第一篇：船舶制造專業(yè)英語

1．您好！（第一次見面）How do you do?

2．您好！見到您很高興。How do you do? I’m very glad to meet you.3．

讓我來介紹一下在座的各位先生。林先生，我們廠的廠長；王先生，廠長總工；吳先生，船體車間主任。Let me introduce the gentlemen present here.This is Mr.Lin, our shipyard manager;Mr.Wang, our chief engineer.Mr.Wu, director of the hull shop.4．

歡迎您到我們船廠來！welcome to our shipyard!

5．請坐！Sit down please.6．

好的，謝謝！Thank you.7．

請喝茶。Please have a cup of tea.8．

喂，您好嗎？（熟人之間）Hi, how are you?

9．很好，謝謝。您好嗎？Fine, thank you, and how are you?

10．很好，謝謝！Very well, thanks.11．

我們現(xiàn)在就開始工作好嗎？Shall we start our work now?

12．好的。OK.13．

請這邊走。This way, please.14．

我可以進(jìn)來嗎？May I come in?

15．請進(jìn)！Yes, please.16．

早晨好，女士。Good morning, ma’am(Madam).17．

早晨好，布萊克先生。請坐。Good morning, Mr.Blake.take a seat, please.18．

謝謝！Thank you, ma’am.19．

請問您有什么事和我商討？What business would you like to talk with me about?

20．船東想在船上做些變化。The ship owner wants to make some changes in the hull.21．

這樣的事，我只能晚些時(shí)候回答您。In that case, I need to answer you later.22．

好的。如果你做出了決定，請盡快告訴我。OK.If you make the decision, please tell me soon.23．

沒有問題，再見！No problem.Good bye.24．

再見！Good bye.25．

下午好！Good afternoon!

26．下午好！Good afternoon!

27．有一個(gè)艙口蓋有點(diǎn)問題，我想和你談?wù)劇here is something wrong with the hatch cover.I would like to discuss it with you.28．

對不起，我聽不懂您講話，您能說得慢一點(diǎn)嗎？I’m sorry.I can’t follow you.Can you speak slowly?

29．我的意思是我想和您談一談艙口蓋的問題。I mean I want to talk with you about the hatch cover.30．

噢，我懂了。到我辦公室去詳談。Oh, I see.Let’s go to my office and talk it cover in detail.31．

那再好不過了。That couldn’t be better.32．

我想要一份這種圖紙。I would like a copy of this drawing.33．

對不起，我?guī)筒涣诉@個(gè)忙。您可以到技術(shù)科去要。I’m sorry.I can’t help you.You may ask the technical department for it.34．

您知道電話號碼？Do you know the telephone number?

35．分機(jī)號是4557。It’s 4557 extension.36．

謝謝！Thank you.37．

非常愿意幫助您！My pleasure!

38．你們船廠造什么船？What ships do you build?

39．集裝箱船，散裝船，還有一些駁船。Container ships, bulk carriers, and some barges.40．

你廠吊車最大起重能力是多少？How much is the maximum lifting capacity in your shipyard?

41．300噸，是船臺用起重機(jī)，跨度72m。300 tons, it is a berth derrick, the span being 72m.42．

在這里，你們怎么樣對鋼板進(jìn)行預(yù)處理？Here, how do you pre-treat(prepare)the steel plates?

43．我們用拋丸（噴沙）的方法。We call it short-blasting(sand-blasting).44．

拋丸后還要將鋼板涂漆嗎？After short-blasting, do you paint the steel plates?

45．是的，我們稱之為車間底漆。Yes, we do.And we call it priming paint.46．

鋼板移動(dòng)的速度是多少？How fast is the plate moving?

47．大約每分鐘5米。About 5m a minute.48．

你們怎樣切割鋼板？How do you cut a steel plate?

49．小于10mm的鋼板，用機(jī)械切割法。For plates has than 10mm,we use mechanical cutting method.50．

那么大于10mm的呢？How about the plates over 10mm(thicker plates)?

51．我們用火焰切割法。一般這些切割都是數(shù)控的。We use the flame cutting method.Most of the cutting is done by number control(N/C).52．

怎樣將鋼板加工成不同的形狀呢？How do you make the steel plate into different shapes? 53．

我們有不同種類的沖、壓機(jī)械?？蓾L壓，彎制和折邊。We use different kinds of press machines.We can roll, bend, or flange a plate.54．

型材怎樣加工呢，像球扁鋼，角鋼和一些加強(qiáng)材？How do you shape the different sections, such as, bulb plates, angle bars, and other stiffeners.55．

用同樣的方法。但我們也用水火彎板法；該法主要用于加工不規(guī)則形狀，像球鼻艏。By the same method, but we also use the line-heating methods.This can shape irregular parts, such as bulbous bow.56．

你怎樣知道彎制合格了呢？How do you know the bending is good?

57．我們用樣板來檢驗(yàn)。We will check it with templates.58．

在焊接鋼板，肋骨，甲板橫梁時(shí)，你們用什么焊接方法？What welding methods do you use in connecting the plates, frames, and beams?

59．對于長直接板縫，我們用埋弧焊或二氧化碳?xì)怏w保護(hù)焊；拐角處和小地方，還用手工焊。For straight seams, we use submerged arc welding or carbon dioxide welding;for some corners and small areas, we still use manual welding.60．

就水密艙壁而言，怎樣檢查其水密性？For watertight bulkheads, how do you check the watertightness?

61．靠壓縮空氣或水壓力。By compressed air or by water pressure.62．

雙層底分段是在胎架上造的嗎？Is the double bottom block built on pin jigs?

63．是的，里面的一些管件也已經(jīng)裝好了。Yes, some pipes in it have also been fitted.64．

分段大合龍?jiān)谀睦镞M(jìn)行？Where is the grand-block joining done?

65．在船臺上。On the building berth.66．

在你們船廠船舶怎樣下水？How is a ship launched in your shipyard?

67．我們通常采用縱向下水方式。We usually launch a ship by end launching.68．

船臺和下水支架有什么區(qū)別？What’s the difference between building-berth and launching-cradle?

69．

船臺是固定的地面支撐，下水支架僅用于下水時(shí)用。后者在下水時(shí)與船體一起滑入水中。Building berth is the fixed ground support and launching-cradle is only used before launching.The latter will be sliding together with the ship into the water.70．

舾裝工作包括哪些？What work does the outfitting include? 71．

除了船殼結(jié)構(gòu)外所有的部分，像管子，（甲板）起重機(jī)，桅桿，索具，主機(jī)，機(jī)械設(shè)備，電纜和居住艙室的裝飾。All the parts except the hull structure, such as pipes, derricks, masts, rigging, main engines, machinery, electrical cables, and accommodation services etc.72．

一般情況下你們什么時(shí)候開始舾裝工作？When do you begin the outfitting generally?

73．

有些管路舾裝在制造小分段時(shí)就開始了，也叫做分段預(yù)舾裝；其它的在船舶下水后進(jìn)行。Some piping outfitting is done when building sub-blocks, that is, on-block outfitting;others are done after launching.74．

有怎么多加工好的管子！可是怎樣才能找到你所需要的管件呢？T here are so many fabricated pipes!How can you find the pipe piece you need?

75．

對每個(gè)管件我們都編了號，并且將所有的管件存放在不同的托盤中。We give each pipe a coded number, and we store all the pipe pieces in different pallets.76．

機(jī)艙中有許多管系，像燃油系統(tǒng)，冷卻系統(tǒng)，滑油系統(tǒng)，消防系統(tǒng)，怎樣識別它們？There are many piping systems in the engine room, such as fuel oil system, cooling system, lubricating system, fire-fighting system.How do you identify them?

77．

靠不同的顏色條。例如，藍(lán)色表示冷卻水，紅色表示消防用水，黃色表示潤滑油。By different color tapes.For example, blue means cooling water, red for fire fighting, yellow for lubricating oil etc.78．

當(dāng)安裝一管件時(shí)，你怎樣決定管件在船上的確切位置？When fitting a piece of pipe, how do you determine the exact position on board a ship?

79．

看圖紙，圖紙上清楚地表明了管件的三維尺寸。We do it with the help of drawings.The drawing shows clearly the three dimensional position of a certain pipe.80．

怎樣打開艙口蓋？How can you lift the hatch cover?

81．

使用液壓系統(tǒng)。We lift the hatch cover by hydraulic system.82．

怎樣保證艙口蓋水密？How is the hatch cover kept watertight?

83．

借助于橡膠密封條，將其安裝在艙口圍板四周。By rubber strips.We’ve installed the strips along the hatch coamings.84．

甲板上的舾裝包括哪些？What outfitting should be done on deck? 85．

包括以下部件的安裝：錨機(jī)，絞車，帶纜樁，導(dǎo)纜孔，桅桿，甲板起重機(jī)，通風(fēng)口和各種索具。That includes the installation of windlasses, winches, bollards, masts, deck cranes, vent pipes and different kinds of rigging.86．

有這么多的舾裝工作要做，你們將工程分包出去嗎？There is so much outfitting work.Do you subcontract some of them?

87．

時(shí)的，我們把所有的細(xì)木工舾裝都分包出去。這將節(jié)約我們很多的時(shí)間。Yes, we subcontract almost all the joiner work.This will save us lots of time.88．

居住艙室有哪些舾裝工作？What outfitting is include in the living quarters?

89．

主要指門窗的安裝，地板的鋪設(shè)，內(nèi)置式家具的安裝和油漆。It refers to installing doors, windows, laying floor covering, fitting built-in furniture, and painting.90．

位了防止腐蝕，油漆是很重要的，對嗎？I n order to prevent hull corrosion, painting is very important, isn’t it?

91．

是的，有很多油漆，有的合適船體水上部分，有的適合于水下部分。Quite right, there are many kinds of paint, and some are suitable for above-water use, and some are for underwater.92．

油漆的涂層有多厚？How thick is the coating film?

93．

這取決于不同種類的油漆。涂層的厚度可能是30，75或者145微米。That depends on the different paint types.The film thickness may be 30μm, 75μm, or 145μm.(micron meters).94．

噴漆時(shí)對溫度有要求嗎？Are there any requirements for the temperature when painting?

95．

有。通常溫度應(yīng)介于-10oC到40oC之間，相對濕度應(yīng)介于50%-80%。也要有好的通風(fēng)。Sure usually the temperature should be from(minus)-10oC to 40oC(Celsius),and the relative humidity should be between 50% and 80%.Good ventilation is also quite necessary.96．

怎樣知道面漆涂層質(zhì)量是好的？How do you know the finish coating is of good quality?

97．

您可以靠肉眼觀察。如果表面光滑，無裂紋，不起跑，一般說是好的。但必須得到檢查人員或船東的許可。You can check the surface by your eyes.If the surface is smooth and there is no crack is no blisters on it, usually the painting is good.But it must be approved by the painting surveyor or the ship owner.98．

交船前怎樣對船體外板進(jìn)行油漆？Before delivering the ship to the owner, how do you paint the shell plating?

99．

一般在干船塢中進(jìn)行。We will do this in a drydock.100． 機(jī)艙位于什么部位？Where is the main engine located?

101． 通常在船艉。Usually at the stern of the ship.102． 這條船上有多少臺發(fā)電機(jī)。How many generators are there are there on board the ship?

103． 四臺。其中一臺是應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)。There are four.One of them is an emergency generator.104． 這間艙室有怎么多的泵，用在什么上的？There are so many pumps in this room, what are they used for?

105． 它們是燃油泵，潤滑油泵，壓載水泵，淡水泵，海水泵，和舭部液艙泵等。They are F.O.pumps, ballast pumps, fresh water pumps, sea water pumps, and bilge pumps.106． 泵有幾種？How many types of pumps are there?

107． 通常有兩種：往復(fù)式和離心式。Usually there are two types.One is called the displacement pump and the other is called the centrifugal pump.108． 為什么需要壓縮空氣？Why do we need compressed air?

109． 在船上主要用于啟動(dòng)主機(jī)。It is mainly used on board ship for staring main engines.110．

111． 油水分離器也是必要的，是嗎？Oil/water separators are necessary, aren’t they?

112． 是的。它們可以使油水分開，從而使排放的水保持清潔。Yes, they can keep oil and water apart and keep the discharged water clean.113． 熱交換器是用于冷卻的嗎？Are the heat exchangers used for cooling?

114． 是的，它們用于冷卻空氣，水和潤滑油等。Yes, they are used for cooling air, water, lubricating oil etc.115． 軸的對中任務(wù)完成了嗎？Has the shaft alignment been finished?

116． 還沒有。這需要反復(fù)的測量和計(jì)算，經(jīng)驗(yàn)也很重要。Not yet, it needs repeated measuring and calculation, and some experience is also very important.117． 軸的尾軸承安裝順序如何？ How do you install the afterward bearing of the shaft?

118． 首先要鏜孔，然后安裝尾軸管，接下來裝炮銅或白合金制的軸承套，也叫軸承。First you need the boring for the shaft, then install the stern tube into the stern frame, next fit the gun-metal or white-metal bush.119． 你的意思是軸會與軸承套直接摩擦嗎？Do you mean the shaft will run against the bush?

120． 不，在軸承內(nèi)側(cè)有一些槽，槽中嵌著橡皮條。這些橡皮條支撐著尾軸。No, inside the bush, some rubber strips are pressed into the grooves.These strips support the shaft.121． 怎樣安裝螺旋槳？How do you install the propeller?

122． 現(xiàn)在許多螺旋槳都是無鍵的，用液壓來拆裝。Now many propellers are kevless, so we install or remove a propeller by hydraulic pressure.123． 我想船上會有越來越多的電器安裝，你這樣認(rèn)為嗎？I think that there are more and more electrical installations on board ships.Do you think so?

124． 是的。特別是機(jī)艙控制，貨物吊運(yùn)和電子設(shè)備。Of course, especially the main engine room control, cargo handing, and electronic systems.125． 我想主機(jī)控制是最復(fù)雜的。I think the main engine control is the most complicated.126． 你說得對。因?yàn)橹髋潆姲灏惭b在這里。You are quite right, since main switchboards are located there.127． 主配電板能控制什么？What can the main switchboards consist of several panels: group starter panels, consumer panels, lighting panel, diesel generator panels etc.128． 主配電板通常包括幾個(gè)控制面板：組合啟動(dòng)面板，用戶板，照明面板，菜油發(fā)電機(jī)面板等。Usually the main switchboards consist of several panels: group starter panels, consumer panels, lighting panel, diesel generator panels etc.129． 報(bào)警系統(tǒng)包括在上面的面板中嗎？The alarm system is also included in the above panels?

130． 是的。主配電板中也可進(jìn)行岸電和船電的切換和控制。Yes, and there can also be the power interchange between shore supply and ship supply.131． 一些控制可以自動(dòng)完成嗎？Can some controlling be done automatically?

132． 當(dāng)然。有兩種方式可供選擇：自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)。Certainly, there are two modes for your selection: automatic mode and manual mode.133． 船上電纜的鋪設(shè)是由你們船廠的電工人員完成的嗎？Are the electric cables laid out by your shipyard electricians?

134． 說得對。而且對電纜鋪設(shè)還有些要求。電纜端部要配接頭。That’s right.And there are some requirements for the cable laying.Moreover, all cable ends must be fitted with connectors.135． 怎樣固定電纜？How do you fix a cable?

136． 單根電纜可用焊在結(jié)構(gòu)上的電纜夾頭；成組電纜用金屬電纜懸掛架。Single cables may be fixed by clips welded to structures;cables in groups are supported by metal cable hangers.137． 電纜穿過水密艙壁怎么辦？What do you do if a cable passes through a watertight bulkhead?

138． 那樣的話，需要安裝專用的密封過管來確保水密。In that case, special stuffing tube will be used to keep the watertightness.139． 一般來說，怎樣保護(hù)電纜免受破壞？Generally, how are the cables protected from damage?

140． 在艙口及露天甲板處，用可拆卸的金屬蓋板：在一些高溫和冷凍區(qū)，我們都將電纜進(jìn)行絕熱、防冷等保護(hù)。In places such as hatches, and open decks, we use removable metal coverings, in some hot or refrigerated places, we use insulated cables.

第二篇：船舶專業(yè)英語

Google, 關(guān)鍵詞：“航海及海運(yùn)專業(yè)詞匯英語翻譯”可查出很多船海專業(yè)詞匯

船體結(jié)構(gòu)

scantling 船材尺度

2外板和甲板板

外板shell plate

端接縫（橫向接縫）butt 邊接縫（縱向接縫）seam 船底板（bottom plate）：平板龍骨bottom plate 舭列板bilge strake

舷側(cè)外板side plate 舷頂列板sheer strake 墊板 insert plate

外板承受如下各種力的作用：（1）總縱彎曲（2）橫向載荷（3）動(dòng)力載荷（4）偶然性載荷

3船底結(jié)構(gòu)

單底 single bottom 雙層底 double bottom 內(nèi)龍骨 center keelson 旁內(nèi)龍骨 side keelson 肋板floor T型材 T-bar 球扁鋼 bulb plate 腹板 web 面板 face plate 折邊 flange 肘板bracket 舭肘板bilge bracket

中/旁底桁bottom center/side girder

內(nèi)底縱骨 inner bottom longitudinal 外底縱骨bottom longitudinal 人孔manhole

減輕孔 lightening hole

橫骨架式雙層底肋板三種形式： 主肋板solid floor

水密肋板 watertight floor 框架肋板bracket floor

加強(qiáng)筋stiffener

不等邊角鋼angle bar

內(nèi)底板inner bottom plate 邊板margin plate

圓舭easy bilge

折角形舭sharp cornered bilge

4舷側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)

肋骨frame:

(1)主肋骨main frame

(2)甲板間肋骨tweendeck frame(3)中間肋骨intermediate frame 強(qiáng)肋骨side transverse(web frame)舷側(cè)縱桁side stringer 護(hù)舷材fender

5甲板結(jié)構(gòu)

weather deck露天甲板 甲板骨架deck framing 橫梁beam

強(qiáng)橫梁deck transverse(web beam)甲板縱桁deck girder

甲板縱骨deck longitudinal（船舷上的）排水孔scupper grillage beam 交叉梁系;板架

6艙壁結(jié)構(gòu)

艙壁bulkhead 水密艙壁watertight bulkhead 縱艙壁longitudinal bulkhead 橫艙壁transverse bulkhead 垂直/水平扶強(qiáng)材vertical/horizontal stiffener 豎/水平桁vertical/horizontal girder

8上層建筑和機(jī)艙棚結(jié)構(gòu)

上層建筑superstructure包括船樓和甲板室。船樓的兩舷伸至船的兩舷，或距舷邊的距離小于船寬的4%

甲板室deck house 首樓forecastle 駕駛樓navigating bridge 橋樓bridge 尾樓poop

艙室compartment

居住艙accommodation 燃料艙 bunker fore/aft peak tank 首/尾尖艙 coffendams隔離空艙

船舶設(shè)備

derrick 起重機(jī) crane大型起重機(jī) winch絞盤 mast 桅桿

fork lift truck叉式裝卸車 steering gear操舵裝置 rudder舵

rudder pintals舵銷 grab抓斗

其它

tripping bracket 防傾肘板

bow and stern transom plate 首尾封板

transom 結(jié)構(gòu)中橫向構(gòu)件

hawse 錨鏈孔, 停泊時(shí)船首與錨間的水平距離

striking plate 墊板

tripping bracket 防傾肘板 stiffening 扶強(qiáng)材

hatch ways 艙口（門）hatch coamings 艙口圍板 strut 撐桿

船舶類型

warship(cargo/passenger/merchant)ship 軍船（貨/客/商）船

shelter deck ships遮蔽式甲板船 liquefied gas carrier 液化氣船 liquid natural gases ships LNGs bulk carrier 散貨船

OBOs bulk carrier which can carry Ore(礦石),other bulk cargoes and Oil.Refrigerated cargo ships

container ship集裝箱運(yùn)貨船 full scantling ship 全尺寸船 three island ship 三島式船(1)merchant:(1.1)cargo:

bulk carriers,OBOs,LNGs,oiltanker, Oretanker,liquefied gas carrier, RGs,dry cargo carriers, liquid cargo carriers, shelterdeck,3 island, full scantling ship,tramp(1.2)passenger ship:

cross channel,oceangoing lifeboat ferry 渡船

tourist ship游船(1.3)intermediate: passenger cargo liners（1.4）others trawlers拖網(wǎng)漁船

(2)special designed ships hovercraft 全升式氣墊船 sidewall craft側(cè)壁式氣墊船 air cushion craft氣墊船 hydrofoil boats 水翼艇 ,multi-hull ship多體船 catamaran 雙體船

SWATH（small waterline area twin-hull ships）小水線面雙體船 Tug 拖船 pusher推船

Fishing ship,fire ship消防船 Dredger 挖泥船（3）warship submarine , aircraft carrier 航母 cruiser 巡洋艦 patrol sloop護(hù)衛(wèi)艦

碼頭

quay[ki:] 貼岸碼頭 pier 凸式碼頭;防波堤

船舶原理

towing tank 拖曳水池 calibrate 標(biāo)定、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

transversely framed ship 橫骨架式船 span thickness ratio 跨距厚度比 principal主尺度

general arrangement總布置圖 Port and starboard 左舷和右舷 freeboard 干舷 bilge舭部

fore and aft船首與船尾 amid ship船中

form coefficients 船型參數(shù) gunwale 船舷上緣 perpendicular 垂線

aft ~ 艉垂線 fore~艏垂線

the length between perpendiculars(l.b.p)the length overall(l.o.a)the length on the waterline(l.w.l)breadth moulded/molded 型寬 depth~型深 stern 船尾 stem船首

sheer舷弧

forward sheer首舷弧

camber(round of beam)梁拱 bulbous bow球鼻首 dock船塢

ratio of breadth to draught 船寬吃水比 dead weight 載重 resistance船舶阻力 maneuver 操縱 propulsion推進(jìn) twin screw雙槳

bow thrusters 船首加速器

weather load風(fēng)雨載荷

turn round of ships船進(jìn)港、裝卸及出港的過程

buoyancy浮力

reserve buoyancy 儲備浮力 stability穩(wěn)性 trim縱傾

surging縱蕩（沿x軸）swaying橫蕩(沿y軸)heaving升沉(沿z軸)

heel 橫傾 trim 縱傾 yaw 首搖

drift漂移,偏航

rolling橫搖（繞x軸）pitching縱搖（繞y軸）yawing首搖（繞z軸）？

阻力

wave_making resistance 興波阻力 viscous resistance 粘性阻力 frictional resistance

摩擦阻力 eddy_making resistance 興渦阻力 residuary resistance 剩余阻力 viscous_pressure drag resistance 粘性壓差阻力 效率

propulsive efficiency 推進(jìn)效率 hull efficiency

船身效率 relative rotative efficiency 相對轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)效率

optimum efficiency 最佳效率 propeller efficiency

螺旋槳敞水效率

angle of incidence攻角 interference effect干涉效應(yīng)

金屬

copper 銅 manganese 錳 silicon 硅

magnesium 鎂 aluminium 鋁 carbon 碳 iron 鐵 nickel 鎳

mild steel 低碳鋼

力學(xué)相關(guān)

section modulus 截面模數(shù) W=I/z radius of gyration of the section 截面的回轉(zhuǎn)（慣性）半徑

modulus of elasticity 彈性模量 Young’s modulus 揚(yáng)氏模量 a bar of uniform 等斷面梁 circular shaft 圓軸

slanderous ratio 細(xì)長比 hollow box girder 箱形梁 longitudinal girder 縱桁 web 腹板 flange 翼板 buckling屈曲 compressive 壓縮 tensive 拉伸

ultimate strength 極限強(qiáng)度

ultimate tensile strength 極限拉伸強(qiáng)度 yield stress屈服應(yīng)力

allowable stress 許用應(yīng)力 permanent set永久變形

critical load臨界載荷 necking down 頸縮

ratio of elongation伸長比 the gauge length標(biāo)距 ductility韌性

standard notched specimen標(biāo)準(zhǔn)切口試件

tensile test 拉伸試驗(yàn) eccentric load偏心載荷 instability 失穩(wěn)

fixing condition 固定條件（邊界條件）the rate of loading 載荷密度 concentrated reaction 集中力 weight per unit volume比重 degree of fixity固定程度 rigidity 剛度

fictitious 虛假的、編造的、虛構(gòu)的（fiction小說）shear flow剪流 corner 角隅

correction factor 修正系數(shù) constant of integration 積分常數(shù) strip theory 切片理論

statistical strain gauges 統(tǒng)計(jì)應(yīng)變儀 response amplitude operator 響應(yīng)振幅算子

oblique（傾）斜的

strain energy method應(yīng)變能方法 theorem of least work 最小功原理 moment distribution彎矩分配法

the plane frame approach平面剛架法 bottom shell plating 船底外板

the finite element method有限元法 mesh, network 網(wǎng)格 node節(jié)點(diǎn)

displacement位移 local failure局部破損 cracking破（斷）裂 brittle脆性斷裂 corrosion腐蝕

數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算相關(guān)

less 減去 times 乘以

divided by 除以 1/2 half 1/3 one third + plus-minus × times(multiplied by)÷ divided by ≤ less than or equal to(not great than)<< much less than = equals(be equal to)≡ identical with 恒等于 ～similar to ≈ approximate equal to 約等于 ∝ vary as/proportional to隨…變化 ∞ infinite x square root of x 3x cube root of x dx differential of x ?u?x partial derivative u with respect to x dudx derivative u with respective to x ?integral ?baintegral between a and b ?line integral around close path ?summation of f(x)function of x a?

a prime a??

a double prime a???

a triple prime ax a sub(subscript)x x2 x squared

x3 x cubed

xn x to the power of n x?a?bc a equals a plus b on the top of c

l?a?(n?1)d l equals a plus open

bracket n minus 1 close bracket

x?p?1xp

x to the power of minus p

equals one over x to the power of p

x2?a2?(x?a)(x?a)x squared

minus a squared equals x minus a times x plus a

A?2?R??2d2??c??Rc?????Rc?4????? capital A

?equals two pi capital R subscript small c open squared bracket capital R subscript small c minus square root of open bracket capital R subscript c squared minus small d squared over 4 close bracket ,close squared bracket

histogram form 直方圖 logarithm 對數(shù)

probability density 概率密度 standard derivation 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 probalistic 概率方法 deterministic 解析方法

linear simultaneous equation 齊次線性代數(shù)方程組 elliptical橢圓的 parabolic 拋物線的

風(fēng)

calm of slight（無）微風(fēng) moderate 和風(fēng) rough強(qiáng)風(fēng) very rough烈風(fēng)

extremely rough 狂風(fēng)

以下摘自“正方翻譯網(wǎng)”

http:// dugout 獨(dú)木舟 barge 駁船

kayak(愛斯基摩人的)木排 outrigger 槳叉架船

rowing boat 劃艇(美作:rowboat)gondola(意大利的)長平底船 whale mother ship 捕鯨母船 hydrofoil 水翼船 catamarans 雙體船 dredger 挖泥船 boat 船

brig, brigantine 雙桅船 canoe 小船,獨(dú)木舟 caravel 快帆船 cargo boat 貨船

coaster近海貿(mào)易貨船 cod-fishing boat 捕鱈魚船 whaler 捕鯨船 collier 運(yùn)煤船 battleship 戰(zhàn)船 shallop 小型戰(zhàn)船

coastguard cutter, coastguard vessel 巡邏艇,緝私艇

revenue cutter 緝私船 patrol boat 巡邏艇 minelayer 布雷艇 minesweeper 掃雷艇 torpedo boat 魚雷艇 frigate 輕護(hù)航艦 gunboat 炮艦

submarine 潛水艇 destroyer 驅(qū)逐艦 corvette 輕巡洋艦 cruiser 巡洋艦

aircraft carrier 航空母艦 ferry, ferryboat 渡船,渡輪 fishing boat 漁船 freighter 貨船 galleon 大型帆船 galley 大劃槳船 hovercraft 氣墊船 icebreaker 破冰船 launch 艇

lifeboat 救生艇 lighter 駁船

liner, ocean liner 遠(yuǎn)洋班輪

merchant ship, merchantman 商船 motorboat 摩托艇

outboard 尾部裝有馬達(dá)的小艇 paddle steamer, paddle boat 明輪船passenger boat 客船 piragua, pirogue 獨(dú)木舟 raft 木筏

rowing boat 劃艇

sailing boat, sailing ship 帆船 schooner 縱帆船 ship 船 skiff 小艇 sloop 單桅船

steamer, steamship 汽輪 tanker 油輪

trawler 拖網(wǎng)漁船 tug, tugboat 拖輪 vessel 船 yacht 游艇 yawl 船載小艇

第三篇：汽車制造專業(yè)英語

absorber 吸震器，減震器 accelerator 加速器 adjustment 調(diào)整

aerodynamic 氣動(dòng)的，空氣動(dòng)力的 agent 代銷店，介質(zhì)，作用物 air cleaner，air filter 空氣濾清器 air flap 通風(fēng)口閥

air-condition 空氣調(diào)節(jié)器，裝、用空調(diào) ambulance 救護(hù)車 anchor 固定 anion 陰離子 antifreeze 防凍液 antifriction 減摩，耐磨，減摩劑，耐磨材料，潤滑劑

antiskid 防滑裝置 anti-squeak 防噪聲

appointment 車身內(nèi)部裝飾；指定，任命 arch 弓形結(jié)構(gòu)，拱形；拱門 arm 臂，臂狀物，手柄 armature 電樞 arm-rest 扶手 ashtray 煙灰缸

assembly 裝配，總成 assy 組合件

attaching 附著，附加，附屬 attachment 附件

automatic 自動(dòng)的，自動(dòng)裝置 automobile carrier 貨運(yùn)卡車 auxiliary 輔助的 axle 輪軸，車橋

back seat，rear seat 后座 backrest 靠背

backup light，reversing light 倒車燈 bar 桿，棒，條

battery(spare)（備用）蓄電池 beam 梁，電子束，光束 bearing 軸承

bearing shell 軸承蓋 bilge 船艙底

bloodmobile 血漿車 blower 鼓風(fēng)機(jī)

bodywork，body 車身 bolt 螺栓，螺桿，螺柱 bonnet(美：hood)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)蓋 boot(美：trunk)行李箱 bottle gas 儲壓氣體 bracket 托架，支架 brake剎車

brake pedal 剎車踏板 breakdown 故障

breakdown lorry;breakdown van救援車 bumper car 碰撞用汽車 bumper 緩沖器，保險(xiǎn)杠 burner 噴燃室 bushing 襯套

cabinet 細(xì)木箱，柜，室，櫥，箱，殼體 cable 電纜，鋼纜 camper 露營車 camshaft 凸輪軸 can，jerrican 油桶

carburettor(美作：carburetor)汽化器carrier 托架，載流子，搬運(yùn)設(shè)備 caterpillar 覆帶（鏈軌，覆帶車）；覆帶式的centrifugal 離心的 ceramic 陶器，陶瓷 chain driver 鏈條傳動(dòng) change-over 轉(zhuǎn)換，變換

channeling 通道，管路，溝渠 chassis 底盤 choke 熄火裝置 cigar lighter 點(diǎn)煙器

clamp 夾子，夾緊，夾，鉗，卡釘，夾鉗 clip 夾子，夾緊，剪 clutch 離合器，抓住 clutch pedal 離合器踏板 coil 線圈 colloid 膠體

compact car 小型汽車

compartment 間隔，艙，隔板 component 配件，元件；部分 compressor 壓縮機(jī) connecting rod 連桿

console 控制臺，儀表板

container 容器，集裝箱，貯存器 cooling water 冷卻水 core 芯，芯子

counterbalance平衡，平衡力 countershaft 副軸，間軸

coupe 雙門敞篷轎車

coupling 聯(lián)軸器，接合，耦合 crank 曲軸，啟動(dòng) crankcase 曲軸箱 crankshaft 曲軸 cross member 橫梁

current 當(dāng)前的，流通的；水，氣流；電流 curve 曲線，彎曲，曲線板；使成曲線 cushion 墊子 cylinder 汽缸

dampener 抑制器，擋板，阻尼，阻尼器，減振器

dashboard 儀表板 decompressor 減壓器 deflector偏導(dǎo)板 deviation 背離 device 裝置，設(shè)備

diagonal 對角斜體，對角支承，對角線的，斜的diesel 柴油機(jī)

differential 差速器

dipped headlight近光燈 dipstick 油尺

direction indicator 方向標(biāo)，轉(zhuǎn)向標(biāo) distributor 分電盤 downgrade 下坡 drain tap 排氣閥門

drophead 活動(dòng)車篷汽車

drum 鼓，鼓形物，鼓狀，圓桶柱狀物 duct 導(dǎo)流管，導(dǎo)管，通氣管 eccentric shaft 偏心軸

electrical system，wiring 電氣系統(tǒng) emergency 緊急情況，事故，應(yīng)急的 engine 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) equivalence 等同 exhaust pipe 排氣管 extension 延長，伸長

external 外部，外面；外部的，外面的 fan 風(fēng)扇

fan belt 風(fēng)扇皮帶 feed 供給 fender 翼子板

fender，wing，mudguard 擋泥板 filling 填補(bǔ)物，填充，供應(yīng) filter 過濾器，過濾 fire engine 消防車 fire wall 防火隔壁 fire-fighting 滅火器 first aid kit 急救藥箱 first gear 一檔

fitting 安裝 裝配 配件

fixing 固定，穩(wěn)固，設(shè)備，安裝，修理，接頭

flameout熄火

flange 突緣，法蘭盤；凸緣 flap 擋泥板，輪胎的墊帶 flasher 閃光器，閃爍器 fluctuation 波動(dòng)

fluid 液壓，液體；液體的 flywheel 飛輪

foot brake 腳制動(dòng)器 fork 撥叉，叉，分離叉

formula car 方程式賽車，方程式汽車 four-wheel drive 四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)

frame 車架，機(jī)架，框架，結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)成 framework 骨架，構(gòu)架 front blinker 前信號燈 front wheel 前輪

front-wheel drive 前輪驅(qū)動(dòng) fuel 燃料

generator 發(fā)電機(jī) glow plug 線引火塞 governor 調(diào)速器 grate 格柵

grease 潤滑脂，黃油 grille 格柵

guide 導(dǎo)向器，導(dǎo)軌，導(dǎo)桿 gusset 角撐板

hand brake 手制動(dòng)器 headlight 大燈，頭燈 headrest 頭枕，頭靠 heater 加熱器 hood 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩 horn, hooter 喇叭 housing 殼體，機(jī)架 hub 輪轂

hubcap 輪轂罩

hydraulic 液壓的，水壓的ignition 點(diǎn)火 impeller 葉輪

indicator，blinker 方向指示燈，指示器 injection 噴射 inner tube 內(nèi)胎

instrument 儀表，工具，儀器 insulating tape 絕緣膠帶 intake 進(jìn)氣

interference 干擾

intermediate 中間的，媒介 jack 千斤頂 jacket 套，外罩 jeep 吉普車

joint 接頭，萬向節(jié)，連軸節(jié) knuckle 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)，接頭 lacquer 漆，漆器；増亮劑 ladder 梯子，梯狀物 lateral 側(cè)部，側(cè)面的level 水平，水平的，變平lever 桿，杠桿 license 牌照，執(zhí)照

license plate；number plate 車號牌 lighter 打火機(jī)，點(diǎn)火器 lights 燈光

light-van 小型貨車 limousine 豪華轎車 lining襯板，襯墊 linkage 拉桿

lubrication，oiling 潤滑油 fuse 保險(xiǎn)絲，熔線，引信

garbage truck 工作臺，縱橫，總油道 gasket 襯墊，墊圈

gear stick，gear change（美作：gearshift）變速桿

gearbox 變速箱

gearshift 換檔器，變速排擋 mail car 郵車

main 主要部分 主要的 manual 手動(dòng)的，手冊

marine 船舶的、海的；海運(yùn)業(yè) mechanical 機(jī)械的mechanical failure 機(jī)械故障 member 構(gòu)件，梁 metal 金屬，合金 milometer 里程表 miscellaneous 雜項(xiàng)

motorway（美作：freeway，superhighway）高速公路

mount 安裝，裝配

mounting 裝備，裝配、安裝 muffler 消聲器、消音器 multi-seater 多位座位 notchback 客貨兩用車 nozzle 噴油嘴 nut 螺母 oil 油料

oil change 換油 oil filler 加機(jī)油管 oil reservoir 油池 oscillator 振蕩器 oscillograph 示波器

overdrive 超速行駛，超速傳動(dòng) overflow 溢流孔

pad 墊料，衰減器，墊片，填塞，法蘭盤，基座

paint 涂料，油漆，顏料

panel 鑲鉗，儀表板，車身和外板 panelling 鑲板，嵌板

partition 劃分，分割，分配，分開，隔斷墻 patch 修補(bǔ)

pedal 踏板，踩踏板

pedestal 支座，軸架，軸架箱，軸承架 pennant 三角小旗 permeability 滲透性

petrol（美作：gas）汽油

petrol pump（美作：gasoline pump）加油泵 piezoelectric 壓電的 pillar 支柱，柱 pilot 操縱，駕駛 pinion 小齒輪

pintle 樞軸，鏈節(jié)銷 pintle hook 扣勾 piston 活塞 pitman 連桿

pitman arm 轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂 planetary gear 行星齒輪 police car 警車pollutant 污染物

position 位置，狀態(tài)，姿勢 power 力，力量；提供動(dòng)力 prechamber 預(yù)燃室 pressure 壓力

profile 剖面，側(cè)面，外形，輪廓，曲線，分布圖

propeller 推進(jìn)器，螺旋槳 pump，air pump 氣泵 puncture，blowout 碰撞 racing car 賽車

rack 齒條；架，行李架 radiator 散熱器 radiator grille 水箱 rail 導(dǎo)軌 rarefy 稀薄

rear 后面，后面的rear blinker 轉(zhuǎn)彎指示燈 rear lights 尾燈 rear wheel后輪

rear window 后窗玻璃

rear-view mirror；driving mirror 后視鏡 reduction gear 減速齒輪 regulator 調(diào)節(jié)器 relief 調(diào)節(jié)，減輕 remote 遙控的repair kit 修理工具包 repair shop 維修車間 representing 表現(xiàn)，描繪 reservoir 容器，油箱 retarder 減速器 reverse 倒檔，轉(zhuǎn)向 rig 裝置，裝配，裝備 ring 環(huán)，齒圈 roadster 敞篷車

rocker arms 氣門搖臂 rod 桿，棒

roller 滾子，滾筒，滾輪，壓路機(jī) roof rack，luggage rack 行李架 rupture 破裂，裂開

saloon（美作：sedan）轎車 sanitary 衛(wèi)生，衛(wèi)生的 screw 螺釘，螺絲，螺旋 seat 座椅，承座，磨合部位 second gear 二檔 selection 選擇器 shaft 軸，桿狀物

shelve 放置在架上，置于架上 shock 沖撞，震動(dòng)，電擊 shroud 外殼，罩 side member 直梁

sidelights，parking lights 位置燈，邊燈 silencer（美作：muffler）消音器 skin 外殼，表皮；皮膚，皮制品 sleeve 套，套筒，套管 snap ring 扣圈

solder 焊料，焊錫，焊劑 solenoid 螺線管，電磁圈

spacer 隔套，隔板，隔環(huán)，墊片 spare wheel 備胎，備用輪胎

sparking plug 火花塞（美作：spark plug）speedometer 速度表 sports car 跑車 spring 彈簧

starter，self-starter 起動(dòng)器，起動(dòng)鈕 starting crank jaw 曲軸啟動(dòng)爪 station wagon 小旅行車 saturant 飽和劑

steering wheel，wheel 方向盤 step 踏板，步，步驟

stoplight，stop lamp 剎車燈 stowage 裝載，貯藏 strainer 濾網(wǎng)

strut 控制臂撐桿，制動(dòng)反應(yīng)桿，支撐，支柱，斜桿

subframe 副架，副車架，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)架 suction 吸入、抽氣；抽氣機(jī) suitcase 手提箱，衣箱 supercharger 增壓器

support 支柱，支架，維持，支持 suppression 抑制 suspension 懸架 tachometer 轉(zhuǎn)速表

taillight，tail lamp 尾燈 tailpipe 排氣管

tank 油罐，油槽，貯水桶 tappet 挺桿 taxi 出租車

thermostat 恒溫器，自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器

thread 輪距

throttle 節(jié)氣門，節(jié)流閥，節(jié)流 thrust 推力，軸向力，推進(jìn) thrust tube 止推管 tie rod 拉桿 timing 正時(shí) tire 輪胎

to accelerate 加速 to adjust 整修

to brake 制動(dòng)，剎車 to change gear 變速 to charge a battery，to recharge a battery 給蓄電池充電

to decelerate 減速

to declutch 分開離合器

to decoke（美作：to decarbonize）脫硫 to engage the clutch 接上離合器 to fill the tank 加油 to inflate 充氣

to knock 發(fā)出撞擊聲 to overtake 向前行駛 to park 停車

to put one’s foot down 加速，踏下加速踏板 to seize up 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不暢 to skid 打滑

to stall 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)停轉(zhuǎn) to start up 起動(dòng)

to switch off the motor 熄火 to tow，to take in tow 拖，拖曳 to vulcanize 硫化 top speed 最高速度 torque 轉(zhuǎn)矩，扭矩 torsion扭力，扭轉(zhuǎn) torsion bar 扭桿

track 輪距，痕跡，軌跡，跨距，軌距；履帶

tractor 牽引車

trail 拖曳，拖著走；痕跡，軌跡 trailer truck 拖車

transmission 變速器；傳送，傳播 trim 整理，裝飾，修飾 trolley 電車，觸輪 truck 卡車

trunk，boot 行李箱

tubular 管狀的 turbine 渦輪

2-stoke engine 2沖程發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)

tyre chain（美作：tire chain）防滑鏈

tyre pressure（美作：tire pressure）輪胎氣壓 upholstery 車內(nèi)裝飾 upper 上面的，上部的 vacuum 真空，真空的 valve 閥，氣門

vehicle 車輛，交通工具

ventilation 通風(fēng)，通氣，換氣

ventilator 通風(fēng)器，通風(fēng)口，空氣調(diào)節(jié)換氣裝置

vibration damper 減振器 visor 護(hù)目鏡，遮陽板

wardrobe 衣架，衣柜，衣櫥 washer 墊圈，墊片

wecker，beat-up car，jalopy 老爺車 wheel 輪，車輪 winch 絞盤

winding 繞線，吊升

windscreen（美作：windshield）擋風(fēng)玻璃 windscreen wiper（windshield wiper）風(fēng)擋刮水器，風(fēng)擋雨雪刷

windshield 風(fēng)擋，擋風(fēng)玻璃 wing 前翼子板 wing mirror 后視鏡

wiper 雨刷，風(fēng)擋刮水器 wishbone 叉形桿 wrecker 清障車

第四篇：船舶制造基礎(chǔ)知識

? 船舶制造

人類造船已有悠久的歷史.從史前刳木為舟起,在漫長的時(shí)期內(nèi)人類制造的都是利用人力或風(fēng)力推進(jìn)的木船.1807年,美國的R.富爾頓建成世界上第一艘蒸汽機(jī)船,當(dāng)時(shí)采用明輪推進(jìn).1879年,世界上第一艘鋼船問世.從此船舶進(jìn)入了以鋼船為主,以機(jī)器為動(dòng)力的時(shí)代.從20世紀(jì)50年代起,船舶推進(jìn)裝置由汽輪機(jī)和柴油機(jī)逐步取代蒸汽機(jī),并開始應(yīng)用核能作為推進(jìn)動(dòng)力.由于航運(yùn)的發(fā)展和軍事上的需要,船舶趨于大型化和專業(yè)化,造船技術(shù)隨之迅速發(fā)展,造船業(yè)已成為世界上最主要的重工業(yè)部門之一.船舶由成千上萬種零件構(gòu)成,幾乎與各個(gè)工業(yè)部門都有關(guān)系.除特有的船體建造技術(shù)外,造船還涉及到機(jī)械,電氣,冶金,建筑,化學(xué)以至工藝美術(shù)等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域.因此,造船是以全部工業(yè)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的一門綜合技術(shù),反映一個(gè)國家的工業(yè)技術(shù)水平.由于船舶的航區(qū),任務(wù)和要求不同,船舶產(chǎn)品具有品種多,生產(chǎn)批量小的特點(diǎn).為了有節(jié)奏地生產(chǎn),縮短制造周期,造船廠從接受訂貨至完工交船為止,都必須有周密的生產(chǎn)管理和技術(shù)管理.造船用的材料品種多,數(shù)量大,其中以鋼材的使用量為最大.例如,制造一艘裝載量為 1萬噸的貨船需要鋼材3000～4000噸.船體結(jié)構(gòu)用的材料主要是碳素鋼和低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼(見鋼).采用高強(qiáng)度鋼可減輕船體自重,降低推進(jìn)功率,達(dá)到多裝客貨,增加裝備或提高航速的目的.小型艦艇還采用鋁合金,玻璃鋼或鈦合金作為船體材料.船舶需要在嚴(yán)酷的環(huán)境下營運(yùn),對于船用材料,除保證冶煉方法,化學(xué)成分和機(jī)械性能外,在可焊性能和耐蝕性能等方面都有較高的要求.造船廠

造船廠均位于沿?；蚪又疄I,應(yīng)有一定的岸線長度和水深.廠區(qū)內(nèi)設(shè)有船臺,造船塢,滑道,舾裝碼頭和大型起重機(jī)等專用造船設(shè)備.造船廠內(nèi)設(shè)有各種生產(chǎn)車間.①船體加工車間:擔(dān)負(fù)船體放樣,號料以及船體零件的加工.②船體裝備焊接車間:完成船體零件,部件,分段,總段的裝焊和船體總裝工作.③安裝車間:負(fù)責(zé)船上機(jī)械設(shè)備及其附件的安裝和調(diào)試.④管子加工車間:進(jìn)行管子及其附件的加工和安裝.⑤電工車間:負(fù)責(zé)電器和無線電設(shè)備的安裝和調(diào)試.⑥木工車間:負(fù)責(zé)木質(zhì)家具,艙室的制作和安裝,以及絕緣工作.⑦油漆帆纜車間:負(fù)責(zé)除銹,涂漆和帆纜索具的制作和安裝.⑧起重運(yùn)輸車間:負(fù)責(zé)船舶的上墩,下水,進(jìn)出塢以及船臺,滑道,碼頭區(qū)的起重運(yùn)輸作業(yè).此外還有各種輔助車間,主要有機(jī)修車間,工具車間,動(dòng)力車間和中央試驗(yàn)室等.車間的劃分常根據(jù)船廠的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,性質(zhì),習(xí)慣而有所不同.過去很多造船廠除進(jìn)行鋼材加工,船體裝配,焊接和設(shè)備系統(tǒng)安裝外,還具有一定的鑄,鍛和機(jī)械加工能力,在制造船體的同時(shí)還制造主機(jī),輔機(jī),鍋爐等設(shè)備.20世紀(jì)50年代以來,隨著造船及其配套工業(yè)的發(fā)展,造船廠已向總裝方向發(fā)展,即以建造船體為主,大量的機(jī)電設(shè)備和舾裝件則由專業(yè)或非專業(yè)的協(xié)作廠配套提供,船廠只進(jìn)行安裝,以提高造船質(zhì)量和效率.造船工序

造船的主要工藝流程如下.鋼材預(yù)處理

在號料前對鋼材進(jìn)行的矯正,除銹和涂底漆工作.船用鋼材常因軋制時(shí)壓延不均,軋制后冷卻收縮不勻或運(yùn)輸,儲存過程中其他因素的影響而存在各種變形.為此,板材和型材從鋼料堆場取出后,先分別用多輥鋼板矯平機(jī)和型鋼矯直機(jī)矯正,以保證號料,邊緣和成型加工的正常進(jìn)行.矯正后的鋼材一般先經(jīng)拋光除銹,最后噴涂底漆和烘干.這樣處理完畢后的鋼材即可送去號料.這些工序常組成預(yù)處理自動(dòng)流水線,利用傳送滾道與鋼料堆場的鋼料吊運(yùn),號料,邊緣加工等后續(xù)工序的運(yùn)輸線相銜接,以實(shí)現(xiàn)船體零件備料和加工的綜合機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化.放樣和號料

船體外形通常是光順的空間曲面.由設(shè)計(jì)部門提供的用三向投影線表示的船體外形圖,稱為型線圖,一般按1:50或1:100的比例繪制.由于縮尺比大,型線的三向光順性存在一定的誤差,故不能按型線圖直接進(jìn)行船體施工,而需要在造船廠的放樣臺進(jìn)行1:1的實(shí)尺放樣或者是1:5,1:10的比例放樣,以光順型線,取得正確的型值和施工中所需的每

個(gè)零件的實(shí)際形狀尺寸與位置,為后續(xù)工序提供必要的施工信息.船體放樣是船體建造的基礎(chǔ)性工序.號料是將放樣后所得的船體零件的實(shí)際形狀和尺寸,利用樣板,樣料或草圖劃在板材或型材上,并注以加工和裝配用標(biāo)記.最早的放樣和號料方法是實(shí)尺放樣,手工號料.20世紀(jì)40年代初出現(xiàn)比例放樣和投影號料,即按1:5或1:10的比例進(jìn)行放樣制成投影底圖,用相應(yīng)的低倍投影裝置放大至實(shí)際尺寸;或?qū)⑼队暗讏D縮小到1/5～1/10攝制成投影底

片,再用高倍投影裝置放大50～100倍成零件實(shí)形,然后在鋼材上劃線.比例放樣還可提供仿形圖,供光電跟蹤切割機(jī)直接切割鋼板用,從而省略號料工序.投影號料雖在手工號料的基礎(chǔ)上有了很大改進(jìn),但仍然未能擺脫手工操作.60年代初開始應(yīng)用電印號料,即利用靜電照相原理,先在鋼板表面噴涂光敏導(dǎo)電粉末,進(jìn)行正片投影曝光,經(jīng)顯影和定影后在鋼板上顯出零件圖形.適用于大尺寸鋼板的大型電印號料裝置采用同步連續(xù)曝光投影方式,即底圖和鋼板同步移動(dòng),在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中連續(xù)投影曝光.適用于小尺寸鋼板的小型電印號料裝置,則在鋼板上一次投影出全部圖形.這種

號料方法已得到較廣泛的應(yīng)用.隨著電子計(jì)算機(jī)在造船中的應(yīng)用,又出現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)放樣方法.即用數(shù)學(xué)方程式表示船體型線或船體表面,以設(shè)計(jì)型值表和必需的邊界條件數(shù)值作為原始數(shù)據(jù),利用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行反復(fù)校驗(yàn)和計(jì)算,實(shí)現(xiàn)型線修改和光順,以獲得精確光順和對應(yīng)投影點(diǎn)完全一致船體型線.船體的每條型線都由一個(gè)特點(diǎn)的數(shù)學(xué)樣條曲線方程表示,并可通過數(shù)控繪圖機(jī)繪出圖形.數(shù)學(xué)放樣可取消傳統(tǒng)的實(shí)尺放樣工作,還可為切割和成形加工等后續(xù)工序提供控制信息,對船體建造過程的自動(dòng)化具有關(guān)鍵的作用,是造船工藝的一項(xiàng)重要發(fā)展.船體零件加工

包括邊緣加工和成形加工.邊緣加工就是按照號料后在鋼材上劃出的船體零件實(shí)際形狀,利用剪床或氧乙炔氣割,等離子切割進(jìn)行剪割.部分零件的邊緣還需要用氣割機(jī)或刨邊機(jī)進(jìn)行焊縫坡口的加工.氣割設(shè)備中的光電跟蹤氣割機(jī)能自動(dòng)跟蹤比例圖上的線條,通過同步伺服系統(tǒng)在鋼板上進(jìn)行切割,它可與手工號料,投影號料配合使用.采用數(shù)控氣割機(jī)不但切割精度高,而且根據(jù)數(shù)學(xué)放樣資料直接進(jìn)行切割,可省略號料工序,實(shí)現(xiàn)放樣,切割過程自動(dòng)化.對于具有曲度,折角或折邊等空間形狀的船體板材,在鋼板剪割后還需要成形加工,主要是應(yīng)用輥式彎板機(jī)和滾壓機(jī)進(jìn)行冷彎;或采用水火成形的加工方法,即在板材上按預(yù)定的加熱線用氧-乙炔烘炬進(jìn)行局部加熱,并用水跟蹤冷卻,使板材產(chǎn)生局部變形,彎成所要求的曲面形狀.對于用作肋骨等的型材,則多應(yīng)用肋骨冷彎機(jī)彎制成形.隨著數(shù)字控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展,已使用數(shù)字控制肋骨冷彎機(jī),并進(jìn)而研制數(shù)字控制彎板機(jī).船體零件加工已從機(jī)械化向自動(dòng)化進(jìn)展.船體裝配和焊接

將船體結(jié)構(gòu)的零部件組裝成整個(gè)船體的過程.普遍采用分段建造方式,分為部件裝配焊接,分段裝配焊接和船臺裝配焊接3個(gè)階段進(jìn)行.①部件裝配焊接:又稱小合擾.將加工后的鋼板或型鋼組合成板列,T型材,肋骨框架或船首尾柱等部件的過程,均在車間內(nèi)裝焊平臺上進(jìn)行.②分(總)段裝配焊接:又稱中合攏.將零部件組合成平面分段,曲面分段或立體分段,如艙壁,船底,舷側(cè)和上層建筑等分段;或組合成在船長方向橫截主船體而成的環(huán)形立體分段,稱為總段,如船首總段,船尾總段等.分段的裝配和焊接均在裝焊平臺或胎架上進(jìn)行.分段的劃分主要取決于船體結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)和船廠的起重運(yùn)輸條件.隨著船舶的大型化和

起重機(jī)能力的增大,分段和總段也日益增大,其重量可達(dá)800噸以上.③船臺(塢)裝配焊接:即船體總裝,又稱大合攏.將船體零部件,分段,總段在船臺(或船塢)上最后裝焊成船體.排水量10萬噸以上的大型船舶,為保證下水安全,多在造船塢內(nèi)總裝.常用的總裝方法有: 以總段為總裝單元,自船中向船首,船尾吊裝的稱總段建造法,一般適用于建造中小型船舶;先吊裝船中偏尾處的一個(gè)底部分段,以此作為建造基準(zhǔn)向船首,船尾和上層吊裝相鄰分段,其吊裝范圍呈寶塔狀的稱塔式建造法;設(shè)有2～3個(gè)建造基準(zhǔn),分別以塔式建造法建造,最后連接成船體的稱島式建造法;在船臺(或船塢)的末端建造第一艘船舶時(shí),在船臺的前端同時(shí)建造第二艘船舶的尾部,待第一艘船下水后,將第二艘船的尾部移至船臺末端,繼續(xù)吊裝其他分段,其至總裝成整個(gè)船體,同時(shí)又在船臺前端建造第三艘船舶的尾部,依此類推,這種方法稱為串聯(lián)建造法;將船體劃分為首,尾兩段,分別在船臺上建成后下水,再在水上進(jìn)行大合攏的稱兩段建造法.各種總裝方法的選擇根據(jù)船體結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和船廠的具體條件而定.船體裝配和焊接的工作量,占船體建造總工作量的75%以上,其中焊接又占一半以上.故焊接是造船的關(guān)鍵性工作,它不但直接關(guān)系船舶的建造質(zhì)量,而且關(guān)系造船效率.自20世紀(jì)50年代起,焊接方法從全手工焊接發(fā)展為埋弧自動(dòng)焊,半自動(dòng)焊,電渣焊,氣體保護(hù)電弧焊.自60年代中期起,又有單面焊雙面成形,重力焊,自動(dòng)角焊以及垂直焊和橫向自動(dòng)焊等新技術(shù).焊接設(shè)備和焊接材料也有相應(yīng)發(fā)展.由于船體結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,在難以施行自動(dòng)焊和半自動(dòng)焊的位置仍需要采用手工焊.結(jié)合焊接技術(shù)的發(fā)展,自60年代起,在船體部件和分段裝配中開始分別采用 T型材裝焊流水線和平面分段裝焊流水線.T 型材是構(gòu)成平面分段骨架的基本構(gòu)件.平面分段在船體結(jié)構(gòu)中占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋戎?例如在大型散裝貨船和油船上,平面分段可占船體總重的50%以上.平面分段裝焊流水線包括各種專用裝配焊接設(shè)備,它利用輸送裝置連續(xù)進(jìn)行進(jìn)料,拼板焊接以及裝焊骨架等作業(yè),能顯著地提高分段裝配的機(jī)械化程度,成為現(xiàn)代造船廠技術(shù)改造的主要內(nèi)容之一.世界上有些船廠對批量生產(chǎn)的大型油船的立體分段也采用流水線生產(chǎn)方式進(jìn)行裝焊和船塢總裝.船體總裝完成后必須對船體進(jìn)行密閉性試驗(yàn),然后在尾部進(jìn)行軸系和舵系對中,安裝軸系,螺旋槳和舵等.在完成各項(xiàng)水下工程后準(zhǔn)備下水.船舶下水

將在船臺(塢)總裝完畢的船舶從陸地移入水域的過程.船舶下水時(shí)的移行方向或與船長平行,或與船長垂直,分別稱為縱向下水和橫向下水.下水滑道主要為木枋滑道和機(jī)械化滑道.前者依靠船舶自重滑行下水,使用較普遍;后者利用小車承載船體在軌道上牽引下水,多用在內(nèi)河中小型船廠.縱向下水之前先將擱置在墩木上的船體轉(zhuǎn)移到滑板和滑道上,滑道向船舶入水方向有一定傾斜.當(dāng)松開設(shè)置于滑板與滑道間的制動(dòng)裝置后,船舶由于自重連同滑板和支架一起滑入水中,然后靠自身的浮力飄浮于水面.為減少下滑時(shí)的摩擦阻力,在滑板與滑道之間常涂上一定厚度的下水油脂;也可用鋼珠代替下水油脂,將滑動(dòng)摩擦改為滾動(dòng)摩擦,進(jìn)一步減少摩擦力.在船塢內(nèi)總裝的船,只要灌水入塢即能浮起,其下水操作比在船臺下利用滑道下水簡單和安全得多.下水意味著船舶建造已完成了關(guān)鍵性的,主要的工作.按傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣,大型船舶下水常舉行隆重的慶祝儀式.碼頭安裝(設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)的安裝)船舶下水后常是靠于廠內(nèi)舾裝碼頭,以安裝船體設(shè)備,機(jī)電設(shè)備,管道和電纜,并進(jìn)行艙室的木作,絕緣和油漆等工作.碼頭安裝涉及的工種很多,相互影響也較大.而隨著船舶設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)的日趨復(fù)雜,安裝質(zhì)量的要求也不斷提高,故安裝工作直接關(guān)系下水后能否迅速試航和交船.為了縮短下水后的安裝周期,應(yīng)盡可能將上述安裝工作提前到分段裝配和船體總裝階段進(jìn)行,稱為預(yù)舾裝.將傳統(tǒng)的單件安裝改為單元組裝,也可大大縮短安裝周期,即根據(jù)機(jī)艙和其他艙室設(shè)備的布置和組成特點(diǎn)確定安裝單元的組成程度,如主機(jī)冷卻單元可包括換熱器,泵,溫度調(diào)節(jié)器,帶附件的有關(guān)管道和單元所必需的電氣設(shè)備.在車間內(nèi)組成安裝單元,然后吊至分段,總段或船上安裝,這樣可使18～25%的安裝工作量由船上提前到內(nèi)場進(jìn)行,能使船上的安裝周期縮短15～20%.系泊試驗(yàn)和航行試驗(yàn)

在船體建造和安裝工作結(jié)束后,為保證建造的完善性和各種設(shè)備工作的可靠性,必須進(jìn)行全面而嚴(yán)格的試驗(yàn),通常分為兩個(gè)階段,即系泊試驗(yàn)和航行試驗(yàn).系泊試驗(yàn)俗稱碼頭試車,是在系泊狀態(tài)下對船舶的主機(jī),輔機(jī)和其他機(jī)電設(shè)備進(jìn)行的一系列實(shí)效試驗(yàn),用以檢驗(yàn)安裝質(zhì)量和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況.系泊試驗(yàn)以主機(jī)試驗(yàn)為核心,檢查發(fā)電機(jī)組和配電設(shè)備的工作情況,以便為主機(jī)和其他設(shè)備的試驗(yàn)創(chuàng)造條件.對各有關(guān)系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào),應(yīng)急,遙測遙控和自動(dòng)控制等還需要進(jìn)行可靠性和安全性試驗(yàn).系泊試驗(yàn)時(shí)船舶基本上處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),主機(jī),軸系和有關(guān)設(shè)備系統(tǒng)不能顯示全負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的性能,所以還需要進(jìn)行航試驗(yàn).航行試驗(yàn)是全面地檢查船舶在航行狀態(tài)下主機(jī),輔機(jī)以及各種機(jī)電設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)的使用性能.通常有輕載試航和重載試航.在航行試驗(yàn)中測定船舶的航速,主機(jī)功率以及操縱性,回轉(zhuǎn)性,航向穩(wěn)定性,慣性和指定航區(qū)的適航性等.試驗(yàn)結(jié)果經(jīng)驗(yàn)船機(jī)構(gòu)和用戶驗(yàn)收合格后,由船廠正式交付訂貨方使用.

第五篇：船舶與海洋工程專業(yè)英語

船舶與海洋工程英語

目錄

Part 1.船舶與海洋工程英語

1.The Naval Architect…………………………………………….……….….....1 2.Definitions, Principal Dimensions……………………………….….………....3 3.Merchant ship Types………………………………………………..…………10 4.Ship Design…………………………………………………………………16 5.General Arrangement……………………………………………………....…20 6.Ship Lines……………………………………………………..…………...…25 7.Ship Equilibrium, Stability and Trim………………………………………..28 8.Estimating Power Requirements………………………………………….….33 9.Ship Motions, Maneuverability………………………………………………37 10.The Function of Ship Structural Components……………………………………….....40 11.Structural Design, Ship Stresses…………………………………………………….......43 12.Classification Societies…………………………………………………...…48 13.Shipyard, Organization, Layout…………………………………..….....…..53 14.Planning, From Contract to Working Plans……………………………...….56 15.Lines Plan and Fairing, Fabrication and Assembly………………………....58 16.Launching and Outfitting…………………………………………………....61 17.Sea Trials……………………………………………………………………64 18.Marine Engines………………………………………………………………………...66 19.Marine Electrical Equipment…………………………………………..……71 20.Unattended Machinery Spaces……………………………………….……..76 21.Mobile Drilling Platforms……………………………………………………………...81 22.Examples of Offshore Structures……………………………………….…..85 23.Oceanographic Submersibles…………………………………………….…91 24.Application of Engineering Economics to Ship Design……………..……..94 25.Computer Development and the Naval Architect………………………..…98 Part2.26.船舶英語實(shí)用詞匯手冊……………………………………………………………..101 27.船舶英語縮略語…………………………………………………………………...…129

Lesson One

The Naval Architect A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as ―an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots‖ to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements.He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo(or number of passengers)at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement;high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain.Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment.The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the lightweight tonnages.The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed.The draft------which is governed by freeboard rules------enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation.After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance.He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability.Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed;this determines the weight of machinery.The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings(frame dimensions and plate thicknesses)can be obtained from the rules of the classification society.These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel.The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations.Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based.(The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom.The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue.Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges.)Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision.Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design.A naval architect must be a master of approximations.If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship.If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation.Training

There are four major requirements for a good naval architect.The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have direct application to ships------mathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance, and propulsion.The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding.The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, construction, and operation of ships;and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions.The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various maritime countries.Unimany universities and polytechnic schools;such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a shipyard.Trends in design The introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required in naval architecture and has also introduced new concepts in design.There are many combinations of length, breadth, and draft that will give a required displacement.Electronic computers make it possible to prepare series of designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design.Such a procedure is best carried out as a joint exercise by owner and builder.As ships increase in size and cost, such combined technical and economic studies can be expected to become more common.(From ―Encyclopedia Britannica‖, Vol.16, 1980)

Technical terms

1.naval architect 造船工程（設(shè)計(jì)）師 32.scantling 結(jié)構(gòu)（件）尺寸

naval architecture造船（工程）學(xué) 33.frame 肋骨 2.instruction 任務(wù)書、指導(dǎo)書 34.classification society 船級社 3.oil tanker 油輪 35.steering 操舵、駕駛 4.deadweight 載重量 36.vibration 振動(dòng) 5.knot 節(jié) 37.net register tonnage 凈登記噸位 6.specification 規(guī)格書，設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書 38.harbour 港口 7.vessel 船舶 39.dues 稅收 8.cargo 貨物 40.gross tonnage 總噸位 9.passenger 旅客 41.deductible space 扣除空間 10.trade 貿(mào)易 42.revenue 收入 11.machinery 機(jī)械、機(jī)器 43.docking 進(jìn)塢 12.hold capacity 艙容 44.charge 費(fèi)用、電荷 13.consumable store 消耗物品 45.bulkhead 艙壁 14.light weight 輕載重量、空船重量 46.subdivision分艙（隔）、細(xì)分 15.hull 船體 47.collision 碰撞 16.dimension 尺度、量綱、維（數(shù)）48.compromise 折衷、調(diào)和 17.displacement 排水量、位移、置換 49.coefficient 系數(shù) 18.tonnage 噸位 50.training 培訓(xùn) 19.fineness 纖瘦度 51.fluid mechanics 流體力學(xué) 20.draft 吃水 52.structural strength 結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度 21.breadth 船寬 53.resistance 阻力 22.freeboard 干舷 54.propulsion 推進(jìn) 23.rule 規(guī)范 55.shipbuilding 造船 24.tentative 試用（暫行）的 56.aptitude（特殊）才能，適應(yīng)性 25.longitudinal direction 縱向 57.maritime 航運(yùn)，海運(yùn) 26.vertical direction 垂向 58.polytechnical school 工藝（科技）學(xué)校 27.trim 縱傾 59.academic 學(xué)術(shù)的 28.stability 穩(wěn)性 60.shipyard 造船廠 29.shaft horse power 軸馬力 61.electronic computer 電子計(jì)算機(jī) 30.strength 強(qiáng)度 62.owner 船主，物主 31.service 航區(qū)、服務(wù) 63.encyclop(a)edia 百科全書

Additional Terms and Expressions 1.the Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering(CSNAME)中國造船工程學(xué)會

the Chinese Society of Navigation中國航海學(xué)會

“Shipbuilding of China‖ 中國造船 Ship Engineering 船舶工程

“Naval 安定Merchant Ships” 艦船知識

China State Shipbuilding Corporation(CSSC)中國船舶工業(yè)總公司

China offshore Platform Engineering Corporation(COPECO)中國海洋石油平臺工程公司

Royal Institution of Naval Architects(RINA)英國皇家造船工程師學(xué)會

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers(SNAME)美國造船師與輪機(jī)工程師協(xié)會

10.Principle of naval architecture 造船原理 11.ship statics(or statics of naval

architecture)造船靜力學(xué) 12.ship dynamics 船舶動(dòng)力學(xué)

13.ship resistance and propulsion 船舶阻力

和推進(jìn)

14.ship rolling and pitching 船舶搖擺 15.ship manoeuvrability 船舶操縱性 16.ship construction 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)

17.ship structural mechanics 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué) 18.ship strength and structural design 船舶

強(qiáng)度和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

19.ship design 船舶設(shè)計(jì)

20.shipbuilding technology 造船工藝

21.marine(or ocean)engineering 海洋工程 2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Note to the Text

1.range from A to B 的意思為“從A到B的范圍內(nèi)”，翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)這個(gè)基本意思可以按漢語習(xí)慣譯成中文。例：

Lathe sizes range from very little lathes with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length.車床有大有小，小的車床其車身只有幾英寸，大的車床能車削數(shù)英尺長的工件。

2.Such that 可以認(rèn)為是such a kind/value 等的縮寫，意思為“這樣的類別/值等……以至于……”。譯成中文是，可根據(jù)具體情況加以意譯。例：

The depth of the chain locker is such that the cable is easily stowed.錨鏈艙的深度應(yīng)該使錨鏈容易存儲。

Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage,the factor on which harbour and oyher dues are based.Possessing an attractive appearance現(xiàn)在分詞短語，用作表示條件的狀語，意譯成“船舶除有一個(gè)漂亮的外形……”。一般說，如分詞短語謂語句首，通常表示時(shí)間、條件、原因等。

The factor on which…are based中的the factor是前面the minimum net register tonnage的銅謂語，而on which…are based是定語從句，修飾the factor。

4.Electronic computers make it possible to prepare series id designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design.句中的it是形式賓語，實(shí)際賓語為不定式短語 to prepare series of designs …和to assess the economic returns …

Lesson Two

Definitions, Principal Dimensions Before studying in detail the various technical branches of naval architecture it is important to define chapters.The purpose of this chapter is to explain these terms and to familiarise the reader with them.In the first place the dimensions by which the size of a ship is measured will be considered;they are referred to as ?principal dimensions‘.The ship, like any solid body, requires three dimensions to define its size, and these are a length, a breadth and a depth.Each of these will be considered in turn.Principal dimensions Length There are various ways of defining the length of a ship, but first the length between perpendiculars will be considered.The length between perpendiculars is the distance measured parallel to the base at the level of the summer load waterline from the after perpendicular to the forward perpendicular.The after perpendicular is taken as the after side of the rudder post where there is such a post, and the forward perpendicular is the vertical line drawn through the intersection of the stem with summer load waterline.In ships where there is no rudder post the after perpendicular is taken as the line passing through the centre line of the rudder pintals.The perpendiculars and the length between perpendiculars are shown in Figure 1.The length between perpendiculars(LBP)is used for calculation purposes as will be seen later, but it will be obvious from Figure 1 that this does not represent the greatest length of the ship.For many purposes, such as the docking of a ship, it is necessary to know what the greatest length of the ship is.This length is known as the length of the extreme point at the after end to a similar point at the forward end.This can be clearly seen by referring again to Figure 1.In most ships the length overall will exceed by a considerable amount the length between perpendiculars.The excess will include the overhang of the stern and also that of the stem where the stem is raked forward.In modern ships having large bulbous bows the length overall LOA may have to be measured to the extreme point of the bulb.A third length which is often used, particularly when dealing with ship resistance, is the length on the waterline LWL.This is the distance measured on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the intersection of the stern with the waterline to the length is not a fixed quantity for a particular ship, as it will depend upon the waterline at which the ship is floating and upon the trim of the ship.This length is also shown in Figure 1.6 Breadth The mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called ?amidships‘a(chǎn)nd the ship is usually broadest at this point.The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the ?breadth moulded‘.It may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.As is the case in the length between perpendiculars, the breadth moulded dose not represent the greatest breadth the breadth extreme is required(see Figure 2).In many ships the breadth extreme is the breadth moulded plus the thickness of the shell plating where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses of shell plating, but in the case of modern welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only.The breadth extreme may be much greater than this in some ships, since it is the distance from the extreme overhang on one side of the ship to a similar point on the other side.This distance would include the overhang of decks, a feature which is sometimes found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area.It would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such as cross channel vessels which have to operate in and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to protect the sides of the ships when coming alongside quays.Depth The third principal dimension is depth, which varies along the length of the ship but is usually measured ant amidships.This depth is known as the ?depth moulded and is measured from the underside of the plating of the deck at side amidships to the base line.It is shown in Figure 2(a).It is sometimes quoted as a ?depth moulded to upper deck‘ or ?depth moulded to second deck‘, etc.Where no deck is specified it can be taken the depth is measured to the uppermost continuous deck.In some modern ships there is a rounded gunwale as shown in Figure 2(b).In such cases the depth moulded is measured from the intersection of the deck line continued with the breadth moulded line.Other features

The three principal dimensions give a general idea of the size of a ship but there are several other features which have to be considered and which could be different in two ships having the same length, breadth and depth.The more important of these will now be defined.Sheer Sheer is the height of the deck at side above a line drawn parallel to the base and tangent to the length of the ship and is usually greatest at the ends.In modern ships the deck line at side often has a variety of shapes: it may be flat with zero sheer over some distance on either side of amidships and then rise as a straight line towards the ends;on the other hand there may be no sheer at all on the deck, which will then be parallel to the base over the entire length.In older ships the deck at side line was parabolic in profile and the sheer was quoted as its value on the forward and after perpendiculars as shown in Figure 1.So called ?standard‘ sheer was given by the formulae:

Sheer forward(in)=0.2Lft+20 Sheer aft

(in)=0.1Lft+10 These two formulae in terms of metric units would give:

Sheer forward

(cm)=1.666Lm+50.8 Sheer aft

(cm)=0.833Lm+25.4 It will be seen that the sheer forward is twice as much as the sheer aft in these standard formulae.It was often the case, however, that considerable variation was made from these standard values.Sometimes the sheer forward was increased while the sheer after was reduced.Occasionally the lowest point of the upper deck was some distance aft of amidships and sometimes departures were made from the parabolic sheer profile.The value of sheer and particularly the sheer forward was to increase the height of the deck above water(the ?height of platform‘ as it was called)and this helped to prevent water being shipped when the vessel was moving through rough sea.The reason for the abolition of sheer in some modern ships is that their depths are so great that additional height of the deck above water at the fore end is unnecessary from a seakeeping point of view.Deletion of sheer also tends to make the ship easier to construct, but on the other hand it could be said that the appearance of the ship suffers in consequence.Camber Camber or round of beam is beam is defined as the rise of the deck of the ship in going from the side to the centre as shown in Figure 3(a).The camber curve used to be parabolic but here again often nowadays straight line camber curves are used or there may be no camber at all on decks.Camber is useful on the weather deck of a ship from a drainage point of view, but this may not be very important since the ship is very rarely upright and at rest.Often, if the weather deck of a ship is cambered, the lower decks particularly in passenger ships may have no camber at all, as this makes for horizontal decks in accommodation which is an advantage.Camber is usually stated as its value on the moulded breadth of the ship and standard camber was taken as one-fiftieth of the breadth.The camber on the deck diminishes towards the ends of the ship as the deck breadths become smaller.Bilge radius An outline of the midship section of a ship is shown in Figure 3(a).In many ?full‘ cargo ships the section is virtually a rectangle with the lower corners rounded off.This part of the section is referred to as the ?bilge‘ and the shape is often circular at this position.The radius of the circular arc forming the bilge is called the ?bilge radius‘.Some designers prefer to make the section some curve other than a circle in way of the bilge.The curve would have a radius of curvature which increases as it approaches the straight parts of the section with which it has to link up.Rise of floor The bottom of a ship at amidships is usually flat but is not necessarily horizontal.If the line of the flat bottom is continued outwards it will intersect the breadth moulded line as shown in Figure 3(a).The height of this intersection above base is called the ?rise of floor ‘.The rise of floor is very much dependent on the ship form.In ships of full form such as cargo ships the rise of floor may only be a few centimeters or may be eliminated altogether.In fine form ships much bigger rise of floor would be adopted in association with a larger bilge radius.Flat of keel

A feature which was common in the days of riveted ships what was known as ?flat of keel ‘ or ?flat of bottom ‘.Where there is no rise of floor, of course, the bottom is flat from the centre line to the point where the curve of the bilge starts.If there was a rise of floor it was customary for the line of the bottom to intersect the base line some distance from the centre line so that on either side of the centre line there was a small portion of the bottom which was horizontal, as shown in Figure 3(a).this was known as the ?flat of bottom‘ and its value lay in the fact that a rightangle connection could be made between the flat plate keel and the vertical centre girder and this connection could be accomplished without having to bevel the connecting angle bars.Tumble home Another feature of the midship section of a ship which was at one time quite common but has now almost completely disappeared is what was called ?tumble home‘.This is the amount which the side of the ship falls in from the breadth moulded line, as shown in Figure 3(b).Tumble home was a usual feature in sailing ships and often appeared in steel merchant ships before World War II.Ships of the present day rarely employ this feature since its elimination makes for ease of production and it is of doubtful value.Rake of stem In ships which have straight stems formed by a stem bar or a plate the inclination of the stem to the vertical is called the ?rake‘.It may be defined either by the angle to the vertical or the distance between the intersection of the stem produced with the base line and the forward perpendicular.When ships have curved stems in profile, and especially where they also have bulbous bows, stem rake cannot be simply defined and it would be necessary to define the stem profile by a number of ordinates at different waterlines.In the case of a simple straight stem the stem line is usually joined up with the base line by a circular are, but sometimes a curve of some other form is used, in which case several ordinates are required to define its shape.Draught and trim The draught at which a ship floats is simply the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline.If the waterline is parallel to the keel the ship is said to be floating on an even keel, but if the waterline is not parallel then the ship is said to be trimmed.If the draught at the after end is greater than that at the fore end the ship is trimmed by the stern and if the converse is the case it is trimmed by the bow or by the head.The draught can be measured in two ways, either as a moulded draught which is the distance from the base line to the waterline, or as an extreme draught which is the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline.In the modern welded merchant ship to the waterline.In the modern welded merchant ship these two draughts differ only by one thickness of plating, but in certain types of ships where, say, a bar keel is fitted the extreme draught would be measured to the underside of the keel and may exceed the moulded draught of by 15-23cm(6-9in).It is important to know the draught of a ship, or how much water the ship is ?drawing‘, and so that the draught may be readily obtained draught marks are cut in the stem and the stern.These are 6 in high with a space of 6in between the top of one figure and the bottom of the next one.When the water level is up to the bottom of a particular figure the draught in feet has the value of that figure.If metric units are used then the figures would probably be 10 cm high with a 10 cm spacing.In many large vessels the structure bends in the longitudinal vertical plane even in still water, with the result that the base line or the keel does not remain a straight line.The mean draught at which the vessel is floating is not then simply obtained by taking half the sum of the forward and after draughts.To ascertain how much the vessel is hogging or sagging a set of draught marks is placed amidships so that if da, d? and df are the draughts at the after end amidships and the forward end respectively then

Hog or sag=

da?df-d?

2When use is made of amidship draughts it is necessary to measure the draught on both sides of the ship and take the mean of the two readings in case the ship should be heeled one side or the other.The difference between the forward and after draughts of s ship is called the ?trim‘, so that trim T=da-df, and as previously stated the ship will the said to be trimming by the stern or the bow according as the draught aft or the draught forward is in excess.For a given total load on the ship the draught will have its least value when the ship is on an even keel.This is an important point when a ship is navigating in restricted depth of water or when entering a dry dock.Usually a ship should be designed to float on an even keel in the fully loaded condition, and if this is not attainable a small trim by the stern is aimed at.Trim by the bow is not considered desirable and should be avoided as it reduces the ?height of platform‘ forward and increases the liability to take water on board in rough seas.Freeboard Freeboard may be defined as the distance which the ship projects above the surface of the water or the distance measured downwards from the deck to the waterline.The freeboard to the weather deck, for example, will vary along the length of the ship because of the sheer of the deck and will also be affected by the trim, if any.Usually the freeboard will be a minimum at amidships and will increase towards the ends.Freeboard has an important influence on the seaworthiness of a ship.The greater the freeboard the greater is the above water volume, and this volume provides reserve buoyancy, assisting the ship to rise when it goes through waves.The above water volume can also help the ship to remain afloat in the event of damage.It will be seen later that freeboard has an important influence on the range of stability.Minimum freeboards are laid down for ships under International Law in the form of Load Line Regulations.(from ―Naval Architecture for Marine Engineers‖ by W.Muckle, 1975)

Technical Terms

1.principal dimension 主要尺度

2.naval architecture 造船（工程）學(xué) 3.造船工程（設(shè)計(jì)）師

4.length between perpendiculars(LBP)垂線間長 5.summer load waterline 夏季載重水線 6.forward/after perpendicular 首/尾垂線 7.rudder post 尾柱 8.stem 首柱

9.rudder pintle 舵銷

10.length over all(LOA)總長

11.overhang（水線以上）懸伸部分 12.bulbous bow 球鼻艏

13.length on the waterline（LWL）水線長 14.amidship 船中

15.breath moulded 型寬 16.breath extreme 最大船寬 17.shell plating 船殼板 18.rivet 鉚接 19.weld 焊接

20.strake（船殼板）列板 21.fender 護(hù)舷木

22.deck area 甲板面積（區(qū)域）23.cross channel vessel 海峽船 24.port 港口，船的左舷 25.side 舷側(cè)（邊）26.quay 碼頭

27.depth moulded 型深 28.plating of deck 甲板板 29.base line 基線 30.upper deck 上甲板 31.second deck 第二甲板

32.the uppermost continuous deck 最上層連續(xù)甲板 33.rounded gunwale 圓弧舷邊頂部 34.moulded line 型線 35.sheer 舷弧 36.ends 船端

37.deck line at side 甲板邊線 deck at side line 甲板邊線 deck at side

甲板邊線 38.profile

縱剖面（圖），輪廓 39.sheer forward/aft 首/尾舷 40.platform

平臺

41.rough sea

強(qiáng)浪，洶濤海面 42.seakeeping

耐波性

43.appearance

外形（觀），出現(xiàn) 44.camber

梁拱

round of beam 梁拱 45.weather deck 露天甲板 46.drainage 排水

47.upright 正浮，直立 48.at rest 在靜水中

49.accommodation 居住艙，適應(yīng) 50.bilge radius

舭（部）半徑 5.1 midship section 船中剖面 52.bilge

舭（部）53.rise of floor 船底升高 54.flat of keel 龍骨寬 55.flat plate keel平板龍骨 56.vertical center girder 中桁材

57.bevel

折射角，將直角鋼改為斜角 58.connecting angle 聯(lián)接角鋼

59.tumble home 內(nèi)傾 60.sailing ship 帆船

61.steel merchant ship 鋼質(zhì)商船 62.bar 棒，巴（氣壓單位）63.rake 傾斜

64.draught 吃水，草圖，通風(fēng) 65.even keel 等吃水，正浮

66.trimmed by the stern/bow 尾/首傾 67.moulded draught 型吃水 68.extreme draught 最大吃水 69.bar keel 棒龍骨 70.‖drawing‖“吃水” 71.draught marks 吃水標(biāo)志 72.imperial unit 英制單位 73.metric unit 公制單位 74.spacing 間距 75.hogging 中拱 76.sagging 中垂 77.heel

橫傾 78.dry dock 干船塢

79.fully loaded condition 滿載標(biāo)志 80.freeboard 干舷

81.seaworthiness 適航性

82.reserve buoyancy 儲備浮力 83.range of stability 穩(wěn)性范圍

84.Load Line Regulations 載重線規(guī)范

Additional Terms and Expressions

1.form coefficients 船型系數(shù) 2.block coefficient 方型系數(shù) 3.prismatic coefficient 棱型系數(shù)

4.midship area coefficient 船中橫剖面面積系數(shù)

5.waterplane area coefficient 水線面面積系數(shù)

6.vertical prismatic coefficient 豎向棱型系數(shù) 7.body section of U-form U形橫剖面 8.V-shaped section V形橫剖面

9.geometrically similar ships 幾何相似船 10.base plane 基平面

11.center plane 中線面 12.midstation plane 中站面 13.moulded base line 基線 14.length breadth ratio 長度比 15.cruiser stern 巡洋艦型尾

16.principal coordinate planes 主坐標(biāo)面 17.transom 方尾 18.soft chine 圓舭 19.hard chine 尖舭 20.counter 尾伸部 21.forefoot 首踵 22.aftfoot 尾踵

23.deadwood 尾鰭（呆木）

Notes to the Text

1.as will be seen later 和as is the case in the length between perpendiculars 中as 引出的從句為非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞as代替整個(gè)主句，并在從主語中作主語。as 也可在從句中作賓語，表語用。

2.A third length 序數(shù)字前面，一般用定冠詞“the”，但當(dāng)作者心目中對事物總數(shù)還不明確，或還不足以形成一個(gè)明確的序列時(shí)，序數(shù)字前面用不定冠詞“a”。例：

will they have to modify the design a fourth time?(它們的設(shè)計(jì)究竟要修改多少次，心中無數(shù)，但依次下來已是第四次，所以用不定冠詞“a”。)3.This is the distance measured on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the intersection of the stern with the waterline to the intersection of the stem with the waterline.這是一個(gè)符合據(jù)。其中at which the ship is floating 為定語從句，修飾the waterline.from the intersection of the stern(with the waterline為intersection 所要求的介詞短語)to the intersection of the stern(with the waterline 為第二個(gè)intersection 所要求的介詞短語）都屬于介詞短語，作狀語用，說明測量的范圍。

4.參見第一課注3.中的第二部分說明 5.quay 一般指與海岸平行的碼頭

pier 系指與海岸或呈直角面突出的碼頭

wharf 一般用于的碼頭

6.the deck line continued 和the stern produced 為過去分詞作后置定語，分別修飾“the deck line 和the stern.都可譯成“延長時(shí)”。

considerable variation was made from these standard values 和departures were made from the parabolic sheer profile 和（when）use is made of amidship draughts 這三句都屬于主語的成分被位于動(dòng)詞隔離成兩部分。這是英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡的需要中帶有這種情況，閱讀和翻譯時(shí)需加以注意。

7.considerable variation was made from these standard values 和departures were made from the parabolic sheer profile 和（when）use is made of amidship draughts 這三句都屬于主語的成分被位于動(dòng)詞隔離成兩部分。這是英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡的需要中帶有這種情況，閱讀和翻譯時(shí)需加以注意。Lesson Three

Merchant ship Types Break-bulk cargo ships

The inboard space in break bulk cargo ships is divided longitudinally by transverse bulkheads, spaced 40-70 ft apart, into a series of cargo compartments of approximately equal volume, generally seven for a ship of about 500 ft Lap.Vertically, the bulkheads are divided by one or two decks below the uppermost, continuous deck(main or strength deck).The space between the inner bottom and the lowest deck, called the hold, is limited to a height of about 18 ft(5.5m)to minimize damage to cargo through crushing.Usually the height of each space between decks termed between deck space)is 9-10ft(2.7-3.0m).In addition to the previously mentioned double-bottom tanks, the most break-bulk cargo ships have deep tanks used for fuel oil, water ballast, or liquid cargoes such as latex, coconut oil, or edible oils.The cargo is handled through large rectangular deck openings(hatches)over each cargo space.Mechanically operated hatch covers are used to close the openings.The hatch covers in the tween decks are strong enough to support cargo stowed on them.The topside hatch covers are watertight.The tween deck space is generally suitable for break-bulk or palletized cargo holds have had one hatch per deck, with of 35-50% the ship‘s breath and a length of 50-60% the hold length.The trend is toward widen hatches or multiple hatches abreast and often longer hatches, to increase cargo handling speed.A multiple hatch arrangement(triple hatch, for instance)is efficiently used for a partial load of containers stowed under deck.Break-bulk cargo handling between pier and ship is done usually by means of cargo booms installed on board.The booms are raised or lowered by adjustable wire rigging led from the mast or king post to the boom ends.A wire rope leads over sheaves from a winch to the outer end of each boom and terminates in a cargo hook.Cargo can be hoisted using one boom(customarily for very heavy loads of cargo, 10 tons or over)or for faster handling, by a pair of married booms, with one boom end over the hatch and the other over the pier.This cargo handling operation, called burtoning, is customary for loads up to 10 tons.Most break-bulk cargo ships fitted with booms have a pair of booms at each hatch end to expedite cargo handling.The cargo is often piled together in a large net which is emptied and returned for the next load.Packaged cargo of nearly uniform dimensions may be stacked on pallets which are hoisted aboard individually.The sling load is landed through the hatch opening.The pallets or nets are then unloaded, and each item is individually stowed by the hold gang.Any cargo stowed in the wings of the hold is manhandled unless it is on pallets and handled by a forklift truck.The use of forklift trucks is becoming common practice, and a number of these trucks may be carried on board if they are not available at cargo terminals.The amount of cargo which is manhandled onboard determines largely the ship turnaround and port expenses, and, the profitability of the transportation system.Most break-bulk cargo ships have provisions for a heavy lift boom of 30-100-metric ton capacity for occasional units of heavy cargo.An increasing number of break-bulk cargo ships are being fitted with revolving deck cargo cranes instead of masts, booms and winches.Container ships

Container ships are replacing the conventional break-bulk cargo ship in trade routes where rapid cargo handling is essential.Containers are weatherproof boxes(usually metal)strengthened withstand stacking and motion at sea.Containers are of standard size, the largest ones weighing up to about 30 metric tons when loaded.The use of standard containers facilitates ship-board stowage, land or waterway transportation, and rental or lease.A large container ship may be loaded or unloaded completely in about half a day, compared to several days for the same amount of cargo in break-bulk cargo ship.Generally, the shipper places the cargo in the container and，except for custom inspection, it is delivered unopened to the consignee.Highway trailers(most commonly), railroad cars, or barges transport containers to and from their land destination and are therefore apart of the same transportation system.For a given payload cargo capacity, container ships are larger and more costly to build than the traditional cargo ship, but both the cargo handling cost and the idle ship time in port are reduced considerably.Although in some ships containers are moved horizontally for loading and unloading, the predominant arrangement is that illustrated in Fig.1 where containers are stowed in vertical cells and moved vertically in and out of the vessel.Roll-on/Roll-off ships

With a broad interpretation all ships that are designed to handle cargo by rolling it on wheels can be considered under this heading.This would include trailer ships;sea trains(carrying railroad cars or entire carriers: ships carrying pallets handled by forklift trucks from and to shore;and so on, the following is a description of a ship of this type, which is intended primarily to operate as a trailer ship, although it may handle several types of wheeled vehicles.Roll-on/Roll-off ships require a high proportion of cubic capacity relative to the amount of cargo and are particularly suited to services with short runs and frequent loading and unloading.They need even shorter port time than container ships but their building cost is higher.Because fully loaded toll-on/roll-off ships can not carry enough cargo to immerse them deeply, their large freeboard allows the fitting of side ports above the waterline for handling of cargo on wheels by means of ramps.Usually, ships of this type have a transom stern(a square-shaped stern like that of a motorboat)fitted with doors for handling wheeled vehicles on an aft ramp.Roll-on/Roll-off ships have several decks, and the cargo is handled on wheels from the loading deck to other decks by elevators or sloping ramps.Both internal elevators and ramps occupy substantial volume in the ship.The need for clear decks, without interruption by transverse bulkheads, and tween decks for vehicle parking results in a unique structural arrangement.Barge-carrying ships

This type of ship represents a hold step in the trend toward cargo containerization and port time reductions.Cargo is carried in barges or lighters each weighing up to 1000 metric tons when loaded.The lighters are carried below and above deck and handled by gantry cranes or elevator platforms.These are among the fastest, largest, and costest ships for the carriage of general cargo.For their size, their payload capacity is less than that of the conventional break-bulk cargo ship.However, they can be loaded and unloaded much faster and with a considerable saving in man-hours.Because the lighters can be waterborne and operated as regular barges, these large ships can serve undeveloped ports advantageously.Using portable fixtures that can be erected quickly, barge-carrying ships can be adapted for the transport of varying amounts of standard containers in addition to or in plane of lighters.Bulk cargo ships

A large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo ships.Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore, coal, limestone, grain, cement, bauxite gypsum, and sugar.Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unloaded using shore side installations.Many dry bulk carriers operating in the Great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo(self-unloaders), and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of cargo are being fitted with self-unloading gear.By far the largest amount of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products, but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance;for example, various chemicals, vegetable oils, molasses, latex, liquefied gases, molten sulfur, and even wine and fruit juices.Practically all liquid bulk carriers have pumps for unloading the cargo, usually have ship board pumps for unloading liquids.Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment, crew accommodations, and conning stations located aft.An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward.The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships, with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level(16-18 knots or 30-33 km/h for oceangoing ships, lower for Great Lakes vessels).The oceangoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of cargo hold because of the high density of the ore.Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling.The oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits low-cost transportation because of its flexibility.It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes.This type of ship carries bulk cargoes, such as petroleum product, coal, grain, and ore.The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of the ship.The tanker is the characteristic, and by far the most important, liquid bulk carrier both in numbers and tonnage.Tankers carry petroleum products almost exclusively.The very large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil.A few tankers are built especially for the transportation of chemical products, and others are prepared for alter native loads of grain.Bulk liquid carriers, with standing, rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical cargo tanks separated from the hull, are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases, such as anhydrous ammonia and natural gas.Liquefied natural gas(LNG)is also carried in ships with membrane tanks, i.e., where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation.The transportation of molten surfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks, including the use of high grade, costly materials for their construction.(From ―McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology‖, Vol.8.1982).Passenger-cargo ships

The accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort.Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special, high freight-rate cargo is handled.Because of the service needs of passengers, a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo.The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1-4 berths, each room with bath and toilet.A few rooms may be connected and suites may include a living room, dressing room, and even a private outdoor veranda.Public rooms for passenger use may include dining room, lounge, cocktail room, card and game room, library, shops, and swimming pool.Ships carrying more than 12 passengers must comply with the SOLAS regulations.These regulations deal with ship characteristics related to items such as the following:(1)lessening the risk of foundering or capsizing due to hull damage,(2)preventing the start and spread of fires aboard, and(3)increasing the possibility and safety of abandoning ship in emergencies.The ship in Fig.2 is an interesting example of a departure from the traditional break-bulk cargo ship in which cargo is handled almost exclusively by means of a ship board installation of masts and booms.This ship is provided with gantry cranes to handle containers, vehicles, and large pallets.The containers may be stored in cargo holds equipped with container cells or on deck.Large-size pallets and vehicles may be handled through side ports by means of an athwart-ship gear called a siporter.Wheeled vehicles can also be rolled on and off the ship through the side ports.Cargo may be carried to and from lower decks by cargo elevators, and, in addition, there are vertical conveyors for handling cargo such as bananas.The horizontal conveyors shown in the typical section receive cargo automatically, mostly on pallets, from the cargo elevators.This cargo is then stowed by manually controlled, battery operated pallet loaders.Cargo for the forward hold is handled by a 5-ton burtoning cargo gear and transferred to lower levels by a cargo elevator.(From ―McGraw – Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology‖, Vol.12, 1977)

Technical Terms

1.break-bulk cargo ship 件雜貨船 26.king post 吊桿柱，起重柱 2.inboard 船內(nèi) 27.wire rope 鋼絲繩 3.compartment 艙室 28.sheave

滑輪 4.transverse bulkhead 橫艙壁 29.winch 絞車 5.main deck 主甲板 30.cargo hook 吊貨鉤 6.strength deck 強(qiáng)力甲板 31.married booms 聯(lián)合吊桿 7.inner bottom 內(nèi)底 32.burtoning 雙桿操作 8.hold(cargo hold)貨艙 33.cargo handling 貨物裝卸 9.tween deck space 甲板間艙 34.packaged cargo 包裝貨 10.double bottom 雙層底 35.pallet 貨盤 11.deep tank 深艙 36.sling load

懸吊荷重 12.water ballast 水壓載 37.hold gang 貨艙理貨組 13.latex 膠乳 38.wings 貨艙兩側(cè) 14.coconut oil 椰子油 39.forklift truck 鏟車 15.edible oil 食用油 40.terminal 碼頭，終端 17.hatch 艙口 41.turnaround 周轉(zhuǎn)期 18.hatch cover 艙口蓋 42.profitability 利益 19.palletized cargo 貨盤運(yùn)貨 43.container ship 集裝箱船 20.multiple hatch 多艙口 44.trade route 貿(mào)易航線 21.abreast 并排 45.weather proof 風(fēng)雨密 22.container 集裝箱 46.stacking 堆壓 23.pier 碼頭 47.stowage 裝載，貯藏 24.cargo boom 吊貨桿 48.waterway 水路 25.wire rigging 鋼索索具 49.rental 出租（費(fèi)）50.lease 租借 51.shipper 貨運(yùn)主 52.custom 海關(guān)

53.consignee 收貨人

54.highway trailer 公路拖車

55.payload 凈載重量，有效載荷 56.cell 格柵，電池，元件 57.roll-on/roll-off ship 滾裝船 58.heading 標(biāo)題，航向 59.trailer ships 拖車運(yùn)輸船

60.sea trains ferry 海上火車渡船 61.truck 卡車 62.trailer 拖車

63.military vehicle carriers 軍用車輛運(yùn)輸船

64.cubic capacity 艙容 65.ramp 跳板，坡道 66.transom stern 方尾

67.motor boat 機(jī)動(dòng)艇，汽艇 68.clear deck 暢通甲板 69.parking 停車（場）

70.barge-carrying ship 載駁船 71.lighter 港駁船 72.barge 駁船

73.portable fixture 輕便固定裝置

74.bulk cargo ship/bulk carrier 散裝貨船 75.dry bulk cargo 散裝干貨 76.limestone 石灰石 77.bauxite 礬土 78.gypsum 石膏

79.Great Lakes（美國）大湖 80.petroleum 石油

81.chemicals 化學(xué)制（產(chǎn)）品 82.molasses 糖漿

83.liquefied gas 液化氣體 84.molten sulfur 熔態(tài)硫 85.conning station 駕駛室

86.ore hold 礦砂艙 87.空

88.engine room 機(jī)艙

89.liquid bulk carrier 液體散貨船

90.combination bulk carrier 混裝散貨船 91.ocean-going ore carrier 遠(yuǎn)洋礦砂船 92.lane 航道（線）93.tanker 油船 94.crude oil 原油

95.anhydrous ammonia 無水氨 96.natural gas 天然氣

97.passenger-cargo ship 客貨船 98.tourist 旅游者 99.freight-rate 運(yùn)費(fèi)率

100.carriage 裝（載）運(yùn)，車輛 101.stateroom 客艙 102.suite 套間

103.living room 臥室 104.veranda 陽臺 105.lounge 休息室

106.cocktail room 酒吧間

107.card and game room 牌戲娛樂室 108.foundering 沉沒 109.capsizing 傾覆 110.abandoning 棄船 111.emergency 應(yīng)急

112.installation 裝置，運(yùn)載工具 113.vehicle 車輛，運(yùn)載工具 114.gantry crane 門式起重機(jī) 115.container cell 集裝箱格柵 116.siporter 橫向裝卸機(jī)

117.rolled on and off 滾進(jìn)滾出 118.side port 舷門

119.cargo elevator 運(yùn)貨升降機(jī) 120.conveyor 輸送機(jī)

Additional Terms and Expressions 1.2.3.4.transport ship 運(yùn)輸船 general cargo ship 雜貨船 liquid cargo ship 液貨船 refrigerated ship 冷藏船

5.6.7.8.working ship 工程船

ocean development ship 海洋開發(fā)船 dredger 挖泥船

floating crane/derrick boat 起重船 9.salvage vessel 救撈船 10.submersible 潛水器 11.ice-breaker 破冰船 12.fisheries vessel 漁業(yè)船 13.trawler 拖網(wǎng)漁船

seine netter 圍網(wǎng)漁船 14.harbour boat 港務(wù)船 15.supply ship 供應(yīng)船 16.pleasure yacht 游艇

17.hydrofoil craft 水翼艇 18.air-cushion vehicle 氣墊船

hovercraft 全墊升氣墊船 19.catamaran 雙體船 20.concrete ship 水泥船

21.fiberglass reinforced plastic boat 玻璃鋼

艇

Notes to the Text

1.unless 連接詞，作“如果不”，“除非”解釋，例如：

An object remain at rest or moves in a straight line unless a force acts upon it.一個(gè)物體如無外力作用，它將繼續(xù)保持靜止或作直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。

In this book the word is used in its original sense unless(it is)otherwise sated.本書內(nèi)，這個(gè)詞按其意采用，除非另有說明。2.“to and from 名詞”或“from and to +名詞” 后面的名詞委前面兩個(gè)介詞公用，可譯作“來回于（名詞）之間”。

3.with a broad interpretation 具有廣泛的意思

under this heading 屬于這個(gè)范疇

4.barge 和lighter 一般都可以譯作駁船，但barge 往往指貨物經(jīng)過較長距離運(yùn)輸?shù)竭_(dá)某一目的地，故譯作“駁船”，而lighter 旨在港口或近距離內(nèi)起到裝卸貨物的聯(lián)絡(luò)作用，故譯作“駁船”。

5.in additional to or in place of lighters 是in addition to lighters or in place of lighters 的省略形式，翻譯成中文時(shí)，不一定能省略。

6.“by far +形容詞（或副詞）的最高級或比較及”具有“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)，非常，最?，或?得多”的意思。例：

by far the fastest 最快的

by far faster than A 遠(yuǎn)比A快（比A 快得多）

By far the most common type of fixed offshore structure in existence today is the template, or jacket, structure illustrated in Fig 1.1.現(xiàn)今最普遍采用的固定平臺型式是圖1.1所示的導(dǎo)管架平臺。

7.the SOLAS regulations 系指國際海上人命安全公約規(guī)則，幾乎所有海運(yùn)國家都要遵守這些規(guī)則。其中的“SOLAS”為“International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea‖的縮寫。Lesson Four

Ship Design

The design of a ship involves a selection of the features of form, size, proportions, and other factors which are open to choice, in combination with those features which are imposed by circumstances beyond the control of the design naval architect.Each new ship should do some things better than any other ship.This superiority must be developed in the evolution of the design, in the use of the most suitable materials, to the application of the best workmanship, and in the application of the basic fundamentals of naval architecture and marine engineering.As sips have increased in size and complexity, plans for building them have became mare detailed and more varied.The intensive research since the period just prior to World War 2 has brought about many technical advances in the design of ships.These changes have been brought about principally by the development of new welding techniques, developments in main propulsion plants, advances in electronics, and changes in materials and methods of construction.All ships have many requirements which are common to all types, whether they are naval, merchant, or special-purpose ships.The first of such requirements is that the ship must be capable of floating when carrying the load for which it was designed.A ship floats because as it sinks into the water it displaces an equal weight of water, and the pressure of the water produces an upward force, which is called the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the ship and is called the displacement.Displacement is equal to the underwater volume of the ship multiplied by the density of the water in which it is gloating.When floating in still water, the weight of the ship, including everything it carries, is equal to the buoyancy or displacement.The weight of the ship itself is called the light weight.This weight includes the weight of the hull structure, fittings, equipment, propulsion machinery, piping and ventilation, cargo-handling equipment and other items required for the efficient operation of the ship.The load which the ship carries in addition to its own weight is called the deadweight.This includes cargo, passengers, crew and effects, stores, fresh water, feed water for the boilers incase of steam propelling machinery, and other weights which may be part of the ships international load.The sum of all these weights plus the lightweight of the ship gives the total displacement;that is

Displacement = lightweight + deadweight

One of the first things which a designer must do is to determine the weight and size of the ship and decide upon a suitable hull form to provide the necessary buoyancy to support the weight that has been chosen.Owner’s requirements

Ships are designed, built, and operated to fulfill, the requirements and limitations specified by the operator and owner.These owner‘s requirements denote the essential considerations which are to form the basis for the design.They may be generally stated as(1)a specified minimum deadweight carrying capacity,(2)a specified measurement tonnage limit,(3)a selected speed at sea, or a maximum speed on trial, and(4)maximum draft combined with other draft limitations.In addition to these general requirements, there may be a specified distance of travel without refueling and maximum fuel consumption per shaft horsepower hour limitation, as well as other items which will influence the basic design.Apart from these requirements, the ship owner expects the designer to provide a thoroughly efficient ship.Such expectations include(1)minimum displacement on a specified deadweight carrying capacity,(2)maximum cargo capacity on a minimum gross tonnage,(3)appropriate strength of construction,(4)the most efficient type of propelling machinery with due consideration to weight, initial cast, and cost of operation,(5)stability and general seaworthiness, and(6)the best loading and unloading facilities and ample accommodations for stowage.Design procedure

From the specified requirements, an approach is made to the selection of the dimensions, weight, and displacement of the new design.This is a detailed operation, but some rather direct approximations can be made to start the design process.This is usually done by analyzing data available from an existing ship which is closely similar.For example, the design displacement can be approximated from the similar ship‘s known deadweight of, say, 11790 tons and the known design displacement of 17600 tons.From these figures, a deadweight-displacement ratio of 0.67 is obtained.Thus, if the deadweight for the new design is, for example, 10000 tons, then the approximate design displacement will 10,000/0.67 or 15000 tons.This provides a starting point for the first set of length, beam, and draft dimensions, after due consideration to other requirements such as speed, stability, and strength.Beam is defined as the extreme breath of a ship at its widest part, while draft is the depth of the lowest part of the ship below the waterline.Length and speed These factors are related to the hull form, the propulsion machinery, and the propeller design.The hull form is the direct concern of the naval architect, which the propulsion machinery and propeller design are concern.The naval architect has considerable influence on the final decisions regarding the efficiency, weight, and size of the propeller, as both greatly influence the design of the hull form.Speed has an important influence on the length selected for the ship.The speed of the ship is related to the length in term of the ratio V/

L, where V is the speed in knots and L is the effective waterline length of the ship.As the speed-length ratio increases, the resistance of the ship increases.Therefore, in order to obtain an efficient hull form from a resistance standpoint, a suitable length must be selected for minimum resistance.Length in relation to the cross-sectional area of the underwater form(the prismatic coefficient), is also very important insofar as resistance is concerned.Fast ships require fine(slender)forms or relatively low fullness coefficients as compared with relatively slow ships which may be designed with fuller hull forms.Beam and stability

A ship must be stable under all normal conditions of loading and performance at sea.This means that when the ship is inclined from the vertical by some external force, it must return to the vertical when the external force is removed.Stability may be considered in the transverse or in the longitudinal direction.In surface ship, longitudinal stability is much less concern than transverse stability.Submarines, however, are concerned with longitudinal stability in the submerged condition.The transverse stability of a surface ship must be considered in two ways, first at all small angles of inclination, called initial stability, and second at large angles of inclination.Initial stability depends upon two factors,(1)the height of the center gravity of the ship above the base line and(2)the underwater form of the ship.The center of gravity is the point at which the total weight of the ship may be considered to be concentrated.The hull form factor governing stability depends on the beam B, draft T, and the proportions of the underwater and waterline shape.For a given location of the center of gravity, the initial stability of the ship is proportional to B2/T.Beam, therefore, is a primary factor in transeverse stability.At large angles of heel(transeverse inclination)freeboard is also an important factor.Freeboard is the amount the ship projects above the waterline of the ship to certain specified decks(in this case, to the weatherdeck to which the watertight sides extend).Freeboard affects both the size of the maximum righting arm and the range of the stability, that is the angle of inclination at which the ship would capsize if it were inclined beyond that angle.5 Depth an strength

A ship at sea is subjected to many forces because of the action of the waves, the motion of the ship, and the cargo and other weights, which are distributed throughout the length of the ship.These forces produces stresses in the structure, and the structure must be of suitable strength to withstand the action.The determination of the minimum amount of material required for adequate strength is essential to attaining the minimum weight of the hull.The types of structural stress experienced by a ship riding waves at sea are caused by the unequal distribution of the weight and buoyancy throughout the length of ship.The structure as a whole bends in a longitudinal plane, with the maximum bending stresses being found in the bottom and top of the hull girder.Therefore, depth is important because as it is increased, less material is required in the deck and bottom shell.However, there are limits which control the maximum depth in terms of practical arrangement and efficiency of design.(From ―McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of science and Technology‖, Vol.12, 1982)

Technical Terms

1.form 船型，形狀，格式 22.distance of travel 航行距離 2.proportion 尺度比，比例 23.refueling 添加燃料 3.workmanship 工藝質(zhì)量 24.consumption 消耗 4.basic fundamentals 基本原理 25.initial cost 造價(jià) 5.marine engineering 輪機(jī)工程 26.cost of operation 營運(yùn)成本 6.intensive 精致的 27.unloading facility 卸貨設(shè)備 7.propulsion plants 推進(jìn)裝置 28.cross sectional area 橫剖面面積 8.naval ship 軍艦 29.fineness 纖瘦度 9.special-purpose ship 特殊用途船 30.prismatic coefficient 菱形系數(shù) 10.buoyancy 浮力 31.slender 瘦長（型）11.fittings 配/附件 32.beam 船寬 12.piping 管路 33.inclined 傾斜的 13.ventilation 通風(fēng) 34.external force 外力 14.cargo-handing equipment 貨物裝卸裝35.surface ship 水面船舶

置 36.submarine 潛水艇 15.crew and effects 船員及自身物品 37.submerged condition 潛水狀態(tài) 16.stores 儲藏物 38.initial stability 初穩(wěn)性 17.fresh water 淡水 39.weather deck 樓天甲板 18.feed water 給水 40.righting arm 復(fù)原力臂 19.boiler 鍋爐 41.capsize 傾復(fù) 20.measurement(噸位)丈量，測量 42.stress 應(yīng)力 21.trial 試航，試驗(yàn) 43.unequal distribution 分布不相等 44.longitudinal plane 縱向平面 45.hull girder 船體梁

AdditionalTerms and Expressions

1.tentative design 方案設(shè)計(jì) 2.preliminary design 初步設(shè)計(jì) 3.technical design 技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì) 4.working design 施工設(shè)計(jì) 5.basic design 基本設(shè)計(jì)

6.conceptual design 概念設(shè)計(jì) 7.inquire design 咨詢設(shè)計(jì) 8.contract design 合同設(shè)計(jì) 9.detailed design 詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì) 10.finished plan 完工圖

11.hull specification 船體說明書 12.general specification 全船說明書 13.steel weight 鋼料重量

14.outfit weight（木作）舾裝重量 15.machinery weight 機(jī)械重量 16.weight curve重量曲線

17.weight estimation 重量估計(jì)

18.cargo capacity 貨艙容積

19.bale cargo capacity 包裝艙容積 20.bulk cargo capacity 散裝貨容積 21.bunker capacity 燃料艙容積 22.capacity curve 容積曲線 23.capacity plan 容量（積）圖 24.stowage factor 積載系數(shù)

25.homogenuous cargo 均質(zhì)貨物 26.gross tonnage 總噸位 27.net tonnage 凈噸位

28.tonnage capacity 量噸容積 29.tonnage certificate 噸位證書

30.displacement length ratio 排水量長度比 31.accommodation 居住艙室 32.ice strengthening 冰區(qū)加強(qiáng) 33.drawing office 制圖室 34.drafting room 制圖室

Notes to the Text 1.A ship floats because as it sinks into the water it displace an equal weight of water, and pressure of the water produces an upward force which is called buoyancy.這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。

從because開始至句末均屬原因狀語從句，它本身也是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，包含有以下從句：

as it sinks into the water 為整個(gè)原因狀語從句中的時(shí)間狀語從句;

it displaces an equal weight of water, and pressure of the water produces an upward 為整個(gè)原因狀語從句中的兩個(gè)并列的主要句子；

which is called buoyancy 為定語從句，修飾an upward force.2.In addition to 除……以外（還包括……）

例：In addition to these general requirements, … 除了這些一般要求外，還有……

而在The load which the ship carries in addition to its own weight is called the deadweight中的in addition to 應(yīng)理解成“外加在它本身重量上的”，故應(yīng)譯為“本身重量除外（不包括本身重量）。

3.插入語，相當(dāng)于 for example.一般在口語中用得比較多。

4.注意 ―ton‖, ―tonne‖, 和 ―tonnage‖ 三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別。ton和tonne一般用來表示船舶的排水量和載重量，指重量單位。其中ton可分long ton(英噸)和 short ton(美噸)，而tonne為公噸；tonnage 是登記噸，表征船舶容積的一種單位。

5． …the angle of inclination at which the ship would capsize if it were inclined beyond that angle.從at 開始至句末是一定語從句，修飾angle, 而該從句本身又由一個(gè)帶虛擬語氣的主從復(fù)合句所構(gòu)成。因?yàn)榧僭O(shè)的條件不會發(fā)生，或發(fā)生的可能性非常小，所以主句和從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞都采用虛擬語氣。

Lesson Five

General Arrangement

1.1 Definition The general arrangement of a ship can be defined as the assignment of spaces for all the required functions and equipment, properly coordinated for location and access.Four consecutive steps characterize general arrangement;namely, allocation of main spaces, setting individual space boundaries, choosing and locating equipment and furnishing within boundaries, and providing interrelated access.These steps progress from overall to detail considerations, although there is some overlapping.Generally, particular arrangement plans are prepared for conceptual, preliminary, contract, and working plan stages.The data for early stages come into first experience, and the degree of detail increases as the design progresses.It has often been said that ship design is inevitably a compromise between various conflicting requirements, and it is in formulation of the general arrangement that most of the compromises are made.Ship design requires a melding of many arts and sciences, and most of this melding occurs in the general arrangement.The designer considers the demands for all the functions and subfunctions of the ship, balances the relative types and importance of the demands, and attempts to arrive at an optimum coordinate relationship of the space assignments within the ship hull.The general arrangement, then, represents a summary or integration of information from other divisions and specialties in the ship design, to provide all the necessary functions of the ship in the most efficient and economical way from an overall viewpoint.The efficient operation of a ship depends upon the proper arrangement of each separate space and the most effective interrelationships between all spaces.It is important that the general arrangement be functionally and economically developed with respect to factors that affect both the construction and operation cost, especially the manpower required to operate the ship.Many other divisions of ship design provide the feed-in for the general arrangement, such as structure, hull engineering(hatch covers, cargo handling, etc), scientific(weights, stability, and lines), engineering(machinery, uptakes), and specifications.1.2 Function of ship

In this chapter, consideration of ship type is restricted to those whose function is to transport something for economic profit;in other words, commercial transportation.Such ship types may be subdivided in accordance with material to be transported;e.g., general cargo, bulk cargo, vehicles, passengers, etc.General cargo ships may further be subdivided in accordance with the form in which the general cargo is transported;e.g.break-bulk, containers, standardized pallets, roll-on/roll-off, etc.Bulk cargo ships may be subdivided into liquid bulk types and solid bulk types, or combinations of these, and, of course, may be further subdivided for specific liquids and solid bulks.Vehicle ships would include ferryboats and ships for the transoceanic delivery of automobiles, trucks, etc.Passengers can be carried in ships designed primarily for that purpose, as well as in any of the aforementioned types.Therefore, even after ship types are limited to those for Commercial transportation, they can have widely diverse functions.However, the common objective of the general arrangement in each case is to fulfill the function of the ship n the most economical manner;in other words develop a ship which will transport cargo at the least unit cost.This dual aspect of function cost is actually the force which has give rise to special ship types, many of which have been created in the last few years.The reason for this may be seen in a comparative annual cost break-bulk cargo ship fleet and a container ship fleet designed to carry the same cargo ,as estimated in ref[1].Conventional

Break-bulk

container

Fleer

Ship Fleet Capital……………………………………………………………..$2,370,000….$ 2,940,000 Operating…………………………………………………………….4,550,000

3,550,000 Cargo handing………………………………………………………22,900,000

4,920,000 Terminal allocation………………………………………………….1200,000

1,200,000 Overhead and allocations……………………………………………2,20,000

2200000 Total transportation cost …………………………………………….$33,220,000 $14,810,000 Cost per long ton of cargo transported………………………………$4,920

$2,190 It is the implication of such cost figures that gave rise to a rapid growth in the container ship type.Some such similar sets of cost figures, comparing different ways to accomplish the same function, explain the growth of any special ship type.The problems of general arrangement, then, are, associated with the function of the ship and generally fifer according to ship type.The arrangements of all types, however, have certain things in common.For example, the problems of accommodation and propulsion machinery arrangements are generally similar, although the different ship types impose different limitations.1.3

Ship as a system.In analyzing any tool or implement which has a functional-economic aspect, it is convenient to consider that tool as a system made up of a group of subsystems.By this approach, each subsystem may be analyzed separately, and its components and characteristics selected for optimum function and economics;then the subsystems may be combined to form the compatible system.Of course the subsystems must be compatible and the sum of their functions must equal the complete system function, just as the sum of their cists must equal the complete system costs.A ship which is a structural-mechanical tool or implement may be considered as a system for the transportation of goods or people ,across a body of water, from one marine terminal to another.The complete system is broken down into subsystems which generally must include, as a minimum, subsystems for:

? Enclosing volume for containing cargo and other contents of ship and providing buoyancy to support cargo and other weights(hull envelope).? Providing structure for maintaining watertight integrity of enclosed volume and supporting cargo and other contents of ship against static and dynamic forces and primary strength of the hull girder(structure).? Transporting cargo from pier to ship and stowing it aboard ship(cargo handling and stowage).? Propelling ship at various speeds(machinery and control).? Controlling direction of ship(steering).? Housing and supporting human components of system(accommodations).Providing safety in event of accident(watertight subdivision, fire control, etc.).The general arrangement is largely developed by consideration of the requirement of each system, which are balanced, weighed, and combined into a complete system.However, the development of the general arrangement is not completely compatible with the system approach, because a general arrangement is a diagram of space and location, which may be minor aspects of certain subsystems.For example, some sub-subsystems occupy practically no space and do not appear on a general arrangement plan.Although this chapter will not go further with the system approach than is warranted by the subject of “general arrangement‖, it should be noted that each of the foregoing subsystems may be further broken down into second-degree subsystems(or sub-subsystems)and these in turn may be further broken down.The complete ship itself is, of course, a subsystem of larger system for the transportation of goods or people from any point on earth to any other point.1.4 The Problem and the approach

The first step in solving the general arrangement problem is locating the main spaces and their boundaries within the ship hull and superstructure.They are:

Cargo spaces

Machinery spaces

Crew, passenger, and associated spaces

Tanks

Miscellaneous

At the same time, certain requirements must be met, mainly:

Watertight subdivision and integrity

Adequate stability

Structural integrity

Adequate provision for access

As stated in the foregoing, the general arrangement is evolved by a gradual progress of trial, check and improvement.As for any other problem, the first approach to a solution to the general arrangement must be based on a minimum amount of information, including: ? Required volume of cargo spaces, based on type and amount of cargo.? Method of stowing cargo and cargo handling system.? Required volume of machinery spaces, based on type of machinery and ship.? Required volume of tankage, mainly fuel and clean ballast, based on type of fuel, and cruising range.? Required standard of subdivision and limitation of main transverse bulkhead spacing.? Approximate principal dimensions(length, beam, depth, and draft).? Preliminary lines plan.The approximate dimensions and lines plan are base on a preliminary summation of the required volumes for all the aforementioned contents of the ship, a preliminary, estimate of all the weights in the ship, a selection of the proper hull coefficients for speed and power, and adequate freeboard and margin line for subdivision and stability.From the lines plan and margin line, a curve of sectional areas along the length of the ship and a floodable length curve may be made.The first general arrangement layout to allocate the main spaces is based on the foregoing information.Peak oulkheads and inner bottom are established in accordance with regulatory body requirements.Other main transverse bulkheads are located to satisfy subdivision requirements, based on preliminary floodable length curves.Decks are located to suit the requirements.Allowance for space occupied by structure must be deducted in arriving at the resulting net usable volumes and the clear deck heights.Usually, in the first approach, several preliminary general arrangements are laid out in the form of main space allocations, boundaries, and subdivisions.These are checked for adequacy of volumes, weights and stability, and the changes to be made in the preliminary lines to make these features satisfactory.At this point, certain arrangements may be dropped, either because they are not feasible or are less efficient than other arrangements.The general arrangement process then continues into more refined stages ,simultaneously with the development of structure, machinery layout, and calculations of weights, volumes, floodable length, and stability（intact and damaged）.The selection of one basic arrangement may cone early in the process, or may have to be delayed and based on a detailed comparison of ―trade-offs.‖ In any case, the selection is usually made in consultation with the owner so that consideration may be given to his more detailed knowledge of operating problems.（From “Ship Design and Construction” by D‘ Arcangelo, 1969）

Technical Terms

1.general arrangement 總布置 29.profit 利益 2.assignment 指定，分配 30.annual cost 費(fèi)用 3.space 處所，空間 31.breakdown 細(xì)目 4.access 通道，入口

32.terminal allocation 碼頭配置費(fèi) 5.allocation 分配，配置 33.overhead 管理費(fèi)，雜項(xiàng)開支 6.furnishings 家具 34.component(組成)部分，分量 7.conceptual(design)概念（設(shè)計(jì)）35.characteristic 特性 8.preliminary(design)初步（設(shè)計(jì)）36.mechanical 機(jī)械的 9.contract(stage)合同（階段）37.goods 貨物 10.working plan 施工圖 38.marine terminal 港口，碼頭 11.formulation 公式化，明確表達(dá) 39.enclosing volume 密（圍）閉容積 12.melding 融合 40.hull envelope 船體外殼 13.optimum 最佳 41.primary strength 總強(qiáng)度 14.coordinate relationship 協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系

42.stowage 配載 15.summary 綜合，摘要 43.housing 容納 16.integration 綜合，積分 44.diagram 圖 17.division 部分，劃分 45.superstructure 上層建筑 18.efficient and economical way 有效和46.machinery space 機(jī)艙

經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式 47.miscellaneous(其他)雜用艙室 19.speciality 專業(yè) 48.watertight subdivision 水密分艙 20.feed-in 送進(jìn)，提供 49.integrity 完整性 21.specifications 各種技術(shù)條件，說明書 50.tankage 液艙，容量（積）22.uptake 煙道 51.clean ballast 清潔壓載 23.commercial transportation 商業(yè)運(yùn)輸 52.lines plan 型線圖 24.solid(liquid)bulk type 固體（液體）53.crusing range 巡航范圍

散裝型 54.margine line 限界線 25.ferryboat 渡船 55.floodable length curve 可浸長度曲線 26.transoceanic 渡（遠(yuǎn)）洋的 56.layout（設(shè)計(jì)，布置）草圖 27.automobile汽車 57.peak bulkhead 尖艙艙壁 28.aforementioned(a.m.)上述的 58.regulatory body 主管機(jī)構(gòu)（關(guān)）59.intact stability 完整穩(wěn)性 60.trade-off 權(quán)衡，折衷

61.consultation 協(xié)商

Additional Terms and Expressions

1.interior arrangement 艙室布置

2.stairway and passageway arrangement 梯道及走道布置

3.interior/exterior passageway 內(nèi)/外走道 4.bridge deck 駕駛甲板 5.compass deck 羅經(jīng)甲板 6.boat deck 艇甲板

7.promenda deck 游步甲板

8.accommodation deck 起居甲板 9.vehicle deck 車輛甲板

10.winch platform 起貨機(jī)平臺 11.wheel house 駕駛室 12.chart room 海圖室 13.radio room 報(bào)務(wù)室 14.electric room 置電室 15.mast room 桅室

16.caption‘s room 船長室 17.crew‘s room 船員室 18.cabin 客艙

19.main engine control room 主機(jī)操縱室 20.auxiliary engine room 副機(jī)艙

21.boiler room 鍋爐間

22.steering engine room 舵機(jī)艙 23.workshop 機(jī)修間 24.store 貯藏室

25.fore/aft peak 首/尾尖艙

26.topside/bottomside tank 頂邊/底邊艙 27.wing tank 邊艙

28.steering gear 操舵裝置

29.anchor and mooring arrangement 錨泊和

系纜設(shè)備

30.howse pipe 錨鏈筒 31.chain locker 錨鏈艙

32.closing appliances 關(guān)閉設(shè)備 33.hatch cover 艙口蓋

34.lifesaving equipment/appliance 救生設(shè)備 35.mast 桅 36.rigging 索

37.bollard 雙柱帶纜柱 38.bitt 帶纜樁 39.fairlead 導(dǎo)纜鉤

Notes to the Text

1.It is in formulation of the general arrangement that most of the compromises are made.這是“it is … that … ”強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)in formulation of the general arrangement.in formulation of 原意為“在……的表達(dá)中”，現(xiàn)意譯為“體現(xiàn)在……中”。

2.It is important that the general arrangement be functionally and economically developed…

這是虛擬語氣形式的句型，在that 從句中采用原形動(dòng)詞。類似的句型還有：

It is desired/suggested/requested that……

It is necessary that …

有時(shí)It is essential that …也用虛擬語氣。3.hull engineering 為“船舶設(shè)備”之意 4.scientific 原意為“科學(xué)的”，現(xiàn)根據(jù)上下文意譯成“船舶性能”。5.at the least unit cost 以最小的單價(jià) 6.a long ton 一英噸（=2240磅）

a short ton 一美噸（=2000磅）

7.any tool or implement 在這里implement 和tool 基本上同義，幫or 后面的名詞在翻譯時(shí)可以省略不譯。

8.across a body of water 穿過一段水路/一個(gè)水域

9.aboard ship和 on board ship, 以及on board a(the ship)都為“在船上”之意。

10.Although this chapter will not go further with the system approach than is warranted by the subject of ―general arrangement‖.這個(gè)讓步狀語從句中包含有比較狀語從句。than 后面的主語（this chapter）被省略掉了。其中的is warranted 原意為“補(bǔ)認(rèn)為是合理（或正當(dāng)）的”，整個(gè)從句可翻譯成：“雖然這一章只限于‘總布置’這個(gè)主題，而不再進(jìn)一步討論系統(tǒng)處理方法”。

Lesson Six

Ship Lines The outside surface of a ship is the surface of a solid with curvature in two directions.The curves which express this surface are not in general given by mathematical expressions, although attempts have been made from time to time to express the surface mathematically.It is necessary to have some drawing which will depict in as detailed a manner as possible the outside surface of the ship.The plan which defines the ship form is known as a ‘line plan‘.The lines plan consists of three drawings which show three sets of sections through the form obtained by the intersection of three sets of mutually orthogonal planes with the outside surface.Consider first a set of planes perpendicular to the centre line of the ship.Imagine that these planes intersect the ship form at a number of different positions in the length.The sections obtained in this way are called ?body section‘ and are drawn in what is called the ?body sections‘ as shown in Figure 1*.When drawing the body plan half-sections aft of amidships（the after body sections）are drawn on one side of the centre line and the sections forward of amidships(the fore body sections)are drawn on the other side of the center line.It is normal to divide the length between perpendiculars into a number of divisions of equal length(often ten)and to draw a section at each of these divisions.Additional sections are sometimes drawn near the ends where the changes in the form become more rapid.In merchant ship practice the sections are numbered from the after perpendicular to the forward perpendicular —thus a.p.is 0 and f.p.is 10 if there are ten divisions.The two divisions of length at the ends of the ship would usually be subdivided so that there would be sections numbered 1/2, 11/2, 81/2, and 91/2.Sometimes as many as 20 divisions of length are used, with possibly the two divisions at each end subdivided, but usually ten divisions are enough to portray the form with sufficient accuracy.Suppose now that a series of planes parallel to the base and at different distances above it are considered.The sections obtained by the intersections of these planes with the surface of the ship are called ?waterlines‘ or sometimes ?level lines‘.The lines are shown in Figure 1.The waterlines like the body sections are drawn for one side of the ship only.They are usually spaced about, 1m(3-4ft)apart, but a closer spacing is adopted near the bottom of the ship where the form is changing rapidly.Also included on the half breadth plan is the outline of the uppermost deck of the ship.A third set of sections can be obtained by considering the inter-section of a series of vertical planes parallel to the centre line of the ship with the outside surface.The resulting sections are shown in a view called the ?sheer profile‘ see Figure 1 and are called ?buttocks‘ in the after body and ?bow lines‘ in the fore body or often simply ?buttocks‘.The buttocks like the waterlines will be spaced 1m(3-4ft)apart.On the sheer profile the outline of the ship on the centre line is shown and this can be regarded as a buttock at zero distance from the centre line.The three sets of sections discussed above are obviously not independent of one another, in the sense that an alteration in one will affect the other two.Thus, if the shape of a body section is altered this will affect the shape of both the waterlines and the buttocks.It is essential when designing the form of the ship that the three sets of curves should be ?fair‘ and their interdependence becomes important in this fairing process.What constitutes a fair curve is open to question.But formerly the fairing process was done very largely by eye.Nowadays the lines plan is often faired by some mathematical means which will almost certainly involve the use of the computer.However the fairing process is carried out the design of the lines of a ship will normally start by the development of an approximate body plan.The designer when he has such a body plan will then lift offsets for the waterlines and will run the waterlines in the half-breadth plan.This means drawing the best possible curves through the offsets which have been lifted from the sections, and this is done by means of wooden or plastics battens.If it is not possible to run the waterlines through all the points lifted from the body plan then new offsets are lifted from the waterlines and new body sections drawn.The process is then repeated until good agreement is obtained between waterlines and body sections.It is then possible to run the buttocks, and to ensure that these are fair curves it may be necessary to adjust the shape of body sections and waterlines.The process of fairing is usually done in the drawing office on a scale drawing.It is clear that a much more accurate fairing of the form is necessary for production purposes in particular, and this used to be done in the mould loft of the shipyard full size.The procedure was for the drawing office to send to the mould loft office from the lines as faired in the office and they were laid out full size on the loft floor.A contracted scale was adopted for the length dimension but waterline and section breadths and buttock heights were marked out full size.The same process of fairing was then adopted as used in the office, the fairing being done by using wood battens of about 25mm square section pinned to the loft floor by steel pins.To save space the waterlines and buttocks in the forward and after bodies were overlapped in the forward and after bodies were overlapped in the length direction.This type of full scale fairing enabled sections, waterlines and buttocks to be produced which represented the desired form with considerable accuracy.From the full scale fairing, offsets were lifted which were returned to the drawing office and made the basis of all subsequent calculations for the ship, as will be seen later.A more recent development has been the introduction of 1/10 scale lofting, which can be done in the drawing office, and the tendency has been to dispense with full scale loft work.Several methods have also been developed for the mathematical fairing of ship forms and linking this up with production processes.Discussion of these topics, however, is outside the scope of this work..The lines drawn on the lines plan representing the ship form are what are called ―moulded lines‖, which may be taken to represent the inside of the plating of the structure.The outside surface of the ship extends beyond the moulded lines by one thickness of shell plating in an all welded ship.When riveting was put on in a series of ―in‖ and ―out‖ strakes.In this case the outsides surface of the ship extended two thicknesses of plating beyond the moulded lines in way of an outside strake and one thickness beyond the moulded lines in way of an inside strake.Actually the outside surface would be rather more than one thickness or two thicknesses of plating, as the case may be beyond the moulded line in places where there is considerable curvature of the structure, as for example at the ends of the ship or below the level of the bilge.In multiple screw merchant ships it is customary to enclose the wing shafts in what is called a ―shaft bossing‖.This consists of plating, stiffened by frames and extending from the point where the shafts emerge from the ship and ending in a casting called a ―shaft bracket‖.The bossing is usually faired separately and added on to the main hull form.The bossing is treated as an appendage.In many ships of the cross section does not change for an appreciable distance on either side of amidships.This portion is called the ―parallel middle body‖ and may be of considerable extent in full slow ships but may not exist at all in fine fast ships.Forward of the parallel middle the form gradually reduces in section towards the bow and in like manner the form reduces in section abaft the after end of the parallel middle.These parts of the form are called respectively the ―entrance‖ and the ―run‖ and the points where they join up with the parallel middle are referred to as the ―forward‖ and ―after shoulders‖.(From ―Naval Architecture for Marine Engineering‖ by W.Muckle, 1975)

Technical terms

1.ship lines 船體線型 21.drawing office 制圖/設(shè)計(jì)室 2.ship form 船體形狀 22.mould loft 放樣間 3.mathematical expressions 數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式 23.full size 實(shí)尺（1：1）4.drawing 圖，拉延 24.loft floor 放樣臺 5.lines plan 型線圖 25.contracted scale 縮尺 6.orthogonal plan 正交平面 26.lofting 放樣 7.body section 橫剖面 27.steel pin 鐵釘 8.body plan 橫剖線圖 28.mathematical fairing of ship form 船體9.symmetry 對稱 數(shù)學(xué)光順法 10.water lines /level lines 水線，水平型線 29.screw 螺旋槳，螺釘 11.half breadth plan 半寬水線圖 30.wing shaft 側(cè)軸 12.view 視圖，觀察 31.shaft bossing 軸包套 13.sheer profile 側(cè)視圖，縱剖線圖 32.casting 鑄件 14.buttocks 后體縱剖線 33.shaft bracket 軸支架 15.bow line 前體縱剖線 34.appendage 附屬體 16.after/fore body 后/前體 35.parallel middle body平行中體 17.alteration 修改，變更 36.full slow ship 豐滿的低速船 18.fairing process 光順過程 37.fine fast ship 尖瘦的快速船 19.offsets 型值 38.entrance 進(jìn)流端入口

to lift offsets 量取型值 39.run 去流端，運(yùn)行，流向 20．Wooden/plastics battern 木質(zhì)/塑料壓條 40.forward/after shoulder 前/后肩

Additional Terms and Expressions

1.grid 格子線 4.station ordinate 站線 2.ordinate station 站 5.finished/returned offsets 完工型值 3.midstation 中站 6.table of offsets 型值表 7.diagonal 斜剖線 11.preliminary offsets 原始型值 8.keel line 龍骨線 12.mathematical lines 數(shù)學(xué)型線 9.rake of keel, designed drag 龍骨設(shè)計(jì)斜13.mathematical fairing of lines 型線數(shù)學(xué)光度 順法 10.knuckle line 折角線

Notes to the Text

1.in as detailed a manner as possible 相當(dāng)于 in a manner as detailed as possible, 閱讀和翻譯科技原文時(shí)，應(yīng)注意這類不一般的語序。

2.關(guān)系詞what可引出主語從句，表語從句等。例如：…in what is called the ‘body plan’及…in what is called a ‘shaft bossing’中的what從句作為介詞in的賓語從句。

What constitutes a fair curve is open to question…中的what從句為主語從句。

The lines drawn on… are what are called moulded lines 中的what 從句為表語從句。3.When drawing the body plan half-sections only are shown because of the symmetry of the ship.When drawing the body plan 是省略了主語和謂語一部分（to be）的時(shí)間裝語從句，盡管從句和主句的主語并不一致。這種省略方法似乎與一般的英語語法規(guī)律有矛盾，但在科技文獻(xiàn)中較常見，其原因是這類省略不會引起讀音的誤解。

4.a.p.和f.p.分別為after perpendicular(尾垂線)和forward perpendicular(首垂線)的縮寫。5.Also included on the half-breadth plan is the outlines of the uppermost deck of the ship.這是依據(jù)倒裝句，為了突出情調(diào)部分，此句中的also included on the half breadth plan 這部分移至句首，主語the outline of…反而置于句末。

6.on a scale of 1/4 in to 1 ft or on 1/50 scale 以一個(gè)1/4英寸代表1英尺的比例尺（即1：48）或1:50的比例尺。

7.The procedure was for the drawing office to the mould loft offsets from the lines as faired in the office and they were laid out full size on the loft floor.for the drawing office to send….是‖for+名詞+不定式‖結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作表語。For后面的the drawing office 可看作不定式的邏輯主語。

Offsets 是不定式to send 的賓語。由于它后面有一個(gè)較長的介詞短語from the line(其后面又有as faired in ….On the loft floor 修飾the line)加以修飾，為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡的需要，被移至介語短語to the mould loft(作為地點(diǎn)狀語用)之后。8.in way of….在…部位，在….處

這一組合介詞在造船和海洋工程英語中用得較普遍。例：The structural strength of a ship in way of the engine and boiler space demands special attention the designer.機(jī)爐艙部位的船體輕度要求設(shè)計(jì)人員給予特別的注意。

The thickness of upper shell plating should be increased in way of the break.船樓端部處的上層殼板厚度應(yīng)該增加。/ 9.as the case may be 按情況而定。

Lesson Seven

Ship Equilibrium, Stability and Trim

The basis for ship equilibrium

Consider a ship floating upright on the surface of motionless water.In order to be at rest or in equilibrium, there must be no unbalanced forces or moments acting on it.There are two forces that maintain this equilibrium(1)the force of gravity, and(2)the force of buoyancy.When the ship is at rest, these two forces are acting in the same perpendicular line, and , in order for the ship to float in equilibrium, they must be exactly equal numerically as well as opposite in direction.The force of gravity acts at a point or center where all of the weights of the ship may be said to be concentrated: i.e.the center of gravity.Gravity always acts vertically downward.The force of buoyancy acts through the center of buoyancy, where the resultant, of all of the buoyant forces is considered to be acting.This force always acts vertically upward.When the ship is heeled, the shape of the underwater body is changed, thus moving the position of the center of buoyancy.Now, when the ship is heeled by an external inclining force and the center of buoyancy has been moved from the centerline plane of the ship, there will usually be a separation between the lines of action of the force of gravity and the force of buoyancy.This separation of the lines of action of the two equal forces, which act in opposite directions, forms a couple whose magnitude is equal to the product of one of these forces(i.e.displacement)and the distance separating them.In figure 1(a),where this moment tends to restore the ship to the upright position, the moment is called the righting moment, and the perpendicular distance between the two lines of action is the righting arm(GZ).Suppose now that the center of gravity is moved upward to such a position that when the ship is heeled slightly, the buoyant force acts in a line through the center of gravity.In the new position, there are no unbalanced forces, or, in other words, a zero moment arm and a zero moment.In figure 1(b),the ship is in neutral equilibrium, and further inclination would eventually bring about a change of the state of equilibrium.If we move the center of gravity still higher, as in figure 1(c),the separation between the lines of action of the two forces as the ship is inclined slightly is in the opposite direction from that of figure 1(a).In this case, the moment does not act in the direction that will restore the ship to the upright but will cause it to incline further.In such a situation, the ship has a negative righting moment or an upsetting moment.The arm is an upsetting arm, or negative righting arm(GZ).These three cases illustrate the forces and relative position of their lines of action in the three fundamental states of equilibrium.32

Fig.1 Stable(a), Neutral(b), and Unstable(c)

Equilibrium in the upright position

The hull is shown inclined by an outside force to demonstrate the tendency in each case(From ―Modern Ship Design ‖ Second Edition, by Thomas.C.Gillmer, 1975)Stability and trim

Figure 2 shows a transverse section of a ship floating at a waterline WL displaced from its

buoyancy

Weight of ship

Fig.2 Stability shown in a transverse section of a floating ship(see text)

original waterline WL.One condition of equilibrium has been defined above.A second condition is that the centre of gravity of a ship must be in such a position that, if the vessel is inclined, the forces of weight and buoyancy tend to restore the vessel to its former position of rest.At small angles, vertical lines through B, the centre of buoyancy when the vessel is inclined to an angle 0,intersect the center line at M, the metacentre, which means ―change

point‖.If M is above G(the centre of gravity of the ship and its contents),the vessel is in stable equilibrium, When M concides with G, there is neutral equilibrium.When M is below G, the forces of weight and buoyancy tend to increase the angle of inclination, and the equilibrium is unstable.The distance GM is termed the metacentric height and the distance GZ, measured from G perpendicular to the vertical through B, is termed the righting level or GZ value.Weight and buoyancy are equal and act through G and B, respectively, to produce a moment(tendency to produce a heeling motion)△GZ, where △ is the displacement or weight in tons.Stability at small angles, known as initial stability, depends upon the metacentric height GM.At large angle, the value of GZ affords a direct measure of stability, and it is common practice to prepare cross-curves of stability, from which a curve of GZ can be obtained for any particular draft and displacement.Transverse stability should be adequate to cover possible losses in stability that may arise from flooding, partially filled tanks, and the upward thrust of the ground or from the keelblocks when the vessel touches the bottom on being dry-docked.The case of longitudinal stability, or trim, is illustrated in Figure3.There is a direct analogy with the case of transverse stability.When a weight originally on board at position A is moved a distance d, to position B, the new waterline W1L1 intersects the original waterline WL at center of flotation(the centre of gravity of the water plane area WL),the new centre of buoyancy is B, and the new centre of gravity is G.For a small angle of trim, signified by the Greek letter theta(θ)，θ=(a+f)/L wd=△GMl(a+f)/L

Changes in stern trim is x-y

Fig.3 Longitudinal section of float ship showing change in stern trim as deck load w was shifted

from position A to position B(see text)

Thus if（a+f）=1 inch =1/12 foot, wd =△GM/12L and this presents the moment to change trim one inch.The inclining experiment

A simple test called the inkling experiment provides a direct method of determining GM, the metacentric height, in any particular condition of loading, from which the designer can deduce the position of G, the ship‘s centre of gravity.If a weight w(ton)is transferred a distance d(feet)from one side of the ship to the other and thereby causes an angle of heel theta(θ)degrees，34 measured by means of a pendulum or otherwise, then GM=wd/△tanθ(see Figure 2).For any particular condition, KB and BM can be calculated, GM is found by the inclining experiment, whence KG=KM-GM.It is simple to calculate the position of G for any other condition of loading.(From ―Encyclopedia Britannica‖, Vo1.16, 1980)

Technical Terms

1.equilibrium平衡 15.stable equilibrium 穩(wěn)定平衡 2.stability and trim 穩(wěn)性與縱傾 16.netural equilibrium 中性平衡 3.floating upright 正浮 17.metacenter height 穩(wěn)心高 4.force of gravity 重力 18.righting level 復(fù)原力臂 5.resultant 合力 19.initial stability 初穩(wěn)性 6.center of buoyancy 浮力 20.cross-curves of stability 穩(wěn)性橫截曲線 7.couple 力偶 21.flooding 進(jìn)水 8.magnitude 數(shù)值（大?。?2.thrust 推力 9.displacement 排水量，位移，置換 23.keelblock 龍骨墩 10.righting moment 復(fù)原力矩 24.dry dock 干船塢 11.righting arm 復(fù)原力臂 25.center of floatation 漂心 12.upsetting moment 傾復(fù)力矩 26.Greek letter 希臘字母 13.upsetting arm 傾復(fù)力臂 27.inclining experiment 傾斜試驗(yàn) 14.metacentre 穩(wěn)心 28.pendulum 鉛錘，擺

Additional Terms and Expressions

1.lost buoyancy 損失浮力 9.stability at large angles 大傾角穩(wěn)性 2.reserve buoyancy 儲備浮力 10.dynamical stability 動(dòng)穩(wěn)性 3.locus of centers of buoyancy 浮心軌跡 11.damaged stability 破艙穩(wěn)性 4.Bonjean‘s curves 邦戎曲線 12.stability criterion numeral 穩(wěn)性衡準(zhǔn)書 5.Vlasov‘s curves 符拉索夫曲線 13.lever of form stability 形狀穩(wěn)性臂 6.Firsov‘s diagram 菲爾索夫圖譜 14.locus of metacenters 穩(wěn)心曲線 7.Simpson‘s rules 辛浦生法 15.angle of vanishing stability 穩(wěn)性消失角 8.trapezoidal rule 梯形法 16.free surface correction 自由液面修正

Notes to the Text

1.When the ship is at rest, these two forces are acting in same perpendicular line, and, in order for the ship to float in equilibrium, they must be exactly equal numerically as well as opposite in direction.in order for the ship to float in equilibrium 是“in order帶to的不定式“結(jié)構(gòu)，表示目的狀語，其中for the ship中的the ship是不定式邏輯主語。

As well as是一個(gè)詞組，可有幾種譯法，具體譯成什么意思應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文加以適當(dāng)選擇。例如：

The captain as well as the passenger was frightened.船長和旅客一樣受驚。（和……一樣）受驚的既有旅客又有船長。（既……又）

不僅旅客而且船長也受驚了。（不僅……而且）除旅客外，還有船長也受驚了。（除……外，還）

不管那種譯法，強(qiáng)調(diào)的都是as well as前面的那個(gè)名次（例句中的the captain,船長），因此謂語動(dòng)詞的性、數(shù)也由這個(gè)名詞決定。

2.thus moving the position of the center of buoyancy.由thus引出的現(xiàn)在分詞短語用作表示結(jié)果的狀語。一般來說，如分詞短語位于句末，往往有結(jié)果、目的等含義。

3.suppose now that the center of gravity is moved upward to such a position that when the ship is heeled slightly, the buoyant force acts in a line through the center of gravity.Suppose now that …與now let‘s suppose that…同意，其后that 所引出的從句是suppose 的賓語從句。

to such a position that…是such…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。但在這個(gè)從句中又包含了一個(gè)由關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

4.Figure 2 shows a transverse section of a ship floating at a waterline WL, displaced from its original waterline WL.floating at a waterline WL 現(xiàn)在分詞短語（含有主動(dòng)態(tài)），修飾前面的名詞a ship;displaced from its original waterline WL 過去分詞短語（含有被動(dòng)態(tài)），也是修飾前面的名詞，ship,注意這里的displaced 應(yīng)選擇“移動(dòng)位置”的詞義。

5.At small angles, vertical lines through B, the center of buoyancy when the vessel is inclined at an angle θ，intersect the center line at M, the metacenter, which means ―change point‖.此句的主要成分為vertical lines intersect the center line.the center of buoyancy 是B的同位語。the metacenter 是M的同位語。

6.Tranverse stability should be adequate to cover possible losses in stability that may arise from flooding ,partically filled tanks, and the upwards thrust of the ground or from the keelblocks when the vessel touches the bottom on being dry-docked.that may arised from…the keelblocks是定語從句，修飾losses.when the vessel…on being dry-docked是時(shí)間狀語從句，修飾may arise from the keelblock.on being dry-docked 中的being dry-docked是動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)，接在on之后表示（剛）進(jìn)船塢的時(shí)候。

7.or otherwise意為“或相反，或其他”。例：

It can be verified by trial or otherwise.這可用試驗(yàn)或其他方法加以驗(yàn)證。

Fine or otherwise,we shall have to do this test.不管天氣好不好，我們非做這個(gè)試驗(yàn)不可。

Lesson Eight

Estimating Power Requirements The power required to propel a new ship is subject to a formidable number of variable items.The family tree of power for propulsion(Fig.1)shows these divided into two main groups.One is concerned with the resistance to motion caused by the interaction of the hull of the ship with the surrounding water and the other concerns the efficiency with which the power developed in the engine itself can be used and converted into thrust at the propeller.Before considering the methods used for estimating their combined effect on power requirements, it is necessary to take the items in turn and discuss briefly their significance and nature.Fig.1 Power for propulsion

Ship resistance Friction at the hull surface in contact with the water is the major part of the resistance of all merchant vessels.Wave-making resistance does not assume prime importance until a speed/length ratio(V/√L)in excess of unity has been reached.The reason for surface friction is that water is far from being a perfect fluid.Its magnitude depends on the length and area of surface in contact and its degree of roughness, and it varies with the speed of the body through the fluid.By observation and experiment it can be shown that the particles of water in actual contact with the ship adhere to its surface and are carried along by it(it does not seem unreasonable to assume some interlocking of particles).There is no slip.At small distances from the body the velocity imparted to the surrounding fluid is only very small but with a noticeable degree of turbulence.The width of this belt, known as the layer increases somewhat towards the after end of the moving body.Its appearance is one of the most spectacular sights to be seen when a vessel is moving at high speed.from a practical point of view it is assumed that all the fluid shear responsible for skin friction occurs within this belt and also that outside it fluid viscosity can be disregarded.The exact width of the belt is difficult to determine, but an arbitrary assessment is usually accurate enough.If it is now considered that the effective shape of the immersed body is defined by the extremities of the boundary layer, then that body may be assumed to move without friction.However, this does not apply to the transmission of pressure.Part of the energy necessary to move a ship over the surface of the sea is expended in the form of pressure waves.This form of resistance to motion is known as residual resistance, or wave-making.Three such wave systems are created by the passage of a ship: a bow system, a stern system(both of which are divergent), and a transverse system.They occur only in the case of a body moving through two fluids simultaneously.For instance, the residuary resistance of well formed bodies like aircraft or submarines, wholly immersed, is comparatively small.Because of surface waves formed by a floating body the flow pattern varies considerably with speed, but

with an immersed body this flow pattern is the same at all speeds.For this reason the shape of a submarine or aircraft(in consideration of submerged performance only)is more easily related to the constant conditions under which it performs ,in the dynamic sense, than is the form of surface vessel.Returning to a consideration of our three wave systems, it can easily be understood that the bow system is initiated by a crest due to the build-up of pressure necessary to push the water aside and the greater the speed the greater will be the height of the crest and its distance from the bow.Conversely, the stern system is associated with a hollow due to filling-in at the stern.If a ship had a sufficient length of parallel middle body the bow wave system would die out before it reached the stern, but in practice ships are never long enough for this to obtain and interference effects have to be taken into account.The transverse wave system becomes of importance at high speeds and is responsible for the greater part of wave-making resistance.The net effect of the three systems is extremely important from a residuary resistance point of view, and it is necessary to ensure that they do not combine to produce a hollow(a through)at the stern.Of course, if the energy produced at the bow could be recovered at the stern then there would be no net energy loss.But this is not the case as energy is dissipated laterally in order to maintain a wave pattern.The more developed the wave pattern the more energy is needed to maintain it.Considerations of minimum resistance, therefore, involved a complicated assessment of the interrelation of ship-form characteristics likely to reduce wave causation.Wave-making resistance follows the laws of dynamic similarity(also known as Froude‘s Law of Comparison), which state that the resistances of geometrically ships will vary as the cube of their linear dimensions provided the speeds are in the ratio of the square root of the linear dimensions.Perhaps the law, which does not apply to frictional resistance, looks more concise if stated symbolically, namely:

RtL3V?3provided?rtvlL l

The most important cause of eddy-making is the ship.There is sometimes a tendency to think of eddy-making as being related only to such appendages as rudders, bilge keel, propeller bossings and the like.While it is perfectly true that badly designed appendages can have eddy-making resistances which are excessive in relation to their size and frictional resistances, the eddy-making of a ship, though relatively small, may be a very large part of the total eddy-making resistance.Eddy making is usually included with the wave-making resistance because it is impracticable to measure the one without the other.However, some distinction is helpful to an understanding of resistance phenomena.In eddy-making it is the stern of the ship which plays the influential part because of the difficulty of maintaining streamline flow even in the most easily shaped body.Propulsion

It will be obvious that the total resistance of a ship at any speed and the force necessary to propel it must be equal and opposite.The power that the ship‘s machinery is capable of developing, however, must be considerably more than this to overcome the various deficiencies inherent in the system, because engines, transmission arrangements and propellers all waste power before it becomes available as thrust.The total efficiency of propulsion therefore involves a consideration of the separate efficiencies of individual items the product of which is expressed in the form of a propulsive coefficient.The engine efficiency depends upon the type of engine employed and its loading.In the case of a reciprocating engine, either diesel or steam, the power developed in the cylinders can be calculated from the effective pressures recorded on indicator cards.This is known as indicated h.p., which is naturally more than the horsepower output when measured by means of a brake at the crankshaft coupling.The ratio b.h.p./i.b.p.is, of course the mechanical efficiency of the engine.If the power is measured on the propeller shaft aft of the thrust

block and any gearing, then this is known as shaft h.p.and in the case of a turbine is the only place at which it is practicable to measure the power output.There is no such thing as indicated or brake horsepower for a steam or gas turbine, shaft h.p.is almost the same as b.h.p.for a reciprocating engine which drives the propeller directly, but where gearing or special couplings are introduced in the case of high-speed diesel engines or turbines, the transmission losses in these items influence the s.h.p.This is, of course very necessary in order that fair comparisons between the efficiencies of different types of drives can be made.The remainder of the transmission losses are those in the stern tube.When all the engine and transmission losses have been taken into account what is left is a certain amount of the original power which is now delivered at the propeller.We have already noted that a ship in motion drags along with it a large mass of water.This ―wake‖ as it is known(not the popular interpretation of something that is left astern!)has a forward velocity in which the screw operates, so that the speed of the screw through the wake water is less than the speed of the ship.This is beneficial as it involves a gain in efficiency which is referred to as the wake gain.On the pressure distribution at the stern of the vessel which causes some augment of resistance.It is usual to consider this as a thrust deduction effect.These almost separate effects can be combined to give the effective horse-power required.The screw efficiency in the open, i.e.delivering its thrust to an imaginary vessel, is most important.It is only by considering hull resistance and propeller performance as separate entities that any proper assessment can be made of their effect when combined.The mechanism of hull resistance has been fairly well explored, but the theories of propeller action are still incomplete.Power estimates

When power estimates are required by a shipbuilder who is tendering for the construction of a new vessel, there is no time to run model tests, nor would the expense normally the justified.The naked e.h.p.is therefore estimated from a published series of methodical tests such as those of Ayre or Taylor.Percentage allowances are made to the naked e.h.p.for appendages and air resistance combined with an estimated lies in the proper selection of the QPC.There are numerous methods of estimating power, but the above is one of the most popular.Some rapid means of evaluating ship power requirements merely from a lines plan and main technical particulars has long been needed.With increasing productivity, faster construction times and fierce international competition for new orders this has become ever more pressing.Detailed power assessments for ship design proposals are needed frequently well in advance of any firm order.Statistical analysis methods are now being applied to resistance and propulsion problems to peed up the process of ship performance prediction.Performance criteria are expressed, in terms of equations based on selected parameters of hull shape, dimensions, propeller characteristics and stern conditions.Performance of a design can be assessed from these regression equations which have been derived from a large number of previous model results for the ship type under review.Comparison of a particular result with established data is obtained by minimization of the regression equations.The big advantage of doing things this way is that the coefficients of the regression equations can be fed into a high-speed digital computer.This means that in less than an hour the results of well over a dozen different combinations of hull characteristics can be calculated.This should then lead to an optimum combination of form parameters.The eventual link up with work now being done on the complete definition of hull shape in mathematical terms should take us one step nearer to the soundly based fully automated shipyard.(From ― Background to Ship Design and Shipbuilding Production‖ by J.Anthony Hind, 1965).39

Technical Terms

1.resistance 阻力 2.thrust 推力

3.propeller 推進(jìn)器

4.skin friction resistance 摩擦阻力 5.wave-making resistance 興波阻力 6.eddy-making resistance 漩渦阻力 7.appendage resistance 附體阻力 8.propulsive efficiency 推進(jìn)效率 9.hull efficiency 船身效率

10.transmission efficiency 軸系效率 11.speed/length ratio 速長比 12.perfect fluid 理想流體 13.roughness 粗糙度 14.turbulence 紊動(dòng)

15.boundary layer 邊界層

16.spectacular sights 壯觀景色 17.fluid shear 流體剪力 18.fluid viscosity 流體粘性

19.immersed body 浸沒的船體部分 20.residuary resistance 剩余阻力 21.bow 船首 22.stern 船尾

23.divergent 分散的 24.submarine 潛水艇 25.aircraft 飛機(jī) 26.crest 波峰

27.hollow 凹陷，孔隙，波谷 28.parallel middle body平行中體 29.through 波谷

30.ship-form characteristics 船型特性

31.laws of dynamics similarity 動(dòng)力相似定律 32.rudder 舵

33.bilge keel 舭龍骨

34.propeller bossing 推進(jìn)器箍 35.streamline 流線型

36．reciprocating engine 往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 37.diesel/steam engine 柴油/蒸汽機(jī) 38.indicator card 示功圖 39.indicated h.p.指示馬達(dá) 40.brake 制動(dòng)

41.crankshaft coupling 曲軸連軸器 42.mechanical efficiency 機(jī)械效率 43.thrust block 推力軸承 44.gearing 齒輪 45.shaft h.p.軸馬達(dá) 46.brake h.p.制動(dòng)馬達(dá) 47.turbine 汽輪機(jī)

48.gas turbine 燃?xì)廨啓C(jī) 49.stern tube 尾軸管 50.wake 伴流

51.astern 向（在）船尾 52.wake gain 伴流增益

53.thrust deduction 推力減額

54.effective horse-power(e.h.p.)有效馬達(dá)

55.screw efficiency in the open(water)螺旋槳趟水效率

56.imaginary vessel 假想船

57.mechanism 作用原理（過程），機(jī)構(gòu) 58.proposal 建議

59.statistical 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 60.criterion 衡準(zhǔn)

61.ship performance prediction 船舶性能預(yù)報(bào) 62.regression equation 回歸方程 63.form parameter 形狀參數(shù)

Additional Terms and Expression 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.service speed 服務(wù)航速 design speed 設(shè)計(jì)航速 cruising speed 巡航速度 trial speed 試航速度 endurance 續(xù)航力

admiralty coefficient/constant 海軍系數(shù) fouling 污底

8.hydrodynamics 水動(dòng)力學(xué) 9.inflow 進(jìn)流

10.angle of attack 攻角

11.lift 升力

12.circulation 環(huán)量

13.aspect ratio 展弦比

14.Reynolds number 雷諾數(shù) 15.Froude number 傅汝德數(shù) 16.momentum theory 動(dòng)量理論 17.impulse theory 沖量理論 18.cavitation 空泡現(xiàn)象

19.adjustable-pitch propeller 可調(diào)螺距螺旋槳

controllable-pitch propeller 可調(diào)螺距螺旋槳 20.reversible propeller 可反轉(zhuǎn)螺旋槳

21.coaxial contra-rotating propellers 對轉(zhuǎn)螺旋槳 22.ducted propeller, shrouded propeller 導(dǎo)管螺旋槳 23.tandem propeller 串列螺旋槳

24.jet propeller 噴射推進(jìn)器 25.paddle wheel 明輪

26.ship model experiment tank 船模試驗(yàn)水池 27.ship model towing tank 船模拖拽試驗(yàn)水池 28.wind tunnel 風(fēng)洞

29.cavitation tunnel 空泡試驗(yàn)水筒 30.self propulsion test 自航試驗(yàn) 31.scale effect 尺度效應(yīng) 32.naked model 裸體模型

1.2.3.4.5.6.Notes to the Text

the family tree of power for propulsion 推進(jìn)馬力族類表

For this reason the shape of a submarine or aircraft(in consideration of submerged performance only)is more easily related to the constant conditions under which it performs, in the dynamic sense, than is the form of a surface vessel.其中的主要句子the shape---is more easily---than---是一句帶有比較狀語從句的復(fù)合句。在than is the form of a surface vessel 中省略了 easily related to the variable conditions under which it performs,顯然，to the constant conditions 和 to the variable conditions 實(shí)際上是不同的。嚴(yán)格說，這種省略方法是不正規(guī)的，但由于讀者能從上下文聯(lián)系中容易判斷出種種不同，為了簡便起見，作了省略。在英美科技文章中有此種現(xiàn)象。

the greater the speed the greater will be the height of the crest and its distance from the bow.The more developed the wave pattern the more energy is needed to maintain it.這兩句都是“the+比較級---the +比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)的句型。this is not the case 情況并非如此

and the like = and such like 以及諸如此類

The eventual link up with work now being done on the complete definition of hull shape in mathematical

Lesson Nine

Ship Motions, Manoeuvrability Ship motions Ship motions are defined by the movements from the equilibrium position of the ship‘s centre of gravity along the three axes shown in Figure 1 and by rotations about axes approximately parallel to these.The linear displacements along the horizontal(x), lateral(y), and veritical(z)

Fig.1 Coordinate axes of ship motions(see text)

axes are termed surge, sway, and heave, respectively.The rotations about the corresponding body axes are respectively termed roll, pitch, and yaw(veering off course).Roll, pitch, and heave are oscillatory because hydrodynamic forces and moments oppose them.Ship motions are important for many reasons.A ship should be able to survive any sea that may be Encountered and, in addition, to behave well and to respond to control.In brief, a ship should respond to the action of the sea in such a manner that the amplitudes of its motions and its position never become dangerous, and so that the accelerations it undergoes are kept within reasonable limits.Propulsive performance, or heaving.Hence these motions are made as small as possible.Ship motions are excited by waves, whose growth is governed by the wind velocity at the sea surface, the area of water, or distance, over which the wind blows(the ―fetch‖), and the length of time during which the wind has been blowing(the ―duration‖).Any seaway is always a complex mixture of waves of different lengths, as wind itself is a complex mixture of gusts.All wave components do not travel in the same direction, but the directions of most of them in a single storm lie within 30°of each other.Regular trains of waves of uniform height and length are rarely, if ever, encountered.Most seas are confused and can be considered as made up of many separate component waves that differ in height and length.Pitching, rolling, and heaving are all excited by the changing pattern of surface waves in relation to the speed and course of the ship.In practice, it is possible to damp one motion only---that of rolling.The fitting of bilge keels(finlike longitudinal projections along the part of the underwater body of a ship between the flat of the bottom and the vertical topsides)has this effect, and still more effective means are the activated for stabilizer(a device along the side of a ship activated by a gyroscope and used to keep the ship steady)and the passive or flume stabilizing tank, filled with water inside the ship.Manoeuvrability

Increases in the size and speed of ships bring problems of safe operation in congested waters and control at high speed in waves.Therefore, designs necessarily represent a compromise between manoeuvrability and course-keeping ability.Ship operators desire maximum manoeuvrability in port to minimize the need for assistance from tugs and to reduce delays in docking.They also desire a ship that can hold a steady course at sea with the minimum use of helm.These aims, however, are mutually conflicting.A ship is steered by means of one or more rudders arranged at the stern or, in rare cases, at the bow.There are many types and shapes of rudders, depending upon the type of ship, design of stern, and number of propellers.When a yaw---that is, a change of angle about a vertical axis through the centre of gravity---is started, a turning moment is set up and the ship swings off course unless the swing is corrected by rudder action.This turning effects arises because the hull′s centre of lateral resistance is much nearer the bow than the ship′s centre of gravity.Good course keeping demands directional stability.This is aided by design features that bring the centre of lateral resistance nearer to the ship′s centre of gravity.These measures, however, increase the diameter of the ship′s turning circle, requiring a design compromise.In warships, in vessels operating in confined water, and in tugs, a small turning circle is essential.In merchant ships, rapid manoeuvring is required only in port;accordingly, the everyday function of the rudder is to ensure the maintenance of a steady course with the minimum use of helm.In this sense, turning circle properties are of less practical significance than the effect of small rudder angles.(From ―Encyclopedia Britannica‖, Vol.16, 1980)

Technical Terms

1． manoeuvrability 操縱性 3． surge 縱蕩 2． linear displacement 線性位移 4． sway 橫蕩

5． heave 垂蕩 6． veer 變向

7． oscillatory 振蕩

8． hydrodynamic 流體動(dòng)力(學(xué))的 9． Amplitude 振幅 10． acceleration 加速度 11． wind velocity 風(fēng)速 12． fetch 風(fēng)區(qū)長度，波浪形成區(qū) 13． duration 持續(xù)時(shí)間 14． seaway 航路（道）15． gusts 陣風(fēng)(雨)16． storm 風(fēng)暴 17． regular trains of waves 規(guī)則波系

18． damp 阻尼 19． bilge keel 舭龍骨 20． finlike 鰭狀

21.projection 突出體，投影，規(guī)則

22.activated fin stabilitizer 主動(dòng)式穩(wěn)定（減搖）鰭 23.gyroscope(gyro)陀螺儀，回轉(zhuǎn)儀 24.steady 穩(wěn)定 25.flume 槽

26.congested waters 擁擠水域 27.course-keeping 保持航向 28.tug 拖船

29.docking 靠碼頭 30.helm 操舵，駕駛 31.swing 擺動(dòng)

32.turning circle 回轉(zhuǎn)圈 33.warship 軍艦

34.confined water 受限制水域

Additional Terms and Expressions

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.seakeeping 耐波性 seaworthiness 適航性 course 航向 track, path 航跡 drift 橫漂 side slip 橫移 rudder effect 舵效 sea condition 海況 swell 涌

trochoidal wave 坦谷波 divergent wave 散波

12.13.14.15.16.17.18.natural period 固有周期 slamming 砰擊

turning quality 回轉(zhuǎn)性 turning circle 回轉(zhuǎn)圈

turning circle test 回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn) stopping test 停船試驗(yàn)

free running model test 自由自航模操縱性試驗(yàn)

19.rotating arm test 旋臂試驗(yàn)

20.planar motion mechanism平面運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)

Notes to the Text

1.In brief, a ship should respond to the action of the sea in such a manner that the amplitudes of its motions and its position never become dangerous, and so that the accelerations it undergoes are kept within reasonable limits.in such a manner that the amplitudes---become dangerous

句為結(jié)果狀語從句。原一位“以這樣的方法，以至于------”，譯成中文時(shí)可靈活些，例如可把前半句譯為“簡略說，船舶對海浪的響應(yīng)方式應(yīng)使其運(yùn)動(dòng)的幅值和所在的位置永遠(yuǎn)不處于一種危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)”。

and so that 引出的也是結(jié)果狀語從句。此句中的it undergoes 為省略了關(guān)系代詞

that 的定語從句（that 在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)，讓往被省略），用來修飾 the accelerations.2.of each other 中的of表示（相互間的）方位、距離。

The shipyard is within 5km of shanghai.43 這個(gè)船廠離上海5公里以內(nèi)。

3.if ever 為if they are ever encountered 的簡化形式。當(dāng)從句內(nèi)的謂語動(dòng)詞為to be，有其主語跟主句的主語相同時(shí)，從句中的主語和to be 就可省略。這類連接詞除if外，還有when, while, once 以及as 等。

4.Most seas are confused and can be considered as made up of many separate component waves that differ in height and length。

其中的as made up of many separate component waves 是as引導(dǎo)的過去分詞短語作為主語補(bǔ)足語。

that 引出的定語從句用來修飾waves.5.This turning effect arises because the hull‘s centre of lateral resistance is much nearer the bow than the ship‘s centre of gravity.because引出的原因狀語從句中包含了一個(gè)比較級狀語從句，than后面的從句中省略了與主句中相同的部分（is near the bow）,這是科技文章中常見的情況。

6.These measures, however, increase the diameter of the ship‘s turning circle, requiring a design compromise.此句中的requiring a design compromise 為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語(表示結(jié)果)用（參見第七課注釋

Lesson Ten The Function of Ship Structural Components The strength deck, bottom, and side shell of a ship act as a box girder in resisting bending and other loads imposed on the structure.The main deck, bottom, and side shell also form a tight envelope to withstand the sea locally.The remaining structure contributes either directly to these functions or indirectly by maintaining the main members in position so that they can act efficiently.The bottom plating is a principal longitudinal member providing the lower flange of hull girder.It is also part of the watertight envelope, and subject to the local water head.At the forward end, it must withstand the dynamic pressure associated with slamming and plating thickness is usually increased to provide the necessary strength.When fitted, the inner bottom also makes a significant contribution to the strength of lower flange.It usually forms a tank boundary for the double bottom tanks and is subject to the local pressure of the liquid contained therein.In addition, it must support the loads from above, usually from cargo placed in the holds.The strength deck forms the principal member of the upper flange, usually provides the upper water tight boundary, and is subject locally to water, cargo, and equipment loadings.The remaining continuous decks, depending on their distance from the neutral axis, contribute to a greater or lesser extent in resisting the longitudinal bending loads.Certain decks which are not continuous fore and aft and not contribute to the longitudinal strength.Locally internal decks are subject to the loads of cargo, equipment, stores, living spaces, and, where they form a tank boundary or barrier against progressive flooding, liquid pressure.The side shell provides the webs for the main hull girder and is an important part of the watertight envelope.It is subject to static water pressure as well as the dynamic effects of pitching, rolling, and wave action.Particularly forward, the plating must be able to withstand the impact of

the seas.Aft, extra plate thickness is beneficial in way of rudders, shaft structure and propellers for strength, panel stiffness, and reduction of vibration.Additional thickness is necessary at the waterline for navigation in ice.Bulkheads are one of the major components of internal structure.Their function in the hull girder depends on their orientation and extent.Main transverse bulkheads act as internal stiffening diaphragms for the girder and resist racking loads, but do not contribute directly to longitudinal strength.Longitudinal bulkheads, on the other hand, if extending more than about one-tenth the length of the ship, do contribute to longitudinal strength and in some ships are nearly as effective as the side shell itself.Bulkheads generally serve structural functions such as forming tank boundaries, supporting decks and load-producing equipment such as kingposts, and adding rigidity to produce vibration.In addition, transverse bulkheads provide subdivision to prevent progressive flooding.All applicable loads must be considered during design.The foregoing structural elements of a ship are basically large sheets of plate whose thicknesses are very small compared with their other dimensions, and which, in general, carry loads both in and normal to their plane.These sheets of plate may be flat or curved, but in either case they must be stiffened in order to perform their required function efficiently.The various stiffing members have several functions:(a)the beams support the deck plating;(b)the girder, in turn, support the beams, transferring the load to the stanchions or bulkheads;(c)the transverse frames support the side shell and the ends of the transverse deck beams and are, in turn, supported by decks and stringers;(d)the stiffeners support the bulkhead plating, and so on.As discussed in detail in section 4, the stiffening members are generally rolled, extruded, flanged, flat, or built-up plate sections with one edge attached to the plate they reinforced.Vertical plates often connect the bottom shell and inner bottom, stiffening both members.If oriented transversely, these plates are called floors, and if longitudinally oriented, center vertical keel or side girder, as appropriate.Stiffening members do not, of course, act independently of the plating to which they are attached.A portion of the plate serves as one flange of the stiffener, and properties such as section modulus and moment of the stiffener must reflect this.The American Bureau of Shipping(ABS)considers a width of plating equal to the stiffener spacing as effective, while Lloyd‘s Register of Shipping(LR)assumes 24 in.to be effective.Stiffening members serve two functions, depending on how they are loaded.In the cases of loads normal to the plate, such as water loading on a transverse bulkhead, the stiffeners assume the load transferred from the plate.In the case of in-plane loads, such as those included in the deck by longitudinal bending of the hull girder, the beams serve to maintain the deck plating in its designed shape.If the deck beams are longitudinally oriented, they will, of course, carry the same primary stress as the plating and may contribute substantially to the hull girder strength.Pillars are used to support deck girders, longitudinal or transverse.These supports, in addition to carrying local loads from cargo, etc, serve to keep the deck and bottom from moving toward each other as a result of longitudinal bending of the hull girder.(From ―Ship Design and Construction‖ by D‘Arcangelo, 1969)

Technical Terms 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.structural components 結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件 strength deck 強(qiáng)力甲板 box girder 箱形梁

tight envelope 密閉外殼

longitudinal member 縱向構(gòu)件 hull girder 船體梁

lower/upper flange 下/上翼緣板 forward/aft end 首/尾端

dynamic pressure 動(dòng)壓力 slamming 砰擊 inner bottom 內(nèi)底 hold 貨艙

double bottom 雙層底 hold 貨艙

neutral axis 中和軸

longitudinal bending 縱向彎曲 longitudinal strength 總縱（縱向）強(qiáng)度 barrier 擋板，屏障 web 腹板

static water pressure 靜水壓力 impact 沖擊

shaft strut 尾軸架

panel stiffness 板格剛性 vibration 振動(dòng) bulkhead艙壁 diaphragm 隔壁

racking load 橫扭載荷 kingpost 起重柱

29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.rigidity 剛度 subdivision 分艙 sheet 薄板 stanchion 支柱 stringer 船側(cè)縱桁 roll 輾軋 extrude 擠壓

flange 拆邊，法蘭

built-up plate sections 組合型材 bottom shell 外底板 floor 肋板

center vertical keel 中內(nèi)龍骨，中桁材 side girder 旁桁材，旁縱桁 stiffener 扶強(qiáng)材

section modulus 剖面模數(shù) moment of inertia 慣性矩

The American Bureau of Shipping(ABS)美國驗(yàn)船局 spacing 間距

Lloyd‘s Register of Shipping 勞氏船級社

in-plane 面內(nèi) beam 橫梁

primary stress 第一類應(yīng)力

pillar 支柱

deck girder 甲板縱桁 support 支柱（構(gòu)件）

Additional Terms and Expressions 1.main hull 主船體 12.longitudinal framing 縱骨架式 2.superstructure 上層建筑 13.transverse framing 橫骨架式 3.deckhouse 甲板室 14.flat plate keel平板龍骨 4.bridge 橋樓 15.margin plate 內(nèi)底邊板 5.forecastle 首樓 16.bilge bracket 舭肘板 6.poop 尾樓 17.side plate 舷（船）側(cè)板 7.stem 首柱 18.sheer strake 舷頂列板 8.sternpost 尾柱 19.stringer plate 甲板邊板 9.rudder post 舵柱 20.shell expansion plan 外板展開圖 10.shaft bossing 軸包架 21.bulwark 舷墻 11.framing 骨架 22.hatch coaming 艙口圍板

30.hawse pipe 錨鏈筒 31.bulb plate 球扁鋼 32.angle section 角鋼 33.T section T型材 34.face plate 面板 35.butt 對接（縫）36.seam 邊接（縫）

Notes to the Text 1.The remaining structure contributes either directly to these functions or indirectly by maintaining the main members in position so that they can act efficiently.句中含有either directly---or indirectly---兩個(gè)并列成分，而在indirectly 后省略了to these functions.by maintaining the main members in position so that---是用來修飾后者的；其中so that they can act efficiently 為目的狀語從句。

2.be subject to(n.)受------支配（易受，須經(jīng)）

be subjected to(n.)受到，經(jīng)受

Ships subject to the code should survive the normal effects of flooding following assumed hull damage caused by some external force.受本規(guī)則約束的船舶應(yīng)能承受在外力作用下船體遭受假定破碎后正常進(jìn)水的影響。

All full penetration butt welds of the shell plating of cargo tanks should be subjected to 100 per cent radiographic inspection.液貨艙殼板所有全焊透對接焊縫應(yīng)進(jìn)行100%的射線照相檢驗(yàn)。

課文中的be subject to 均可作為be subjected to 理解，翻譯成“承受”，“經(jīng)受”。

3.to a greater or lesser extent 在較大或較小程度上

4.Locally, internal decks are subject to the loads of cargo, equipment, stores, living spaces, and, where they form a tank boundary or barrier against progressive flooding, liquid pressure.句中的where they form---flooding 為地點(diǎn)狀語從句，然而帶有條件性質(zhì)，可理解為承受liquid pressure 的條件。

5.As discussed in detail in Section 4, the stiffening members are generally rolled, extruded, flanged, flat or built-up plate sections with one edge attached to the plate they reinforce.句中的rolled, extruded, flanged, flat or built-up plate 都修飾sections.with one edge attached to the plate 是 with 后帶主謂關(guān)系的復(fù)合短語。they reinforce 為省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞（從語中作賓語）的定語從句，修飾前面的the plate.6.If oriented transversely, these plates are called floor, and if longitudinally oriented, center vertical keel or side girder, as appropriate.兩個(gè)if從句中省略主語及to be，參見第九課注3.在 center vertical keel or side girder 前面省略了these plates are called.As appropriate 可理解為as is appropriate 簡化形式，關(guān)系代詞as代替整個(gè)主句，并在從句中作主語，as appropriate, to passenger ships carrying dangerous goods.如第54條規(guī)則的要求適合于載運(yùn)危險(xiǎn)貨物的客船，應(yīng)照此辦理。

7.The American Bureau of Shipping(ABS)considers a width of plating equal to the stiffener spacing as effective, while Lloyd‘s Register of Shipping(LR)assumes 24 in.to be effective.While 引出并列分句，表示同時(shí)存在兩種事物的對比。前句的considers… as effective 與后句的assumes… to be effective 結(jié)構(gòu)相似，其中的as effective 和 to be effective 均作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

23.24.25.26.27.28.29.cantilever 懸臂梁

intercostal member 間斷構(gòu)件 cant frame 斜肋骨 pant beam 強(qiáng)胸橫梁 lightening hole 減輕孔 bracket 肘板 bracket 肘板 Lesson Eleven

Structural Design, Ship Stresses Structural design

After having established the principal dimensions, form, and general arrangement of the ship, the designer undertakes the problem of providing a structure capable of withstanding the forces which may be imposed upon it.The hull of a steel merchant ship is a complex structure, unique in the field of engineering structures in that it is primarily a plate structure, depending for its major overall strength on the plating of the shell, decks, and in most cases, also on the inner bottom and longitudinal bulkheads.The framing members, each of which has its own function to perform, are designed primarily to maintain the plate membrances to the planned contours and their positions relative to each other when subjected to the external forces of water pressure and breaking seas, as well as to the internal forces caused by the services for which the ship is designed.Unlike most other large engineering structures, the forces supporting the ship‘s hull as well as the loads which may be imposed upon it vary considerably, and in many cases, cannot be determined accurately.As a result, those responsible for the structural design of ships must be guided by established standards.Basic considerations

The problem of the development of a satisfactory structure generally involves the following considerations:

1.It is necessary to establish the sizes of, and to combine effectively, the various component parts so that the structure, with a proper margin of safety, can resist the major overall stresses resulting from longitudinal and transverse bending.2.Each component part must be so designed that it will withstand the local loads imposed upon it from water pressure, breaking seas, the weight of cargo or passenger, and other superimpose loads such as deckhouses, heavy machinery, masts, and so on, including such additional margins as sometimes may be required to meet unusually severe conditions encountered in operation.Rules of classification societies

The various classification societies have continued to modify and improve their rules to keep pace with the records of service experience, an increasing amount of research, and the constantly growing understanding of the scientific principles involved.In the modern rules of the societies, the designer has available to him formulas and tables of scantlings, dimensions of framing shapers, and thicknesses.These are directly applicable to practically all the ordinary types of sea-going merchant vessel being built today, and contain a flexibility of application to vessels of special types.The design of structural features of a merchant ship is greatly influenced by the rules of classification societies;in fact, the principal scantlings of most merchant ships are taken directly from such rules.Scantling are defined as the dimensions and material thicknesses of frames, shell plating, deck plating, and other structures, together with the suitability of the means for protecting openings and making them sufficiently watertight or weathertight.The classification society rules contain a great deal of useful information relating to the design and construction of the various component parts of a ship‘s structure.Scantling can be determined directly from the tables given in these publications.In many cases, a good conception of the usual ―good-practice‖ construction can also be gleaned from the sketches and descriptive matter available from the classification societies.(From ―McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology‖, Vol.12.1982)Ship stresses

The ship at sea or lying in still water is being constantly subjected to a wide variety of stresses and strains, which result from the action of forces from outside and within the ship.Forces within the ship result from structural weight, cargo, machinery weight and the effects of operating machinery.Exterior forces include the hydrostatic pressure of the water on the hull and the action of the wind and waves.The ship must at all times be able to resist and withstand these stresses and strains throughout its structure.It must therefore be constructed in a

manner, and of such materials, that will provide the necessary strength.The ship must also be able to function efficiently as a cargo-carrying vessel.The various forces acting on a ship are constantly varying as to their degree and frequency.For simplicity, however, they will be considered individually and the particular measures adopted to counter each type of force will be outlined.The forces may initially be classified as static and dynamic.Static forces are due to the

Fig.1 Ship movement------the six degrees of freedom differences in weight and buoyancy which occur at various points along the length of the ship.Dynamic forces result from the ship‘s motion in the action of the wind and waves.A ship is free to move with six degrees of freedom—three linear and three rotational.These motions are described by the terms shown in Figure.1.These static and dynamic forces create longitudinal, transverse and local stresses in the ship‘s structure.Longitudinal stresses are greatest in magnitude and result in bending of the ship along its length.Fig.2 Static loading of a ship‘s structure

Longitudinal stresses

Static loading

If the ship is considered floating in still water, two different forces will be acting upon it along its length.The weight of the ship and its contents will be acting vertically downwards.The buoyancy or vertical component of hydrostatic pressure will be acting upwards.In total, the two forces exactly equal and balance one another such that the ship floats at some particular draught.The centre of the buoyancy force and the centre of the weight will be vertically in line.However, at particular points along the ship‘s length the net effect may be an access of buoyancy or an excess of weight.This net effect produces a loading of the structure, as with a beam.This loading results in shearing forces and bending moments being set up in the ship‘s structure which tend to bend it.The static forces acting on a ship‘s structure are shown in Figure 2(a).This distribution of weight and buoyancy will also result in a variation of load, shear forces and bending moments along the length of the ship, as shown in Figure 2(b)-(d).Depending upon the direction in which the bending moment acts, the ship will bend in a longitudinal vertical plane.The bending moment is known as the still water bending moment(SWBM).Special terms are used to describe the two extreme cases: where the buoyancy amidships exceeds the weight, the ship is said to ―hog‖, and this condition is shown in Figure 3, where the weight amidships exceeds the buoyancy, the ship is said to ―sag‖, and this condition is shown in Figure 4.Excess of buoyancy

Fig.3 Hogging condition

Excess of weight

Fig.4 Sagging condition Dynamic loading If the ship is now considered to be moving among waves, the distribution of weight will be the same.The distribution of buoyancy, however, will vary as a result of the waves.The movement of ship will also introduce dynamic forces.The traditional approach to solving this problem is to convert this dynamic situation into an equivalent static one.To do this, the ship is assumed to be balanced on a static wave of trochoidal form and length equal to the ship.The profile of a wave at sea is considered to be a trochoid.This gives waves where the crests are sharper than the throughts.The wave crest is considered initially at midships and then at the ends of the ship.The maximum hogging and sagging moments will thus occur in the structure for the particular loaded condition considered, as shown in Figure 5.Still water

Wave trough amidships

Wave crest amidships