jiàn),要求考生敏感地覺(jué)察出句子的否定意味,否則就會(huì)造成判斷錯(cuò)誤。如:
W: I heard the student bus was overturned in a traffic accident M: Yes, and what is more, no one on the bus was not injured.Q: How many were injured in the accident? A)No one on the bus was injured.B)More than one student on the bus was injured.C)Every one on the bus was injured.D)Only one student on the bus was injured.如果聽(tīng)出男方話(huà)中的雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu),就不難選出正確答案C〉但如果未聽(tīng)出雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu),漏聽(tīng)一個(gè)或兩個(gè)not,那么就極可能選出A或D。
(3)對(duì)一方觀點(diǎn)的委婉否定
這種現(xiàn)象也比較常見(jiàn)。英美人否定他人觀點(diǎn)一般不直接表述,而采取十分委婉的方式,顯得禮貌和尊重對(duì)方,因此要特別注意。如:
M: You have been in London for several months.How do you like the city? W: The only thing is the sun never shines.It's always gray and gloomy.Q: What doesn't the woman seem to like about London?
A)The unsmiling faces B)The weather C)The londoners D)The sun
由女方的話(huà)中不難體會(huì)出,這位女士除了抱怨倫敦整天霧氣蒙蒙,難見(jiàn)艷陽(yáng)之外,別的方面還算過(guò)得去。因此,答案是B。
************************************************ 英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)實(shí)例分析及常見(jiàn)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式
************************************************
英美人在真實(shí)生活中口語(yǔ)表達(dá)和學(xué)生在課堂里學(xué)到的書(shū)面表達(dá)并不完全一致。而學(xué)生所接觸的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)又極為有限。因此要突破四級(jí)考試的聽(tīng)力難關(guān),除了平時(shí)多聽(tīng)多練之外,還需要英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方法和表達(dá)方式上下功夫。
1、英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方法
英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)主要是靠一些口語(yǔ)常用的單詞、短語(yǔ)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。而且口語(yǔ)中使用的單詞大都是音節(jié)較少的詞。如單音節(jié)或雙音節(jié)詞,這些詞往往都是學(xué)生很熟悉的,如mork, make, fix, pick等。在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中,學(xué)生大都能聽(tīng)清楚這些詞的發(fā)音,但卻不能揣摩出整個(gè)句子的含義,因?yàn)樗麄兺窃跁?shū)面語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境里掌握這些詞的,殊不知在口語(yǔ)中,這些詞的意思發(fā)生了變化。例如: A: You have 15 minutes to get your train.B: All right, I guess I can make it.譯文
A:你只有一刻鐘的時(shí)間去趕乘這班火車(chē)了。B:沒(méi)關(guān)系,我想我趕得上。
在這個(gè)對(duì)話(huà)中,一些學(xué)生就因?yàn)椴幻靼譵ake it的意思,而不能理解對(duì)話(huà)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其實(shí)make ti在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中使用得很頻繁,表示“辦成功”,“做到”,“趕到”。它在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中很少出現(xiàn),因此學(xué)生對(duì)它感到陌生也不奇怪。
又如在1995年6月的四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中,有一道聽(tīng)力題:
W: I hear there's a good Japanese restaurant nearby.Would you like to go there for lunch? M: Yes, but it's my treat this time.Q: What does the man mean?
譯文
W:我聽(tīng)說(shuō)附近有一家不錯(cuò)的日本餐館,你愿意去那里吃午飯嗎? M:行,不過(guò)這次該我請(qǐng)了。Q:這位男士的話(huà)是什么意思?
本題有超過(guò)半數(shù)的考生未能答對(duì),其原因顯然是對(duì)treat這一詞的掌握不夠全面。因此考生應(yīng)熟記一些口語(yǔ)中常出現(xiàn)而和書(shū)面語(yǔ)中用法不同的單詞,短語(yǔ)及表達(dá)方法,以下各例例舉的是在四級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)的學(xué)生易理解錯(cuò)的部分單詞、短語(yǔ)及表達(dá)法。
(1)do進(jìn)展,進(jìn)行(作為不及物動(dòng)詞)
例如:
How are you doing on your paper? 你的論文進(jìn)展順利嗎? How did you do in the examination? 你考得怎么樣?(2)dean不動(dòng),失靈
例如:
The car is totally dead.這輛車(chē)完全開(kāi)不動(dòng)了。
(3)fix修理,確定,準(zhǔn)備
例如:
I'm going to fix the bicycle myself.我打算自己修理自行車(chē)。
We have to fix a date for the next meeting.我們應(yīng)確定下一次會(huì)議的日期。She's fixing breakfast for three of us.她正在為我們?nèi)藴?zhǔn)備早餐。(4)check(憑客票)托運(yùn)(用于美國(guó)英語(yǔ))
例如:
We checked two trunks to Chicago.我們把兩個(gè)箱子托運(yùn)到芝加哥。
(5)work out產(chǎn)生結(jié)果,成功
例如:
The plan worked out badly.計(jì)劃執(zhí)行得很不成功。
(6)agree with(食物、氣候等)適合某人
例如:
The climate here doesn't agree with me.我不適應(yīng)這里的氣候。
(7)pick up順便去買(mǎi),把??載上車(chē)
例如:
Don't forget to pick up bananas on your way home.回家途中別忘了順便買(mǎi)些香蕉。
Shall I pick you up at the station? 要我開(kāi)車(chē)到車(chē)站支接你嗎?(8)go Dutch 各人付各人的帳
例如:
let's go Dutch.咱們各付各的帳。
(9)be around 露面,被見(jiàn)到
例如:
He'll be around this afternoon.今天下午可以見(jiàn)到他。
(10)call on sb.請(qǐng)某人回答問(wèn)題/講話(huà)
例如:
The chairman called on me to speak at the meeting.會(huì)議主席要我在會(huì)上發(fā)言。
(11)How are you going?你好嗎?
其實(shí)這一表達(dá)法類(lèi)似于“How are you?”,也是常用于口語(yǔ)中的問(wèn)題候語(yǔ)。類(lèi)似的表達(dá)法還有:
How are things going?近來(lái)好嗎? How is everything?一切都好嗎? How are you getting on/along?你過(guò)得好嗎? 然而學(xué)生往往只熟悉“How are you?”,因此在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中就不能正確理解其它類(lèi)似的表達(dá)法。
(12)I can't agree with you more.我完全同意你的想法。
這是一句典型的形式否定而意思肯定的句子,這種句子在口語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)得較多。又如:
I couldn't be more sure.我再肯定不過(guò)了。學(xué)生若不熟悉這種口語(yǔ)表達(dá)法,對(duì)聽(tīng)到的句子所表示的肯定意義就無(wú)法做出正確判斷。
由此可見(jiàn)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中一些常用的詞、詞組或表達(dá)法和書(shū)面語(yǔ)確有差別,學(xué)生應(yīng)該不斷積累這些語(yǔ)言知識(shí),才會(huì)為提高自己的聽(tīng)力水平打下基礎(chǔ)。
2、英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式
熟悉英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式對(duì)于提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力水平也起著至關(guān)鍵重要的作用。用的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)只是一種直接的信息交流。如1998年1月的四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中有一題:
W: I'd love to see a different type of movie for a change.I'm tired of movies about romantic stories.M: I agree.Let's go and see a nwe movie at the Royal Theatre.I hear it's a real story of two prison breakers.Q: What kind of movie does the woman find boring?
對(duì)于這種聽(tīng)力題,學(xué)生只要掌握了基本的口語(yǔ)詞匯及表達(dá)方式,并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)穆?tīng)力訓(xùn)練,就能很容易抓住主要信息,然后做出正確判斷。
然而,在英美人的真實(shí)生活中,他們常常不是坦率地說(shuō)出自己想說(shuō)的話(huà),而往往通過(guò)某種方式間接地去表達(dá)自己。這種“轉(zhuǎn)變抹角”的語(yǔ)言使用現(xiàn)象就是語(yǔ)言的間接性,間接地使用語(yǔ)言是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言交流的一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象。如果英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者不熟悉英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式上的間接性,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中無(wú)法正確理解說(shuō)話(huà)人的真正意圖。
例如在1993年6月的四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中有一題:
W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.M: I'm sorry to hear it, but you can always rent one if you have a license.Q: What does the man mean? A)She can use his car.B)She can borrow someone else's car.C)She must get her car fixed.D)She can't borrow his car.正確答案為D。有近三分之二的考生未選對(duì)此題,他們將女士的話(huà)語(yǔ)理解成一個(gè)純粹的事實(shí)陳述,而不是間接的請(qǐng)求,而將男士的話(huà)語(yǔ)理解成一個(gè)建議而不是委婉的拒絕。如果將對(duì)話(huà)中隱含的部分加以補(bǔ)充,雙方的真實(shí)意圖就容易把握些。例如:
W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.(May I borrow yours?)
M: I'm sorry to hear it,(but you can't borrow mine.)You can always rent one if you have a license.由于禮貌相待是社會(huì)生活中起碼的準(zhǔn)則,因此為了避免冒昧、唐突,甚至盛氣凌人,人們通??傄乇苓@種直截了當(dāng)?shù)恼?qǐng)求和拒絕。在近幾年的四級(jí)聽(tīng)力對(duì)話(huà)測(cè)試中,這種談話(huà)雙方間接表達(dá)自己的真實(shí)意圖的測(cè)試題目逐漸增多。不少考生認(rèn)為自己聽(tīng)懂了對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容,但卻沒(méi)有能選出正確答案。其主要原因之一就是他們對(duì)會(huì)話(huà)內(nèi)容的理解只停留在字面意思上,而沒(méi)能理解會(huì)話(huà)語(yǔ)言的話(huà)語(yǔ)意義,即說(shuō)話(huà)人的真實(shí)意圖。因此通過(guò)各種途徑(如多聽(tīng)多讀)來(lái)接觸英語(yǔ)會(huì)話(huà)顯得尤為必要。
******************* 常見(jiàn)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式 *******************
下面節(jié)選了聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中常用的,并且在意義上容易弄錯(cuò)的一些短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)和慣用法等。供考生學(xué)習(xí)參考:
absence of mind 心不在焉;發(fā)呆 apply one's mind to 專(zhuān)心于(某事)as good as gold(小孩)很乖 as right as rain 非常健康、很好的 at sb's back 支持某人
at the top of the ladder/tree 名列前茅 babe in the woods 天真而缺憲法經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人 bear watching 有希望;有前途
beat aroundabout the bush 旁敲側(cè)擊;轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角 back out 食言;變卦
back up sb./sth.支持;援助(某人)beyone(all)question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn):無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辨
bird in the bush 未到手的東西;未定局的事情 bird in the hand 已到手的東西;已定局的事情 blow hot and cold 搖擺不定;反復(fù)無(wú)常
booked up 沒(méi)空;有約會(huì);(戲票等)已被預(yù)訂一空 burn the midnight oil 開(kāi)夜車(chē);工作到深夜
bury/hide/have/put oneself 不愿接受或正視現(xiàn)實(shí);采取鴕鳥(niǎo)政策 cannot help doing sth.不禁要(做某事)check in 登記;報(bào)到 check out 付帳后離開(kāi)
check off/over/out sth.檢驗(yàn);復(fù)核
close/shut one's eye to 無(wú)視;對(duì)?置之不理 call it a day 今天就這樣算了;就干這里為止 come up with 趕上;提出
come off with flying colours 凱旋;太功告成 come about 發(fā)生
come to 總計(jì);蘇醒;復(fù)原
count for little/nothing 無(wú)足輕重;微不足道 count for much 非常重要;關(guān)系重大 count on/upon 依靠,指望
do sb.a favour 幫(某人)一個(gè)忙
do sb.'s heart good 上某人當(dāng);受某人欺騙 do the business 起作用;奏效;可以滿(mǎn)足要求 do sth up brown 把(某事)徹底做好 a dog's age 很久,長(zhǎng)久
down on one's luck 倒霉;不走運(yùn) draw(a)blank 失敗;落空
draw the/a line 拒絕做某事;對(duì)某事有節(jié)制 draw one's time(被迫地)辭去工作 dying for 渴望,非常想 dying of ??得要死
eat one's heart out 憂(yōu)傷過(guò)度
have other fish to fry 另外有事要做,別有要事 have the game in one's hand 穩(wěn)操勝券
keep/have/one's feet on the ground 講究實(shí)際 keep one's nose clean 安分守已
lay sth.at sb's door 把(責(zé)任等)推給(某人)lead sb.a dance 給(某人)帶來(lái)不少麻煩 leave that to sb.由某人決定
let the cat out of the bag 泄露秘密 lose one's heart to 愛(ài)上了;非常喜歡
make a point of doing sth.堅(jiān)持做某事;決心做某事 make believe 裝作;假裝 man of his word 守信用的人 man of iron 意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人
man of the world 深通世敵的人,閱歷豐富的人 miss the boat/bus 錯(cuò)過(guò)機(jī)會(huì);坐失良機(jī) move heaven and earth 竭盡全力;全力以赴 nine times out of ten 十有八九;通常;多半 not in the same street with 無(wú)法與?相比 not know sb.from Adam 不認(rèn)識(shí)某人
off the top of one's head 不加思索地;不清楚 on the top of the world 對(duì)一切都滿(mǎn)意 out of the question 不能考慮的,完全不可能的 out of the swim 不了解情況,不熟悉內(nèi)情 out of tune(with?)(與?)不一致,不協(xié)調(diào) out of lunch 注意力不集中;心不在焉 pay lip-service to 只說(shuō)不做;唱高調(diào)
eat one's words 收回前言;認(rèn)錯(cuò)道歉(不是“食言”)face the lousic 毅然面對(duì)困難;勇于承擔(dān)后果 fall behind 落后;跟不上
fall on one's face 徹底失?。粦K敗 fall over each other 爭(zhēng)先恐后
far be it from me 我決不認(rèn)為;我決不想要 fill in/fill out/fill up 把(表格等)填好 fish in troubled waters 混水摸魚(yú);趁火打動(dòng) for the time being 暫時(shí);眼下
get along 設(shè)法生活下去;相處;進(jìn)展;離開(kāi);上(年紀(jì))get into hot water 陷入困境
get off the ground 開(kāi)始很順利;取得時(shí)展 give sb.a/the glad hand 熱烈歡迎(某人)give sth.a miss 避開(kāi)(某物);略去(某物)give/ lend an ear to 傾聽(tīng);注意
give sb.the green light 允許(某人)做某事 go to bed with the chickens 很早就寢
good, bad and indifferent 好的、壞的和一般的 hand it to sb.贊揚(yáng)某人;承認(rèn)某人的長(zhǎng)處 hand in the air 未決定;懸擱著
hardly/scarcely?when? ?剛?就;一?就 have an eye for 對(duì)?有眼力;對(duì)?有識(shí)別力 have/get cold feet 害怕起琿;膽怯起來(lái)
have one's heart in the right place 好心好意 too clever by half(諷刺用)過(guò)分聰明
cannot see the wood for the trees 見(jiàn)樹(shù)不見(jiàn)林 under lock and key 妥善保管 up the pole 處于困境;進(jìn)退兩難 up the wall 十分煩燥;非常惱火 wash one's handds 不管;不過(guò)問(wèn)
wet behind the ears 乳臭未干的;不成熟的 what's what 具體情況;直相 while away 混時(shí)間;浪費(fèi)時(shí)間
with open arms 熱烈地、親切地(表示歡迎)write home about 大書(shū)特書(shū)
penny wise and pound foolish 小處精明,大處糊涂(浪費(fèi))play one't best card 使出絕招 polish the apple 逢迎;拍馬 pocket one't dignity 放下架子 pull out all the stops 全力以赴;千主百計(jì)
put all one's eggs in one basket 孤注一擲;寄希望于某人(某事)put one's back into sht.盡最大努力去做(某事)put one's foot in one's mouth 說(shuō)錯(cuò)話(huà);做錯(cuò)事
put one's hand in one's pocket 準(zhǔn)備花錢(qián);準(zhǔn)備解囊捐款 put sb.on his honour 信任某人
ring a bell 使想起(某事);聽(tīng)起來(lái)覺(jué)得耳熟 sleep like a log/top 睡得很熟;酣睡 song and dance 枯燥元味的廢話(huà)
sweep sth.under the carpet 隱瞞某事不讓別人知道 take a short-cut 走捷徑 take French leave 不告而別
take his words with a grain of salt 不全信某人的話(huà) think on one's feet 思想敏捷;反應(yīng)快
throw away/out the baby with the bathwater 棄沙拋金 throw cold water on 對(duì)?潑冷水;不贊成 throw up one's hand 放棄努力;認(rèn)輸
turn/give the cold shoulder on/to sb.疏遠(yuǎn)某人;冷淡某人
************************************* 顯示對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞 *************************************
Airport:arrival/departure time, booking office, ticket agent, take off, board, land, flight, airways, airlines, flight number, by air Library:borrow, lend, latest issue, card, catalogue, call number, due, over due,fine, novel, renew, fiction, magazine, bookshelf Hotel:teception, receptionist, vacant beds, single room, double room, book a room, bath, lavatory, occupy a room, full, front desk, porter, tip, room key, roomnumber, suit Meeting:for, against, proposal, report, speech, suggest, disagree, agree, decide, point out, argue, chairman, conclusion Post office:mail, post, postage, stamp, parcel, telegram, urgent cable, airmail,registered letter, money order, ordinary mail, oversea mail Restaurant: reservation, bar, order, soft drink, dessert, salad, soup, menu, bread, potato, tomato, toast beef, meat, mutton, chicken, fry, pic, cake, I'm full,bill, waiter, waitress, go Dutch Store:size, color, style, price, cost, cheap, What can I do for you? How much does it cost? Fashion, expensive, counter, department, check out, brand, fresh, cash, pay, shop girl, assistant, counter, fashion School:department, Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Doctor's degree, campus, lecture, dormitory, semester, term, playground, dining-hall, swimming pool, course, foreign language, gym, midterm exam, final exam, clinic, professor, assistant, lecturer, lab, test, required courses, elective courses, credit
Bank:draw on one's account, pay interest on..., open account, interest rate, fixed deposit, current account, bank clerk Barber's: haircut, hairstyle, hairdresser, shave, moustache, beard, spray, shampoo The Customs House:pay duty on..., duty free, free of charge, fill in the form
Dance:disco, dance with, have a ball, party, May I have the pleasure of next dance? Hospital:pain, cough, fever, vomit, headache, stomachache, temperature, heart, lung, blood-pressure, take medicine, pills, tablets, insomnia, indigestion, physician, surgeon, wards, operating room, pharmacy *********************
三、基本的聽(tīng)力技能
*********************
在理解有聲語(yǔ)言的過(guò)程中,學(xué)生除了依靠所掌握的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和文化背景知識(shí)之外,還必須求助于必要的聽(tīng)力技能,例如要善于捕捉重要信息、進(jìn)行正確推理、通過(guò)綜合歸納抓住講話(huà)的中心思想等。
在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試放音之前,考生實(shí)際上就應(yīng)該開(kāi)始進(jìn)入做題狀態(tài)。這時(shí)考生應(yīng)該利用題目來(lái)播放之前及題目與題目之間的有限空隙時(shí)間,以試卷上所給的選項(xiàng)和文字為基礎(chǔ),在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中對(duì)可題提出的問(wèn)題或可能出的信息做出預(yù)測(cè)性判斷。這樣有助于大腦快速綜合組織起有意識(shí)的思維,做到有的放矢。
參見(jiàn):如何運(yùn)用預(yù)測(cè)技巧 1.捕捉重要信息
這是聽(tīng)力理解的首要任務(wù),遺漏了重要信息就不可能聽(tīng)清講話(huà)的基本含義。要辯認(rèn)重要信息又必須聚精會(huì)神聽(tīng)清每一句話(huà)的主要意思,同時(shí)要邊聽(tīng)邊思考,切忌主次不分,顧此失彼。有時(shí)重要信息出現(xiàn)在段首或段未。聽(tīng)者往往受故事情節(jié)的干擾而忽略了帶關(guān)鍵性的第一句或最后一句。如4GSH2卷中有一段短文,一開(kāi)媽就表明一家人尚未決定今夏去何處度假,接著詳述了前一年去黃石公園看熊的不同尋常的經(jīng)歷。當(dāng)問(wèn)到“他們今年將去何處度假”時(shí),大部分考生的回答是“去黃石公園看熊”。顯然忽略了短文的第一句。又如同一試卷中另一段短文,大意是某人去舊金山找Jordan先生談生意。結(jié)果由于種種原因,幾經(jīng)周折仍未找到。但最后他還是表示在舊金山的觀光旅游確實(shí)是件東事,深感不虛此行。當(dāng)問(wèn)到“他對(duì)舊金山之行感覺(jué)如何”時(shí),結(jié)果有30%的考生未能答對(duì),其中一部分答了“大失所望”,而正確答案應(yīng)是:“雖然生意沒(méi)有談成,但他在舊金山玩得很開(kāi)心?!甭?tīng)力理解的一項(xiàng)重要能力是要跟上說(shuō)話(huà)人思維的展開(kāi),理解話(huà)語(yǔ)中的前因后果,不能只注意片言只語(yǔ),這種能力在聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練中要著重培養(yǎng)。
另外,還可以利用轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞獲取重要信息在實(shí)際,人們除了通過(guò)語(yǔ)調(diào)變化以及重讀某些詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)引起聽(tīng)者注意外,還經(jīng)常利用信號(hào)詞為聽(tīng)者把握講話(huà)者的思路、觀點(diǎn)。在四級(jí)聽(tīng)力考試中,利用轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)題目的現(xiàn)象十分普遍。通常一方提出話(huà)題,另一方說(shuō)“Yes”或“I'd like/love to?”,表示肯定的意思或贊同對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn),但緊接著又說(shuō)到“but?”或“however,?”等來(lái)表明自己的真實(shí)想法,而后者往往是選擇答案的關(guān)鍵,測(cè)試題也多圍繞著后半部分來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)。這類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞或短語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有:but,however, otherwise, although, on the contrary等。******************* 如何運(yùn)用預(yù)測(cè)技巧
*******************
對(duì)Section A中題目的預(yù)測(cè),實(shí)際上是在錄音播放之前,根據(jù)每道題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)第三個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者可能提出的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行的預(yù)測(cè)。
1.預(yù)測(cè)地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)所
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)無(wú)數(shù)為表示地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)所的介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí),對(duì)話(huà)中第三個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者提出的問(wèn)題肯定是問(wèn)地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)所的。這類(lèi)對(duì)話(huà)中一般不直接給出地點(diǎn),而是用最能反映或代表該地點(diǎn)的一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)予以暗示。
例(CET-4)2001年 6月)
W: Oh, dear, I'm starving, I can't walk any further.M: Let's go to the restaurant across the street and get something to eat.Q: Where are the two people?
A)At home.B)In a restaurant.C)In a car.D)On the street.對(duì)話(huà)中的can't walk any further等詞暗示了他們既不可能在家里或在車(chē)?yán)铮膊豢赡茉诓宛^里,選項(xiàng)D)On the street.才是他們所處的場(chǎng)所。2.預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)間
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí),提問(wèn)肯定與時(shí)間有關(guān)。答案往往是以對(duì)話(huà)中提到的第一個(gè)時(shí)間為基準(zhǔn),加上或減去后面提到的一個(gè)變動(dòng)的時(shí)間然后得出的時(shí)間。但當(dāng)對(duì)話(huà)中提到多個(gè)時(shí)間時(shí)應(yīng)另當(dāng)別論。
M: I wonder if Sue will be here by 5 o'clock.W: Her husband said she left home at half past four.She should be here at ten after five, and q quarter past five at the latest.Q: What time did Sue leave home?
A)5:15 B)5:10 C)4:30 D)5:00
詞題目中出現(xiàn)多個(gè)時(shí)間,聽(tīng)的時(shí)候應(yīng)特別留意與各個(gè)時(shí)間有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞。本題的關(guān)鍵詞是left home,答案為C)4:30。
3.預(yù)測(cè)職業(yè)或身份
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中均為表示職業(yè)或身份的名詞時(shí),提問(wèn)肯定與職業(yè)或身份有關(guān)。聽(tīng)的時(shí)候,首先將注意力放在第一個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者講話(huà)中的關(guān)鍵詞上,然后用第二個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者的講話(huà)加以補(bǔ)充和證實(shí),答案也就迎刃而解了。
例(CET-4 1997年6月)
M: How about the food I ordered? I've been waiting for twenty minutes already.W: Very sorry, sir.I'll be back with your order in a minute.Q: What's the woman's job? A)A shop assistant.B)A telephone operator.C)A waitress.D)A clerk.聽(tīng)本題時(shí),要注意捕捉關(guān)鍵詞the fod I ordered, 也就不難確定C)A waitress.為答案了。
4.預(yù)測(cè)人物關(guān)系
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)四種不同的人物關(guān)系時(shí),提問(wèn)往往是要針對(duì)對(duì)話(huà)中的人物關(guān)系來(lái)進(jìn)行。這時(shí),應(yīng)把注意力放在關(guān)鍵詞上,并且也要注意第二個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者的講話(huà)內(nèi)容。
例:(CET-4 1997年1月)M: I've just brought your ladder back.Thanks for lending it to me.Where shall I leave it? W: Just leave it against the wall there.Use the ladder again any time.Q: What's the probable relationship between these two speakers?
A)Relatives.B)Roommates.C)Colleagues.D)Neighbours.該試題難度較大,ladder和 lending是關(guān)鍵詞,但也不容忽視第二個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者的最后一句話(huà)。依據(jù)常理,借還梯子之類(lèi)的事情通常應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)生在鄰里之間,故答案為D)Neighbours.5.預(yù)測(cè)行為或活動(dòng)
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都以動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭時(shí),往往可以預(yù)測(cè)提問(wèn)將圍繞“做什么”而進(jìn)行,聽(tīng)的時(shí)候要特別注意對(duì)話(huà)中的動(dòng)詞或與動(dòng)作有關(guān)的詞。
例:(CET-4 1999年6月)
W: If I buy some plants for the bouse, will you water them for me while I am away? M: Sure, I will, if you water mine while I'm on vocation.Q: What will the man do for the woman?
A)Clean her house while she is away.B)Buy her some plants and take care of them.C)Water her plants while she is away.D)Water her plants when he is not at work.本題的關(guān)鍵詞是動(dòng)詞water,問(wèn)題又是圍繞著男士是否愿意為女士water her plants而進(jìn)行的,故選項(xiàng)C)Water her plants while she is away.為正確答案。
例:(CET-4 1998年1月)
M: It's such a beautiful day.Why not sit out in the backyard for a while and enjoy it? W: I'd love to.But there's a lot of laundry to do.Q: What will the woman probably do? A)Do her homework.B)Clean the backyard.C)Wash clothes.D)Enjoy the beautiful day
本題的關(guān)鍵詞是laundry, 雖然laundry為名詞,但在對(duì)話(huà)中卻明示了那位女士要做的事情,因此選C)Wash clothes.為正確答案。6.預(yù)測(cè)話(huà)題
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容各不相干時(shí),一般可以預(yù)測(cè)提問(wèn)將圍繞其中的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)來(lái)展開(kāi)話(huà)題,問(wèn)題通常是What are they talking about/complaining about?等。這時(shí)首先要特別留意四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞,然后的時(shí)候努力去抓取與選項(xiàng)有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語(yǔ)或內(nèi)容。
例:(CET-4 1998年6月)
M: It's so hot today.I simply can't work.I wish therewere a fanin this room.W: So do I.I'll fall asleep if I stay here any longer.Q: What are they complaining about? A)The size of the room.B)Long working hours.C)The hot weather.D)The fan in the room.本題的第一句話(huà) it's so hot today.非常關(guān)鍵,由此可以預(yù)測(cè)話(huà)題與氣候有關(guān),繼續(xù)聽(tīng)下文,使可斷定他們?cè)诒г沟氖茄谉岬奶鞖猓蔬x項(xiàng)C)The hot weather.為正確答案。
除了對(duì) Section A 中對(duì)話(huà)可以進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)以外,對(duì)Section B中的短文也可以在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試過(guò)程中進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。
7.預(yù)測(cè)主題
任何一篇短文都會(huì)有一個(gè)主題。在聽(tīng)到錄音之前,可根據(jù)每篇短文的三到四組選項(xiàng),對(duì)短文的主題進(jìn)行初步預(yù)測(cè),因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞往往可能暗示出短文的主題。此外,英美人說(shuō)話(huà)喜歡直截了當(dāng)、開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,故起始句往往可能是整篇短文的主題句。請(qǐng)看下到 三組選項(xiàng)(短文略):
例:(CET-4 1998年6月)
14.A)The number of students they take in is limited.B)They receive little or no support from public taxes.C)They are only open to children from rich families.D)They have to pay more taxes.15.A)Private schools admit more students.B)Private schools charge less than religious C)Private schools run a variety of programs.D)Private schools allow wtudents to enjoy more freedom.16.A)The churches.B)The program designers.C)The local authorities.D)The state government.根據(jù)這三組選項(xiàng)不難預(yù)測(cè)出,這是一篇以學(xué)校為主題的短文,因?yàn)樵谶x項(xiàng)中多次出現(xiàn)了schools, students等詞。這樣,聽(tīng)的時(shí)候便有了一定的針對(duì)性,從而有助于有效地理解全文做出正確選擇。
8.預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)題
短文聽(tīng)力測(cè)試往往是先聽(tīng)短文,然后才出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。但在聽(tīng)短文之前,可以根據(jù)選項(xiàng)所提供的信息,大致預(yù)測(cè)出后面將可牟提出什么樣的問(wèn)題,并可用自己認(rèn)為最簡(jiǎn)練、易懂的方式在每組選項(xiàng)的前面或后面做一些記號(hào),如:who, what, when, where等,以便有助于在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中捕捉信息。請(qǐng)看下列四組選項(xiàng)(短文略):
例:(CET-4 2000年1月)
11.A)A car outside the supermarket.B)A car at the bottom of the hill.C)Paul's car D)The sports car.12.A)Inside the car.B)At the foot of the hill.C)In the garage.D)In the supermarket.13.A)The driver of the sports car.B)The two girls inside the car.C)The man standing nearby.D)The salesman from London.14.A)Nobody.B)The two girls.C)The bus driver.D)Paul.在以上四組選項(xiàng)中,預(yù)測(cè)難度最大的是第11組,盡管針對(duì)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)可能出現(xiàn)不同的預(yù)測(cè),但Which car??或what??可能才是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均可適用的提問(wèn)方式?第12組的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ),由此可預(yù)測(cè)出該題目將用Where??提問(wèn)。第13組與第14組的選項(xiàng)均為表示與人有關(guān)的名詞或代詞,故可預(yù)測(cè)針對(duì)這兩組題目將用Who...?提問(wèn)。通過(guò)這樣的預(yù)測(cè),在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中就可以有所側(cè)重、有的放矢。
以上只是對(duì)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中常用的預(yù)測(cè)技巧進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單地分析與歸納,希望對(duì)廣大考生有所啟示或幫助。但要指出的是,預(yù)測(cè)僅僅只是聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中的一項(xiàng)技巧而已,它并非萬(wàn)能,在實(shí)際測(cè)試中,還有許多題目是不易或不可預(yù)測(cè)的,而堅(jiān)實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),豐富的語(yǔ)言文化背景知識(shí),以及通過(guò)基本功的綜合訓(xùn)練所獲得的必要的聽(tīng)力技能,才是保證聽(tīng)力測(cè)試取得成功的根本途徑。
2.作出正確判斷
1)推測(cè)言外之意
在對(duì)話(huà)中說(shuō)話(huà)人常常出于某種考慮不直接表示是或否,而用迂回的方式間接回答,聽(tīng)話(huà)人則必須從間接回答中迅速領(lǐng)悟說(shuō)話(huà)的人的確切含意,如上文提到過(guò)的這個(gè)例子:
W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.M: I'm sorry to hear it, but you can always rent one if you have a licence.Q: What does the man mean?
A)She can use his car.B)She can borrow someone else's car.C)She must get her car fixed.D)She can't borrow his car.本題答案為選項(xiàng)D。本題具有一定的難度,只有不到1/3成績(jī)最好的考生答對(duì)本題,題中有兩處是關(guān)鍵所在:首先,rent表示“出租”或“租用”,而borrow則表示“借用”,將近半數(shù)的考生不能區(qū)別這兩個(gè)詞的含義,因而誤選了B項(xiàng);其次?but you can always rent one if you have a licence在這里實(shí)際上是用迂回的方式拒絕借車(chē),部分考生沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這句話(huà)的言外之意,缺少這方面的訓(xùn)練,因此誤選了A項(xiàng)或C項(xiàng)。
2)正確理解委婉的表達(dá)方法
例如:
I hope these apples are as good as they look.其言外之意是“恐怕這些蘋(píng)果不如它們看上去那么好吧”。這是對(duì)事物表示疑慮時(shí)的一種委婉的說(shuō)法。正確理解各種委婉的表達(dá)方法也是一項(xiàng)重要的聽(tīng)力技能。參見(jiàn):聽(tīng)力中常見(jiàn)比較句題型聽(tīng)力中具有否定意義的結(jié)構(gòu)
3.歸綱總結(jié)、抓住中心思想
試看一組對(duì)話(huà):
W: Did you want a day course or an evening course? M: Well, it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day.當(dāng)問(wèn)到“他們?cè)谡勈裁磿r(shí)”,有1/4的考生未能答對(duì),他們分別誤選了 a day course和an evening course。說(shuō)明這些考生只抓住了一鱗半斤爪,而未能把對(duì)話(huà)的內(nèi)容歸納為 the choice of courses(選課)。
綜合歸納是一項(xiàng)很有用的聽(tīng)力技能,但不容易掌握,必須經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)訓(xùn)練才能見(jiàn)效。
4.根據(jù)不同題型特點(diǎn),有針對(duì)性的練習(xí)。
參見(jiàn):1.如何準(zhǔn)備數(shù)字計(jì)算題
2.如何準(zhǔn)備對(duì)話(huà)地點(diǎn)及人物關(guān)系題 3.如何準(zhǔn)備復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě) 4.有關(guān)短文部分的聽(tīng)力技巧 ******************** 如何準(zhǔn)備數(shù)字計(jì)算題 ********************
在歷年四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的聽(tīng)力理解中,數(shù)字計(jì)算類(lèi)題型每次都占有一定比例,一般為三題左右,這類(lèi)題大多數(shù)是有關(guān)時(shí)間(年、月、日、時(shí))、年齡、價(jià)格、倍數(shù)、路程或距離、房號(hào)、街道或樓層編號(hào)及電話(huà)號(hào)碼等。因此,考生在做這類(lèi)題時(shí),應(yīng)掌握以下解題技巧:
1.首先要聽(tīng)懂?dāng)?shù)詞。尤其要分辨清十幾與幾十(重音區(qū)別),基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞,分?jǐn)?shù)與小數(shù)的讀法。
2.聽(tīng)到數(shù)字時(shí)要盡可能快地在心里重復(fù),并用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字寫(xiě)下來(lái),以便記準(zhǔn)這些數(shù)字。
3.從所給的選項(xiàng)中預(yù)測(cè)主要信息。如: A)Fifteen.B)Twenty-nine C)Sixeteen.D)Sixty.從本題的選項(xiàng)來(lái)看,C)與D)都是以six為詞根的近音詞,因此答案有可能從C)、D)中選
擇,故six后的音應(yīng)為注意的重點(diǎn)。錄音稿為:
M: How many students will take the exam? W: Sixty have registered.We'll have sixteen from Asia, fifteen from Latin America and twenty-nine from Europe.Q: How many students does the woman will take the exam?(答案為D,分析基本正確)
4.對(duì)于聽(tīng)需通過(guò)運(yùn)算才能得出答案的題目,首先要做簡(jiǎn)單的筆記,其次要注意表示數(shù)字間關(guān)系的詞。如表示快慢(fast, slow),前后(before, after),多少(more, less),遲早(late, early),以及一些表示倍數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)等意義的詞,如half, double, twice, quarter, couple, pair, per cent, one third/fourth, dozen, century, fortnight,decade, discount, by the hour/day等。此外,英語(yǔ)中還有一些特殊的量詞表示法:如one in ten(1/10), one in nine(1/9),nine out of the(9/10),four feet by eight(長(zhǎng)八英尺寬四英尺)等也須注意。
英語(yǔ)中還有一些數(shù)字的代用詞,其實(shí)也在傳達(dá)數(shù)字信息,如:half hour(半小時(shí)),quarter(一刻鐘,四分之一,季度),a dozen(一打,十二個(gè)),score(二十),monthly(一月一次),daily(一日一次),weekly(每周一次),decade(十年),century(世紀(jì),百年),millenium(千年)等。
英中常用的暗示運(yùn)算的詞有:more, less, fast, slow, late, early, before, after, half, twice, three times, double, triple, quarter, one third, pair等。
5.考生要掌握好各種形式的數(shù)字讀法,以便有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行4至5位數(shù)字聽(tīng)力的反應(yīng)練習(xí),從而達(dá)到敏捷準(zhǔn)確地獲取數(shù)與量的信息。
6.考生應(yīng)掌握??嫉挠?jì)算內(nèi)容,把握主要信息及規(guī)律,以達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算的目的。如購(gòu)物和買(mǎi)票。購(gòu)物一般有折價(jià),還需注意買(mǎi)單價(jià)和雙份價(jià)格的差異;買(mǎi)票時(shí)一般兒童為半價(jià),學(xué)生有時(shí)也是。經(jīng)常提問(wèn)成人票價(jià)+孩子票價(jià)的總和,所以要注意提出的問(wèn)題,避免近音詞的干擾。
******************************** 如何準(zhǔn)備對(duì)話(huà)地點(diǎn)及人物關(guān)系題(一)********************************
在英語(yǔ)四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中,經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)特定的場(chǎng)所、人物的關(guān)系、身份或職業(yè)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的題目,我們把它們歸納為場(chǎng)所關(guān)系類(lèi)(Place & Relationship)題型。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有: 1.Where is the conversation most probably taking place? 2.Where is the man/woman probably going? 3.What most probably is the man? 4.What is the probable relationship between the speakers? 5.Who is the man/woman? 另外,職業(yè)身份題的提問(wèn)一般是: 1.What's the man(woman)? 2.Who's the man(woman)? 3.What does the man(woman)do? 4.What's the man's(woman's)job? 要做好這類(lèi)考題,首先要養(yǎng)成預(yù)期(prediction)的習(xí)慣。這類(lèi)考題有一個(gè)很明顯的共同點(diǎn),即看過(guò)幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)后,很容易判斷出將要提出的問(wèn)題。這樣,可以做到心中有數(shù),以便集中精力注意重要信息。這是平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中要充分重視的技能。
其次,要提高判斷能力。我們?cè)谏厦媪谐龅奈鍌€(gè)問(wèn)題句中,四個(gè)問(wèn)句里有“probable”或“probably”。也就是說(shuō),要根據(jù)提供的信息進(jìn)行合理的推斷。要做到判斷正確,關(guān)鍵詞必須抓住。如對(duì)話(huà)中出“cash the check”“open an account” 等,就很可能是銀行里的揚(yáng)景。如出現(xiàn)“menu”“table”“order” 之類(lèi)的詞,也許就是飯館的場(chǎng)景。另外,要做到判斷正確,還必須積累一定的文化背景知識(shí)。如1993年6月國(guó)家四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試中有這樣一題:
M: Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.W: I am not going to any store.I'm going to see Aunt Mary, but I will get them for you at the gas station.Q: Where will the woman stop on her way?
A)At a cigarette store.B)At a bus station.C)At a gas station.D)At Aunt Mary's.本題答案為選項(xiàng)C。有許多同學(xué)選錯(cuò)了,是因?yàn)闆](méi)弄清Aunt Mary's 是女士的目的地,而不是中途停車(chē)之外。當(dāng)然,也與不太清楚gas station(加油站)在美國(guó)也兼賣(mài)一些日用雜貨有關(guān)。
******************** 地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系(二)********************
對(duì)于這種考查地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系,職業(yè)身份的題,考生可以通過(guò)抓關(guān)鍵的特征詞來(lái)判斷。四級(jí)聽(tīng)力中常見(jiàn)的人物關(guān)系及其常用特征用語(yǔ)和詞組有: Teacher and student(老師與學(xué)生)
examination, midterm, exam, test, quiz, homework, assignment, pass, arts courses, engineering courses, school campus, teachin building, teacher's office Librarian and student(圖書(shū)館工作人員與學(xué)生)
borrow, return, renew, on time, magazine, reference book, author, writer, shelves, check out, loan desk, library/card, cash or charge? Are you done? Shop-assistant and customer(店員與顧客)
Can I help you? but, sell, expensive, cheap, department, store, Lady's department, coat, shoes, hat, jacket, sweater, sale price, on sale, price, cut down, discount, cashier, auction, high-heeled shoes underwears, leather, plastic fabric, silk, jeans, pajama(睡衣)
Doctor and patient(醫(yī)生和病人)
What's the matter with you? a sore throat headache, flu, fever, what's your trouble, take one's temperature, give sb.an injection, take medicine, surgery Waiter(Waitress)and customer(侍者與顧客)
Anything to drink? What kind of wine do you want? Is that all? Finished? Anything else? order, menu, brandy, whisky, check, dessert, sandwiches 另外,考生還可以通過(guò)對(duì)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)氣、口吻來(lái)推測(cè)二者的關(guān)系,如:
W: This is the third time you've been late this week Robert, you'll have to do better than that, or I might find it necessary to let you go.M: It won't happen again, I assure you.Q: Who spoke to Robert?
A)His advisor B)His teacher C)His partner D)His boss
從說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度和口氣來(lái)看,帶有較明顯的威脅的口氣,肯定不會(huì)是地位同級(jí)別的人之間的對(duì)話(huà)。由let you go可知,這顯然是一位老板警告員工別再遲到,否則會(huì)炒他魷魚(yú)。因此,選擇D。
對(duì)話(huà)是在特定場(chǎng)合下的人的行為。場(chǎng)合不同,人們的語(yǔ)言有所差異;人們的身份不同職業(yè)不同、關(guān)系親疏不同,說(shuō)出的話(huà)也不同。因此,我們可以根據(jù)人們的語(yǔ)言推斷其身份、職業(yè)、關(guān)系對(duì)話(huà)的特定場(chǎng)合。堅(jiān)持聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練,不斷積累語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和文化背景知識(shí),這類(lèi)考題是不難應(yīng)付的。
參考:顯示對(duì)話(huà)發(fā)生地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞
******************** 如何準(zhǔn)備復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě) ********************
Compound Dictation.這一部分的復(fù)雜性和難度體現(xiàn)在Compound上,它要求考生耳、眼、手并用,以詞匯的基本功來(lái)構(gòu)筑起完美的語(yǔ)段。
1、強(qiáng)化單詞辨音及拼寫(xiě)能力
單詞聽(tīng)寫(xiě)部分主要是測(cè)試考生的辨音能力和拼寫(xiě)能力。因此,平時(shí)在準(zhǔn)備四、六級(jí)詞匯考試時(shí),一定要掌握單詞的讀音和正確拼寫(xiě)。另外,單詞重音也很重要,重音沒(méi)有讀對(duì),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生某個(gè)單詞見(jiàn)了認(rèn)識(shí),自己讀時(shí)也知道,在考題中聽(tīng)到時(shí)既感到似曾相識(shí)又茫然的現(xiàn)象。例如:
content n.內(nèi)容
content adj.甘愿的,滿(mǎn)意的;
permit n.許可,執(zhí)照,營(yíng)業(yè)證
permit vt.許可,允許。
再如:
high adj.高的,其名詞形式為height [heit],那么在考試時(shí)聽(tīng)到這個(gè)詞準(zhǔn)會(huì)茫然。
2、存儲(chǔ)信息,聽(tīng)寫(xiě)結(jié)合
聽(tīng)寫(xiě)要點(diǎn)部分要求考生在聽(tīng)寫(xiě)一個(gè)段落后寫(xiě)出空格部分的要點(diǎn)。這一部分要比聽(tīng)完一個(gè)段落后做選擇題部分難度大得多,也是考生們失分較多的部分發(fā)。作者認(rèn)為,平時(shí)在聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練過(guò)程中,應(yīng)養(yǎng)成記筆記(note-kaking)的好習(xí)慣。具體方法如下:①抓主題句。抓主題句類(lèi)似于精讀課堂上老師分析文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)一樣找到主題句(Topic Sentence),以統(tǒng)率全篇。
聽(tīng)的過(guò)程也是一樣,聽(tīng)出并迅速記下主題句,即捕捉主要信息,不必拘泥于某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的理解。一般而言,主題句常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾,當(dāng)然個(gè)別的時(shí)候也有可能在段落的中間。②捕捉關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞(Key Words)的記錄也相當(dāng)重要,它直接關(guān)系到列舉要點(diǎn),有利于問(wèn)題的解答。記下關(guān)鍵詞,回頭做題時(shí)才有據(jù)可依,達(dá)到以一詞得全句的效果。這個(gè)功夫可下在平時(shí),平時(shí)復(fù)述課文可用這種方法。一個(gè)個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)組成一個(gè)個(gè)句子,從而可以復(fù)述全文。③學(xué)會(huì)速記技巧。和漢語(yǔ)速記一樣,做英語(yǔ)筆記時(shí)同樣需要速記技巧,盡量用符號(hào)來(lái)代替字母的拼寫(xiě)。如:〉(more than);>(less than);+(add/and/plus);-(minus/take away);×(multiplied by/times by)÷(divided by);=(is equal to/equals);%(percent);0(degree);′(minute);″(second)。又如時(shí)間、長(zhǎng)度、面積、體積、地名等也可用縮寫(xiě)來(lái)記錄,如:hr(hour);km(kilometer);kg(kilogram);l(litre);sq.m(square meter);NY(New York)。其他一些國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)、組織名稱(chēng)同樣可用縮寫(xiě)詞來(lái)代替,例如:UN(the U-nited Nations);NATO(the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)等等。這些速記技巧在聽(tīng)新聞時(shí)顯得尤為重要。
3、巧用試卷,合理預(yù)測(cè)
與其它聽(tīng)力測(cè)試題型不同,復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的一部分內(nèi)容已經(jīng)印制在試卷上,考生應(yīng)充分利用考試時(shí)間的間隙迅速瀏覽一下卷面,通過(guò)捕捉卷面文字信息,找出線(xiàn)索,如文章的主題句等。預(yù)測(cè)短文大意等,這樣在聽(tīng)時(shí)就會(huì)更有針對(duì)性,對(duì)聽(tīng)懂全文至關(guān)重要。
首先,考生可以讀出文章的大意,然后按照語(yǔ)篇的行文能夠?qū)⒄Z(yǔ)段的寫(xiě)作色彩做出比較好的判斷。做了這些準(zhǔn)備工作,就算完成了一半。大凡空白處都設(shè)計(jì)在表示狀態(tài)的形容詞以及連接詞之外,只要你已經(jīng)具備了詞匯的基本功和上述的準(zhǔn)備工作,那么填寫(xiě)單詞一定沒(méi)有問(wèn)題;填寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句子的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)要放在聽(tīng)大意上,不要因?yàn)橐恍┲谎云Z(yǔ)而耽誤了對(duì)大意的把握。這是由試題的要求決定的,即寫(xiě)出要點(diǎn)即可,而不強(qiáng)求照搬原句。需要注意的是整個(gè)聽(tīng)音的過(guò)程都要精力集中。
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四、正確有效的聽(tīng)音習(xí)慣 ************************
正確有效的聽(tīng)音習(xí)慣也是提高聽(tīng)力理解的保證。例如:
1.全神貫注,積極思考
有些同學(xué)在平時(shí)練聽(tīng)力的時(shí)候,總是在學(xué)習(xí)累了,或準(zhǔn)備睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候聽(tīng)英語(yǔ),結(jié)果養(yǎng)成了聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)時(shí)注意力無(wú)法集中的毛病。練習(xí)聽(tīng)力務(wù)必選擇頭腦清醒,興奮的時(shí)候,集中精力練習(xí)二、三十分鐘即可。每天堅(jiān)持這樣做,可以達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。
2.邊聽(tīng)邊記下要點(diǎn)
3.加強(qiáng)短時(shí)記憶(short term memory)能力 4.養(yǎng)成預(yù)期(prediction)的習(xí)慣。
所謂預(yù)期能力是指在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的信息要有所期待。如果新出現(xiàn)的信息與預(yù)期信息截然相反,又要善于迅速調(diào)整,不斷修正已作出的判斷。這種能力是重要的聽(tīng)力技能之一,在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中要充分重視。
另外,大家可以在平時(shí)嘗試通過(guò)朗讀來(lái)提高聽(tīng)力水平?!袄首x”是最好的老師。初學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí),大家都經(jīng)歷過(guò)朗讀課文而不是默讀。現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí),由于基本的音標(biāo)知道得差不多一般就不講究朗讀了,只是默讀。因?yàn)樵谀x時(shí)便于更加容易地接受信息,即所謂的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。自然而然地,優(yōu)勢(shì)器官就變成了眼睛。這樣造成的明顯后果就是:讀單詞,音不準(zhǔn);讀長(zhǎng)句子時(shí)總感到口腔遲鈍。原因就是,不朗讀就不能鍛煉口腔肌肉,不朗讀就不可能辨別、體會(huì)出每一個(gè)音素的正確發(fā)音,就更談不上什么連讀、爆破音了。
與學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)時(shí)進(jìn)行對(duì)照,聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程實(shí)際上可以近似地理解為你自己在實(shí)際朗讀。如果你在朗讀英語(yǔ)時(shí)語(yǔ)音基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn),你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)你在聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,總有些讀法和你讀的比較相似。如果你朗讀時(shí)的英語(yǔ)很地道,就會(huì)覺(jué)得有些東西與錄音中的東西相當(dāng)吻合??墒且?yàn)槟愕摹奥?tīng)力”有點(diǎn)“差”,所以你聽(tīng)不懂那些音節(jié)連綴起來(lái)是什么意思。這時(shí),問(wèn)題就不是聽(tīng)而是怎樣進(jìn)行高速的英漢互譯。如果你平時(shí)“聽(tīng)”英語(yǔ)的時(shí)間很少,那么你進(jìn)行這種英漢互譯的訓(xùn)練就很少,達(dá)不到條件反射的目的,你也就顯得“聽(tīng)力”很弱了。所以在背單詞時(shí),希望大家讀出聲來(lái)記憶詞音而不單純記憶詞型的原因也就在于這里。短期內(nèi)如果要提高聽(tīng)力水平可以參考下述步驟。首先,找一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的聽(tīng)力試題,用盡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)速朗讀 Tape Script,希望讀得很熟。然后在不對(duì)照原文的情況下聽(tīng)磁帶。這時(shí),你一定會(huì)有種“似曾相識(shí)燕歸來(lái)”的感覺(jué)。借助著這種方法可以提高聽(tīng)覺(jué)器官對(duì)英語(yǔ)的敏感度。然后再去聽(tīng)另一套試題,你會(huì)聽(tīng)到一些即熟悉又陌生的東西。接下來(lái),就要靠你自己不斷地總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)音這個(gè)東西是個(gè)感覺(jué),是未必可以用語(yǔ)言來(lái)描述的。只有實(shí)實(shí)在在地將這種對(duì)語(yǔ)音的感知固化在頭腦中,你聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)的能力才會(huì)真正有所提高。
平時(shí)的練習(xí)是打基礎(chǔ),要在四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中取得令人滿(mǎn)意的成績(jī),考試時(shí)的臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮也相當(dāng)重要??忌獙W(xué)會(huì)精神放松,把考試只當(dāng)你一次平時(shí)練習(xí),在自己的考場(chǎng)坐位上做幾次深呼吸,看看考場(chǎng)四周,熟悉熟悉環(huán)境,這樣可以有助于緩解緊張情緒,全神貫注于聽(tīng)的內(nèi)容。正式開(kāi)始做題之后,要嚴(yán)格控制答題時(shí)間,根據(jù)自己聽(tīng)懂的內(nèi)容,盡快確定并標(biāo)出答案。倘若遇到?jīng)]聽(tīng)懂的地方,不要理會(huì)它,以免影響做下一題,盡量余下幾秒再次瀏覽下一題的選項(xiàng)。通過(guò)再次瀏覽,考生基本上可以預(yù)測(cè)出所提問(wèn)題的大致方向,從而可使自己在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中處于主動(dòng)地位。當(dāng)做上一題余下的幾秒鐘內(nèi)看不完下一題的書(shū)面選擇項(xiàng)時(shí),則應(yīng)把注意力放在聽(tīng)上,而不要為了看而耽誤了聽(tīng)錄音的內(nèi)容,否則會(huì)造成題與題之間相互影響的惡生循環(huán)。
總之,要對(duì)自己有信心,相信自己的能力,堅(jiān)信只要專(zhuān)心致志,只要盡了最大努力,就一定能發(fā)揮出自己的實(shí)際水
第五篇:英語(yǔ)演講與表達(dá)
高中英語(yǔ)選修課程設(shè)計(jì)
課程名稱(chēng): 英語(yǔ)演講與表達(dá)
適用對(duì)象: 普通高中高中二年級(jí)
課程說(shuō)明:本課程是以培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生當(dāng)眾說(shuō)話(huà)能力為目的的一門(mén)選修課程。通過(guò)大量的演講實(shí)例的剖析講解,開(kāi)闊學(xué)生的眼界,引發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,讓學(xué)生感受演講的魅力,提高學(xué)生對(duì)演講的鑒賞能力,提高學(xué)生口語(yǔ)表達(dá)水平、人際交往能力和演講水平;在掌握基本理論和基本技能的同時(shí),全面提高學(xué)生素質(zhì)。要求學(xué)生掌握演講的基本理論、演講內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)備、演講的有聲語(yǔ)言和態(tài)勢(shì)語(yǔ)言、演講者的心理調(diào)適以及命題演講、即興演講、辯論的要求與技巧等內(nèi)容。采用理論講述和技能訓(xùn)練相結(jié)合、課內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)和課外實(shí)踐相結(jié)合、學(xué)生親身時(shí)間和觀摩評(píng)點(diǎn)相結(jié)合的方法
課程資源:1.參考書(shū):《演講心理分析》《青年演講能力訓(xùn)練教程》《大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)演講訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)》
2.精彩演講音頻文件:CD3.精彩演講視頻
考核辦法: 每個(gè)學(xué)生都進(jìn)行三分鐘的命題演講和一到兩分鐘的即席演講
教學(xué)安排與內(nèi)容:
第一單元 引言(兩個(gè)課時(shí))
第一,二課時(shí)
教學(xué)目標(biāo):使學(xué)生對(duì)演講及這個(gè)課程有個(gè)總體的了解
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:對(duì)這門(mén)課程進(jìn)行綜合的介紹
(一)演講的必要性
(二)演講時(shí)一般出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題(怯場(chǎng),忘詞等)
(三)演講時(shí)需要注意的方面(演講稿,語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào),著裝舉止等)
(四)如何欣賞和評(píng)價(jià)一場(chǎng)演講
(五)如何開(kāi)展這門(mén)課程
(六)如何考核
欣賞并討論分析精彩即席演講:2005年第十屆?21世紀(jì) 外教社杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽決賽冠軍選手夏鵬的精彩演講――Walls and Bridges, 比賽中夏鵬以流利完美的口語(yǔ)和激情睿智的風(fēng)格征服評(píng)委和觀眾,一舉奪得‘全場(chǎng)冠軍’和‘最受觀眾喜愛(ài)的選手’兩項(xiàng)大獎(jiǎng)
第二單元 如何寫(xiě)好演講稿(四個(gè)課時(shí))
第三 四課時(shí)
教學(xué)目標(biāo):使學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)如何擬定一個(gè)好題目以及怎樣收集,處理材料
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
(一)介紹好的演講稿的特點(diǎn):
1)應(yīng)切合具體演講的場(chǎng)合和對(duì)象;
2)簡(jiǎn)短有力沒(méi)有長(zhǎng)句
3)應(yīng)避免書(shū)面語(yǔ)
(二)怎樣擬定好的演講題目
1)全篇內(nèi)容的結(jié)晶
2)好題目應(yīng)該陌生化
(三)怎樣收集和處理材料
1)精心收集材料
2)尋求典型新鮮的材料
3)如何處理數(shù)字材料
欣賞并討論分析精彩演講:第八屆?21世紀(jì) 愛(ài)立信杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講大賽總決賽冠軍的演講
第五 六課時(shí)
教學(xué)目標(biāo):讓學(xué)生掌握寫(xiě)好演講稿的技巧
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
(一)如何寫(xiě)好精彩的開(kāi)頭――有吸引力,制造懸念
(二)如何結(jié)尾――回味無(wú)窮,引人深思
(三)如何寫(xiě)好中間部分――編排巧妙,條理清晰
(四)為講稿潤(rùn)色――善用名言警句
欣賞并討論分析精彩演講:2004年4月第九屆?21世紀(jì) 外教社杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽決賽特等獎(jiǎng)及?最具創(chuàng)意獎(jiǎng)?的演講――The Doors Are Open To Us, 五分鐘。這篇演講稿最大的特色是 條例清晰以及將事例貫穿全文,這種處理很好的配合了限時(shí)演講的兩大特點(diǎn):在短時(shí)間內(nèi)抓住聽(tīng)眾興趣,且要盡可能陳述完自己的觀點(diǎn)
第三單元 演講中的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)(兩個(gè)課時(shí))
第七 八課時(shí)
教學(xué)目標(biāo):規(guī)范學(xué)生演講中的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
一)語(yǔ)言要規(guī)范:
1)演講時(shí)的語(yǔ)音要清晰,善用不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)
2)演講時(shí)注意音量及說(shuō)話(huà)的速度
3)避免與場(chǎng)合及身份不符的口頭禪
二)語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)短通俗――簡(jiǎn)單易懂
三)盡可能使用常用詞――盡量使用單音節(jié)詞
四)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式多樣化――避免枯燥呆板
五)少用第二人稱(chēng)――如避免用YOU二用WE以拉近距離
六)適當(dāng)?shù)耐nD
欣賞并討論分析精彩演講:2004年4月第九屆?21世紀(jì) 外教社杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽決賽二等獎(jiǎng)的演講――Making Choices,學(xué)習(xí)其流暢優(yōu)美的表達(dá)能力
第四單元 演講心理分析(四個(gè)課時(shí))
第九 十課時(shí)
教學(xué)目的:使學(xué)生了解演講時(shí)演講者的一些心理
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
一)演講“怯場(chǎng)”分析
1)原因分析:
A.陌生的體驗(yàn) B.過(guò)度的期望 C.自卑的態(tài)度D.聽(tīng)眾的壓力 E.性格特征
2)緊張情緒調(diào)節(jié)方法:
A.吐納松弛法-深呼吸 B.自我暗示法-自我安慰鼓勵(lì) C.臨場(chǎng)熟悉法—演講前熟悉環(huán)境
二)脫稿演講與“記憶”
1)記憶的基本過(guò)程:識(shí)記-保持-回憶和再認(rèn)
2)記憶方法:A 朗讀法-大聲朗讀B 提綱法-列出綱目和重要內(nèi)容 C 串詞法-每部分
定一個(gè)中心詞
欣賞并討論分析演講:第八屆?21世紀(jì) 愛(ài)立信杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講大賽總決賽第三名的演講
第十一 十二課時(shí)
教學(xué)目的:促進(jìn)學(xué)生與聽(tīng)眾的交流以便更順利進(jìn)行演講
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
(一)控制演講時(shí)間
1)逆反心理――超過(guò)一定限度(時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)度)時(shí),人對(duì)某一對(duì)象的興奮狀態(tài)會(huì)專(zhuān)為抑制
狀態(tài),即“超限逆反”。
2)演講的類(lèi)型:
A 交際性演講:盡量簡(jiǎn)短,幾分鐘
B 鼓動(dòng)性演講:富于情緒性,最好不超過(guò)一個(gè)半小時(shí)
C 傳授性演講:主要是傳遞信息,最長(zhǎng)一個(gè)小時(shí)左右
D 說(shuō)服性演講:富于邏輯和情緒感染力,最好不超過(guò)一個(gè)半小時(shí)
(二)適當(dāng)?shù)挠哪?/p>
1)幽默的意義:A 有助于引起注意B 有助于說(shuō)服人C 有助于調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)系
2)不當(dāng)或過(guò)多的幽默:A 會(huì)淡化主題B 有損演講者的形象 C
3)運(yùn)用幽默應(yīng)注意場(chǎng)合:交際性演講不妨多用,而傳授或鼓動(dòng)性演講盡量不用或少用
(三)顏色與心理
1)顏色的分類(lèi):A 暖色-紅 橙 黃B 冷色-蘭色 淡綠色C 中性色-綠 紫
2)顏色與場(chǎng)合:A 鼓動(dòng)性演講:偏重暖色B 傳授性與說(shuō)服性演講:偏中性色
3)顏色與年齡:A 聽(tīng)眾大部分為青年――適宜較明亮的顏色,使情緒思想活躍
B聽(tīng)眾大部分為老年人――適合紫色,莊重且不阻滯思想
(四)非語(yǔ)言溝通
1)表情:有助于表達(dá)和理解情緒,特別是微笑
2)眼神:使聽(tīng)眾更有效地理解演講者的思想和情感
欣賞經(jīng)典演講:I have a dream(16分鐘左右)
第五單元即興演講(兩個(gè)課時(shí))
第十三 十四課時(shí)
教學(xué)目的:使學(xué)生提高即興演講的能力
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
(一)即興演講的話(huà)題類(lèi)型
1)永恒話(huà)題:例如friendship;health;honesty;success等
2)熱門(mén)話(huà)題:例如 pollution;part-time job等
3)個(gè)人話(huà)題:例如 my hobby/hometown;an unforegetable
4)臨時(shí)話(huà)題:臨時(shí)決定的話(huà)題或針對(duì)演講而提出的話(huà)題
(二)即興演講常用的開(kāi)頭方式:
1)通過(guò)比較對(duì)照引出話(huà)題
2)引用名人名言強(qiáng)調(diào)主題
3)以設(shè)問(wèn)開(kāi)頭激發(fā)聽(tīng)眾的興趣
4)提出矛盾對(duì)立的事物
5)以某一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或大眾的觀點(diǎn)開(kāi)頭
(三)主要部分的構(gòu)思
1)主題句與關(guān)鍵詞: 聽(tīng)到演講話(huà)題時(shí)保持冷靜,迅速審題和思考從那些方面闡述,而這些方面則以主題句或關(guān)鍵詞的方式來(lái)體現(xiàn)
2)段落的開(kāi)展: A 定義B 分類(lèi)C 例證D 因果關(guān)系E 按時(shí)間順序
3)使用過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ):A 使演講層次分明,連貫,流暢
B 為演講者贏得思考時(shí)間
(四)即興演講的結(jié)尾方式:A 概括全篇 重申論點(diǎn)
B提出疑問(wèn)發(fā)人深思
C 引經(jīng)據(jù)典 畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛 總結(jié)論點(diǎn)
欣賞并討論分析精彩即席演講:2005年第十屆?21世紀(jì) 外教社杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽決賽冠軍選手夏鵬的即席演講――學(xué)習(xí)其優(yōu)秀的臨時(shí)反應(yīng)能力,語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用及氣氛,時(shí)間的掌控能力(三分鐘)
第六單元 解決演講中的實(shí)際困難(兩個(gè)課時(shí))
第十五 十六課時(shí)
教學(xué)目標(biāo):使學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)如何解決演講中的實(shí)際問(wèn)題
教具:課件
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
(一)怎樣穿著得體
(二)抽簽在第一怎么辦
(三)假如最后上場(chǎng)
(四)如何看待前面的選手表現(xiàn)突出
(五)身體不舒服怎么辦
欣賞并討論分析演講:第八屆?21世紀(jì) 愛(ài)立信杯?全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講大賽總決賽第十一名的演講 第十七 十八課時(shí):
考核:每個(gè)學(xué)生都進(jìn)行三分鐘的命題演講和一到兩分鐘的即席演講