第一篇：IELTS雅斯寫(xiě)作簡(jiǎn)易指導(dǎo)

下面要寫(xiě)出來(lái)的基本都是Robert Lewis的總結(jié)，希望以后不會(huì)遇到什么麻煩，因?yàn)橥耆粸榱死娴哪康?。根?jù)的是他的視頻課程

IELTS Writing Essay 1 TO START WITH…

首先我們要清楚的是兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：What is an Essay and How can we write or answer a simple essay question?

The purpose to write an essay is to persuade readers to believe or appreciate writer’s opinion or point of view for a given subject.In the essay we need to complete THREE stages:

Present opinion or position，Support the position with series of arguments, and

Restate the position

The important thing we should realize is in an essay, there is no right or wrong(black or white).不要因?yàn)榭荚囁o的標(biāo)題而去考慮應(yīng)該是寫(xiě)贊成或是反對(duì)。寫(xiě)作考試的目的是要assess你的英文能力，無(wú)論你給出的是什么觀點(diǎn)，只要提供有邏輯的論點(diǎn)論據(jù)，那么這篇文章就一定是有說(shuō)服力的，是一篇好文章。COMMON MISTAKES

a.No clear position statement or even conflicting statement這一點(diǎn)是最要命的 這也是很多中國(guó)考生在十多年語(yǔ)文考試中養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣，覺(jué)得有利有一定有弊，兩方面都寫(xiě)道才是一篇完美的文章。我的建議是 除非考題清清楚楚告訴你agree and disagree都要寫(xiě)，不然完全放棄這種想法，老老實(shí)實(shí)站在一邊，把省出來(lái)的那幾分鐘去想論點(diǎn)好了 remember to CLEARLY express your position AT THE BEGINNING.b.Punctuation/ no paragraphing

Always ensure telling readers when the statement complete, using conjunctions as separation between paragraphs.說(shuō)白了就是要分段 還要學(xué)會(huì)流利的運(yùn)用連詞 最基本的就是1st, 2nd and 3rd,這個(gè)就不用再講了吧。但是忌諱的是每一個(gè)論點(diǎn)都不完全獨(dú)立 彼此之間藕斷絲連 讓考官感覺(jué)從頭到尾都在講套話

c.Vocabulary/Spelling and Grammar

擴(kuò)充詞匯量 從基本工作起吧 不要以為重復(fù)的寫(xiě)同樣一個(gè)詞湊夠250字就可以拿個(gè)基本分

d.Using spoken English

不要用非正式的語(yǔ)言或者口語(yǔ)中的詞匯，記得我們寫(xiě)的是academic essay,用的是scientific language or technical language,還要避免經(jīng)常使用第一人稱和第二人稱

3Three types of essays（part a and part b/ 4）

The essay questions are usually not simple, indeed some essay questions contain a number of sub-questions.So it is important to read the question carefully and make sure you understand clearly the instructions and what you must do(read them twice, underline the key words).所以題目可以相似或完全一樣，但是問(wèn)法不同，寫(xiě)的方式就完全不同，如果argue寫(xiě)成discuss，就等于跑題了。

Three main types of essays : ARGUE, EXPLAIN and DISCUSS

ARGUE(argumentative)

Some typical argumentative essays/sample questions: a.b.c.d.smoking is bad for your health.Give your opinion

should young children be allowed to watch as much TV as they like? Argue one point of view to what extent should children be responsible for their general health?

Popular music is boring.Doyou agree? Support your opinion with reasons and examples.Position statement Arguments-sequence of … 1.2.＇＇ Restatement

EXPLAIN

Explanatory essays/sample questions a.b.c.d.Topic statement A, B, C A.B.C.Restatement

DISCUSS(not common but still important)Two sides of the issue, pros and cons, …

Discussion essays/sample questions a.b.c.d.discuss the reasons for and against letting children play computer games what are the advantages and disagvantages of mobile phones? Explain the costs and benefits of travel abroad

Health care should be free.Discuss the arguments for and against this proposition, before fiving your opinion.Issue statement Arguments-FOR Arguments-AGAINST Restatement

explain the causes of poor health, and give some possible solutions

what are the factors that contribute to failure in university exams? How can students better prepare? Why do young people follow fashions? Give some reasons thy this is or is not a ne3gative phenomenon.Discuss the causes and effects of illiteracy.What are some possible solutions? 4Developing vocabulary

Step 1---identify unfamiliar topics（十大原則的題目）

Step 2---find texts on these topics(common words & uncommon/technical)Step 3---use the new vocabulary in writing or in oral English to consolidate Step 4---know the different forms of new words

5a.b.c.d.6

Eight categories: addition, reinforcing(and, in addition)contrast, cause and effect, concession/condition, listing, summarizing, giving alternatives and exemplifying.Typical errors when using conjunctions: a.b.c.d.e.8Persuasive stragegy---sound authoritative using technical nouns

Nominalisation = changing words into nouns

a.Verb + ING > NOUN

Eg: swim + ing =swimming

b.Adj or Verb + AFFIX > NOUN

eg: govern +ment = government inform +ation = information

Why change words into nouns? a.b.暫時(shí)就加這么多 因?yàn)檎娴暮苜M(fèi)時(shí)間 有什么問(wèn)題的話以后再補(bǔ)充

ａｇａｉｎ，ｗｉｓｈ ｙｏｕ ｇｏｏｄ ｌｕｃk ａｎｄ ａｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ． to make an action/process the focus of a sentence to sound more authoritative don’t use AND to start with a sentence don’t use BUT to start Such as within the sentence Besides Moreover Persuasive strategy – Being Logical using conjunctions(missing on the website)Persuasive strategy – how to reason Developing word maps make a word map

read the text and highlight content words and expressions add new vocabulary to the word map

consolidate new vocabulary, write on the topic using new expressions Using WHs and HOW

Listing conjunctions for sequencing arguments, LOGICALLY

第二篇：IELTS 寫(xiě)作的常用和句型

IELTS 寫(xiě)作考試的常用模板和句型

內(nèi)容分為三部分:開(kāi)頭段通用模板，主體段為加分句型，結(jié)尾段為模板；

開(kāi)頭段通用模板

進(jìn)步類

1）In contemporary society, the human race is advancing at an unprecedented rate in a multitude of arenas.在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人類正以前所未有的速度在很多領(lǐng)域向前發(fā)展。

2）Today we have embarked upon the …era.今天，我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了…的時(shí)代。We have embarked upon the information era.3）Since the advent/arrival of the…era… 隨著…時(shí)代的到來(lái)…例句：Since the advent of the information era, our efficiency at work has been greatly enhanced.隨著信息時(shí)代的 到來(lái)，我們的工作效率得到了很大的提高。例句2 With the advent of the information era, school education has undergone profound changes at an accelerated rate.倒退類

4）But A is attended/accompanied by B 但是伴隨著…（某種好現(xiàn)象）的到來(lái)，某種壞現(xiàn) 象也出現(xiàn)了。例句：But the proliferation of English is accompanied by the extinction of many lesser-known languages.但是隨著英語(yǔ)的廣泛傳播的是大量小語(yǔ)種的消亡。

5）Accompanying all the boons brought about by the profound social changes have com some sufferings;and …is very prominent among them.隨著深刻的社會(huì)變革帶來(lái)的種 種好處，出現(xiàn)了很多問(wèn)題，…是其中很顯著的一個(gè)。

6）With the incidence(發(fā)生率)of …h(huán)overing at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.…的發(fā)生率居高不下，這引起了很多人的困擾和警覺(jué)。例句：With the incidence of driving offenses hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.7）In this day and age, it is standard practice for … to do something.今天，某些人做某事

是很普遍的。例句：In this day and age, it is standard practice for parents to rush around all day busying themselves with their work.8）Such a grave situation merits our careful attention.這樣一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的情況值得我們關(guān)注。

9）The issue of … has been thrown into sharp relief/focus.…引起了人們的強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注。例 句：Soaring car ownership has thrown the issue of car accidents into sharp relief.10）However, there is no consensus on …yet.或者 people hold divergent

/contrasting/conflicting view on… 或者 people are divided over… 不同的人關(guān)于某個(gè) 問(wèn)題持不同的看法。例句：People hold contrasting views on animal experiments.人們 對(duì)動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)持不同的看法。

11）Something has been growing at an alarming/ staggering rate.某事物正在以令人 震驚的速度增長(zhǎng)。例句：With the car ownership soaring in China, traffic accidents have been growing at an alarming/staggering rate.12）Whether…h(huán)as triggered/sparked/aroused/given rise to spirited debate.是否應(yīng) 該…引起了激烈的辯論，同樣的意思還可以用以下三個(gè)常用句型表達(dá) …Whether…is a highly debatable issue.或者Whether… is an issue open to debate 或者 Whether…is

a controversial issue.例句： Whether student should appraise their teachers’

performance is an issue open to debate.是否學(xué)生應(yīng)該評(píng)價(jià)老師的教學(xué)是一個(gè)沒(méi)有定論 的問(wèn)題。

13）Some(people)assert/contend/argue/hold/maintain/claim/think/believe that… 有 一些人認(rèn)為…例句：Some people assert that relocating large companies to the

countryside is the best way to resolve the traffic and housing problems in cities.一些 人認(rèn)為把大公司搬到鄉(xiāng)村是解決城市交通和住房的最好方法。

14）…is largely fuelled by...某現(xiàn)象主要是被…所推動(dòng)。例句：The proliferation of plastic bag is largely fuelled by the pursuit for lower costs.IELTS 議論文主體段寫(xiě)作加分37 句型

前進(jìn)類profit from

People the world over can profit from the advancement in motorized flight.A is an integral /indispensable part of B

Advertising has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound influence on the way we live, work, play and learn.something plays a pivotal /key role in …

It is universally acknowledged that education plays a pivotal role in individual success.4enable /allow somebody to do something

Cultural assimilation enables newly-arrived immigrants to get ahead in the new society successfully.5get accustomed to do something/adjust to /adapt to

New immigrants must get accustomed to the local culture to succeed.6Someone can get access to something 或者 can access something 或者can utilize something

In this day and age, many individuals can access the Internet via computer or mobile phone.倒退類

1…is attended by /…is accompanied by

The staggering advancement of technology is attended by server pollution of the ecosystem.2The more…the more…

The more vehicles on the road, the more traffic congestions to occur.3A can be attributed to B 或者B stems from A

The proliferation of traffic accidents can be in large measure attributed to the traffic law not being stringent enough.4be afflicted with/be plagued with

In present-day society, a host of countries are afflicted with chronic poverty.5deprive someone of something

Modern cities deprive city-dweller of fresh air and the comfortable pace of life.6something prompt/impels somebody to do…

Peer pressure often impels youngster to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories.7A has rendered B + adj./noun 形容詞或名詞

We must ensure that technological innovations will not render us slaves to high technology.其中 We must ensure that..意思是我們必須確?！?/p>

我們必須確?？萍紕?chuàng)新不會(huì)讓我們變成高科技的奴隸。

The fast-paced way of life has rendered many people alienated from one another.快節(jié)奏的生活讓很多人彼此疏遠(yuǎn)。

8A recent study conducted by the（Chinese academy of Social Science）reveal that… 如果是教育問(wèn)題用UNESCO 如果是犯罪問(wèn)題可以用the Ministry of Justice 交通問(wèn)題可以 用the Ministry of Transportation 建筑問(wèn)題可以用the Ministry of Construction 環(huán)境問(wèn)題可 以HSUS and Greenpeace

A recent study conducted by HSUS and Greenpeace suggested that there were over one million mammals in lab cages today.be addicted to /preoccupied with something

In present-day society, many individuals are addicted to /preoccupied with various forms of gambling.something is the chief culprit in 或者something is the root cause of …

The population explosion is the chief culprit in/ the root cause of water scarity.11be confronted with something

In contemporary society, we are confronted with a plethora of violent and pornographic TV shows.present/pose a threat to…

In contemporary society, the proliferation of non-biodegradable rubbish poses a grave threat to humanity.be awash with/be inundated with something

The media are be awash with/be inundated with detailed crime coverage.if…something will ensue

If parents neglect their offspring, lack of discipline and respect will ensue.15With the incidence of … hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.With the incidence of driving offenses hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.16something is unwarranted /unjustifiable

Experimenting upon lab animals without trying to alleviate their pain is unwarranted/ unjustifiable.中間類

1…on the grounds that…

Some others oppose to animal experimentation on the grounds that it is inhumane.2 exert beneficial/ baneful/ profound influence on something

In this day and age, globalization is exerting profound impact on the way we work, live, play and learn.A prevail over / outweigh/ outbalance B

The advantages of imposing stiffer punishment on driving offender prevail over the disadvantages.A bring about/ generate/ breed/ engender/ spawn /induce B.Technological innovations have brought about profound changes to the political, economical and cultural arenas.A is a key determinant of B

In an individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of success.It is manifest that …或者It is universally acknowledge that…

It is manifest that globalization can also engender a host of banes to the lives of people in the third-world countries.解決類give priority to something

The government should give priority to the optimization of its financial resources.2 dedicated A to B

The government should dedicate more money to the alleviation of chronic poverty.3 be likely to fall prey to / be vulnerable to

Without proper parental guidance, children are very vulnerable to the violent or

pornographic content on TV shows.something should be condemned rather than condoned(押尾韻)

Indiscriminate copying of traditional architectural style today should be condemned rather than condoned.it is imperative/ crucial/ key/ essential that… 或者 something is of paramount/ overriding importance.To the newly-arrived immigrants, it is imperative that they adapt to the local culture immediately.abide by/ comply with

It is essential that government pass more stringent laws to compel drivers to abide by/ comply with the law.something requires/ necessitates /call for…

The grave ecological problem requires/ necessitates/ call for joint effort of all the nations on the globe.distinguish between A and B

Many youngsters lack the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong.must ensure that

Parents must ensure that they dedicate enough time and energy to their offspring.結(jié)尾段常用模板

1）based on the above discussion, I am convinced that…（用于一邊倒文章的結(jié)尾段）基 于以上的討論，我確信…

2）In the final analysis, I concede that… However, ….On balance…(用于折衷式文章結(jié)尾 段)作為最后總結(jié)，我承認(rèn)…但是…綜合起來(lái)看…

3）The upside of something, outweighs its downside 或者the strengths of something, prevail over its weaknesses 或者the pros of something outbalance its cons.某事利大

于弊（如果

弊大于利把順序顛倒一下就可以了）

第三篇：《測(cè)量學(xué)》林斯雅

《測(cè)量學(xué)》

集中實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

專 業(yè)： 水文與水資源工程 班 級(jí)： 1601 姓 名： 林斯雅

學(xué) 號(hào)： 311603030103 指導(dǎo)教師： 雷偉偉

2018年月日

指導(dǎo)教師批閱：

目

錄

一、前言???????????????????????

1、實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間???????????????????????

2、實(shí)習(xí)地點(diǎn)???????????????????????

3、實(shí)習(xí)小組信息?????????????????????

二、實(shí)習(xí)的性質(zhì)、目的及任務(wù)???????????????

1、性質(zhì)?????????????????????????

2、目的與任務(wù)??????????????????????

三、實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容與要求???????????????????

1、水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量???????????????????????

2、圖根導(dǎo)線測(cè)量?????????????????????

四、具體項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容????????????????????

項(xiàng)目一：水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量????????????????????

1、水準(zhǔn)儀的使用方法與步驟???????????????? 項(xiàng)目二：導(dǎo)線測(cè)量（閉合導(dǎo)線）?????????????? 1全站儀的使用方法和操作步驟???????????????

2、測(cè)量前的準(zhǔn)備工作???????????????????

3、角度測(cè)量???????????????????????

4、距離測(cè)量???????????????????????

五、實(shí)習(xí)心得體會(huì)????????????????????

一、前言

1、實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間：

2017年12月26日至2017年12月28日

2、實(shí)習(xí)地點(diǎn)：

河南省焦作市山陽(yáng)區(qū)河南理工大學(xué)南校區(qū)

3、實(shí)習(xí)小組信息：

實(shí)習(xí)小組成員由水文1601班同學(xué)組成：

隊(duì)長(zhǎng)：周洋

隊(duì)員：王通明，紀(jì)順奎，丁肖楠，潘婷，林斯雅，張慧慧 隊(duì)員分工：

選點(diǎn)與跑尺：每組一圈閉合水準(zhǔn)路線，每一位隊(duì)員都有選點(diǎn)，跑尺的參與 觀測(cè)與讀數(shù)：每一位隊(duì)員都有觀測(cè)與讀數(shù)的參與

記錄與計(jì)算：主要由張慧慧負(fù)責(zé)記錄，潘婷核實(shí)記錄無(wú)誤，每一位隊(duì)員都各自計(jì)算一遍數(shù)據(jù)，再核對(duì)

二、實(shí)習(xí)的性質(zhì)、目的和任務(wù)

1、性質(zhì)：

本次實(shí)習(xí)是在《測(cè)量學(xué)》課程理論講述完成后，結(jié)合課堂教學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)而進(jìn)行的一次系統(tǒng)的、綜合性的實(shí)習(xí)。

2、目的與任務(wù)：

2.1、目的：通過(guò)本次實(shí)習(xí)，使學(xué)生掌握、鞏固已學(xué)知識(shí)，使理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，加強(qiáng)基本技能的訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力。

熟練掌握各項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目中的內(nèi)業(yè)計(jì)算方法，加強(qiáng)獨(dú)立計(jì)算的基本功。

針對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)中出現(xiàn)的具體問(wèn)題，自己分析并能作出合理、可行的解決方案。

通過(guò)本次實(shí)習(xí)，培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練學(xué)生相互協(xié)作的工作能力，為以后從事相關(guān)工作奠定基礎(chǔ)。鞏固和強(qiáng)化理論知識(shí)，在實(shí)踐中訓(xùn)練分析問(wèn)題，培養(yǎng)解決問(wèn)題的能力，培養(yǎng)綜合應(yīng)用測(cè)量知識(shí)的能力；進(jìn)一步熟練掌握水準(zhǔn)儀、經(jīng)緯儀的使用方法、提高野外測(cè)量、內(nèi)業(yè)計(jì)算、地形繪圖的技能;掌握大比例尺數(shù)字測(cè)圖的全過(guò)程；培養(yǎng)一絲不茍的測(cè)繪技術(shù)工作態(tài)度、培養(yǎng)吃苦耐勞、團(tuán)結(jié)友愛(ài)、集體協(xié)作的精神

2.2、任務(wù)：小區(qū)域大比例尺地形圖的測(cè)繪。在河南理工大學(xué)南校區(qū)的國(guó)旗周圍與圍繞著荷花池的資環(huán)學(xué)院、能源學(xué)院、土木學(xué)院、測(cè)繪學(xué)院，通過(guò)3天的地形圖測(cè)繪實(shí)習(xí)，取得控制點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)。

三、實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容與要求

1、水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量： 根據(jù)校園已知控制點(diǎn)的高程，設(shè)計(jì)并測(cè)量一條水準(zhǔn)路線，每組每人不得少于六站。

2、圖根導(dǎo)線測(cè)量：根據(jù)校園已知控制點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)，設(shè)計(jì)并測(cè)量多條圖根導(dǎo)線，使圖根點(diǎn)比較均勻分布于測(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)。每組每人不得少于六站。

四、具體項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容

項(xiàng)目一：水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量

原理：水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量的原理是利用水準(zhǔn)儀提供的一條水平視線，測(cè)出兩地面點(diǎn)之間的高差，然后根據(jù)已知點(diǎn)的高程和高差，推算出另一個(gè)點(diǎn)的高程

選點(diǎn)：一共選取八個(gè)已知點(diǎn)，首先在地形圖上找出合適的已知點(diǎn)，然后核對(duì)坐標(biāo)紙，看該點(diǎn)是否存在。

路線：從土木學(xué)院門(mén)口設(shè)已知點(diǎn)，圍繞著荷花池展開(kāi)測(cè)量。

轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)如何選取：方便測(cè)量，轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)之間可以通視；考慮轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)的數(shù)量問(wèn)題；轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)之間的距離等。

1.水準(zhǔn)儀的使用方法與操作步驟

1.1、認(rèn)清工程水準(zhǔn)儀的構(gòu)造和各部件的名稱 1.2、水準(zhǔn)儀的安置和讀數(shù)

安置儀器 ：將三角架張開(kāi)，使其高度在胸口附近，架頭大致水平，并將腳尖踩入土中，然后用連接螺旋將儀器連在三腳架上。

粗略整平：先對(duì)向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)兩只腳螺旋，使圓水準(zhǔn)器氣泡向中間移動(dòng)，再轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)另一腳螺旋，使氣泡移至居中位置。水準(zhǔn)儀的粗平是通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)儀器的腳螺旋使圓水準(zhǔn)儀器的氣泡居中而達(dá)到的;按“左手拇指規(guī)則”旋轉(zhuǎn)一對(duì)腳螺旋和一個(gè)腳螺旋，使氣泡居中，這是置平測(cè)量?jī)x器的基本功，必須反復(fù)練習(xí)。

瞄準(zhǔn) ：轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)目鏡調(diào)焦螺旋，使十字絲清晰；轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)儀器，用準(zhǔn)星和照門(mén)瞄準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)尺，擰緊制動(dòng)螺旋（手感螺旋有阻力），轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)微動(dòng)螺旋，使水準(zhǔn)尺成像在十字絲交點(diǎn)處。當(dāng)成像不太清晰時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)對(duì)光螺旋，消除視差，使目標(biāo)清晰。

精平、讀數(shù)：在水準(zhǔn)管氣泡窗觀察，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)微傾螺旋使符合水準(zhǔn)管氣泡兩端的半影像吻合，視線即處于精平狀態(tài)，在同一瞬間立即用中絲在水準(zhǔn)尺上讀取米、分米、厘米，估讀毫米，即讀出四位有效數(shù)字。

1.3、水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)記錄

用水準(zhǔn)儀進(jìn)行水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量的操作步驟為：粗平——瞄準(zhǔn)——精平——讀數(shù)。在使水準(zhǔn)儀精平后，應(yīng)立即按十字絲的中橫絲在水準(zhǔn)尺上讀數(shù)。圖2-17所示為正向望遠(yuǎn)鏡中所看到的水準(zhǔn)尺的像，水準(zhǔn)尺的讀數(shù)為1.575m。由于從水準(zhǔn)尺上總是需要讀4位數(shù)，因此，水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量記錄上可記錄為1575（單位：mm）

項(xiàng)目二：閉合導(dǎo)線測(cè)量

水平角測(cè)量原理：水平角是空間兩相交直線在水平面上的投影所構(gòu)成的角度。如圖3-1所示，A,B,C為地面上任意三點(diǎn)，連線BA,BC沿垂線方向投影到水平面H上，得到相應(yīng)的A1,B1,C1點(diǎn)，則B1A1與B1C1的夾角β即為地面A,B,C三點(diǎn)在B點(diǎn)的水平角。也就是分別包含BA,BC方向的兩鉛垂面之間的兩面角。在頂點(diǎn)B的鉛垂線上安置一架經(jīng)緯儀。儀器有一個(gè)能水平安置的刻度圓盤(pán)——水平度盤(pán)，度盤(pán)上有0°～360°的刻度，其中心位于測(cè)站的鉛垂線上。通過(guò)望遠(yuǎn)鏡分別瞄準(zhǔn)高低不同的目標(biāo)A和C，在水平度盤(pán)上的讀數(shù)分別為a和c，測(cè)水平角β為這兩個(gè)讀數(shù)之差即 β=c-a

選點(diǎn)：圖書(shū)館門(mén)口

路線：圍繞國(guó)旗進(jìn)行測(cè)量

轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)如何選取：方便測(cè)量，轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)之間可以通視；考慮轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)的數(shù)量問(wèn)題；轉(zhuǎn)折之間的距離等。

1.全站儀的使用方法和操作步驟

1.1電子全站儀的特殊構(gòu)件 1.1.1多功能同軸望遠(yuǎn)鏡 1.1.2顯示屏和鍵盤(pán) 1.1.3操作面板 1.1.4傳感器 1.1.5儲(chǔ)存器 1.1.6通訊接口

1.1.6 功能鍵（軟鍵）

1.2操作步驟

（1）觀測(cè)前應(yīng)先檢驗(yàn)儀器，發(fā)現(xiàn)儀器有誤差應(yīng)立即進(jìn)行校正，并采用盤(pán)左、盤(pán)右取平均值和用十字絲交點(diǎn)照準(zhǔn)等方法，減小和消除儀器誤差對(duì)觀測(cè)結(jié)果的影響。

（2）安置儀器要穩(wěn)定，腳架應(yīng)踏牢，對(duì)中整平應(yīng)仔細(xì)，短邊時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意對(duì)中，在形起伏較大的地區(qū)觀測(cè)時(shí)，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格整平。

（3）目標(biāo)處的標(biāo)桿應(yīng)豎直，并根據(jù)目標(biāo)的遠(yuǎn)近選擇不同粗細(xì)的標(biāo)桿。

（4）觀測(cè)時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)操作規(guī)定。例如：照準(zhǔn)時(shí)應(yīng)消除視差；水平角觀測(cè)時(shí)切勿誤動(dòng)度盤(pán)；豎直角觀測(cè)時(shí)，應(yīng)在讀取豎盤(pán)讀數(shù)前，顯示指標(biāo)水準(zhǔn)管氣泡居中等。

（5）水平角觀測(cè)時(shí)，應(yīng)以十字絲交點(diǎn)附近的豎絲照準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)根部。豎直角觀測(cè)時(shí)，應(yīng)以十字絲交點(diǎn)附近的橫絲照準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)頂部。

（6）讀數(shù)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確，觀測(cè)時(shí)應(yīng)及時(shí)記錄和計(jì)算

2.測(cè)量前的準(zhǔn)備工作

2.1電池的更換

2.1.1電池安裝

將電池盒底部的突起卡入主機(jī)，按住電池盒頂部的彈塊并向儀器方向推，直至電池盒卡入位置為止，然后放開(kāi)彈塊。

2.1.2電池拆卸

2.1.3全站儀的安置要求

(1)儀器的對(duì)中偏差不應(yīng)大于5mm,儀器高和反光鏡髙的量取應(yīng)精確 至 1mm。

(2)應(yīng)選擇較遠(yuǎn)的圖根點(diǎn)作為測(cè)站定向點(diǎn)，并施測(cè)另一圖根點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)和 高程，作為測(cè)站檢核。檢核點(diǎn)的平面位置較差不應(yīng)大于圖上0.2mm，高程較 差不應(yīng)大于基本等高距的1/5。

(3)作業(yè)過(guò)程中和作業(yè)結(jié)束前，應(yīng)對(duì)定向方位進(jìn)行檢查。2.1.4全站儀的安置方法

(1)安置三腳架：首先，將三腳架打開(kāi)，伸到適當(dāng)高度，擰緊三個(gè)固定螺旋。

(2)將儀器安置到三腳架上：將儀器小心地安置到三腳架上，松開(kāi)中心連接螺旋，在架頭上輕移儀器，直到錘球?qū)?zhǔn)測(cè)站點(diǎn)標(biāo)志中心，然后輕輕擰緊連接螺旋。

(3)利用圓水準(zhǔn)器粗平儀器 2.2全站儀的開(kāi)機(jī)

按紅色開(kāi)機(jī)鍵開(kāi)機(jī)，按提示轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)儀器測(cè)距頭一周。聽(tīng)到“嘀”的一聲響表示儀器初始化成功，可以正常使用。并確認(rèn)顯示窗中有足夠的電池電量。

2.3全站儀的精確整平

（1）拿起三腳架計(jì)時(shí)，粗略放平；安裝儀器，緊固連接螺旋

（2）通過(guò)光學(xué)對(duì)點(diǎn)器（或錘球）對(duì)已知點(diǎn)，要點(diǎn)是一只腳架不動(dòng)，左右手握一個(gè)腳架腿，眼睛通過(guò)對(duì)點(diǎn)器對(duì)點(diǎn)，基本對(duì)好后落實(shí)手握腳架踏實(shí)

（3）通過(guò)儀器腳架螺旋調(diào)整對(duì)中偏差

（4）調(diào)節(jié)腳架使圓水準(zhǔn)氣泡居中，只要調(diào)節(jié)近身體一側(cè)的2個(gè)腳架（5）調(diào)節(jié)管水準(zhǔn)氣泡居中

（6）松動(dòng)儀器連接螺旋，平移儀器再次精確對(duì)中并緊固旋（7）最后再N次調(diào)節(jié)管水準(zhǔn)氣泡居中

3.角度測(cè)量

3.1水平角 3.1.1測(cè)回法

如圖3-18所示，在測(cè)站B需要測(cè)定BA,BC兩方向間的水平角β，在B點(diǎn)安置經(jīng)緯

儀，在A點(diǎn)和C點(diǎn)設(shè)置瞄準(zhǔn)標(biāo)志，按下列步驟進(jìn)行測(cè)回法水平角觀測(cè)

（1）在經(jīng)緯儀盤(pán)左位置（豎盤(pán)在望

遠(yuǎn)鏡左邊，又稱正鏡）瞄準(zhǔn)左面目標(biāo)C讀得水平度盤(pán)讀數(shù)C左

（2）瞄準(zhǔn)右面目標(biāo)A，讀得水平度盤(pán)讀數(shù)A左，側(cè)盤(pán)左位置測(cè)得的半測(cè)回水平角值 β=a左-c左

（3）倒轉(zhuǎn)望遠(yuǎn)鏡層盤(pán)右位置，瞄準(zhǔn)右目標(biāo)A，得水平度盤(pán)讀數(shù)a右

（4）瞄準(zhǔn)左目標(biāo)C，得水平度盤(pán)讀數(shù)c右，側(cè)半測(cè)回水平角值為 β右=a右-c右

綜上所述

β=1/2（β左＋β右）3.1.2方向觀測(cè)法

在一個(gè)測(cè)站上需要觀測(cè)2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上水平角時(shí)，采用方向觀測(cè)法觀測(cè)水平方向值，任何兩個(gè)方向值之差即為該方向間的水平角值。如果需要觀測(cè)的水平方向的目標(biāo)超過(guò)3個(gè)，測(cè)次對(duì)各個(gè)目標(biāo)觀測(cè)水平方向值后，還應(yīng)繼續(xù)向前轉(zhuǎn)到第一個(gè)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行第二次觀測(cè)，稱為歸零。此時(shí)的方向觀測(cè)法因旋轉(zhuǎn)了一圓周，所以稱為全員方位法。3.2已知水平方向值的設(shè)置

測(cè)站至某一方向的方位角為已知時(shí)，可以將瞄準(zhǔn)該方向的水平角讀數(shù)設(shè)置為已知的方位角。

3.2.1利用鎖定水平角法設(shè)置

首先確認(rèn)在角度測(cè)量模式下，利用水平微動(dòng)螺旋設(shè)置水平角讀數(shù)為要設(shè)置的角度，如要設(shè)置的角度；按F2鎖定鍵，啟動(dòng)水平度盤(pán)鎖定功能，最后使望遠(yuǎn)鏡照準(zhǔn)需要設(shè)置的方向。

4.距離測(cè)量

4.1測(cè)量步驟

（1）設(shè)置全站儀棱鏡常數(shù)。測(cè)距前須將棱鏡常數(shù)輸入全站儀中，儀器會(huì)自動(dòng)對(duì)所測(cè)距離進(jìn)行改正。

（2）設(shè)置全站儀的大氣改正值或氣溫、氣壓值。光在大氣中的傳播速度會(huì)隨大氣的溫度和氣壓而變化，15℃和760mmHg是儀器設(shè)置的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，此時(shí)的大氣改正為0ppm。實(shí)測(cè)時(shí)，輸入溫度和氣壓值，全站儀會(huì)自動(dòng)計(jì)算大氣改正值，并對(duì)測(cè)距結(jié)果進(jìn)行改正。

（3）量?jī)x器高、棱鏡高并輸入全站儀

（4）全站儀距離測(cè)量。照準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)棱鏡中心，按測(cè)距鍵，距離測(cè)量開(kāi)始，測(cè)距完成時(shí)顯示斜距、平距、高差。

注意事項(xiàng)：全站儀的測(cè)距模式有精測(cè)模式、跟蹤模式、粗測(cè)模式三種。精測(cè)模式是最常用的測(cè)距模式；跟蹤模式，常用于跟蹤移動(dòng)目標(biāo)或放樣時(shí)連續(xù)測(cè)距；粗測(cè)模式，大概的進(jìn)行預(yù)先測(cè)量。在距離測(cè)量或坐標(biāo)測(cè)量時(shí)，可按測(cè)距模式鍵選擇不同的測(cè)距模式。有些型號(hào)的全站儀在距離測(cè)量時(shí)不能設(shè)定儀器高和棱鏡高，顯示的高差值是全站儀橫軸中心與棱鏡中心的高差。

四、實(shí)習(xí)心得體會(huì)

測(cè)量學(xué)首先是一項(xiàng)精確的工作，通過(guò)在學(xué)校期間在課堂上對(duì)測(cè)量學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)，使我在腦海中形成了一個(gè)基本的、理論的測(cè)量學(xué)輪廓，而實(shí)習(xí)的目的，就是要將這些理論與實(shí)際工程聯(lián)系起來(lái)。測(cè)量學(xué)是研究地球的形狀和大小以及地面點(diǎn)位的科學(xué)。測(cè)量學(xué)的分類有很多種，如普通測(cè)量學(xué)、大地測(cè)量學(xué)、攝影測(cè)量學(xué)、工程測(cè)量學(xué)。我們要學(xué)習(xí)測(cè)量的各個(gè)方面。測(cè)繪學(xué)基礎(chǔ)就是這些專業(yè)知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

通過(guò)這次的實(shí)訓(xùn)，才了解到，一次測(cè)量實(shí)習(xí)要完整的做完，單靠一個(gè)人的力量和構(gòu)思是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，也是不可能將要做的工作做好。只有小組全體成員的合作和團(tuán)結(jié)才能讓實(shí)習(xí)快速而高效的完成。正所謂“三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂個(gè)諸葛亮”，只有我們團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，什么困難都不再是困難了。另外這次測(cè)量實(shí)習(xí)也培養(yǎng)了我們小組的分工協(xié)作的能力，增進(jìn)了同學(xué)之間的感情，深化了友誼，將原本的一些“陌生人”聯(lián)系的更緊密了。當(dāng)然在實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程中難免會(huì)碰到一些疙疙瘩瘩的事情，鬧得大家都不愉快，各有各的方法和見(jiàn)解，但是我們能夠及時(shí)地進(jìn)行交流和溝通，錯(cuò)誤的一方也不那么的固執(zhí)，對(duì)的一方也不那么的顯擺，忘記了昨天的不愉快，迎接新的朝陽(yáng)！當(dāng)然也相信學(xué)校讓我們實(shí)訓(xùn)的另一目的是為了讓我們每個(gè)學(xué)生更加深刻的了解怎樣熟練的使用全站儀和水準(zhǔn)儀，并且能夠單獨(dú)的完成一項(xiàng)工作，達(dá)到相應(yīng)的鍛煉效果后進(jìn)行輪換，以達(dá)到共同進(jìn)行的目的，而不是單純搶時(shí)間，趕進(jìn)度，草草了事收工，在這一點(diǎn)上我們本組是做的很認(rèn)真的，每個(gè)組員都分別進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的觀察，記錄每一站，對(duì)全站儀測(cè)量都是在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)解決，沒(méi)有對(duì)上一步的檢核，絕不進(jìn)行下一步的測(cè)量，做到步步有檢核，回來(lái)后還要對(duì)內(nèi)業(yè)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算，因?yàn)檫@樣做不但可以防止誤差的積累，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，更可以提高測(cè)量的效率，避免測(cè)量的不準(zhǔn)確還要進(jìn)行重測(cè)。即使重測(cè)，我們懷著嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度，錯(cuò)了就返工，決不馬虎。我們深知搞工程這一行，需要的就是細(xì)心、耐心、毅力和做事嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度。所以我們一直在克服以前的缺點(diǎn)，一步一個(gè)腳印的想前邁進(jìn)！

從這次實(shí)習(xí)中我總結(jié)出了幾點(diǎn)來(lái)避免較大的誤差，例如：

（1）標(biāo)尺要立直，盡量避免晃動(dòng)，有晃動(dòng)時(shí)，應(yīng)該選擇數(shù)據(jù)最小的時(shí)候進(jìn)前一定將視野的氣泡調(diào)平（兩側(cè)的線重合），否則造成的誤差會(huì)很大。

（2）在讀取數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，每位成員都要細(xì)心，既要看得準(zhǔn)，還要果斷，不能猶豫不決，任何一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤都有可能導(dǎo)致最終的成果的報(bào)廢。

（3）選點(diǎn)非常重要，點(diǎn)一定要選在有代表性的地方，同時(shí)要注意并非點(diǎn)越多越好，相反選取的無(wú)用點(diǎn)過(guò)多不但會(huì)增加測(cè)量、計(jì)算和繪圖的勞動(dòng)量和多費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且會(huì)因點(diǎn)多而雜亂產(chǎn)生較大的誤差。

（4）團(tuán)結(jié)就是力量，紀(jì)律才是保證經(jīng)過(guò)每個(gè)組員的團(tuán)結(jié)工作，在我們組的同學(xué)交流測(cè)量中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí)，大家感覺(jué)收獲都很多，有的說(shuō)儀器的展點(diǎn)很重要，因?yàn)檫@關(guān)系到誤差的大小，有的說(shuō)測(cè)量中點(diǎn)不能架設(shè)的太遠(yuǎn)，水準(zhǔn)儀施測(cè)過(guò)程得使用以及架儀器過(guò)程中氣泡的精確對(duì)中和整平，還有就是我們要有一顆愛(ài)護(hù)儀器的心，對(duì)所用的儀器要精心呵護(hù)，在學(xué)校如此，走上工作崗位后更要如此，這樣可以避免一些不必要得麻煩等等吧。

我懂得了做任何事情都要認(rèn)真細(xì)致，不能有絲毫的馬虎，特別是在使用水準(zhǔn)儀，經(jīng)緯儀這樣精密的儀器時(shí)，更要做到精益求精。因?yàn)樯杂胁铄e(cuò)就可能導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)的偏差很大，更會(huì)導(dǎo)致以后其它量的測(cè)量出錯(cuò)，最終導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算的錯(cuò)誤。最后，還要特別感謝我們的指導(dǎo)老師，也是指導(dǎo)老師的耐心指導(dǎo)才讓本次實(shí)習(xí)得以順利進(jìn)行呀！

第四篇：ielts 寫(xiě)作好詞好句

多用such替換the ,a.例：Admittedly, such issue ,to some extent,has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.（模板的第3段開(kāi)頭）2 開(kāi)頭句型：（放在文章中間也很好的句子）

As a result of constant media attention , A(A指題目話題), once largely ignored,has come to be seen as especially valuable/significant.2(The right of the media to do this)is rarely disputed, but(the way in which it does this)often comes under withering critism.(括號(hào)里可以換)

As our lives are saturated with the flood of(advertisements),no one can avoid being influenced by ads.(ads 錯(cuò)的，不能用簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)哦~)

4(Bad traffic and increasing pollution)are thorny issues challenging every major city in the globe.（in the globe全世界）

The issue of A is a complex and sensitive one.What lies behind …..?(問(wèn)原因類)

After years in the wilderness , the term “ A ” seems posied to make a comeback.(和第一句意思比較像)好處句型！Nothing can be compared with sb/sth ~~(新3的哦，推薦)2 A exert a positive impact on ….A can an effective way to(help)……(簡(jiǎn)單但好用)Few things can be more（impressive）than ….that…(新3的哦，推薦)5 play a pivotal role in … benefit from../ profit from…一般 7 promote the development of..8 A is the cornerstone of … 9 remove the barrier for..raise one’s awareness of …常用 11 enable sb to do … sb is the ultimate beneficiary（sb是。的最終受益者，社會(huì)問(wèn)題類說(shuō)人們應(yīng)該自己也承擔(dān)責(zé)任用）consolidates its status as the..14 get a clear perspective of..15 give a boost to..A is an indispensable part of B 17 A is irreplaceable tp B The significant of A to B can never be ingored 19 A is the key ingredient to B~~ 20 A made it possible for sb to… A exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.(新3的哦，推薦)

find it impossible to resist the temptation to do ….Needless to say / Indeed ,……（可以放在任一句開(kāi)頭，很好用哦~）23 develop an unshakable faith in … 24 have a reputation of..Nothing can catch them for … make a contribution to(也可作寫(xiě)壞處的句子 the city make its own contribution to noise)27 build bridges between 28 特別的

Improve one’s physical and psychological wellbeing /soundness 身體心理健康

optimise people’s living standards 提高人們生活水平

eradicate poverty 消除貧困

It’s not A that are important ,but B

Satisfy basic(human)needs 滿足要求

Ease the tension and conflicts between alleviate the problem of 消除沖突和緊張

Be fully aware of the consequences

The impact of（sporting activities）goes far beyond the bounds of(leisure and recreation.)3 壞處的句型 drive up the crime rate..2 widen the gap between A 3 pose a(direct)threat to … 4 stifle creativity diminish individual’s leisure time… 6 spin out of control cause(creat)tension and conflicts between… exert(have)detrimental/negative/adverse influence（impact）upon/on 9 is markly incompatible with…與。不協(xié)調(diào) 10 be afflicted with … 11 deprive one of sth sth is the root cause of … 13 be saturated with sth 14 at the expense of ….15 be confronted with sth 16 run contrary to … erode the national identity 18 pose a dilemma for 19 is an vicious circle hamper(scientific)progress 21 there is a yawning gap between 22 pose a devastating problem 23 the reputation is ruined 24 A is a complete failure Things can go wrong on a big scale

26sth is always faced with a difficult task /problem 27 It is impossible to have(little)difficulties in doing 29pay the price for(fame)(pollution)is the price we pay for(overpopulated ,over industrialized planet)31 people seem to fail to take into account the fact that ….好句！32 lead to some unfavorable results 33 sacrifice ….for … 34 There is a major concern over t he world about ….35 give rise to a bunch of familiar questions 36This is compounded by the fact that …

the problem of(information overloaded)exacerbated by(the growth …)

The problem , however , is complicated by the existence of dozens of..and by the fact that…..4 解決問(wèn)題類

小模板：（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人）

1Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on ….,saying clearly(that..).2Other policies(such as。)can be taken to back up the policy.3 One helpful step is to … ,Another possibility is to improve …., so that ….4 It should be an addtion to the policy work ,not a substitute.The more effort put in and wider(the whole school)involvement ,the substantial the results are likely to be.give priority to sth 2 shoulder the responsibility to 3 comply with impose restrictions on..take …into account /consideration should be increasingly focus on…rather than … what will make the most difference is …..The new study makes this point even more starkly 8 There are ways of dealing with the topic through …, ….and …..Three factors are involved in this change.新概念3+劍橋好句： Apparently,there is a good deal of truth in this idea./There is an element of truth in both agreements

2More importantly/significantly,there is still good evidence that …

3This is compounded by the fact that …由于。的事實(shí)，使。變得更糟 4Women,it is obvious, are freer than in the past.插入語(yǔ) 5 has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.6 It’s not A that are important ,but B Providing more parking area, in the long run ,has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world.插入語(yǔ) Not only had the poor man been arrested ,but he had been sent to prison ,as well 9 It has been estimated that …據(jù)估計(jì) Considering the amount she paid ,he was dear in more ways than one.非謂語(yǔ)

Fearing that she would never see Ratus again use fewer materia resources and ,therefore,be much compatible with protecting the environment avoid squandering money on 避免浪費(fèi)錢(qián)在。上 shoulder important responsibilities on major global issues

14These regions are fragile not just in terms of their ecology,but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.Climate change ,whatever its causes,is a direct threat to their way of life.插入語(yǔ) 26 Cinema might, for example , have become pimarily a documentay form.for example放中間，好！But what happened was that it became ,overwhelmingly, a medium for tekking stories.插入語(yǔ)

28Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose.There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs.an abundance of 大量的，好！Managers, must be sure ,therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals.插入語(yǔ)

31To varying degree, we all have secrets which……

Instead of becoming a doctor , however ,he became a successful writer of detective stories.33 It seemed certain that

34廣告Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want ,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.35 In time ,it became an accepted fact that …

第五篇：有助于IELTS寫(xiě)作的英文網(wǎng)站推薦

以我的個(gè)人體會(huì)，看國(guó)內(nèi)老師出的寫(xiě)作書(shū)跟真正的英國(guó)老師看中的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格又百分之百是兩種境界。這一點(diǎn)，我相信大家只要認(rèn)真看一下目前國(guó)內(nèi)出版的唯一正宗的IETLS模擬試題《劍橋IETLS考試題集》上的范文就會(huì)深有體會(huì)了，當(dāng)中有哪一篇是按模版句型的路數(shù)來(lái)寫(xiě)的呢？我記得中間有一篇甚至只分了兩段！

總之，我想大家應(yīng)該多看真正英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人寫(xiě)的文章(當(dāng)然一定要多看議論文)，最后，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己寫(xiě)作會(huì)變得隨意很多，你可能會(huì)把句子拆得很碎，用了很多插入、或者從句前置，而且突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的思路也不太拘于從前大家習(xí)慣的那些一二三點(diǎn)的套路了！而談到我自己的經(jīng)歷嘛，因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期對(duì)寫(xiě)作復(fù)習(xí)一直處在閱讀狀態(tài)(讀了好幾本書(shū)，還有那些網(wǎng)站上的素材)以至于直到最后一周才開(kāi)始真正提筆！但事實(shí)上的效果對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)真是“突然的驚喜”！下面是我在復(fù)習(xí)IELTS時(shí)自己找到一些非常有用的網(wǎng)站。首先，我保證它們都能打得開(kāi)！第二，我能想像得到，下面的這些東東對(duì)大家一定是大大的驚喜。因?yàn)楫?dāng)初它們就幫我了很大的忙呢！第三，我不得不提醒大家，你們會(huì)在這些網(wǎng)站找到很多對(duì)作文和口語(yǔ)極有幫助的素材，而且當(dāng)然是全英文的，特別是有一些現(xiàn)成的英文論文，但是，我還是要建議大家一定不要照抄，之所以推薦英文的網(wǎng)站，就是希望大家能好好讀讀真正的英語(yǔ)文章。以這種方式打基礎(chǔ)，不出三個(gè)月，你自己就會(huì)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更大的驚喜！

/index.html 一個(gè)包含people，science，english study等等很多資料的好網(wǎng)站，會(huì)找到很多對(duì)寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)有用的素材！

/home.php 這個(gè)網(wǎng)站會(huì)叫你大吃一驚！有上萬(wàn)篇各種題材的“作文”在那里免費(fèi)等你down呢！不過(guò)，一定要先注冊(cè)才能看到文章的全部?jī)?nèi)容~而注冊(cè)的條件之一是你要奉獻(xiàn)自己的一篇大作！總之，隨你們能想到的題目(當(dāng)然也包括ielts涉及的topic)那里應(yīng)有盡有！

.cn 我忘了這個(gè)網(wǎng)站是從哪里搜到的~~好像是……英國(guó)使館文化處？不知道。呵呵~不過(guò)，里面一樣有很多好東東！同樣能讓你找到很多寫(xiě)作素材！

以上是兩個(gè)講述健康生活的網(wǎng)站，上面會(huì)有大量有關(guān)吸煙危害的介紹，全是很有用的數(shù)據(jù)。