第一篇：英文詩(shī)體裁

英文詩(shī)體裁

[一] 詩(shī)的格律等知識(shí)

一、詩(shī)的格律

格律是指可以用腳打拍子的節(jié)奏”，是每個(gè)音步輕重音節(jié)排列的格式，也是朗讀時(shí)輕重音的依據(jù)。而音步是由重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成的詩(shī)的分析單位。重讀音節(jié)為揚(yáng)（重），在音節(jié)上用“－”或“ˊ”標(biāo)示，非重讀音節(jié)為抑（輕），在音節(jié)上用“）”標(biāo)示，音步之間可用“／”隔開(kāi)。以下是五種常見(jiàn)格式：

1．抑揚(yáng)格（輕重格）Iambus：是最常見(jiàn)的一種格式，每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry: Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注；art=are；luve=love???bonnie=beautiful???a`=all???gang=go 上例中為四音步與三音步交叉，可標(biāo)示為：）－／）－／）－／（）－）

2．揚(yáng)抑格（重輕格）Trochee：每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。下例中為四音步揚(yáng)抑格（少一個(gè)輕音節(jié)），可標(biāo)示為：－）／－）／－）／－ Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night William Blake: The Tyger 3．抑抑揚(yáng)格（輕輕重格）Anapaestic foot: 每個(gè)音步由兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如：三音步抑抑揚(yáng)格））－／））－／））－ Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again.4．揚(yáng)抑抑格（重輕輕格）Dactylic foot:?每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如：兩音步揚(yáng)抑抑格－））／－））ˊTouch her not/ˊscornfully, ˊThink of her?/ˊmournfully.--Thomas Hood 5．抑揚(yáng)抑格（輕重輕格）Amphibrach：每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)再加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如：三音步抑揚(yáng)抑格）－）／）－）／）－）下例中最后一個(gè)音步為抑揚(yáng)格。

Oˊhush thee/ myˊbabie / thyˊsire was / a knight.在同一首詩(shī)中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的格律，格律解析對(duì)朗讀詩(shī)歌有一定參考價(jià)值?，F(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律。

二、詩(shī)的押韻

押韻是指通過(guò)重復(fù)元音或輔音以達(dá)到一定音韻效果的詩(shī)歌寫(xiě)作手法。

1．尾韻：最常見(jiàn)，最重要的押韻方式。1.聯(lián)韻：aabb型。

I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song 2）交叉韻：abab型。Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea, Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar 3）同韻：有的詩(shī)押韻，一韻到底，大多是在同一節(jié)詩(shī)中共用一個(gè)韻腳。如下例就共用／i:p／為韻腳。The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost(1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

2．?頭韻：是指一行（節(jié)）詩(shī)中幾個(gè)詞開(kāi)頭的輔音相同，形成押韻。下例中運(yùn)用／f／、／b／與／s／頭韻生動(dòng)寫(xiě)出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.T.S.Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner

3．內(nèi)韻（同元音）：指詞與詞之間原因的重復(fù)形成的內(nèi)部押韻。下面一節(jié)詩(shī)中／i／及／iη／重復(fù)照應(yīng)，呈現(xiàn)出一派歡樂(lè)祥和的氣氛。Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring

三、詩(shī)的體式

有的詩(shī)分成幾節(jié)（stanza），每節(jié)由若干詩(shī)行組成（每行詩(shī)均以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭）；有的詩(shī)則不分節(jié)。目前我們常見(jiàn)的詩(shī)體有： 1．十四行詩(shī)(Sonnet)，源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩(shī)，十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）為代表人物，每行十一個(gè)音節(jié)，全詩(shī)一節(jié)八行，加一節(jié)六行，韻腳用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提問(wèn)，后六行回答。

后來(lái)，懷亞特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）將十四行詩(shī)引人英國(guó)，五音步抑揚(yáng) 格，全詩(shī)三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問(wèn)，后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韻腳 abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韻腳abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg，稱英國(guó)式或莎士比亞式。

2．打油詩(shī)（Limericks）：通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅，一般沒(méi)有標(biāo)題也無(wú)作者姓名，含有幽默諷刺性，常運(yùn)用雙關(guān)，內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩(shī)五個(gè)詩(shī)行，押韻為aabba，格律以抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格為主。

1)There was a young lady of Nigger Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the ride With the lady inside, And the smile on the face of the tiger.2)A tutor who taught on the flute Tried to teach two tooters to toot, “Is it harder to toot, or Said the two to the tutor, To tutor two tooters to toot?！?/p>

3．無(wú)韻體（Blank Verse）：五音步抑揚(yáng)格，不押韻詩(shī)體。Across the watery bale , and shout again, Responsive to his call,--with quivering peals, And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild Of jocund din!…

William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy

4．自由詩(shī)（Free Verse）:現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常見(jiàn)的體式，長(zhǎng)短不同的詩(shī)行存在于同一首詩(shī)中，不講究押韻與格律，只注重詩(shī)歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美國(guó)詩(shī)人Walt&8226;Whitman的《草葉集》（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。

四、詩(shī)的評(píng)判

對(duì)一首詩(shī)，個(gè)人的感受會(huì)有不同。節(jié)奏流暢，語(yǔ)言精煉，聯(lián)想新穎的詩(shī)可算是好詩(shī)。堆砌詞藻，一味抒發(fā)感情而無(wú)實(shí)際內(nèi)容的詩(shī)，只能是下乘的詩(shī)。

二十世紀(jì)英美詩(shī)歌大量采用自由詩(shī)體，接近口語(yǔ)，可謂大膽創(chuàng)新，大概也是詩(shī)歌發(fā)展的大勢(shì)所趨吧。

再介紹一些英語(yǔ)詩(shī)律

一、自由詩(shī)

三特征：（1）無(wú)韻（2）音數(shù)或音步不拘（3）行數(shù)參差

二、詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)短

1、偶音行

（1）十二音：亞歷山大式（alexandrine），源于12世紀(jì)《亞歷山大故事詩(shī)》（2）十音、八音

2、奇音行

十三音、十一音、九音

3、短行 七、六、五、四、三、二音

4、長(zhǎng)短行（此處指有規(guī)則的長(zhǎng)短行）

*跨行法：一個(gè)句子分跨兩行或多行（拋詞法：只留一個(gè)詞拋到另一行）

三、音步（foot）

希臘、拉丁語(yǔ)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)音和一個(gè)或兩個(gè)短音結(jié)合，構(gòu)成音步。法語(yǔ)無(wú)長(zhǎng)短音，故一個(gè)音算作一步。英國(guó) 用重、輕音和希臘長(zhǎng)、短音相當(dāng)。若干音步構(gòu)成詩(shī)行，這叫“步律（meter）”

普通步律四種（x 表示輕音）： 1．輕重律：

（1）淹波律（iambic or iambus）：一輕一重律 x a x a x a（2）阿那貝律（anapest）：二輕一重律 x x a x x a x x a 2．重輕律：

（1）特羅凱律(trochee)：一重一輕律 a x a x a x（2）德提爾律（dactyl）：二重一輕 a x x a x x a x x（此處我疑）*外加律：每行之末有一個(gè)多余的“輕音”，則這輕音不算入音步之內(nèi)

四、韻腳的構(gòu)成

1、常韻：甲行最后音節(jié)里的元音（母音）和乙行最后音節(jié)里的元音（母音）完全相同。如果元音后面帶

一兩個(gè)輔音，則輔音也必須相同。

2、貧韻：不依照正常押韻規(guī)矩，押韻處不夠諧和。

（1）協(xié)音（assonance）：只有元音相同，詞的收尾輔音不同（2）協(xié)字（alliteration）：只有輔音相同，元音不同

3、富韻：非但前一行末一個(gè)元音與另一行相同，且那元音前面的輔音也相同?；蚍堑┮粋€(gè)音節(jié)整

個(gè)相同，倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)的元音也相同。

4、陰陽(yáng)韻：韻腳只有一個(gè)音節(jié)叫陽(yáng)韻，含有兩到三個(gè)音節(jié)，叫陰韻。

5、句首韻

*素詩(shī)(blank verse)：通常每行十個(gè)音，無(wú)韻，音步整齊。如莎士比亞《哈姆雷特》，彌爾頓《失樂(lè)園》。

五、韻腳的位置：

1、記韻法：

（1）一首詩(shī)分為n段，每段押韻方式和韻腳完全相同，記作 n abab（2）一首詩(shī)分為n段，每段押韻方式相同，韻腳不同，記作*n abab（3）大寫(xiě)字母表示全行重疊，如AbbaA（4）大寫(xiě)的R表示每段煞尾的結(jié)句

2、隨韻：aabb（法文rimes suivies，法詩(shī)中古典悲劇里的韻式）（1）四行隨韻：*n aabb（2）偶體詩(shī)：*n aa（英詩(shī)五步淹波律偶體稱“英雄偶體”）（3）三隨式：*n aaa

3、交韻：abab（法文rimes croisées，西洋詩(shī)正則）（1）雙交 abab *英詩(shī)“英雄四行”：四行五步淹波律雙交 *法國(guó)古代“巴律(Ballade)”：3ababbcbc+bcbc *terza-rima（《神曲》所用韻式）：aba bcb cdc ded ee

4、抱韻：abba（法文rimes enbrassées，十四行詩(shī)正則）

5、雜體：

（1）遙韻：隔開(kāi)不止兩句押韻（2）交隨相雜：

*ottava rima 八行詩(shī)：abababcc *rime royal stanza 皇家詩(shī)：ababbcc *Spenserian stanza 斯賓塞式：ababbcbcc（3）交抱相雜：如ababccb（4）隨抱相雜：如abbccb（5）交隨抱相雜：如ababccdeed

6、疊句(refrain)*記法：

（1）疊句地方以大寫(xiě)字母為記，如AbbaA（2）大寫(xiě)字母后面加一撇，表示另一疊句。如ABA’B’BCB’C’…(B和B’韻同，句子不同)（3）有時(shí)用表示段末的疊句

*疊句最多的詩(shī)是“舊法國(guó)式(old French forms)”如：（1）“回環(huán)曲”（rondeau）: aabba aabR aabbaR（2）“小回環(huán)”(rondel): Abab baAB ababAB（3）“倫電”(roundel): abaB bab abaB（4）“三疊曲”(triolet): ABaAabAB（5）“村歌”(villanelle): AbA’abA abA’abA abA’abAA’

（6）“潘敦”(pantoum): ABA’B’BCB’C’CDC’D’DED’E’EFE’F’FGF’G’GBG’A’

*半疊句：后半句相同

7、英詩(shī)詩(shī)行高低：因韻腳不同而成

商籟（十四行詩(shī)）、回環(huán)曲可分三層高低，其他無(wú)論多少韻，都只能有兩層高低。

六、商籟（sonnet十四行詩(shī)，發(fā)源于意大利）

（一）分段： a.4+4+3+3(意、法)b.8+6(英)c.4+4+6 d.14

（二）音數(shù)：

a.十二音：“亞歷山大體”，法國(guó)派最常用 b.英國(guó)派：五步淹波律，十音

c.十一、九、八、七、六、五皆可，只要各行音數(shù)相同

（三）韻式：

（1）正式：

前八行：abba abba

后六行：<1>法國(guó)派(1)繼承意大利ccd eed

(2)法詩(shī)自身ccd ede

<2>英國(guó)派(1)彌爾頓式cde cde

(2)濟(jì)慈式cdc dcd

（2）正中之變：

abba abba cdc dee abba abba ccd cdc abba abba cdd ccd

abba abba cdd cee abba abba cdc ede abba abba ccd dee abba abba cdd cdc

（3）變式：

<1>小變（韻腳變，韻式不變）

(1)前八行四個(gè)韻腳，如：abba cddc eef ggf abba cddc eef gfg

(2)前八行三個(gè)韻腳，如：abba cbbc abba acca abba bccb

(3)前八行兩個(gè)參差韻腳：abba baab

<2>大變（韻腳、韻式都變）

A.前八行用交韻

(1)前八行兩個(gè)韻腳：abab abab

(2)前八行兩個(gè)參差韻腳：abab baba

(3)前八行三個(gè)韻腳：abab acac abab cbcb

(4)前八行四個(gè)韻腳：abab cdcd

B.前八行用隨韻

(1)前八行兩個(gè)韻腳：aabb aabb

(2)前八行四個(gè)韻腳：aabb ccdd

（4）其他

a.莎士比亞式：abab cdcd efef gg（前三段三個(gè)“英雄四行”，末一段一個(gè)“英雄偶體”）

b.斯賓塞式：abab bcbc cdcd ee（前三段三個(gè)“英雄四行”用鉤韻interlocked by rime，末一段一個(gè)“

英雄偶體”）

c.西德尼式：abab abab cdcd ee

[二] 英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌的韻律 英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌的韻律dasha英詩(shī)節(jié)奏(Rhythm)

構(gòu)成英詩(shī)節(jié)奏的基礎(chǔ)是韻律(metre)。在希臘語(yǔ)中，“metre”這個(gè)字是“尺度(標(biāo)誰(shuí))”的意思。英詩(shī)就是根據(jù)詩(shī)行中的音節(jié)和重讀節(jié)奏作為“尺度(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))”來(lái)計(jì)算韻律的。

英詩(shī)的特點(diǎn)之一是與其他文體不同的排列格式。各詩(shī)行不達(dá)到每頁(yè)頁(yè)邊，每行開(kāi)始詞首大寫(xiě)。幾行成為一節(jié)(stanza)，不分段落。各行都要講究一定的音節(jié)數(shù)量，行末押韻或不押韻，交錯(cuò)排列。

……音節(jié)重讀(stressed)，非重讀(unstressed)?！@就是一種正規(guī)的重讀形式，在詩(shī)歌中即體現(xiàn)為韻律。研究詩(shī)歌韻律規(guī)則的科學(xué)叫作韻律學(xué)(Prosody)。

1．音步(Foot)：

英詩(shī)中這種重讀與非重讀音節(jié)的特殊性組合叫作音步。一個(gè)音步的音節(jié)數(shù)量可能為兩個(gè)或三個(gè)音節(jié)，但不能少于兩個(gè)或多于三個(gè)音節(jié)，而且其中只有一個(gè)必須重讀。分析英詩(shī)的格律就是將它劃分成音步，并區(qū)分出是何種音步以及計(jì)算音步的數(shù)量。這種音步劃分叫scansion。根據(jù)一首英詩(shī)組成的音步數(shù)量，每一詩(shī)行一個(gè)音步稱“單音步”(monometer)；每一詩(shī)行有兩個(gè)音步的，稱“雙音步”(dimeter)；含有三個(gè)音步的，稱“三音步”(trimeter)；此外還有四音步(tetrameter）、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octometer)。

Is this | a fast, | to keqp The lard | or lean And clean?(Herrick)2．韻律(Metre)： 英詩(shī)的韻律是依據(jù)音步包含音節(jié)的數(shù)量及重讀音節(jié)的位置而加以區(qū)分的。傳統(tǒng)英詩(shī)的音步有六種：即抑揚(yáng)格(Lambus)、揚(yáng)抑格(Trochee)、抑抑揚(yáng)格(Anapaest)、揚(yáng)抑抑格(Dactyl)及抑揚(yáng)抑格(Amphibrach)：(Anapaest)、揚(yáng)抑抑格(Dactyl)及抑揚(yáng)抑格(Amphibrach)：

“⌒”非重讀音節(jié)；“／”重讀音節(jié)。涂壽鵬編著 , 《英文詩(shī)歌導(dǎo)讀》

英詩(shī)的韻

英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌的押韻可以根據(jù)單詞的內(nèi)音素重復(fù)的部位不同而分成不同種類，最常見(jiàn)的有頭韻（Alliteration）、諧元韻（Assonance）和尾韻（Rhyme）。頭韻指詞首重復(fù)，如great和grew；諧元韻是指詞中重讀元音重復(fù)，如great和fail；尾韻則指詞尾音素重復(fù)，如great和bait。但一行詩(shī)中可能同時(shí)存在多種押韻形式：

The light that lies in women's eyes.--Thomas Moore 這行詩(shī)中既有頭韻light和lies，諧元韻light、lies、eyes，又有且有尾韻（這種押韻方式稱行中韻middle rhyme）lies和eyes。

英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌的行與行之間的押韻格式稱韻法（rhyming scheme）。常見(jiàn)有兩行轉(zhuǎn)韻（AABB）、隔行押韻（ABCB）、隔行交互押韻（ABAB）和交錯(cuò)押韻（ABBA）。（Dasha整理）

英詩(shī)體例：

十四行詩(shī)(sonnet)：過(guò)去也曾音譯為《商籟詩(shī)》。十四行，抑揚(yáng)格，五音步用作全詩(shī)的形式。首先出現(xiàn)于意大利，16世紀(jì)中傳入英國(guó)，為伊麗莎白時(shí)代(伊麗莎白一世在位時(shí)期為1558一1603)文人所寵愛(ài)，莎士比亞、斯賓塞及西德尼(sidney)全都寫(xiě)下過(guò)著名的十四行詩(shī)。18世紀(jì)十四行詩(shī)曾受到冷落。但后又被浪漫派詩(shī)人濟(jì)慈、沃茲沃斯等人所復(fù)興，以后許多詩(shī)人也多所采用。英國(guó)十四行詩(shī)有兩種類型：意大利式(Petrarvhan)及莎士比業(yè)式(Shakesperoan)(英國(guó)式)。A．意大利式十四行詩(shī)：模仿意大利詩(shī)人皮特拉克(Petrarch)所創(chuàng)的樣式，由兩部分組成：第一部分八行(TheOctave)，由的個(gè)四行詩(shī)體(Quatrains)組成，韻腳是abbaabba；第二部分六行(The Sestet)，韻腳可有不同形式。按嚴(yán)格的意大利十四行詩(shī)體，在前八行結(jié)尾詩(shī)意應(yīng)告一段落，而后六行又轉(zhuǎn)入新的詩(shī)意。B．莎士比亞式十四行詩(shī)：由三個(gè)四行詩(shī)體組成，韻腳交替進(jìn)行。最后是押韻的雙行詩(shī)體。整個(gè)韻腳是ababcdcdefefgg。在莎士比亞式十四行詩(shī)中意境一氣呵成，直到最后雙行體，為全詩(shī)高潮。除莎士比亞外，其他詩(shī)人也采用此種形式。

SONNET 21 So is not with me as with that Muse, Stirr'd by a painted beauty to his verse, Who heaven itself for ornament doth use And every fair with his fair doth rehearse, Making a couplement of proud compare, With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems.With April's first-born flowers, and all things rare That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.O, let metrue in love, but truly write, And then believe me, my love is as fair As any mother's child, though not so bright As those gold candles fix'd in heaven’s air.Let them say more that like of hearsay well;I will not praise that purpose not to sell.(Shakespaere)

《十四行詩(shī)集》第21首 我的詩(shī)神①并不像那一位持神 只知運(yùn)用脂粉涂抹他的詩(shī)句，連蒼穹也要搬下來(lái)作妝飾品，羅列每個(gè)佳麗去稱贊他的佳麗，用種種浮夸的比喻作成對(duì)偶，把他之太陽(yáng)、月亮、海陸的瑰寶，四月的鮮花，和這浩蕩的宇宙 蘊(yùn)藏在它的懷里的一切奇妙。哦，讓我既真心愛(ài)，就真心歌唱，而且，相信我，我的愛(ài)可以媲美 任何母親的兒子，雖然論明亮 比不上掛在天空的金色燭臺(tái)。

誰(shuí)喜歡空話，讓他盡說(shuō)個(gè)不窮； 我志不在出售，自用不著禱頌。

見(jiàn)《梁宗岱譯詩(shī)集》，第107頁(yè)，湖南人民出版社，1983年版。詩(shī)人，下面用男性代詞“他”字。

①(原譯注)詩(shī)神：即 涂壽鵬編著 , 《英文詩(shī)歌導(dǎo)讀》 , 第38頁(yè)

哀歌 elegy 為哀悼一位公共活動(dòng)家、一位友人或所愛(ài)的人而寫(xiě)的一種沉思抒情詩(shī)；推而廣之，又指悲嘆人世無(wú)常的、題材更廣泛的任何內(nèi)省性質(zhì)的抒情詩(shī)。在古典文學(xué)中，所謂哀歌只不過(guò)用哀歌格律（詩(shī)行交替使用揚(yáng)抑抑格的六音步句和五音步句)寫(xiě)的詩(shī)篇，題材也不限制。在某些現(xiàn)代文學(xué)，例如德國(guó)文學(xué)中，人們使哀歌格律適應(yīng)于語(yǔ)言，因此哀歌一詞變成只指這種格律，而不是指詩(shī)歌的內(nèi)容。

《簡(jiǎn)明不列顛百科全書(shū)》中國(guó)大百科全書(shū)出版社1985年版170頁(yè)

? 超星存其它可參閱的讀物（Dasha注：文中許多概念不統(tǒng)一，請(qǐng)注意，以其中英文的定義為準(zhǔn)）：

謝祖鈞 , 《英語(yǔ)修辭》 , 1988年6月第1版 , 第151-179頁(yè)

王佐良 丁往道 , 《英語(yǔ)文體學(xué)引論》 , 1987年12月第1版 , 第365-385頁(yè) 陳淑華 , 《英語(yǔ)修辭與翻譯（英漢對(duì)照）》 , 1990年6月第1版 , 第321-324頁(yè) 徐鵬 , 《英語(yǔ)辭格》 , 1996年10月第1版 , 第341-450頁(yè) 梁守濤《英詩(shī)格律淺說(shuō)》商務(wù)印書(shū)館1979

Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ.of MN, Morris

Metrics How to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme scheme of an English poem.(作者通篇都是用下面這首簡(jiǎn)單的小詩(shī)來(lái)介紹詩(shī)歌)A Stupid Poem

I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.First, divide the lines into syllables(音節(jié)), and count them:

I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head(8)And / walked / in/to / the / strand(6)And / there / I / met / a/noth/er / man(8)Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand(6)

(詩(shī)歌分析的第一步是劃分 音節(jié)。對(duì)我們這樣非英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的人可能有點(diǎn)困難。基本的方法是一個(gè)元音一個(gè)音節(jié)，例如 upon是兩個(gè)音節(jié)，another是三個(gè)音節(jié)。有的時(shí)候詩(shī)人為了強(qiáng)調(diào)方言等原因，會(huì)使用省略字，這種情況就要具體問(wèn)題具體分析了。也有的時(shí)候是為了湊音節(jié)而省略的)

Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重讀)

“Stress” in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.” It has nothing to do with the tension in your life.The symbol u means unstressed;the symbol / means stressed(詩(shī)歌里的重讀，與一個(gè)單詞本身發(fā)音里的重讀未必是一回事。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，重讀的詞，都是有實(shí)際意義，在句子中起重要作用的詞。只要聽(tīng)清重讀的詞，就能夠理解一句話的意思。比如第一句，聽(tīng)清了 put/hat/pon/head 這四個(gè)字就大致知道說(shuō)的是什么，而只聽(tīng)清楚 I/my/u/my 這四個(gè)字的話......)

u / u / u / u /

u / u / u / u / I put my hat upon my head u / u / u / And walked into the strand u / u / u / u / And there I met another man u / u / u / Whose hat was in his hand

Notice the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables: In this poem, there is a repeated pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable:(在這首詩(shī)里面，總是一個(gè)重讀的音節(jié)跟著一個(gè)非重讀的音節(jié))

I PUT / my HAT / upON / my HEAD

The smallest unit(always 2 or 3 syllables)of repeated patterned stress is called a “poetic foot.”(音步? 我譯的對(duì)嗎？)Here, the first foot is “I put” the second “my hat” and so on.(若干個(gè)重讀/非重讀的音節(jié)重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，就構(gòu)成了詩(shī)歌里最小的組成部分unstressed, stresssed(u /)(/ u)(u u /)(/ u u)(/ /)1 foot(e.g.“I put.”)Dimeter3(I put my hat upon)Tetrameter5 Hexameter7So...for example, “trochaic tetrameter(揚(yáng)抑格四音步）” is a line with 4 feet(8 syllables)with a pattern of stress-unstress in each foot:(一句題外話，中文的什么 五音步抑揚(yáng)格，除了考試，還得是中文考試，或者騙騙MM, 一點(diǎn)用處也沒(méi)有。)

/ u * / u * / u * / u Lovely Morris figures rebates

and, “iambic pentameter” means five feet(10 syllables)with each foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable:

u / * u / * u /*u /* u / “Which alters when it alteration finds”

Most of Shakespeare’s verse is “iambic pentameter.”(知道莎翁用的大部分是 五音步抑揚(yáng)格，就可以開(kāi)始騙人嘍)

What is the form of the “stupid poem” we have been examining?

u / u / u / u / I put * my hat * upon * my head u / u / u / And walked * into * the strand u / u / u / u / And there * I met *anoth*er man u / u / u / Whose hat * was in * his hand.ANSWER:It is all iambic, with alternating lines of TETRAMETER(4 feetlines 2 & 4).No problem, right?

And now, for something easier--Rhyme Schemes(韻律安排？)The sound of the last syllable of every line is assigned a letter, beginning with “a”(韻律劃分是詩(shī)歌分析的關(guān)鍵。每一行的最后一個(gè)音節(jié)是一個(gè)韻律，用字母表示。第一個(gè)韻律是a, 以次類推。遇到和前面重復(fù)的韻律就用和前面相同的字母標(biāo)記。)

I put my hat upon my head(a)And walked into the strand(b)And there I met another man(c)Whose hat was in his hand(b)The rhyme scheme is: a b c b

Stanzas(節(jié)）

The combination of rhythm(that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter(that is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme(for example, “a b c b”)can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poetic conventions.(又是一個(gè)很重要的概念。簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)，一個(gè) rhyme scheme 就可以當(dāng)作一個(gè) stanza)

Some of these historically important stanza forms in English poetry are:

Couplets(對(duì)句)Any two lines which rhyme, regardless of rhythm and meter(couplets 是詩(shī)歌最早的形式，壓韻即可)

Example of a COUPLET

Candy Is dandy

Heroic Couplet(我找不到準(zhǔn)確的譯法，好象是英雄雙韻體英雄雙句體)Two lines which rhyme(a couplet)which are written in iambic pentameter.The “Heroic Couplet” was the dominant form of English poetry in the 18th century, and lots of authors from Chaucer to the present have used this form.Example of an HEROIC COUPLET英雄雙韻體

Say first, of God above, or man below What can we reason, but from what we know?

(from Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man)

Quatrains(四行詩(shī))

Any stanza with 4 lines

Candy Is dandy But liquor Is quicker.Ballad Stanza(???)

A “quatrain” with alternating tetrameter and trimeter E.g., the idiotic poem we have been studying!I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.A serious example of BALLAD STANZA

The king sits in Dumferline town, Drinking the blood-red wine: “O where will I get a good sailor To sail this ship of mine?”

from anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens(after 1200)

The Sonnet(十四行詩(shī))lines Iambic pentameter Two main types:

Italian or Petrarchan(彼特拉克體十四行詩(shī))often abba abba cdecde English or Shakespearean(莎士比亞體十四行詩(shī))often abab cdcd efef gg

An Italian Sonnet

Divers doth use, as I have heard and know, When that to change their ladies do begin To mourne and wail, and never for to lin, Hoping thereby to pease their painful woe.And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts of them which otherwhere doth grow.But as for me, though that by chance indeed Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, nor yet be sad, Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That often change doth please a woman’s mind.Wyatt, Divers Doth Use(c.1540)

A Shakespearean Sonnet

That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west;Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self that seals up all the rest.In me thou seest the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This thou perceiv’st which makes thy love more strong, To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.(1609)

Blank Verse(無(wú)韻詩(shī))

Unrhymed iambic pentameter Torment, sweet friend, that base and aged man That durst dissuade me from thy Lucifer, With greatest torments that our hell affords.Marlowe, Dr.Faustus(1604)

Some other stanzaic forms

Rime royal8 lines rhyming abababcc Spencerian stanza-9 lines, rhyming ababbcbcc, first 8 lines iambic pentameter, line 9 iambic hexameter You don’t need to know these！!

第二篇：原創(chuàng)英文詩(shī)

cocoon

Just like a cloud, Floating

And oscillating lonely in the welkin, Wanna find a cave, To foist herself in.She knows There waiting Is a dolce fairy.Whose smile is so sweety, And voice so dulcie

To drive away all the profane apparitions She’ll hearken

No matter what you are telling.Far from hullabaloo, Far from intricacy.But Manito warns her, Go back，Too tiny are those caves, To imbosom you.No tears, No doldrums.Just head up high, In a distant place, A motte liege She believes, Is there waiting,whose arms are so strong, And metsuke so tender, To treib away all the ferocious devil.He’ll sopite，No matter what you are worriting.Far from la polvere, Far from melancholy.But

Manito alarms her, Go back，Too vast are those mottes, To shugo you.Oh, My spirit，Your fairy being far from you, And so your liege.When you feel sorrowful and helpless，Whose shoulders can you lean on? What should you do? And

Where can you go?

第三篇：英文詩(shī)

元夕 蘇味道

火樹(shù)銀花合，星橋鐵鎖開(kāi)。

暗塵隨馬去，明月逐人來(lái)。

游妓皆秾李，行歌盡落梅。

金吾不禁夜，玉漏莫相催。

The Lantern Festival Night by Su Weidao

The light is brightly, tonight the no-go area is opening.The horse gallop that stirred up the dust,the moon seemed to follow the people.The young singing girls look more beautiful, they walk and sing songs.The capital guards does not work tonight, the drum will not urge the people back home.生查子·元夕 歐陽(yáng)修

去年元夜時(shí)，花市燈如晝。

月上柳梢頭，人約黃昏后。

今年元夜時(shí)，月與燈依舊。

不見(jiàn)去年人，淚濕春衫袖。

At Lantern Festivalto the tune of Green Jade Table by Xin Qiji

One night's east wind adorns a thousand trees with flowers

And blows down stars in showers.Fine steeds and carved cabs spread fragrance en route;

Music vibrates from the flute;

The moon sheds its full light

While fish and dragon lanterns dance all night.In gold-thread dress, with moth or willow ornaments，Giggling, she melts into the throng with trails of scents

But in the crowd once and again

I look for her in vain.When all at once I turn my head，I find her there where lantern light is dimly shed.篇一：新年英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌朗誦

The New Year is around us now，and I hope that you're working your way towards your goals and the fulfillment of your resolutions(if you made any).Whether you made some or not，I wish you the best of success with each new day that makes its way into our lives--take good care of yourself，and the rest will fall into place!

Also，The New Year season is upon us，and we all have a season of goodwill and thoughts of others to look forward to.I hope that you're able to see all of the joy of this holiday season，accept it，and make it a part of yourself and share it with others.People usually decide to start over from New Year.You have choice.You can select joy over despair.You can select happiness over tears.You can select action over apathy.You can select growth over stagnation.You can select you.And you can select life.And it's time that you start off.The year 2006 is stretching her arms to embrace you into a new，refreshing，prosperous world: welcome abroad，enjoy your life，have fun.You’re listening to Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax，this is Faith.I wish you happiness during the holidays and through out the New Year.篇二：新年英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌朗誦

Happy new year，snow is angel's kiss，wet our lips.Happy new year，God will joke，so calm came to the end of the

Happy new year，red lanterns hanging high，winter in monotone

Happy new year，the poor beggar to cotton and embrace

Happy new year，the world won again in future，human beings can not forget to pray

Happy new year，the sun melted the ice，reflecting the child's laugh.中文：

新年好，雪花是天使的吻，濕了我們的嘴角.新年好，上帝也會(huì)玩笑，末日如此平靜的來(lái)到

新年好，紅燈高掛，冬日不在單調(diào)

新年好，窮人乞到了棉衣和擁抱

新年好，世界又贏得了未來(lái)，人類沒(méi)忘記祈禱

新年好，陽(yáng)光融化了堅(jiān)冰，映照著孩子的笑.篇三：新年英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌朗誦

The Year's at the Spring!--一年之計(jì)在于春

Robert Browning--羅伯特·勃朗寧

The year's at the spring

And day's at the morn；

Morning's at seven；

The hill-side's dew-pearled；

The lark's on the wing；

The snail's on the thorn:

God's in his Heaven--

All's right with the world!

正值一年之春，又逢一日之晨；

晨光走到了七點(diǎn)；

山腰掛著露珠；

云雀展翅高飛；

蝸牛爬上了荊棘:

上帝在自己的天堂里——

塵世間一派井然!

第四篇：英文勵(lì)志詩(shī)

今天給大家分享一首英文勵(lì)志詩(shī)，中文部分是我自己翻譯的，如有不當(dāng)請(qǐng)多擔(dān)待！

‘Tis a lesson you should heed，記住曾經(jīng)的每一個(gè)教訓(xùn)

If at first you don’t succeed，如果一開(kāi)始你沒(méi)有成功

Try,try again;

再試一試！

Then your courage should appear,然后你就會(huì)更有勇氣

For if you will persevere，因?yàn)槿绻銏?jiān)持下去

You will conquer,never fear

你就會(huì)征服它，不再恐懼

Once or twice,though you should fail,一次，兩次，盡管會(huì)失敗，Try,try again;

再試一試！

If you would at last prevail，如果你最終獲勝

Try,try again;

再試一試！

If we strive,tis no disgrace

如果我們努力了，Though we do not win the race;

盡管我們沒(méi)有贏得比賽，那也不丟臉

What should you do in the case?

在這種情況下你該怎么辦？

Try,try again

再試一試！

If you find your task is hard，如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)你的任務(wù)艱巨，Time will bring you your reward,時(shí)間會(huì)帶來(lái)你的回報(bào)的！

Try,try again

再試一試！

All that other folks can do，所有別人能做到的，Why,with patience,should not you?

為什么有如此毅力的你不能呢？

Only keep this rule in view:

只要把這條規(guī)則記?。?/p>

Try,try again.再試一試！

每當(dāng)你想要放棄或者絕望的時(shí)候，早晨大聲的朗誦一下這首詩(shī)，總能激勵(lì)我們繼續(xù)前行；每當(dāng)你獲得榮耀或者自以為登頂?shù)臅r(shí)候，認(rèn)真的默念這首詩(shī)，總能告誡我們戒驕戒躁，勿忘奮斗，更上一層樓！

第五篇：母親節(jié)英文詩(shī)

一首關(guān)于母親的經(jīng)典英文詩(shī)

M-O-T-H-E-R

“M” is for the million things she gave me, “O” means only that she is growing old, “T” is for the tears she shed to save me, “H” is for her heart of purest gold, “E” is for her eyes,with love-light shining, “R” means right,and right she will always be.Put them all together, they spell “MOTHER”, A word that means the world to me.---Howard Johnson（c.1915）

譯文：

M代表著母親給予了我們一切，O意味著與此同時(shí)她正在衰老，T象征著她為了拯救我們流的淚，H表明了她最無(wú)私最偉大的心靈，E是她充滿著愛(ài)萬(wàn)分溫柔的眼神，R說(shuō)明著正確，并且代表著她永恒的真理。

把他們和在一起，便是母親，一個(gè)代表著最無(wú)私最偉大的給予了我所有全部的詞

母親節(jié)英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌二 :Mother Machree There's a spot in my heart which no colleen may own;There's a depth in my soul never sounded or known;There's a place in my memory my life that you fill;No other can take it no one ever will;Every sorrow or care in the dear days gone by;Was made bright by the light of the smile in your eye;Like a candle that's set in a window at night;

Your fond love has cheered me and guided me right;Sure I love the dear silver that shines in your hair;And the brow that's all furrowed and wrinkled with care;I kiss the dear fingers so toil warm for me;Oh!God bless you and keep you, mother machree!

《慈母頌》

在我啲心靈之中

有個(gè)地方, 深不可測(cè)

其境從未與聞

哪個(gè)少女也難問(wèn)津；

在我啲記憶之中

我啲生命布滿你啲身影

誰(shuí)也不能取代

永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)人有此真情；

珍貴時(shí)光悠悠逝去

辛勞煩擾卻永不消停

你眼中啲微笑, 其光彩

使煩勞轉(zhuǎn)為光明；

宛如點(diǎn)燃啲燭光

深夜透窗欞

你深情啲愛(ài)激勵(lì)我引領(lǐng)我一直前進(jìn)；

是啲, 我愛(ài)你如銀啲發(fā)絲

閃爍著深情啲光線

我愛(ài)你額上道道皺紋

歲月刻滿滄桑

我吻你勤勞啲手指

雙手柔情暖和我心房；

啊, 慈母在我心

蒼天保佑, 福壽永綿長(zhǎng)！