第一篇：高二英語語法總結

高二英語語法總結

魔法課

英語語法是一樣繁瑣的知識，對于處于懶散狀態(tài)的高二學生來說，更加不想要去背和接觸，下面提高了一些關于高二英語語法的總結，希望派上用場。

主謂一致

1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)；主語為復數(shù)時，謂語用復數(shù)。（最基本的）

2、由and或both……and連接的并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。

但并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

3、由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each, every, no修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。

4、主語是單數(shù)時，盡管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with，as well as，together with，along with，like 等引導的介詞短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語一致。

注意：主語和謂語之間插入了分詞短語，謂語要與主語保持一致。

5、一些只有復數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。

6、集體名詞family, class, team, group 等看作整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；看作每一個成員時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。

7、當表示國家，城市，人名，書名，報紙，雜志，及組織機構等的專有名詞做主語時，作為整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

The New York Times is reading all over the United States.《紐約時報》

8、news，maths，physics，politics等詞貌似復數(shù)，實為單數(shù)，其謂語動詞用單數(shù).9、“the +形容詞”(如the poor，the rich，the young，the old，the dead，the sick，the brave 等)作主語，謂語動詞往往用復數(shù)

10、表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。

11、由連詞not……but……, or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復數(shù)，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致。（這個就是就近原則）

12、There be句型、以here開頭的句子謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。

13、a number of后面加復數(shù)名詞或代詞，其動詞用復數(shù)形式；但the number of后面加復數(shù)名詞或代詞時，其謂語用單數(shù)。

14、在定語從句中主語是關系代詞who , that , which , 謂語動詞的數(shù)應與先行詞的數(shù)一致。

注意：在“one of +復數(shù)名詞+ who/that/which”引導的定語從句中，從句謂語的單復數(shù)取決 于one前是否有the(only)、the very。如果有，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如沒有the only，就用復數(shù)形式。

省略

Ⅰ、狀語從句中的省略用法

以if從句為代表的狀語從句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了it is，that is，there is/are。

Ⅱ、定語從句中的省略用法

關系詞的省略 關系代詞that，which，whom等在限制性定語從句中充當賓語且不位于介詞之后時，可以省略；in which或that在先行詞way后作方式狀語從句時可省略。

Ⅲ、虛擬語氣中if及should的省略

1、當條件狀語從句中有were，had，should等時省略if，把它們提至句首，形成倒裝句。

2、Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建議、要求、命令的動詞后接的名詞性從句中，謂語動詞常用“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略。

Ⅳ、不定式符號to的省略

1、感官動詞see，hear，feel，watch等和使役動詞have，make，let等后接不定式作賓語時，不定式省略to。

2、在特定語境中為了避免重復，當不定式再次出現(xiàn)時，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的動詞。但不定式后有be，have時，也保留be和have。

Ⅴ、So和not的替代性省略

用于避免重復前面所說過的內容，替代詞so/not替代肯定或否定的名詞性從句。可與believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，speak，suppose，think，I’m afraid等連用

倒裝

1.在there be/live/lie句型中用全部倒裝: 2.在以there, here, now, then +be/come/go+主語的句子中用全部倒裝: 注：如果主語是代詞則不用倒裝。

3.以off, away, out, in, up, down等副詞開頭的句子以示強調或為了使情景更生動，句子用全部倒裝:

注：如果主語是代詞則不用倒裝。

4.only, not until所修飾的介詞短語、副詞或狀語從句放在句首時，要部分倒裝:

注：①主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

②Only+主語置于句首時，不倒裝。

5.never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, not, few, little, often, by no means, at no time等放在句首時，要部分倒裝:

6.在no sooner…than;not only…but also;hardly/scarcely …when;句型中，前面的句子要部分倒裝:

注：not only…but also, neither…nor連接兩個主語不倒裝。

7.以so, neither, nor開頭的句子，表相同概念的肯定或否定時，要全部倒裝:

e.g.:

I have never been to Beijing.Nor has he.She is a teacher, so am I.8.so/such…that句型中，把so/such修飾的那部分放在句首時，主句要部分倒裝:

9.as引導的讓步狀語從句，常把表語、狀語置于主首，用倒裝:

注：如果表語是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，該詞前一般不加冠詞。

Child as he is, he knows a lot.10.省略if的虛擬條件句置于句首時，用倒裝:

11.Such作表語放在句首時，表示強調，用倒裝:

12.為了保持句子平衡，或使上下文連接更緊，可把介詞短語、形容詞短語、副詞或分詞提到主語前，用全部倒裝語序:

過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞

一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的構成（形式）

現(xiàn)在分詞的構成

主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

過去分詞的構成：done

二、過去分詞的用法

過去分詞一般表示完成的和被動的動作，只有一種形式。

過去分詞用法如下：

1.作定語 和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的用法相同。作定語用的過去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在名詞的前面；如果是過去分詞短語，要放在名詞的后面。

2.作表語

3.作賓語補足語

4.作狀語

三、現(xiàn)在分詞的用法

1.作定語 作定語用的分詞如果是單詞，一般放在名詞的前面。如果是分詞短語，一般放在名詞的后面，它的功用相當于定語從句。

2.作表語

3.作賓語補足語 分詞在復合賓語中可作賓語補足語?？蓭н@種復合賓語的動詞有：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep等。

注1：上述句子也可以變?yōu)楸粍邮?。如：Steam can be seen rising

from the wet clothes.注2：復合賓語中用現(xiàn)在分詞和用不定式意義稍有不同。不定式表示動作發(fā)生了，指事物的全過程；分詞則表示動作正在進行。

Fortune often rewards with interest those that have patience to wait for her.這是一句英文諺語意思是只要有耐心，總會走好運。

第二篇：高二英語語法

高二英語語法——過去分詞專練 一．用所給的動詞的正確形式填空

1.Did you attend the meeting _______（hold)yesterday? 2.Do you know the name of the play________(put on)in the hall now? 3.I borrowed a book ______(write)by Mark Twain from the library last week.I like it very much.4.Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________(pay)by the hour.5.The rooms are _______(paint), so you can’t move in.6.What he has done is really ________(disappoint).Now his parents are ________(disappoint)with him.7.The murderer was brought in , with his hands _____(tie)behinds his back.8.I have had my bike _______(repair),and I'm going to have somebody _______(repair)my radio tomorrow.9.You must get the work _______(do)before Friday.10._______(enter)the room,the nurse found the tape-recorder _____(go).11.We are pleased to see the problem ______(settle)so quickly.12.I don't want the children ______(take)out in such weather.13.I'm afraid that I can't make myself _______(understand)because of my poor English.14.Jane got her bad tooth ______(pull)out at the dentist's.15.When ______(complete),the museum will be open to the public next year.16.With a lot of difficulties ______(settle),they went to the seashore and had a good rest.17.______(see)from space,the earth with water ______(cover)70％of its surface looks like a “blue blanket”.18.The girl wrote a composition without ______(ask)19.______(give)more attention,the trees could have grown better.20.Before he came to London,he had never heard a single English word _____(hear).21._______(hear)her friend was badly hurt,she burst into tears.22.They hurried back home only to find their house ______(break)into.23.Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty ______(express)in art and literature.24.The thief _______(question)by the police a moment ago still couldn’t tell the truth.25.I couldn’t accept the view ________(offer)to me unless it is based on facts.26.The ________(surprise)look on his face suggested that he must have heard some surprising news.27.He didn’t notice his wallet ________(steal).28.The students wouldn’t like the problem ________(discuss)at the moment.29.When we got to school,we saw the door_______(lock).30.I am very busy now.I’d like to have my little child_______(take)to school.31.Be careful,or you will have your hands _______(hurt).32.He spoke slowly to make himself _________(understand).33.When he woke up,he found himself ________(surround)by a group of children.34.The news reporters hurried to the airport,only _______(tell)the film star had left.35.After her journey from abroad,Mary returned home,________(exhaust).36.False friends are just like leaves,________(find)everywhere, but true friends are like diamonds ,precious and rare.37._________(encourage)by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.38.He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______(interest).39.While you were out,you should keep your doors and windows ________(close).40.The stone bridge _______(build)last year is very beautiful.二．短語互譯

1.Take up _________

2.Lose sight of _________ 3.Speed up ________ 4.Slide into _________ 5.Speed up ___________ 6.Contribute to ______ 7.Apart from__________ 8.Make sense __________ 9.Consist of _______ 10.Divide into _________ 11.Break away from_______________ 12.To one’s credit _________ 13.Leave out_________ 14.Break down_____ 15.Take the place of __________ 16.Be delighted by/at___________ 17.be strict with_________

18.Link.....to_________ 19.be unwilling to do sth_________

20.In memory of __________ 21.提出__________

22.得出結論 _________

23.擅長__________

24.使你的皮膚暴曬于陽光下______________ 25.向某人挑戰(zhàn) ____________

26.對........樂觀________________ 27.一.........就___________

28.在.......之前____________ 29.對......樂觀_________

30.恢復，完全恢復__________ 31.朝四面八方____________

第三篇：高二英語語法

高二英語語法總結精講

The past participle used as attribute and predicative 用作定語和表語的過去分詞

1)過去分詞作定語。如果是及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動關系，且表完成的狀態(tài)；如果是不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒有主被動關系之說，所以不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成的狀態(tài)。但有些表示思想感情的過去分詞如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主動，又不表完成。此外，作定語的過去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；作定語的過去分詞如果是動詞短語，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。如： You can drink boiled water，not boiling water． 你可以喝白開水，但不可以喝沸騰的水。

From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the examination． 從他的失望表情看，我知道他沒通過考試。

2)作表語，過去分詞作表語，多表示主語的狀態(tài)。如： This machine part is broken．這個機器零件壞了。

有些過去分詞實際上已被看成形容詞了，常見的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。用作賓補的過去分詞

過去分詞作賓補，與前面的賓語有邏輯上的被動關系且表動作的完成。

1)作表感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞的賓補，它們是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等 We hear the music played by the band．我們聽了樂隊演奏這首樂曲。Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都認為這場戰(zhàn)役輸?shù)袅恕?)作使役動詞的賓補，它們是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等 Please keep us informed of the latest development． 請隨時向我們通報事態(tài)的最新發(fā)展。I must get my bike repaired．我必須請人修自行車3)作表希望或要求的動詞的賓補，它們是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動形式作賓補基本相同。I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal． 我不要你們任何人牽涉到丑聞中去。

用作狀語的過去分詞無論過去分詞作狀語還是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，分詞的邏輯主語都要和主句的主語一致。過去分詞與主句的主語應是被動關系。過去分詞作狀語，表示時間、原因、讓步或伴隨等，這種過去分詞通常相當于狀語從句1)表時間(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加熱后，這種金屬會膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．這對夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧這個嬰兒。像第二句那樣當強調實踐概念時，過去分詞之前可用連詞when，while2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．他大吃一驚，一時說不出話來。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．那姑娘因受老師責備，而憤憤不 3)表讓步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀請，我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．盡管一再遭受挫敗，他們仍然繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。4)表伴隨 He stared at me(he was)astonished．他兩眼瞪著我，驚恐萬狀Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．愛因斯坦漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。由關系代詞“that”引導的名詞性從句 that引導名詞性從句時，本身沒有什么意思，它只起一個連接作用。①that引導主語從句時，一般不可省略，且可把that所引導的主語從句放在后面，前面用it代替that從句；當然，當主句用了被動語態(tài)或是一般疑問句時多用it作形式主語；如主句是感嘆句時，必須用it作形式主語，把that從句放在后面。②引導及物動詞的賓語從句時，在不引起歧義的情況下，that可以省略；that很少引導介詞的賓語從句(中學階段常見的能引導that從句的介詞有：except、but、in等)，如介詞引導that從句作賓語，常常在其后加it，在加that從句作賓語。③that從句作表語從句，一般不可省略。④that從句作同位語從句，一般不可省略。請看下列例句：That we shall be late is certain．=It is certain that we shall be late．我們要晚了，這是確定無疑的。It is said that he's got married．聽說他結婚了。I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all． 我知道他根本不懂英語(那個事實)。區(qū)別 where 引導的定語從句與狀語從句

1．where 引導定語從句時，where 是關系副詞，在從句中作地點狀語，其前面有表示地點的先行詞，where 引導的從句修飾先行詞。例如：

The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．我買這本書的那個書店離這里不遠 2．where 引導狀語從句時，where 是從屬連詞，where 引導的從句修飾主句的謂語動詞，where 前面沒有表示地點的先行詞。例如Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet武漢位于長江和漢江的匯合處。I found my books where I had left them．我在我原來放書的地方找到了我的書。有時，where 引導的地點狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引導的定語從句則不能。例如： Where there is a will，there is a way．(諺語)有志者事竟成。

Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命3．在有些情況下，where 引導的定語從句可轉換為 where 引導的地點狀語從句。例如A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert．(= A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．(= Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．溫暖而多雨的地方最適合于竹子生長。由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句多作主語從句、賓語從句或表語從句，偶爾也作同位語從句。在作上述從句時，其句型結構應該采用以下兩種： 1．疑問詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞 + 其他

2．本身是主語的疑問詞 + 謂語動詞 + 其他

不管采用哪種句型，其詞序總是正裝的，即主語必須置于謂語動詞前面。1)What you need is more practice．(主語從句)2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．(主語從句)3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(動詞賓語從句)4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介詞賓語從句)5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans．(表語從句)6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars．(同位語從句)虛擬語氣語氣是一種動詞形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。英語中共有三種語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。本單元所講的是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式，用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實，而只是一種愿望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。1．虛擬語氣在一般現(xiàn)在時的條件句和主句中的謂語動詞的形式如下：

從

句

主

句

過去式(be用were)would + 動詞原形

1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original． 要是我懂德文，我就讀《資本論》的原文。

2)If he were here now，everything would be all right． 要是他現(xiàn)在在這兒，一切就都沒問題了。

3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！2．虛擬語氣在wish后的賓語從句中的應用。如果該賓語從句表示一般現(xiàn)在時，其動詞一律用其過去式形式，be用were；如果該從句表示一般過去時，其動詞形式要用：had + 過去分詞；如果該從句表示現(xiàn)在進行時，其動詞形式要用were／was + 現(xiàn)在分詞；如果該從句表示一般將來時，其動詞形式要用：would／could + 動詞原形。

1)I wish I were／was as strong as you． 2)I wish I remembered his phone number．

3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day． 4)How I wish it weren't／wasn't raining now！5)I wish he would try again． 3．虛擬語氣在含有as if引導的從句中的動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句中的動詞形式相同。1)He acts as if he were／was an expert． 2)It seems as if it were／was spring．

3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years． 一般過去時與一般將來時中的虛擬語氣

表示過去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語動詞的主要形式如下：

從

句 主

句

had + 過去分詞

would have + 過去分詞

1．If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train． 2．If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake．3．You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes表示將來情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語動詞的主要形式如下：

從

句

主

句

were to／should + 動詞原形

would +

動詞原形

1．If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology．

2．If he were to／should travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it注：在虛擬條件中，有時可以把表示假設的從屬連詞if省掉不用，在此語境中，就把從句中的助動詞had，should或were移至其主語前，如：

1．Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment． 2．Were they to act like that again，we would／should criticize them severely3．Should we fail again next time，we wouldn't lose courage． 倒裝主語與謂語有兩種順序：一是主語在前，這和漢語是一致的，稱為自然語序或正裝語序。反之，如果謂語的全部或一部分置于主語之前，就是倒裝語序，產出倒裝語序主要有兩個原因：語法結構的要求；第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關倒裝語序的知識。1．主謂倒裝 A)凡表方位、方向或時間的副詞或介詞詞組處于句首時往往引起主謂倒裝。如： 1)There exist different opinions on this question． 關于這個問題存在著不同的意見。

2)Here comes the old lady．那位老太太來了。

3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to． 我們期待的時刻到來了。

4)Up went the arrow into the air． 颼的一聲箭射上了天空。

5)Now comes your turn．現(xiàn)在輪到你了。6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane．

呼地一聲在天空中飛過一架噴氣式飛機。

B)否定詞置于句首，引起部分倒裝(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞移至主語前)，如： 1)Never before has our country been so prosperous． 我們的國家從來沒有這樣繁榮昌盛。

2)Hardly did I think it possible．我?guī)缀跽J為這是不可能的。3)On no account should we follow blindly．我們決不應盲從。

C)“only + 狀語”置于句首引起部分倒裝，如： 1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved只有在艱苦斗爭之后這一目標才得以實現(xiàn)。2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there． 只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那里的局勢。D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝，如：

1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours' time． 萬一有人給我打電話，叫他兩小時以后再給我打。

2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket要是早點通知我，我就可能不買那機票了。2．表語倒裝

當表語置于句首，其系動詞也就隨之移至主語前形成完全倒裝，如： 1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard． 靠近村子南頭是一個很大的蘋果園。

2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China． 在展品中有中國制造的電腦和手機。

3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted，as are their parents．他們的祖父母是非常熱心的人，他們的父母也一樣。省略

在有些英語句子中，某些成分被省略掉了，這樣的句子稱為省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般說來在上下文已經交待清楚的情況下，可以省略那些已經提到的或不言而喻的部分。省略是避免重復、突出重要內容和使上下文緊密連接的一種語言手段。省略可出現(xiàn)于簡單句、并列復合句和主從復合句中。

一、常被省略的部分 1．省略主語

Beg your pardon？請再說一遍。(省略I)2．省略謂語或謂語的一部分

He is a doctor and his wife a teacher他是醫(yī)生，他妻子是老師。(省略is)I will do the best I can．我將盡力而為。(省略do)3．省略表語

表語的省略指的是：在主系表句子中，回答其問句時省略表語。這種省略已成固定格式，如果不省略反而不成句子習慣。There be句型的回答以及其反意問句的后半部分也要用省略式。

—Are you hungry？你餓嗎？ —Yes，I am．(hungry)．我餓。4．省略賓語

This is the book(that)you're looking for． 5．主語和謂語(系動詞)一起省略

—What would you like to eat？—你要吃什么？ —(I would like)Rice and meat．—米飯和肉。6．在if，when，though，as if等引導的從句中，如果其謂語動詞是be，可將主語一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating．吃飯時別說話7．一般疑問句的省略回答中動詞只用系動詞、情態(tài)動詞、助動詞 Can you swim？Yes，I can／No，I can't8．只保留一個主要句子成分，其余全部省略。What did you get？A book．(保留賓語)Wait！(保留謂語)9．the reason

why，the time when等限定性定語從句中可省略關系副詞。This is the place(where)we came last month這就是我們上個月來過的地方That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time．這就是他沒按時到達的原因。

省略可出現(xiàn)于簡單句、并列復合句和主從復合句中。

第四篇：蘇教版牛津高二英語語法總結

牛津高中英語－模塊五

第一單元

一 動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式

帶to-的動詞不定式的結構是to+動詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．帶to-的動詞不定式可以做： 1）句子的主語

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1）賓語不足語

如：I asked him to come over.2）定語

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3）同位語

如：His intention was to cheer me up.4）狀語

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．帶to-的動詞不定式有進行時態(tài)和完成時態(tài) 如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式

1．可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有： 1）let make have（有時候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官動詞：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom

Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(見證談話的整個過程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(見證談話正在發(fā)生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2．當有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞

1．V-ing可以充當名詞用。可以被用做： 1）做主語（指一般性的動作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介詞之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所談論的人比較明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復合名詞

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下動詞后面接v-ing Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用詞組后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區(qū)別。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區(qū)別。在使用時要

確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已經做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元

一 V-ing 充當形容詞或副詞

1．v-ing可作： 1）定語

v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構成復合詞。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語

如：This destruction is frightening.1）賓語補足語

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動作同時發(fā)生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成時態(tài)，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短語

v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短語可以表示： 1）時間

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for

things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）結果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．連詞+v-ing 也可以來表示時間。常用的連詞有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三單元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充當形容詞和副詞的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定語

v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名詞前的v-ed表達被動的含義。但有些v-ed 表達過去的含義，如，escaped retired fallen。比較下面的短語：

表被動：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表過去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有時候可以把副詞放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副詞或名詞連用構成復合詞。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補足語

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在動詞后面表示動作同時發(fā)生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短語

v-ed短語可以是v-ed單獨使用，也可以后面接賓語和/或狀語。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被動的v-ed短語可以表示： 1）時間 如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)條件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一個邏輯主語。在上述例子中，邏輯主語都是主句的主語。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有這些主語都跟主句的主語一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞

1．v-ing形式用來描述某人或某物給人造成某種感覺，在意義上通常是主動的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用來表達我們對某人或某事的感覺，在意義上通常是被動的，因為它表示我們

被一個動作所影響。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語－模塊六

第一單元

時態(tài)的概要1：現(xiàn)在時態(tài)

現(xiàn)在時態(tài)可以用來談論現(xiàn)在的時間，包括一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)。

1．我們用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)來談論： 1）現(xiàn)在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經常發(fā)生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我們用現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)來談論： 1）現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生或正在進行的動作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）現(xiàn)在正在被計劃，但在將來發(fā)生的動作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重復發(fā)生的動作，和always一起使用，通常帶有否定的附加含義 如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來談論過去和現(xiàn)在是如何聯(lián)系起來的。它用于： 1）重復的經歷。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發(fā)生的事情，但對現(xiàn)在有影響的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）過去開始，但現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我們用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)來談論從過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能繼續(xù)進行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元

時態(tài)的概要2：過去和將來時態(tài)

過去時態(tài)用來談論過去的事情，包括一般過去時態(tài)，過去進行時態(tài)，過去完成時態(tài)等。1．我們用一般過去時態(tài)來談論發(fā)生在過去并且現(xiàn)在已經結束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我們用過去進行時態(tài)來談論發(fā)生在過去，并且持續(xù)了一段時間的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我們用過去完成時態(tài)來談論：

1）在過去的過去發(fā)生并且在過去的某一個動作發(fā)生之前就已經結束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在過去的一個動作發(fā)生的同時所發(fā)生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.將來的時態(tài)用來討論將來的事情，包括一般將來時態(tài)，將來進行時態(tài)，過去將來時態(tài)等。1．我們用一般將來時態(tài)來討論將來將要發(fā)生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時態(tài)的結構：

1）will shall（用于提供有關將來的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于談論將來的計劃和意圖）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我們用將來進行時態(tài)來談論始于將來并且要持續(xù)一段時間的動作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我們用過去將來時態(tài)來談論在過去的時間被提起的時候發(fā)生在將來的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元

非真實條件句

非真實條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實的或是想象的。

1．我們用非真實條件句來闡述不真實的或想象的一個現(xiàn)在的條件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我們用非真實條件句來指代一個想象的過去的動作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我們用非真實條件句來談論想象的將來的情況。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真實條件句的構成：

現(xiàn)在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

過去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 將來 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might經?？梢曰Q，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意圖，計劃；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性 非真實條件句還有幾點需要注意：

1．在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表將來的非真實條件句中，還可以用were to/should 如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真實條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實的條件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元

非真實條件句：其它情況

非真實條件句還有以下其它情況。

1．當主句是有關現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情，而從句是有關過去發(fā)生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我們用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 開頭的短語來替代if條件句，來表達隱含的條件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我們也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 來引導非真實條件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表達非真實的情況。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英語－模塊七

第一單元

一 介詞

介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達時間，地點，行動等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．時間介詞

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用來表示時間。At后接點時間，in后接段時間，on后接具體某一天。For用來表示某事延續(xù)了多長時間，by指的是不晚于什么時間（到 為止），since指從過去某個時間到稍晚的某個時間或現(xiàn)在為止。其它表示時間的介詞還有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我們經常說in the morning/afternoon/evening,但當談論具體的早上，下午和晚上時，th則要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地點介詞

at，in和on是表示地點的介詞。At后接小地方或一個場合，in后接大地方，on表示在某個東西的表面。其它表示地點的介詞還有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行動介詞

介詞to經常用來表示行動，意思是“朝著方向”。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介詞短語

介詞可以和動詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構成介詞短語。1．介詞與動詞連用

許多介詞可以跟動詞連用構成詞組，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介詞與名詞連用

介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：當up to date出現(xiàn)在名詞前時，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介詞與形容詞連用

一些介詞可以和形容詞連用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二單元

動詞短語

動詞短語是由一個動詞加副詞或介詞構成的。

動詞+副詞：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.動詞+介詞：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用動詞短語時有一些規(guī)則需要注意：

1．在動詞短語里，副詞可以放在名詞的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．動詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介詞的動詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有時候動詞短語里的副詞后會接一個介詞。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1． 動詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：

動詞詞組 含義 例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the

kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．許多動詞短語的意思不止一個，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個意思：

1）能夠看見或聽見某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)闡述可能不是正確的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三單元

系動詞

系動詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態(tài)的成分的動詞。最常用的系動詞是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動詞。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官動詞是系動詞，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指變化的詞是系動詞：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1． 大多數(shù)情況下，系動詞后面接形容詞。但有時也接名詞或介詞短語。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四單元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被稱作分詞。分詞可以做定語修飾名詞，或做時間，原因，結果和方式狀語。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容詞一樣使用

1）v-ing通常表達正在進行的動作，或某事是什么樣子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表達被動的含義，或指代一個完成的動作，或告訴別人我們對某事的感覺。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分詞短語通常放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副詞一樣使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示時間。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示條件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表達緊隨主句動作之后的動作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被動和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示進行時態(tài)的被動態(tài)。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成時態(tài)的主動形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成時態(tài)的被動形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．當v-ed和v-ing被用做狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英語－模塊八

第一單元

否定句

否定句用來改正一個錯誤的觀點。如：Money does not buy happiness.在這句話里，錢能買來幸福的錯誤觀點被改正了。注：否定句有是表達肯定含義。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我們有幾種方式來表達否定含義。最常用的否定詞有：no，not，never，和neither。1．助動詞+not 在最簡單的否定句里，not或n’t放在助動詞后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它詞連用

1）當把not放在一個前面加上否定前綴（如：un-dis-in-）的單詞的時候，意思就變成肯定的了。但這種肯定沒有直接的肯定句強烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）當not放在表示時間，距離，數(shù)量的短語前時，則起到了強調否定含義的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-從句中額外的否定含義

有時候，我們把否定的表達放在whether和if的后面來表達對一種情況的懷疑。這種表達更加隨意而且常被用在英語口語中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：當表達有關自己的事情時，用I wonder whether/if… ,當表達有關別人的事情時，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．還有許多其它的否定表達。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二單元

省略

當我們不想重復含義比較明顯的單詞或短語時，我們就用省略。省略是使句子簡明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主語常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助動詞后面的單詞。如：“Did you enjoy the opera?” “Yes, I did(enjoy it).” 3)動詞不定式短語中，省略to后的內容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.4）非正式英語中，省略句中的某些單詞。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介詞或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一個句型和同一個動詞后的兩個從句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．為了節(jié)省空間和時間，一些單詞被省略，包括： 1）標志和標簽

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)報紙標題

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)說明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日記

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)筆記

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三單元

倒裝

倒裝就是改變句子中單詞的順序。當我們用倒裝的時候，我們把謂語提到主語的前面，因此我們強調的是謂語而不是主語。倒裝用于以下情況。1．最常見的倒裝的形式出現(xiàn)在問句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情況下，我們把助動詞放在主語的前面 1）以否定詞或短語開頭的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only開頭的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：當only修飾主語時，不需倒裝。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情況，主語放在動詞的后面 1）句子是直接引語或部分是直接引語。

如： “I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”

2)主語太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等開頭的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：當主語是代詞時，不需要倒裝。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真實條件句中，我們把should, were，had to 放在句子的開頭。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四單元

強調句

當我們需要用英語表達自己觀點的時候，我們必須要考慮的不止是詞匯和發(fā)音。我們選擇強調的單詞和句子成分能改變我們想要傳達的含義。

1．強調句可以借助某些單詞來表達，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果強調的不是動詞，而是句子某一成分，我們可以用以下句型“ It + be+強調部分+that從句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.1)上述句型可以用來強調主語，賓語或狀語。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.強調主語：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.強調賓語：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.強調狀語：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)當強調的主語是代詞時，代詞通常要用賓格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：當強調的是人時，引導詞用that或who。3)強調結構還可以用語問句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened?

4）我們用 “It was not until…that…”結構來強調時間短語。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我們想強調一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和一般過去時態(tài)中的肯定句中的動詞，我們可以在動詞前加助動詞do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.

第五篇：高二英語語法

1,改變原文的語序。

例如： This substance we call water，and come next only to oxygen．這種物質稱為水，其重要性僅次于氧。（＝We call this substance water，and this substance comes next only to oxygen．）

2．以“Hence ＋名詞”開頭的結構 

hence是表示結果意義的連接副詞，hence前面的句子表示原因，hence后面則省略了類似 come的動詞。它是倒裝句。

例如： Hence（comes）this instruction of the experiment因此，有這本實驗說明書。

3．某些常用詞組引導的省略疑問句，通常不需要寫出其省略部分。

例如： How（is it）about the result？結果怎么樣呢？ 

4．由習語組成的省略結構 

So much is for the foundry processes．工藝過程的內容就是這些。（＝Enough has been said or done about．．．；That is all we'll say about...）

Now for the sound-wave method．現(xiàn)在談談**方法。（＝And we will now talk about．．．）The grinding machine you operate must be oiled，and that at once．油，而且要馬上上油。（and that是個加強語氣的省略結構。that是指示代詞，代替上文的全部，與and連用表示強調，后接狀語。＝andmustbeoiledat可譯為“而且”。）

四、介詞（短語）的“無勝于有” 

英語介詞（短語）應用之頻繁，簡直到了“不可稍離”的地步。它是功能詞中最積極、最活躍之一。但有時，為了用詞簡潔精練，在上下文意境清楚的前提下，介詞常常省略。譯文中也要采取相應的簡潔表達手法。

1．動名詞-ing前，有時省略介詞。Most people just ruin scissors by）trying to sharpen them．大多數(shù)人想把剪刀磨快，結果卻磨壞了。

2．在含有way，height，length，size，shape，ckness等慣用語前，有時省略介詞。Try to keep your letters on）this side of 500 words．寫信請勿超過五百字。

3．在以next，this，one，every，each，some，等開頭的時間狀語前，有時省略介詞。Nine days（from）now will be May Day．起再過九天，便是五一節(jié)。

4．在“noun ＋participle”，“noun ＋and all”結構中，有時省略介詞“with”。He jumped into the water，(with his）clothes and all．他和著衣服跳進水里。

5．某些動詞、名詞、形容詞習慣搭配中的介詞（短語），在以what，when，how，whether，that出的從句或不定式短語之前，有時被省略。

例如： I am not informed（as to）whether he went，why from．我沒聽說他是否去了，為什么去，什么時候去，來自何地方。（省略與informed搭配的介詞as to。）

They are tempered to be careless(of）how they spend their time，because they imagine they have so much of it．對于如何支配時間，他們總是漫不經心，因為他們認為時間多的是。（省略與形容詞careless搭配的介詞of。）

英語省略句用詞簡練，表意簡練，往往收到一定的修飾效果，但省略必須根據(jù)習慣、語言內容和上下文而定。從上述各例句中可以看出，英語和漢語表達習慣不同。在很多上下文意境清楚的情況下，英語往往省略，而漢語能省略時才可省略，但往往不能省略的場合居多，需要重復。