第一篇：英語(yǔ)必修四復(fù)習(xí)提綱-Unit4 Body language

英語(yǔ)必修四復(fù)習(xí)提綱-Unit4 Body language Unit4 Body language 1.基礎(chǔ)梳理

statement greet represent association dormitory canteen flight curious Colombia approach defend cheek major Jordan dash spoken Spain Italy crossroads posture be likely to facial function ease ast ease lose face truly false anger turn one’s back to fist yawn repectiful subjective hug rank cassette 2，詞語(yǔ)歸納 1）major 作形容詞，表示“較大的，較多的，主要的”，雖然含有表較多的意思，但不能與than連用與比較級(jí)，常用作定語(yǔ)。

還可以指同姓兄弟中年長(zhǎng)的，大的。作名詞，表示“陸軍等的少校，少將；（音樂(lè)）大調(diào)，主修課程，某專業(yè)的學(xué)生”。作動(dòng)詞，表示“主修（大學(xué)里某一學(xué)科）”，后多用介詞in引出具體的科目。2）represent 作動(dòng)詞，表示“代表，表現(xiàn)，描繪”。

represent sth to sb向某人陳述某事，常帶有不滿或者憤怒的情緒。represent…as… 把……說(shuō)成……。3）curious 表示“好奇的，求知的，古怪的”。

be curious about…/be curious to do… 對(duì)……好奇/感興趣。be curious+that從句。

curiosity是名詞，“好奇心”。4）introduce 作及物動(dòng)詞，表示“介紹”，不可帶雙賓語(yǔ)，后常跟介詞to。表示“使認(rèn)識(shí)，使注意”，介詞to后面接被了解的東西。表示“引進(jìn)，推行，采用”。5）touch 作動(dòng)詞，表示“觸摸，接觸，觸及，輕碰”。

表示“感動(dòng)，觸動(dòng)”，可直接跟賓語(yǔ)，也常用作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，多跟by引起的短語(yǔ)或者從句。touch on/upon sth涉及/論及某事。touch down著陸。

作名詞，表示“接觸，手法，風(fēng)格”，是可數(shù)名詞。

表示“觸覺(jué)，觸感”，是不可數(shù)名詞，若前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，可使用不定冠詞。表示“聯(lián)系”，常用在下列短語(yǔ)： keep touch with 與……保持聯(lián)系 get into touch with 與……取得聯(lián)系 lose touch with與……失去聯(lián)系 be out of touch with與……無(wú)聯(lián)系 at a touch一觸即發(fā)。

a near touch僥幸脫險(xiǎn)，九死一生。6）be likely to 表示“很有可能……，有希望……”。likely是形容詞，后接不定式，likely不能用probable替換。

likely還常用在“It is likely that+從句”的句型中，可以用probable替換。7）general 作形容詞，表示“大體的，一般的，普遍的”。in general總的來(lái)說(shuō)，大體上，通常。

as a general rule在通常情況下，一般而言。8）aviod 作及物動(dòng)詞，表示“避免，消除”后接名詞或者代詞。后跟動(dòng)名詞，不能接不定式。

avide…like the plague極力回避……，盡量躲開(kāi)……。9）express 作動(dòng)詞，意為“表示，表達(dá)”。

express oneself（清楚地）表達(dá)自己的意思。express sth to sb向某人表達(dá)某事。作形容詞，表示“急速的，特殊的”。作名詞，表示“快車，快遞”。10）similar 是形容詞，表示“相似的，類似的”。be similar to… 與……相似。be similar in…在……方面相似。11）at ease 表示“舒適，快活，自由自在，無(wú)憂無(wú)慮”，也可以用at one’s ease表示。put/set sb at（one’s）ease 使某人感到舒適，不拘束。take a ease輕松，放心。

at ease還可以表示“稍息”，用作軍事口令。with ease容易地，無(wú)困難地。12）punish 是動(dòng)詞，表示“懲罰，體罰”。

punish sb for doing sth因（做）某事懲罰某人。punish…with/by…用……處罰……。punish還可以表示“痛打”。3.語(yǔ)法

詳見(jiàn)Unit2的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。

第二篇：英語(yǔ)必修四課文

必修四 Unit1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE

It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa.Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans.Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before.Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.Then we follow as they wander into the forest.Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family.Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.However, the evening makes it all worthwhile.We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree.Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night.We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family.Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour.She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment.However, this was not easy.When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.Her work changed the way people think about chimps.For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat.Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts.She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it.She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals.She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely.She is leading a busy life but she says: “Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.It's terrible.It affects me when I watch the wild chimps.I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?” And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong.Once you have seen that you can never forget...“

She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can.She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.Unit2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE

Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research.Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.Born into a poor farmer's family in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953.Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing the rice output.At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem in many parts of the countryside.Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields.In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of rice.In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produced.These increased harvests mean that 22% of the world's people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in China.Dr Yuan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed countries to increase their rice harvests.Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life.However, he doesn't care about being famous.He feels it gives him less freedom to do his research.He would much rather keep time for his hobbles.He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading.Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him.Indeed, he believes that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles.He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing.Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum.Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as huge as a peanut.Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that could feed more people.Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe.One dream is not always enough, especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.Unit3 A MASTER OF NONVERBAL HUMOUR

As Victor Hugo once said, ”Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face", and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin.He brightened the lives of Americans and British through two world wars and the hard years in between.He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.Not that Charlie's own life was easy!He was born in a poor family in 1889.His parents were both poor music hall performers.You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.Such training was common in acting families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain.Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother.By his teens, Charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most popular child actors in England.He could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks.No one was ever bored watching him-his subtle acting made everything entertaining.As time went by, he began making films.He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world.The tramp, a poor, homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat.He walked around stilly carrying a walking stick.This character was a social failure but was loved for his optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties.He was the underdog who was kind even when others were unkind to him.How did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? Here is an example from one of his most famous films, The Gold Rush.It is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been discovered in California.Like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold, but without success.Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner.Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.Finally he tries cutting and chewing the bottom of the shoe.He eats each mouthful with great enjoyment.The acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted!

Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films he starred in.In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his outstanding work in films.He lived in England and the USA but spent his last years in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.Unit4

COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM?

Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students.They were coming to study at Beijing University.We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen.After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them.The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised.Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek!She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding.Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada.As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student.Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand.They both apologizednot all members of a culture behave in the same way.In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!Unit5 THEME PARKS — FUN AND MORE THAN FUN

Which theme park would you like to visit? There are various kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history.Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.Whichever and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you!

The theme park you are probably most familiar with is Disneyland.It can be found in several parts of the world.It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.As you wander around the fantasy amusement park, you may see Snow White or Mickey Mouse in a parade or on the street.Of course Disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant swinging ships to terrifying free-fall drops.With all these attractions, no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!

Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern

USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world.Dollywood shows and celebrates America's traditional southeastern culture.Although Dollywood has rides, the park's main attraction is its culture.Famous country music groups perform there all year in indoor and outdoor theatres.People come from all over America to see carpenters and other craftsmen make wood, glass and iron objects in the old-fashioned way.Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago, or take a ride on the only steam-engine train still working in the southeast USA.You can even see beautiful bald eagles in the world's largest bald eagle preserve.And for those who like rides, Dollywood has one of the best old wooden roller coasters, Thunderhead.It is world-famous for having the most length in the smallest space.Come to Dollywood to have fun learning all about America's historical southeastern culture!

If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies, princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you.Every area of the park is modelled after life in the days of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.In one place, you can watch magic shows with Merlin the Wizard.If you want to see fighting with swords or on horseback, then the jousting area is a good place to visit.If you do well there, King Arthur may choose you to fight in the big jousting tournament.Do you like animals? Then visit the farm area, and learn how people in ancient England ran their farms and took care of their animals.To enter a world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!

第三篇：必修四英語(yǔ)Units 3

必修四英語(yǔ)Units 3---5單元測(cè)試題（2）

單項(xiàng)選擇

1.The old man is _______ with his retired life that he always wears a ______ smile.A.so satisfied;contentB.well content;contented

C.so content;contentedD.satisfied;satisfying

2.People in Tibet are ______ than they used to be.A.well offB.more better offC.much better offD.quite better off

3.City people enjoy going to the countryside______with organic food and vegetables on holidays.A.to entertainB.to be entertained

C.entertaining themselvesD.to be entertained themselves

4.Once one’s desire ______ reason, trouble is sure to follow.A.overcomesB.is overcomed byC.gets rid ofD.is ridded of

5.______in a red dress, she was easy to _______ in the big crowd.A.Being dressed;pick outB.Dressed;to be picked out

C.Having dressed;pick upD.Dressed;pick out

6.With food, water and electricity______, the village is suffering a humanity disaster.A.cut downB.cut upC.cut offD.cut in

7.However hard I tried, I just couldn’t ______them of the truth of my story.A.remindB.convinceC.ridD.inform

8.People, with the young ________, love to surf the Internet for entertainment.A.in generalB.in detailC.in particularD.in brief

9.Some people have the wrong idea that those who have ______in films must have got their parts through unusual means, especially women actresses.A.playedB.actedC.madeD.starred

10.You really shouldn’t have_____to his comment on your work so violently______he meant no harm to you.A.reacted;after allB.responded;at allC.acted;after allD.done;in all

11.They are said to have developed a new ______ to teaching, which is said to improve classroom teaching greatly.A.methodB.meansC.wayD.approach

12.Property insurance helps you to ______ against natural disasters, in front of which humans appear too small.A.preventB.defendC.protectD.shelter

13.He is not ______ the kind of man who could have done such a rude thing to a lady.You must have been mistaken.A.likelyB.possibleC.probableD.maybe

14.People _______ don’t like to be made fun of, though there are some exceptions.A.on the wholeB.in generalC.in totalD.in a way

15.Your boyfriend is a reliable person.He will never ______ what he has promised.A.turn his back onB.turn a dead earC.turn his back toD.turn his face to

16.The news that his family were safe and sound in the flood put the old man ______.A.at easeB.at comfortC.at reliefD.at life

17.In order not to _______ in front of the audience, the speaker spent many many hours preparing his speech.A.lose his faceB.lose a faceC.lose facesD.lose face

18.Things are not always what they ________.A.stand forB.appearC.representD.are

19.If you are ______about the country you are going to visit, find a book to read.A.seriousB.curiousC.anxiousD.interested20.He is famous both ___a novelist and a poet but he is more famous___his novels.A.for;asB.with;forC.as;forD.like;as

21.---He was born and grew up in the town.---_______ he knows it so well.A.No doubtB.No problemC.No curiosityD.No wonder

22.The two buildings were both _______after the same pattern.A.set upB.foundedC.modeledD.sought

23.At the sound of the bell announcing the end of class, the whole class _______.A.came to lifeB.came aliveC.was bought to lifeD.returned to life

24.When we got to the cinema, there were no tickets left.We should have booked _______.A.head of timeB.in advanceC.before longD.long before

25.More money and effort should be spent _______ the cultural relics in the world.A.to keepB.remainC.preserveD.support

II 完形填空

Back in my country, when I was a child, I used to go to “market day” with my mother.One day each week, farmers used to ___26___ their fruit and vegetables into the city.They ___27___ one street to all cars, and the farmers set up tables for their ___28___.This outdoor market was a great place to ___29___.Everything was fresher than produce in grocery stores because the farmers brought it in ___30___ after the harvest.My mother and I always got there early in the morning to get the ___31___ produce.The outdoor market was a wonderful adventure for a small child, ___32___ was like a festival — full of colors and ___33___.There are red tomatoes, yellow lemons, green lettuce, peppers, grapes, onions.The farmers did their own ___34___.They all shouted loudly for ___35___ to buy their produce.“Come and buy my beautiful oranges!They’re juicy and delicious and full of vitamins to ___36___ your children healthy and strong!”

Everyone used to ___37___ with the farmers over the ___38___ of their produce.It was like a wonderful drama in a theatre;the buyers and sellers were the “___39___” in this drama.My mother was an ___40___ at this.First, she picked the freshest, most attractive tomatoes, for example.Then she asked the price.The seller told her.“What?” she said.She looked very surprised.“ So ___41___?”

The seller looked terribly ___42___.“My dear lady!” he replied.“I’m a poor, ___43___ farmer.These are the cheapest tomatoes on the market!”

They always argued for several minutes before agreeing ___44___ a price.My mother took her tomatoes and left.Both buyer and seller were ___45___.The drama was over.26.A.carryB.takeC.bringD.fetch

27.A.openedB.closedC.startedD.stopped

28.A.produceB.goodsC.foodD.product 29.A.buyB.sellC.bargainD.shop

30.A.hurriedlyB.immediately C.directlyD.straightly

31.A.bestB.finestC.freshestD.cheapest

32.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.what

33.A.voices B.noisesC.soundsD.accent

34.A.shopping B.businessC.shoutingD.advertising

35.A.customers B.producersC.themselvesD.sellers

36.A.keepB.letC.exceptD.make

37.A.argueB.talkC.discussD.speak

38.A.orderB.priceC.qualityD.form

39.A.viewers B.listenersC.actorsD.directors

40.A.actressB.inventorC.advancerD.expert

41.A.wonderful B.excitingC.cheapD.expensive

42.A.injuredB.hurtC.damagedD.wounded

43.A.excellent B.fairC.honestD.easy

44.A.withB.toC.inD.on

45.A.disappointed B.encouraged C.satisfiedD.tired

III 閱讀理解ABefore the early 1960’s people interested in the differing roles of the left and right hemispheres(半球)of the brain depended almost entirely on facts drawn from animal research, form studies of patients with one-sided brain damage.But it was possible to find out which brain hemisphere was most involved in speech and other functions in normal people by having them listen to two different words coming to the two ears at the same time.This became known as the “dichotic listening” procedure.When several word pairs are given in a row, people are unable to report them all, and most right-handers prefer to report, and report more correctly, words given to their right ears.This seems to be related to the fact that signals from the right ear, although sent to both hemispheres, are better sent to the left hemisphere which controls speech.People who have speech represented(回憶)in the right hemisphere, a very unusual occurrence even in left-handed people, more correctly report what their left ears hear.In contrast to the right-ear advantage for speech, there is generally a left-ear advantage for another type of auditory(聽(tīng)覺(jué)的)signal: music.When right-handed people listen to melodic patterns they report them better from the left ear.46.Which of the following would be the most proper title for the passage?

A.An Introduction to Speech Damage in Patients with Brain Damage.B.An Investigation into the Role of the Brain’s Hemispheres.C.An Analysis of Left and Right-handed People.D.An Examination of “Dichotic Listening”.47.The “dichotic listening” procedure could best be described as hearing _______.A.two different words in the same ear twiceB.the same word twice in the same ear

C.two different words in different earsD.two different words twice in two ears

48.According to the passage, right-handed people normally _______.A.have better hearing in their both ears

B.have little difficulty in reporting words given to their right ears

C.are unable to report word pairs given to their left ears

D.correctly report word pairs given in a row

49.According to the passage, music is best appreciated when heard by _______.A.the left ear of right-handers

B.people with a left-ear advantage

C.left-handers in their right ears

D.right-handed people who understand melodic patterns

B

Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors.A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and a half times its original value.The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean.In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to a London printer — Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps.Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations.A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps.He accidentally inscribed the words “Post Office” instead of “Post Paid” on the several hundred stamps that he printed.Today there are only twenty-six of these misprinted stamps left fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds and twelve Two Penny Blues.Because of the Two Penny Blue’s rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as ＄16 800 for it.50.Over a century ago, Mauritius _______.A.was an independent countryB.belonged to India

C.was one of the British coloniesD.was a small island in the Pacific Ocean

51.The mistake on the stamps was made _______.A.in Mauritius B.at Mauritius Government House C.in a post office D.in London

52.Stamp collectors have paid 16 800 for _______.A.fourteen One Penny Orange-RedsB.twelve Two Penny Blues

C.one One Penny Orange-RedD.one Two Penny Blue

C

Are you truly happy? Do you ever know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness?__53___.The following are a few tips that I follow to create happiness in my life.※ Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy.Your moods will very likely increase if you are going after something you value.※Surround yourself with happy people.It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way.___54___.※When something goes wrong, try to figure out a solution instead of being absorbed in self pity.Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their

favor.※__55_.These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continuous happiness.※56.Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing bath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance, you will be subconsciously(下意識(shí)地)putting yourself in a better mood.※Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness.Find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you happy.※Keeping healthy is another way to achieve happiness.57.A.What makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy.B.On the contrary, if you are around people who are happy, their emotional state will be infectious.C.Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mood．

D.These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves.E.Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy.F.There are some tips in life that lead to happiness.G.It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself.IV短文改錯(cuò)

A public competition is held last year in a small town in Scotland to find out who

could eat most in the shortest time.At last, a man succeeds in setting a new record.In

the time given by the judges he ate a big bowl of fishes soup, and a whole chicken

cooked by different ways with ten big pieces of bread and a large cake.Besides of all

this, he had ten glasses of beer.After winning the competition the new champion went

home with two of her friends.As they were coming near his house, he sudden stopped

and said: “I say friends, please don’t tell my wife anything about the competition

today, and she won’t give me something to eat.”

第四篇：政治必修1復(fù)習(xí)提綱

思想政治

必修1《經(jīng)濟(jì)生活》

第一部分 生活與消費(fèi)

1． 任何商品都是使用價(jià)值和價(jià)值的統(tǒng)一體，商品的使用價(jià)值是價(jià)值的物質(zhì)承擔(dān)者（要重視

商品的質(zhì)量）

2． 影響價(jià)格的因素：

① 價(jià)值決定價(jià)格，價(jià)值是價(jià)格的基礎(chǔ)，價(jià)格是價(jià)值的貨幣表現(xiàn)。社會(huì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提高

導(dǎo)致社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)時(shí)間減少，商品的價(jià)值量降低。

② 商品的供求關(guān)系影響價(jià)格，供不應(yīng)求價(jià)格上漲，供過(guò)于求價(jià)格下跌。

3． 從價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的影響來(lái)答題

① 價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)人們生活的影響

A.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)某種商品的價(jià)格上升時(shí)，人們會(huì)減少對(duì)它的購(gòu)買；當(dāng)這種商品價(jià)

格下降時(shí)，人們會(huì)增加對(duì)它的購(gòu)買

B.不同商品價(jià)格的變動(dòng)對(duì)需求量的反應(yīng)程度不同，價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)生活必需品需求量的影響比較小，對(duì)高檔耐用品需求量的影響比較大

C.消費(fèi)者對(duì)既定商品的需求，不僅受其價(jià)格變動(dòng)的影響，而且受相關(guān)商品價(jià)格變

動(dòng)的影響（互為替代品、互補(bǔ)品）

② 價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的影響

A.調(diào)節(jié)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模

B.提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率

C.促使企業(yè)生產(chǎn)適銷對(duì)路的高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品

4． 影響消費(fèi)的因素

① 客觀因素：

A.收入是消費(fèi)的基礎(chǔ)和前提：

a.在其它條件不變的情況下，人們的可支配收入越多，對(duì)各種商品和服務(wù)的消費(fèi)量就越大

b.居民消費(fèi)水平不僅取決于當(dāng)前的收入，而且受未來(lái)收入預(yù)期的影響。對(duì)于

未來(lái)收入，如果人們有非常樂(lè)觀的預(yù)期，那么預(yù)知將來(lái)收入的可能性就會(huì)

加大；反之，預(yù)期未來(lái)有減少收入或者失業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，人們就會(huì)節(jié)制當(dāng)前的消費(fèi)，以備不時(shí)之需

c.社會(huì)總體消費(fèi)水平的高低與人們收入差距的大小有密切的聯(lián)系。人們收入

差距過(guò)大，總體消費(fèi)水平會(huì)降低；反之，收入差距縮小，會(huì)使總體消費(fèi)水

平提高

B.物價(jià)的變動(dòng)影響人們的購(gòu)買力：

物價(jià)的變動(dòng)會(huì)影響人們的購(gòu)買力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，物價(jià)上漲，人們的購(gòu)買力普遍降

低，會(huì)減少對(duì)商品的消費(fèi)量；物價(jià)下跌，則購(gòu)買力普遍提高，會(huì)增加對(duì)商品的消費(fèi)量

② 主觀因素：受消費(fèi)心理的影響（攀比，求異，從眾，求實(shí)心理）

5． 怎樣樹(shù)立正確的消費(fèi)觀（如何做一個(gè)理智的消費(fèi)者）

① 量入為出，適度消費(fèi)

② 避免盲從，理性消費(fèi)

③ 保護(hù)環(huán)境，綠色消費(fèi)

④ 勤儉節(jié)約，艱苦奮斗

-．如何提高人們的消費(fèi)水平

①收入是消費(fèi)的基礎(chǔ)和前提，必須保持經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)，增加居民收入，提高消費(fèi)能力。千方百計(jì)增加農(nóng)民收入，繼續(xù)增加中低收入戶家庭收入

②居民的消費(fèi)水平不僅取決于當(dāng)前的收入而且受未來(lái)收入預(yù)期的影響，所以要加強(qiáng)社會(huì)保障，激發(fā)預(yù)期消費(fèi)，實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策。繼續(xù)完善社會(huì)保障體系。加大財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移力度，緩解居民消費(fèi)后顧之憂，切實(shí)解決居民關(guān)心的就業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)療、養(yǎng)老、住房等民生問(wèn)題

③社會(huì)總體消費(fèi)水平的高低與人的收入差距大小有密切聯(lián)系。收入差距縮小，總體消費(fèi)水平提高。要統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展，注重社會(huì)公平，保障人民共享改革發(fā)展成果

④物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)影響人們的購(gòu)買能力，因而要穩(wěn)定物價(jià)水平，挖掘消費(fèi)潛力。要高度重視農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，保證農(nóng)產(chǎn)品穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)。加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督和監(jiān)管，對(duì)哄抬物價(jià)的行為予以嚴(yán)肅處理

⑤加強(qiáng)宏觀調(diào)控，實(shí)行積極的財(cái)政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，制定鼓勵(lì)消費(fèi)的政策措施，合理擴(kuò)大信貸規(guī)模

⑥保障消費(fèi)者合法權(quán)益，營(yíng)造和諧消費(fèi)環(huán)境。深入推進(jìn)誠(chéng)信建設(shè)，大力整頓和規(guī)范市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，強(qiáng)化商品及商品服務(wù)質(zhì)量

⑦要大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)特別是農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)

第二部分 生產(chǎn)、勞動(dòng)與經(jīng)營(yíng)

1． 生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)的辯證關(guān)系原理

① 生產(chǎn)決定消費(fèi)

A． 生產(chǎn)決定消費(fèi)的對(duì)象

B． 生產(chǎn)決定消費(fèi)的方式

C． 生產(chǎn)決定消費(fèi)的質(zhì)量和水平

D． 生產(chǎn)為消費(fèi)創(chuàng)造動(dòng)力

② 消費(fèi)對(duì)生產(chǎn)具有重要的反作用

A． 消費(fèi)是生產(chǎn)的目的B． 消費(fèi)對(duì)生產(chǎn)的調(diào)整和升級(jí)起著導(dǎo)向作用

C． 消費(fèi)是生產(chǎn)的動(dòng)力

D． 消費(fèi)為生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造出新的勞動(dòng)力

2． 我國(guó)的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度

① 含義：我國(guó)社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度（所有制）是以公有制為主體、多種

所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)共同發(fā)展

② 原因：

A.適合社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展不平衡、多層次的狀況，符合社會(huì)主義的本質(zhì)要求

B.實(shí)踐證明，它有利于促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，有利于增強(qiáng)我國(guó)的綜合國(guó)力，有

利于提高人民的生活水平

③ 途徑：

A．第一，必須毫不動(dòng)搖地鞏固和發(fā)展公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)

B．第二，毫不動(dòng)搖地鼓勵(lì)、支持、引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

C．第三，形成各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、相互促進(jìn)的新格局

3．公司經(jīng)營(yíng)成功的主要因素

①制定正確的經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略

②公司要提高自主創(chuàng)新能力，依靠技術(shù)進(jìn)步、科學(xué)管理等手段，形成自己的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)

③要誠(chéng)信經(jīng)營(yíng)，樹(shù)立良好的信譽(yù)和企業(yè)形象

④以人為本，貫徹科學(xué)發(fā)展觀

4．如何解決勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)問(wèn)題

①國(guó)家：要大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，促進(jìn)就業(yè)，實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策

② 勞動(dòng)者：要樹(shù)立自主擇業(yè)觀、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就業(yè)觀、職業(yè)平等觀、多種方式就業(yè)觀 ③ 企業(yè)：要大力提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益

5．如何維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者的合法權(quán)益

①國(guó)家：在實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策，擴(kuò)大多渠道就業(yè)的同時(shí)，規(guī)范和協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系，加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)，改善勞動(dòng)條件，完善社會(huì)保障體系，頒布和實(shí)施《勞動(dòng)法》

② 勞動(dòng)者：自覺(jué)的履行勞動(dòng)者的義務(wù)是獲得權(quán)利、維護(hù)權(quán)益的基礎(chǔ)；依法簽訂勞動(dòng)合同是維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者合法權(quán)益的重要依據(jù)；當(dāng)自己的權(quán)益受到侵害時(shí)，可以通過(guò)投訴、協(xié)商、申請(qǐng)調(diào)解、申請(qǐng)仲裁、向法院起訴等途徑加以維護(hù)；勞動(dòng)者要增強(qiáng)權(quán)利意識(shí)和法律意識(shí)，依法維護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)益

③ 企業(yè)：增強(qiáng)法制意識(shí)和道德意識(shí)，遵守勞動(dòng)法和職業(yè)道德，自覺(jué)維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者的合法

權(quán)益

6． 如何選擇正確的投資方式

① 要注意投資的回報(bào)率，也要注意投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性

② 投資要注意多元化

③ 投資要量力而行

④ 投資要注意考慮個(gè)人利益，同時(shí)要考慮國(guó)家利益，做到利國(guó)利民，同時(shí)不可違反國(guó)

家法律、政策

第三部分收入與分配

1． 我國(guó)的分配制度：我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段實(shí)行按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度

2． 我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段的分配方式

① 按勞分配（主體）：國(guó)有企業(yè)和集體企業(yè)的勞動(dòng)者的工資、獎(jiǎng)金和津貼

② 按個(gè)體勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)成果分配（從屬）：個(gè)體勞動(dòng)者、個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)

③ 按生產(chǎn)要素分配（從屬）：資本、土地、技術(shù)、勞動(dòng)（私營(yíng)企業(yè)和外資企業(yè)中職工的工資、獎(jiǎng)金和津貼）、管理、信息

3． 在收入分配方面如何實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公平

① 堅(jiān)持和完善按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度

② 保證居民收入在國(guó)民收入分配中占合理比重、勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬在初次分配中占合理比重

是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公平的重要舉措

③ 再分配更加注重公平是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公平的另一重要舉措

4． 怎樣正確處理公平和效率的關(guān)系

① 初次分配和再分配都要處理好效率和公平的關(guān)系，既要提高效率又要促進(jìn)公平② 既要反對(duì)平均主義，又要防止收入差距懸殊

③ 既要落實(shí)分配政策，又要提倡奉獻(xiàn)精神

④ 在鼓勵(lì)人們創(chuàng)業(yè)致富的同時(shí)，倡導(dǎo)回報(bào)社會(huì)和先富幫后富

5． 影響財(cái)政收入的因素

① 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平，是基礎(chǔ)性作用，二者是根與葉、源與流的關(guān)系

② 分配政策，與國(guó)家財(cái)政集中的財(cái)富有關(guān)

6． 財(cái)政的作用

① 促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平、改善人民生活的物質(zhì)保障

② 具有促進(jìn)資源合理配置的作用

③ 具有促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行的作用

第四部分發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)

1． 社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本特征

① 基本標(biāo)志：堅(jiān)持公有制為主體

② 根本目標(biāo)：以共同富裕為根本目標(biāo)

③ 在社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，國(guó)家能夠?qū)嵭袕?qiáng)有力的宏觀調(diào)控

2． 國(guó)家宏觀調(diào)控的原因和手段

① 原因：

A． 為了彌補(bǔ)市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)的不足

B． 是由我國(guó)的社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)決定的C． 社會(huì)主義公有制及共同富裕目標(biāo)要求國(guó)家必須發(fā)揮宏觀調(diào)控的職能 ② 手段：以經(jīng)濟(jì)手段和法律手段為主，輔之以必要的行政手段

3． 如何促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)又好又快的發(fā)展

① 提高自主創(chuàng)新能力，建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國(guó)家。② 加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式，推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)。

③ 統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展，推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)。

④ 加強(qiáng)能源資源節(jié)約和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)，增強(qiáng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力。

⑤ 推動(dòng)區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展?？s小區(qū)域發(fā)展差距。

4．怎樣提高開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟(jì)

①對(duì)外開(kāi)放是長(zhǎng)期的基本國(guó)策

② 我國(guó)對(duì)外開(kāi)放的格局，形成了全方位、寬領(lǐng)域、多層次的對(duì)外開(kāi)放格局 ③ 提高開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟(jì)水平基本戰(zhàn)略：把“引進(jìn)來(lái)”和“走出去”相結(jié)合④ 我國(guó)實(shí)行對(duì)外開(kāi)放堅(jiān)持的原則：必須始終堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主、自力更生的原則

第五篇：政治必修二復(fù)習(xí)提綱【精品】（范文模版）

民主

民主選舉：方式：直接、間接、等額和差額

民主決策：決策形式：間接；直接【4個(gè)制度：1.社情民意反映（拓寬民意反映渠道、是決策機(jī)關(guān)科學(xué)決策的重要前提）2.專家咨詢（提高決策科學(xué)性）3.社會(huì)公示（增強(qiáng)決策透明度和公民參與度）

4.社會(huì)聽(tīng)證（決策利民）】

民主管理：城市、農(nóng)村 意義：擴(kuò)大基層民主、是社會(huì)主義民主最為廣泛而深刻的實(shí)踐，重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)

民主監(jiān)督：3個(gè)制度（主要渠道）：信訪舉報(bào)、人大代表聯(lián)系群眾、輿論監(jiān)督；3個(gè)形式：監(jiān)督聽(tīng)證會(huì)、民主評(píng)議會(huì)、網(wǎng)上評(píng)議政府

公民

權(quán)利：1.選舉和被選舉權(quán)2.政治自由3.監(jiān)督權(quán)

義務(wù)：1.維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一和民族團(tuán)結(jié)2.遵守憲法和法律3.維護(hù)國(guó)家安全、榮譽(yù)和利益4.服兵役和參加民兵組織

原則：1.法律面前人人平等2.權(quán)利義務(wù)相統(tǒng)一3.個(gè)人利益與國(guó)家利益相結(jié)合政府

性質(zhì)（國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)）+宗旨（為人民服務(wù)）+原則（對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)）+職能（1.保障人民民主和維護(hù)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)治久安2.組織社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)<內(nèi)容：經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)節(jié)、市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管、社會(huì)管理、公共服務(wù)。作用：促進(jìn)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高生活水平>3.組織社會(huì)主義文化建設(shè)）+依法行政【意義：貫徹依法治國(guó)方略，提高行政管理水平的基本要求。本質(zhì)：堅(jiān)持全心全意為人民服務(wù)的根本宗旨，體現(xiàn)了對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)的原則。重要意義：1.有利于保障人民群眾的權(quán)力和自由2.有利于加強(qiáng)廉政建設(shè)，保證政府及其工作人員不變質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)政府的權(quán)威3.有利于防止行政權(quán)力缺失和濫用，提高行政管理水平4.有利于帶動(dòng)全社會(huì)尊重法律·遵守法律·維護(hù)法律，推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義民主法制建設(shè)。（提高依法行政水平：1.加強(qiáng)立法工作，提高立法質(zhì)量，以嚴(yán)格規(guī)范行政執(zhí)法行為2.加強(qiáng)行政執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，促進(jìn)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正執(zhí)法和文明執(zhí)法，不斷提高執(zhí)法能力和水平

3.深化行政管理體制改革，努力形成權(quán)責(zé)一致、分工合理、決策科學(xué)、執(zhí)行順暢、監(jiān)督有力的行政管理體制）】= 政府權(quán)威

人民代表大會(huì)制度：含義：按照民主集中制原則，由人民選舉代表組成人民代表大會(huì)作為國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，統(tǒng)一管理國(guó)家社會(huì)事務(wù)的政治制度

地位“我國(guó)政體、根本政治制度