第一篇：英語(yǔ)3寫作次重點(diǎn)

開放英語(yǔ)３寫作

一、1.日?；顒?dòng)2.主要工作（職業(yè)活動(dòng)）3.社交生活

Dear Bob, I’ll tell you something above my daily life in this email and hope you will find it interesting.I usually get up early and go to work at 8 o’clock.I have lunch in the office.And I come back home at six.As a secretary, I deal with phone calls, emails and faxes during work hours.I also do the paper work for the manager.After work, I like to do shopping with friends or watch TV at home.Sometimes, I also like to chat on the Internet.Best regards, Michelle 二.1童年的夢(mèng)想2.目前的情況3.對(duì)未來(lái)的希望

Dear Jennifer, Thank you for telling me about yourself.I’d like to let you know more about me too.As a child, I wanted to be a detective.I thought a detective was really great because he could solve criminal cases to do justice.But my dream never came true.I’m now a librarian, dealing with books every day.The work is nothing thrilling, but I like it.Since there are more and more electronic materials, I hope that we will have an e-library built soon.Looking forward to hearing from you again.Best wishes, Ian 三.1.事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)2.人物3.事件的經(jīng)過(guò)

One day last week, a girl parked her car outside a fashion house.As soon as she was inside, two men opened the car door, started the engine and drove away in just one minute.When the girl recovered from the shock, she called 110.Luckily, there was a police patrol car nearby.So the girl got in the police car and they drove in the direction where the thieves escaped.Twenty minutes later, they found the car waiting at a busy crossroad for the traffic lights to turn green.Needless to say, the car thieves were caught red-handed.Part II.Use of English 四.1.自主(autonomous)學(xué)習(xí)與遠(yuǎn)程教育2.自主學(xué)習(xí)與合作(collaborative)學(xué)習(xí)3.你自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況 Autonomous learning is an important learning style in distance education.It is an essential skill for distance learners because they study alone most of the time.They do not meet their tutors or classmates very often.However, distance learners can learn a lot from each other.So autonomous learning and collaborative learning go hand.I am a distance learner.I have to do most learning tasks by myself.Meanwhile we have group activities every two weeks to complete some learning tasks or share experiences.I have found both forms of learning very helpful.五.1.有一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為：城市生活比鄉(xiāng)村生活好2.你對(duì)這種觀點(diǎn)的看法3.你的結(jié)論

Some people believe that country life is better than country life.I don’t agree with this.Town life can be convenient to us in many aspects.For example, you can move around easily, shopping can be more fun in a big shopping mall and you can enjoy a more colorful nightlife.But there are also many disadvantages.It is much nosier than in the country.Air pollution is more serious.It is not easy to park your car.It costs more to live in town.To name but a few is enough.Therefore, I prefer country life.六1.保持身體健康的重要性2.保持身體健康的方法3.重申保持身體健康的意義

Nowadays, more and more people know the importance of keeping healthy.Without a healthy body, we can do nothing.For me, there are three main ways to keep healthy.First, it is necessary to keep a balanced diet, which is the basis of good health.It is better for us to have more fruit and vegetables everyday.Secondly, it is important to take regular exercises, such as swimming, jogging and so on.Last but not least, it is essential to keep in a good mood.Relaxation and entertainment are ways to renew our spirits and release our stress.When we make healthy habits a part of our everyday life, we are bound to keep healthy.七、1.哪一種是你最喜歡的交通方式2.闡述你的理由3.作出結(jié)論 In a modern city, there are many means of transportation, such as subway, taxi, bus and so on.But my favorite means of transportation is by bike.First, riding a bike is good for keeping healthy.I spend one hour riding a bike to my office on my working day, and I think it is a good form of physical exercise.Secondly, it is money-saving.Recently, the private car drivers always complain the price of gas is higher and higher, but if you ride a bike, it will cost you nothing.Thirdly, it is beneficial for protecting the environment, so it is a “green ”form of transportation.Therefore, although it has some disadvantages, I like riding a bike best.八、1.描述你家的位置2.各個(gè)房間的功能3.表達(dá)你對(duì)你們家居條件的態(tài)度 My home is a newly-built house in the north of the city.We have three rooms in addition to the kitchen and bathroom.The first room is the main room or living room.It is for having meals, relaxing, reading, watching television and so on.It is the busiest room in the house.The second room is my daughter’s bedroom.She sleeps and dresses there.The third room belongs to my wife and me.It seems quite spacious because we have little furniture.We sleep, prepare lessons and generally relax there.I think my home is cozy and I like my home.十.寫投訴信（1）假設(shè)你是A.Banister, 你對(duì)正在你家進(jìn)行的裝修工程感到不滿意，你向經(jīng)理Mr Townsend 寫一封70-80詞的投訴信，將你的問(wèn)題和所作的決定告訴他。（2）假設(shè)你是游客Mary Brown, 你曾于元月14，15日住在Hotel Royal，你對(duì)那里的住宿感到不滿意，你向經(jīng)理（不知姓名和性別）寫一封70-80詞的投訴信，將你遇到的問(wèn)題和希望得到的解決方法告訴他。3．該題的具體要求:內(nèi)容要點(diǎn):（1）你遇到的問(wèn)題；（2）你的決定或希望得到解決的方法。Dear Mr Townsend, I am writing to you to complain about the work on my house.I am not pleased with the work you have done.The chimney is not satisfactory, and I am unhappy about the path.I am also concerned about the roof.The quality of the work is not good enough in my opinion.I am also appalled by the mess in the garden.Generally I am very dissatisfied with the work.I am therefore withholding payment until you put it right.Yours sincerely, A.Bannister Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to you to complain about my stay at Hotel Royal.I stayed there on the 14th and 15th January.I was dissatisfied with the shower.It was too cold.I was unhappy with the room.It was very dirty.Also I was surprised by the restaurant.It closed very early.I would like the hotel to refund me some of the money I paid.Yours faithfully, Mary Brown 十四．寫提出忠告的電子郵件..假設(shè)你是Jim，你給一位健康狀況欠佳的朋友Pat寫一封120詞左右的電子郵件，以自己的情況向她提出堅(jiān)持鍛煉的忠告。4．該題的具體要求.內(nèi)容要點(diǎn).（1）你朋友的問(wèn)題及你的簡(jiǎn)況；（2）你向朋友提出的忠告。Dear Pat, Last time I saw you, you didn’t look too good.I felt just the same a few months ago, and so I started going to the gym, and I’m also on a diet and now I’m feeling really good.I hope you don’t mind if I give you some advice.You should go to the gym and get a personal trainer.You shouldn’t take the lift when you go upstairs and you shouldn’t take the bus to work.You should walk through the park.Always have fruit for breakfast and never eat too much fat.I am sure that if you stuck to this routine for a month, you would see the difference, and if you gave up smoking too, you would feel fantastic.Anyway, let me know how you get on.Good Luck!Jim 18．寫一篇80詞左右的短文，介紹中國(guó)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，給即將到中國(guó)訪問(wèn)的外國(guó)朋友提建議。該題的具體要求：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：主要的文化差異及風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。In China, when you meet someone for the first time you shake hands and say, “ni hao?” meaning “How do you do?” The reply to it is another “ni hao?” If you are invited to someone’s house for dinner, it is usual to take a present – some toys for the children, or flowers, wine, tea, etc.for the host or hostess.But don’t give the presents at the door and don’t expect the hosts and hostesses to open the gifts.We only open the gifts until after the guest leaves.You don’t need to telephone the next day to thank the host, unless you want to.Chinese people tend to talk about personal things, and talk about a person’s age, so don’t feel offended about that.Good topics for small talk are children’s education, food, sports, health, holiday, weekend activities and so on.19、寫一篇短文，描述你所認(rèn)識(shí)的一位朋友。字?jǐn)?shù)約為80詞。該題的具體要求：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：（1）人物的姓名，關(guān)系（name and relationship）。（2）描述外貌，性格（describe his/her appearance and character）。（3）描述行為（describe something that happened to him/her.）I’m going to write about my mother, Yang Meishun, who I like very much.My mother is medium height.I look up to her because she’s gifted in many ways and I learned a lot from her, such as cooking, knitting and handiwork.She likes cooking, walking and reading, and she doesn’t like singing KTV.She is warm, good-natured and outgoing.I remember once one of my friends wanted to learn embroidery, and my mother taught her patiently.She always invites my friends to come to our house.We get on very well.I like my mother very much.20、寫一篇80詞左右的短文描述你就讀的學(xué)校的情況。該題的具體要求：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：描述你過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在就讀的學(xué)校的情況。On-the-job training and life-long learning is very popular now.Many people attend courses after work in order to improve themselves with more advanced knowledge and skills.I am one of them.I work as an accountant, and therefore I study at Shenzhen TVU, majoring in accountancy.I think the courses are specially designed to help us to pass the national examination for the professional title in accounting.We study part-time, attending the tutorials in the evening or at the weekend two or three times a week.Most of the time, we study at home, reading books or the Internet resources.By the end of each term, we take final examinations.If we pass all of the exams, we will gain enough credits and then get diplomas and degrees.21．假設(shè)你是吳華，想去北京21st Century 報(bào)社應(yīng)聘，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面表格寫一封80-90詞左右的應(yīng)聘信。姓名吳華職業(yè)記者工齡11年出生年月1965年7月6日出生地中國(guó)吉林長(zhǎng)春外語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)有何特長(zhǎng)會(huì)使用計(jì)算機(jī) 個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷1990年北京大學(xué)新聞系畢業(yè) 1990年至1996年12月在深圳日?qǐng)?bào)社工作 1997年至1998年在英國(guó)BBC學(xué)習(xí)一年 1999年回報(bào)社新聞編輯部，任主任至今 Dear Sirs, My name is Wang Hua.I have been a journalist for eleven years.I’m writing to apply for the post of journalist you advertised for in the 21st Century.I was born in Changchun of Jilin Province on July 6th, 1965.I graduated from Journalism Department of Peking University in 1990.And then I worked in Shenzhen Daily From 1990 to December of 1996.I also studied in BBC in England for one year from 1997 to 1998.After that, I came back to Shenzhen daily in 1999 and have been the director of the news editorial department since then.Since I have such experience and I am good at computer and acquainted with three foreign languages including English, Japanese and German, I think I have the qualities to fit the job.Please give me an opportunity of personal interview on your most convenient date.I should be grateful if you could kindly give me an early reply.Yours sincerely, Wang Hua

23、假設(shè)你是一位顧客, 在一家商店買了一臺(tái)彩色電視機(jī)?；丶液蟀l(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有圖象，經(jīng)過(guò)與商場(chǎng)營(yíng)業(yè)員交涉，沒(méi)有得到滿意解決，你向商場(chǎng)經(jīng)理Mr Gao寫一封70 – 90詞的投訴信，將你的問(wèn)題和希望得到的解決方法告訴他。Dear Mr Gao, As a customer, I am writing to you to complain about the colour TV set that I bought from you market.When I brought it back home, I found it had no picture.Although I talked about this problem with the salesman, but I didn’t get a satisfactory solution.So I have to write to you.You must check it and put it right or exchange another one for me.Otherwise you should refund me the money I paid.I look forward to hearing from you.Yours sincerely, Mary Brown 24.你同學(xué)建華在國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)，你們經(jīng)常用英文通信。他即將完成學(xué)業(yè)，不久前來(lái)信說(shuō)將回國(guó)工作。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示回信：詞數(shù) 80左右； Dear Jianhua, I’m very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago.I’m very glad to know that you have finished your studies abroad.And what you are studying is well needed nowadays in China.It will be quite easy for you to find a good job.I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you.I’m working for the computer company now, and I must work from nine clock to five.If you are free, please come to visit me.I am looking forward to your letter.Best wishes, Minghua 25.根據(jù)下面的中文提示，寫一封電子郵件給你以前的一位同學(xué)，字?jǐn)?shù)要求不少于80)： 1.了解對(duì)方最近的學(xué)習(xí)情況。2.你的學(xué)習(xí)情況。3.請(qǐng)對(duì)方說(shuō)說(shuō)提高英語(yǔ)水平的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Dear Jane, How are you getting on with your study these days? Do you enjoy your study? Now we are studying politics, economics, maths, English, writing and so on.I find politics and maths interesting and easy to handle, while English is still my headache.The worse thing is: I have to take an English exam in the coming month.I am quite anxious about it.You are always good at English, I know.Can you tell me how to improve my English? I’ll really appreciate your help.Looking forward to your reply.Yours, Jack 8.My favorite means of transportation.（我最喜歡的交通方式）

In a modern city, there are many means of transportation, such as subway, taxi, bus and so on.But my favorite means of transportation is by bike.First, riding a bike is good for keeping healthy.I spend one hour riding a bike to my office on my working day, and I think it is a good form of physical exercise.Secondly, it is money-saving.Recently, the private car drivers always complain the price of gas is higher and higher, but if you ride a bike, it will cost you nothing.Thirdly, it is beneficial for protecting the environment, so it is a “green ”form of transportation.Therefore, although it has some disadvantages, I like riding a bike best.l.了解對(duì)方畢業(yè)后的情況2.你的近況。3.遨請(qǐng)對(duì)方方便時(shí)來(lái)訪。

Dear li fang: It has been five years since we separated after graduation from college.After I have leaned by chance that you live in the same city with me, I am so excited about the fact that we are so near but never get any chance for a meeting.Five years is long enough to bring about many changes to us.I work in a trading company and met my husband there who is the vice manager of the same department I work.We just got married last year and we will have a baby in three months.I am very happy with my present life.I am so eager to know more about you.So would you contact me for a meeting as soon as you read my email? You can reach me any time at 33335555 Yours!Yang li l.告訴對(duì)方你最近將出去旅游。

2.了解對(duì)方所在地的旅游景點(diǎn)。3.請(qǐng)對(duì)方給予幫忙安排。

Dear Zhang lan: I am very glad to let you know that we will have a one-week holiday next month.You know I have been looking forward to a trip for nearly two years.So I collected two of good friends to enjoy the trip with me.After much consideration, we at last planned a trip to your city.You know we have got round to nearly every place worth seeing in my province.So this time we must take the chance to make a long journey.Your city is well known for its places of historic interests which greatly attracts us.But one week is not long enough to visit all of them.Thus we need your brief introduction of the places most worth a visit.Since it is the first time to go to your city, would you help us with an arrangement for a local trip and accommodation? Thanks!Guo feng 1.了解對(duì)方近來(lái)狀況.2.通知對(duì)方同學(xué)將在元旦舉行聚會(huì).3.請(qǐng)對(duì)方參加。

Dear Zhouyi: Another year has passed since we met last time on the reunion party of former classmates.The only news about you is that you got a promotion, so would you reply me an email with more details about how you are getting on? This letter is mainly to inform you that this year's get-together of the former classmates will be held on the fist day of new year.You know this is the only occasion when we can catch up on each other.We are looking forward to your attendance by the time.Yours!Liang shan l.了解對(duì)方最近的學(xué)習(xí)情況。2.你的學(xué)習(xí)情況.3.請(qǐng)對(duì)方說(shuō)說(shuō)提高英語(yǔ)水平的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

Dear Li hua: It has been two years since we went to different colleges after our graduation.I know you were the best in English in high school, so I believe you are still in a leading place with English in your class.Last year I took the college English test band four, but I got so low a mark that I want to try again this term.I don't like my other subjects to be disturbed by only the English test.For a satisfactory result, I need your help with your experience of English learning.Thank!Deng ping 1.你的近況.2.請(qǐng)對(duì)方幫你購(gòu)買英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法書.3.遨請(qǐng)對(duì)方方使時(shí)來(lái)訪。Dear Lihua, Five years is long enough to bring about many changes to us.I work in a trading company and met my husband there who is the vice manager of the same department I work.We just got married last year and we will have a baby in three months.I am very happy with my present life.Now I need an English grammar book..Can you help me to buy one? I can't find a suitable one here.I haven't seen you for ages.If you have time, please come here.I will show you around my city.It is worth seeing.I am so eager to know more about you.So would you contact me for a meeting as soon as you read my email? You can reach me any time at 33335555 Dengping 6.my hometown（我的家鄉(xiāng)）

My hometown is called Wencun, located in Taishan county, Guangdong province.My hometown is at the seaside of the South Sea, it takes about two hours to get there from Jiangmen city.The population is about 50 thousand.They are mostly farmers and usually very friendly, but a bit conservative.People still hold onto a lot of old traditions, but they are very kind, for example, if you ask someone for directions, they are always try the best to help you out.It's a quiet place and I like it.10.Spring Festival Spring Festival is Chinese new year, it is also called the lunar new year and it’s the greatest traditional festival in a year.Before the day, we clean the room, sweep the floor, dust the furniture.We are all very exciting.In the evening, we have dumplings and have a big meal.In the morning of Chinese new year, we have noodles.We go out and visit friends and relatives.We say Good Luck and Happy New Year to them.We are dancing and singing.Everybody is happy and gay.9、Why we learn English English is one of the world's most widely used languages.and is spoken as a native language by over three handred million people in the world.English is often necessary for official business，education，information, international trade and other activities in many countries.Our country is a developing country, if we wants our country strong and rich, we must learn the advanced technology and science from the developed country.We should use English as a weapon in our life.So we must learn English well.

第二篇：2003考研英語(yǔ)寫作重點(diǎn)

2014考研英語(yǔ)：11月，如何高效備考寫作 2013-11-05 09:50

時(shí)至11月，考研隨之也進(jìn)入倒計(jì)時(shí)，作文，作為考研英語(yǔ)中占據(jù)30%分值的部分，絕對(duì)不容忽視。關(guān)于寫作部分今年的大綱沒(méi)有任何改動(dòng)，雖然年年歲歲 題相似，但是歲歲年年愁煞人，對(duì)于廣大考生來(lái)說(shuō)，是最沒(méi)有把握的部分。要想應(yīng)對(duì)寫作，光有好的英文基礎(chǔ)還是不夠的，要想拿高分，必須了解考試的目的，考試 評(píng)分要點(diǎn)，有的放矢的準(zhǔn)備。一篇好作文應(yīng)該是緊扣文章主題，遵循特定的文體格式，選用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫，語(yǔ)法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)。在考 研英語(yǔ)作文評(píng)分中，語(yǔ)言第一位，結(jié)構(gòu)第二位，內(nèi)容第三位。所以最重要的是無(wú)錯(cuò)誤的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，邏輯詞的運(yùn)用。一定要記住，閱卷老師閱卷時(shí)間極其有限，其評(píng)分 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是錯(cuò)誤量和語(yǔ)言的變化。這二者是高分的重要條件。英語(yǔ)是講究變化的。這種變化不光是詞匯還包括句型。請(qǐng)盡可能的回避掉那些被閱卷老師看得直想吐的 陳詞濫句，比如，“I think”, “very important”之流。但是各位考生也千萬(wàn)不要為了追求詞語(yǔ)的華麗而堆積一些自己也沒(méi)把握的單詞，不要刻意追求長(zhǎng)句而寫一些自己不知對(duì)錯(cuò)的有多個(gè)從句組成的長(zhǎng)句，不要 因?yàn)榇罅刻子煤芏嚯y詞難句而走進(jìn)寫的越多，錯(cuò)誤越多，錯(cuò)誤越多，分?jǐn)?shù)越低的誤區(qū)，詞句的高級(jí)，語(yǔ)言的漂亮都應(yīng)該是建立在表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的前提之下，不然還不如使 用簡(jiǎn)單但是正確的語(yǔ)言的得分高。所以，這是一個(gè)需要取舍的問(wèn)題。所以不同的考生應(yīng)根據(jù)自身的情況量力而行，要清楚知道你的能力極限是什么，那些難詞難句是 否超出你的能力范圍，適合自己的才是最好的。

最后為了降低錯(cuò)誤率，寫完之后，請(qǐng)務(wù)必檢查一遍。英語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)考生由于倉(cāng)促，緊張等原因，很容易犯一些簡(jiǎn)單的，一眼就能發(fā)現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。檢查不檢查最 少有兩分之差，看看拼寫是否有誤，主謂是否一致，單復(fù)數(shù)有無(wú)問(wèn)題，時(shí)態(tài)正確與否。所以海文考研希望考生一定要留出幾分鐘時(shí)間用于修改。不要大幅度進(jìn)行修 改，更不要因?yàn)樾薷钠茐木砻嬲麧崳砻嬲麧嵱肋h(yuǎn)比你想象的要重要的多。這直接影響閱卷人的第一主觀判斷。

語(yǔ)言的應(yīng)用能力不可能一蹴而就，必須經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)踐鍛煉，才能厚積薄發(fā)。

第三篇：英語(yǔ)摘要的寫作重點(diǎn)

英文摘要

一．英文摘要的寫作注意事項(xiàng)

1.一般不要對(duì)論文內(nèi)容作評(píng)論，尤其是自我評(píng)價(jià)。

2.結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)明，語(yǔ)義確切。摘要先寫什么，后寫什么，要按邏輯順序來(lái)安排。句子之間要上下連貫，互相呼應(yīng)。每句話要表意明白，無(wú)空泛、籠統(tǒng)、含混之詞。摘要不分段。

3.用第三人稱。建議采用“對(duì)···進(jìn)行了研究”，“報(bào)告了···現(xiàn)狀”，“進(jìn)行···調(diào)查”等記述方法表明文章的性質(zhì)和文章主題，建議使用“本文”，“作者”等作為主語(yǔ)。

二．要寫好英文摘要，作者（考生）必須要回答好以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。

1.本文的目的或要解決的問(wèn)題

2.解決問(wèn)題的方法及過(guò)程

3.主要結(jié)果及結(jié)論，陳述文章的結(jié)論是應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

三． 范文臨摹

Directions:

Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on Answer Sheet.冬季的體育鍛煉

盡管冬季寒冷，但是仍需進(jìn)行必要的體育鍛煉。寒冷的氣候條件下進(jìn)行體育鍛煉，一定要注意自我保健，否則，會(huì)適得其反，凍壞身體。冬季體育鍛煉項(xiàng)目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨練、冬泳等，下面結(jié)合冬季氣候作介紹。

首先是著裝問(wèn)題。服裝的隔熱值必須與運(yùn)動(dòng)中增強(qiáng)的代謝產(chǎn)熱過(guò)程平衡。在冷天中多穿衣服，衣服在皮膚之外包住一層溫暖的空氣，使傳導(dǎo)散熱過(guò)程減弱。但在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，機(jī)體的產(chǎn)熱大大增加，如果穿得過(guò)多，反而有害，應(yīng)穿輕便的衣服。這樣在運(yùn)動(dòng)中產(chǎn)熱增加時(shí)，可以方便地脫掉。近年來(lái)服裝制造商在發(fā)展輕質(zhì)服裝方面不斷改進(jìn)，這樣可以保證良好的隔熱性，同時(shí)又保證了活動(dòng)的自由性。

在寒冷環(huán)境下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，機(jī)體能量代謝增強(qiáng)，產(chǎn)熱增加，此時(shí)機(jī)體血管擴(kuò)展，大大降低了身體對(duì)寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在運(yùn)動(dòng)間隙要特別注意保暖，及時(shí)加衣。寒冷環(huán)境中運(yùn)動(dòng)能量消耗大，代謝水平高，使身體內(nèi)的能源物資消耗增多，在代謝過(guò)程中還需要各種維生素的參與，如維生素B1、B2、B3、煙酸、維生素C等需求增加。

因此，對(duì)于從事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷環(huán)境下鍛煉者的膳食，應(yīng)注意增加較多的熱量。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，冬季比春季從事同等強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)熱量消耗高10℅左右。據(jù)測(cè)算，一個(gè)成年人兩小時(shí)的滑冰練習(xí)可增加消耗1000-1500千卡熱量。在三大物資的比例中，因脂肪具有產(chǎn)熱量多的特點(diǎn)，且增加脂肪有助于機(jī)體御寒，故應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部熱量的25℅-30℅；而蛋白質(zhì)也應(yīng)偏高，占12℅-18℅；其余由糖來(lái)供給。體育運(yùn)動(dòng)者按每天消耗3500卡熱量計(jì)算，蛋白質(zhì)約需130克，脂肪150克，糖約480克。相當(dāng)于每天應(yīng)攝入米飯或饅頭600克左右，雞肉100克，瘦豬肉200克，雞蛋兩個(gè)，牛奶兩杯，植物油50克等。冰雪項(xiàng)目鍛煉中，膳食中維生素也應(yīng)相應(yīng)增加，維生素C能增強(qiáng)人體對(duì)寒冷的適應(yīng)能力。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)，攝入大量維生素可明顯減少寒冷環(huán)境中的體溫下降幅度，緩解機(jī)體腎上腺的過(guò)度應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，增加機(jī)體耐寒能力。

冬泳是我國(guó)北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理論上有其科學(xué)性，但冬泳畢竟是一項(xiàng)冒險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，必須掌握科學(xué)的方法。反之，就會(huì)影響身體健康，甚至誘發(fā)疾病。一是冬泳鍛煉應(yīng)從

秋季的冷水浴開始，逐漸提高對(duì)寒冷的適應(yīng)能力；冬泳期間應(yīng)加強(qiáng)高能力飲食的補(bǔ)充，冬泳前不要喝酒；對(duì)于心、肝、腎有嚴(yán)重疾病的人或腦血管病、潰瘍、關(guān)節(jié)炎患者，以及婦女在月經(jīng)期均不宜冬泳。

冬季有晨練習(xí)慣的人，遇大霧天，最好在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行，一是霧天能見度低，容易發(fā)生交通事故；二是冬霧中含有對(duì)人體有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸入人體易引起氣管炎、喉炎、結(jié)膜炎和一些過(guò)敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨練應(yīng)盡量用鼻呼吸，鼻道能對(duì)人的冷空氣預(yù)熱，鼻粘膜能阻止吸入空氣中的灰塵。對(duì)于嚴(yán)重的疾病患者，冬天的耐寒鍛煉更應(yīng)適度。鍛煉時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)病情變化適當(dāng)減少或增加幅度，以防舊病復(fù)發(fā)。注意循序漸進(jìn)，掌握體育鍛煉與藥物治療相結(jié)合的原則。在天氣過(guò)于寒冷時(shí)，最好不要外出鍛煉。

Physical Exercises in Winter

In this essay, the author gives some tips for self-health care in winter exercises.Firstly, special attention should be given to clothing during winter exercises.Meanwhile, it is important to keep warm during breaks, for strenuous exercises make our blood vessels expand and thus reduce our cold resistance.Secondly, more fat, protein, sugar and vitamins should be added in daily diet to meet the need of 10% higher energy consumption.Thirdly, if you want to go winter swimming, scientific instructions should also be followed.High-energy diet and cold shower in autumn are necessary for winter swimmer.At last, as for those who are fond of morning exercises in winter, the author suggests indoor exercises when there is heavy fog outside.

第四篇：寫作重點(diǎn)

一、名詞解釋（5個(gè)*4分）

1、行政公文的定義：行政機(jī)關(guān)的公文，是行政機(jī)關(guān)在行政管理過(guò)程中形成的具有法定效力和規(guī)范體式的文書，是依法行政和進(jìn)行公文活動(dòng)的重要工具。（2000年8月24日發(fā)布的《國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理辦法》第二條）

2、啟事：是機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、企事業(yè)單位、公民個(gè)人有事情需要向公眾說(shuō)明，或者請(qǐng)求有關(guān)單位、廣大群眾幫助時(shí)所寫的一種說(shuō)明事項(xiàng)的實(shí)用文章。

3、推薦信：一種向用人單位推薦人才的書信。有向某單位自薦的，也有第三者薦舉的。有薦舉賢能、公私兼顧的特點(diǎn)。

4、訃告：訃告又稱“訃文”、“訃聞”。訃告就是由逝世者的家屬或治喪委員會(huì)或逝世者生前的工作單位，向逝世者生前親友和有關(guān)團(tuán)體、個(gè)人報(bào)喪所使用的一種文書。分為：一般式訃告、公告式訃告、新聞報(bào)道訃告。

5、歡迎詞：歡迎詞是東道主出面對(duì)賓客的到來(lái)表示歡迎的講話文稿。有歡愉性和口語(yǔ)性的特點(diǎn)。從表達(dá)方式上分為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)講演歡迎詞和報(bào)刊發(fā)表歡迎詞，從設(shè)焦點(diǎn)公關(guān)性質(zhì)上分私人交往歡迎詞和公事往來(lái)歡迎詞。

6、祝辭：祝辭也寫作祝詞，指在喜慶場(chǎng)合中對(duì)人對(duì)事表示祝賀的言辭或文章。祝辭是行政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、社會(huì)團(tuán)體或個(gè)人在喜慶場(chǎng)合對(duì)某人或某項(xiàng)即將開展的工作、事業(yè)表示祝福的言辭或文章。祝詞一般是在市區(qū)表示未果時(shí)表示的一種祝愿和希望。

7、開幕詞：開幕詞是大型會(huì)議開始的時(shí)候，由組織召開會(huì)議的機(jī)關(guān)的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人向大會(huì)全體代表發(fā)表的講話，開幕詞的內(nèi)容主要是闡述會(huì)議的指導(dǎo)思想、宗旨、重要意義、向與會(huì)者提出要求并對(duì)會(huì)議的成功表示祝愿。

8、消息：消息是對(duì)新進(jìn)發(fā)生或發(fā)現(xiàn)的有新聞價(jià)值和社會(huì)意義的事實(shí)的迅速及時(shí)、簡(jiǎn)明扼要的報(bào)道。

9、通訊：通訊是一種比消息更詳細(xì)和生動(dòng)地報(bào)道客觀事物和典型人物的新聞體裁?？梢杂妹鑼?、議論、抒情、敘述等多種手法來(lái)寫人寫事。它的作用是評(píng)價(jià)人物、事件推廣工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，介紹地方風(fēng)貌。

10、深度報(bào)道：是一種系統(tǒng)而深入的反映重大新聞事件和社會(huì)問(wèn)題，闡明事件因果關(guān)系，揭示實(shí)質(zhì)，追蹤和探索事件的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的報(bào)道方式。

二、簡(jiǎn)答（4個(gè)*8分）

1、行政公文的特點(diǎn)：

①制發(fā)具有程序性：撰寫和制發(fā)過(guò)程中，它要受公文處理程序的嚴(yán)格制約，如公文的制發(fā)，必須經(jīng)過(guò)起草、核稿、簽發(fā)等程序。

②格式具有規(guī)范性：公文格式有慣用的格式和法定的格式兩種，慣用格式是約定俗成的，用于普通公文中計(jì)劃和總結(jié)的格式，發(fā)到各市是權(quán)威關(guān)規(guī)定的，有一定的法律效益。

③公文有法定作者制發(fā)：公文的法定作者是指依法成立并能以自己的名義行使職權(quán)和擔(dān)負(fù)義務(wù)的機(jī)關(guān)或組織。（撰寫和制發(fā)公文不是個(gè)人所為，所體現(xiàn)的是機(jī)關(guān)或組織。）

④法定權(quán)利的制約性：公文只能由法定的作者制發(fā)，法定的作者即社會(huì)組織的機(jī)關(guān)及相關(guān)部門都規(guī)定了隸屬關(guān)系和職權(quán)范圍，其公文式這種隸屬關(guān)系和職權(quán)范圍的反映。

2、申請(qǐng)書的寫作要求：

①實(shí)事求是，一事一申請(qǐng)，向誰(shuí)申請(qǐng)要明確，不能越級(jí)申請(qǐng)。

②簡(jiǎn)明扼要，申請(qǐng)理由要充分，表達(dá)更具體。

③樸實(shí)誠(chéng)懇，真情實(shí)感，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔樸實(shí)，態(tài)度陳懇,要有真情實(shí)感，理由要充分，表達(dá)要具體。

3、感謝信的特點(diǎn)：

①公開感謝和表?yè)P(yáng)，感謝信除了具有感謝的意思之外，還有表?yè)P(yáng)的功能。除了送給對(duì)方或?qū)Ψ降乃趩挝恢?，也可以寄到?bào)社，電臺(tái)，電視臺(tái)播報(bào)。

②情感性：感謝，顧名思義就是有感而發(fā)，對(duì)對(duì)方的幫助、關(guān)心發(fā)自內(nèi)心地感謝，是對(duì)方在付出勞動(dòng)后得到心理的受益。所以感謝信要真摯，誠(chéng)懇，不能矯揉造作。③禮節(jié)性：感謝信是一種禮儀文書，一方受惠于另一方應(yīng)及時(shí)地向?qū)Ψ奖磉_(dá)謝意，并以此為契機(jī)加強(qiáng)與對(duì)方的友好合作關(guān)系。為了體現(xiàn)真誠(chéng)，感謝信最好要手寫，字體要規(guī)范、工整，用于張貼的感謝信必須用大紅紙抄寫。

4、表?yè)P(yáng)信的寫作要求：

①敘事要實(shí)事求是，對(duì)被表?yè)P(yáng)的人和事的敘述一定要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，既不夸大，也不縮小。評(píng)價(jià)要實(shí)事求是，恰如其分。

②要用事實(shí)說(shuō)理，要充分反映出對(duì)方的可貴品質(zhì)，寫動(dòng)人事跡要做到見人、見事、見精神。不要空泛的說(shuō)理代替動(dòng)人的事跡。

③表?yè)P(yáng)信語(yǔ)氣要熱情懇切，文字要樸素，精煉，篇幅要短小精悍。

5、慰問(wèn)信分為哪三種并簡(jiǎn)述

（1）對(duì)做貢獻(xiàn)的集體或個(gè)人的慰問(wèn)

這類慰問(wèn)主要針對(duì)那些承擔(dān)艱巨任務(wù)、做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)甚至犧牲了自己生命，取得突出成績(jī)的先進(jìn)個(gè)人或單位。如對(duì)抗洪搶險(xiǎn)的解放軍戰(zhàn)士的慰問(wèn)、對(duì)保家為國(guó)的邊防軍人的慰問(wèn)、對(duì)春節(jié)期間仍堅(jiān)守崗位的鐵路工人的慰問(wèn)，等等。

2.對(duì)遭受困難或蒙受損失的單位或個(gè)人的慰問(wèn)。

這類慰問(wèn)信通常是針對(duì)那些由于某種原因（如車禍、火災(zāi)、地震、暴雨等）而遭受到暫時(shí)困難或蒙受嚴(yán)重?fù)p失的集體或個(gè)人，對(duì)他們表示同情、安慰鼓勵(lì)他們克

服暫時(shí)的困難而加倍努力。如對(duì)災(zāi)區(qū)人民的慰問(wèn)、對(duì)邊區(qū)群眾的慰問(wèn)等。

3.節(jié)目慰問(wèn)。

在節(jié)目之際上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)，機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)支援群眾的一種慰問(wèn)。一般表示對(duì)他們以前工作的肯定和贊揚(yáng)，并鼓勵(lì)他們?cè)谖磥?lái)的工作中作出更大的成績(jī)。

6、禮儀文書的特點(diǎn)：

①交際性，作為社會(huì)交往，禮儀活動(dòng)的問(wèn)題，禮儀文書只要體現(xiàn)雙方或多方愿望、喜好、情感、反映的是一種“雙邊”關(guān)系，為促進(jìn)相互了解，彼此吸收對(duì)方長(zhǎng)處和積極因素的目的，為增進(jìn)友誼、加強(qiáng)合作、促進(jìn)人際關(guān)系的和諧起催化劑的作用，②禮節(jié)性，禮儀文書注重“以禮待人”強(qiáng)調(diào)因人、因事、因地、因時(shí)地接人待物，用書面的文字材料加上禮儀活動(dòng)，充分展示風(fēng)俗的禮儀內(nèi)容。

③規(guī)范性，禮儀文書一般都有比較固定的格式和用語(yǔ)，是一種比較規(guī)范化的問(wèn)題，有時(shí)要特別注意文章開頭和結(jié)尾，還有行文中的款式，這是一種約定俗成的格式而非法律規(guī)定。

7、祝辭和賀辭的區(qū)別：祝辭也寫作祝詞，指在喜慶場(chǎng)合中對(duì)事表示祝賀的言辭或文章。祝辭是行政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、社會(huì)團(tuán)體或個(gè)人在喜慶場(chǎng)合對(duì)某人或項(xiàng) 即將開展的工作、事業(yè)表示祝福的言辭或文章。祝辭一般是在事情未果時(shí)表示的一種祝愿和希望。

賀詞是行政機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、社會(huì)團(tuán)體或個(gè)人在喜慶場(chǎng)合對(duì)某人或某項(xiàng)已經(jīng)取得成功的工作，事業(yè)表示祝賀的言詞或文章。賀詞一般是在事情既果之后而表示的慶賀的道喜。

祝賀與賀詞的區(qū)別是顯而易見的，祝辭是在事前，表示祝愿、希望，而賀詞是事后，表示慶賀、道喜。但在某些場(chǎng)合卻可以互用，今天人們?cè)趯?shí)際使用中又常常將祝辭、賀詞混在一起，祝、賀之間也難以分清，所以這里我們將其歸為一節(jié)進(jìn)行介紹。

8、通訊、消息的區(qū)別：

消息是對(duì)新進(jìn)發(fā)生或發(fā)現(xiàn)的有新聞價(jià)值和社會(huì)意義的事實(shí)的迅速及時(shí)、簡(jiǎn)明扼要的報(bào)道。

通訊是一種比消息更詳細(xì)和生動(dòng)地報(bào)道客觀事物和典型人物的新聞體裁?？梢杂妹鑼?、議論、抒情、敘述等多種手法來(lái)寫人寫事。它的作用是評(píng)價(jià)人物、事件推廣工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，介紹地方風(fēng)貌等。

優(yōu)秀的通訊都能寫成消息，從內(nèi)容上，消息主要以報(bào)道事件為主，向人們報(bào)道新近發(fā)生的事，通訊報(bào)道的是人，寫人的思想及實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。從結(jié)構(gòu)上，消息會(huì)把新現(xiàn)代東西放在前面，成倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)，通訊澤斯要把材料串起來(lái)，全部都很重要。

從新聞時(shí)效說(shuō)，消息要迅速，快，通訊則要求沒(méi)那么嚴(yán)。信息量上消息單薄一些，通訊豐滿一些，信息深度上，消息簡(jiǎn)單一些，通訊深一些。從資源占有上，占有的材料詳盡寫通訊，占有資料相對(duì)較少的寫消息。

9、簡(jiǎn)述開幕詞及閉幕詞的特點(diǎn)及寫作格式 開幕詞特點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)明性，開幕詞要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，短小精悍，口語(yǔ)化，通俗，明快，上口。寫作格式：標(biāo)題（大會(huì)名稱加文中，致辭人姓名、大會(huì)名稱、文種組成），署名（署致開幕詞的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的姓名，放在標(biāo)題下一行居中位置），日期（在書摩納哥下一行正中位置，時(shí)間要加括號(hào)），稱呼（對(duì)與會(huì)者的統(tǒng)稱，后跟“同志們”或“女士們，先生們”后加冒號(hào)），正文（開頭，主體，結(jié)尾。）。閉幕詞特點(diǎn)：①總結(jié)性：肯定會(huì)議的重要成果，強(qiáng)調(diào)會(huì)議的主要意義和深遠(yuǎn)影響。②概括性：閉幕詞應(yīng)對(duì)會(huì)議整體情況進(jìn)行高度的語(yǔ)言概括。

③號(hào)召性：要增強(qiáng)與會(huì)人員貫徹會(huì)議精神的決心和信心，富有號(hào)召性的和鼓動(dòng)性。

④口語(yǔ)化：要適合口頭表達(dá)，要求通俗易懂，生動(dòng)活潑。

閉幕詞的格式：標(biāo)題（和開幕式的標(biāo)題類似）有主副標(biāo)題的寫法，將主要內(nèi)容或主要觀點(diǎn)概括成一句話做標(biāo)題。署名（置于標(biāo)題下一回居中位置）日期（標(biāo)題署名下居中位置）稱呼（和開幕式稱呼寫法一致）正文（開頭、主體、結(jié)尾）。

10、如何理解消息對(duì)當(dāng)下生活的意義

11、深度報(bào)道中一個(gè)核心一個(gè)前提十二種武器如何理解

前提：采訪是任何一篇新聞報(bào)道的關(guān)鍵。核心：講故事。

十二種武器：細(xì)節(jié)，展現(xiàn)，虛實(shí)結(jié)合，起伏，呼應(yīng)，棒喝，沖突，人物，情感，開局有氣勢(shì)有突兀感，結(jié)尾重在雋永，留白，結(jié)構(gòu)兩頭小中間大。

三、實(shí)用文寫作（3個(gè)*10分）

P39第二大題 一、二、三、四、六、小題請(qǐng)柬感謝信

四、案例分析（1個(gè)*18分）

1、新聞評(píng)論

2、推薦信（自薦信）

第五篇：應(yīng)用文寫作1-4次答案

第一次作業(yè) 一 填空題

1公文形成的主體是（國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)及其他社會(huì)組織）。2規(guī)劃、綱要、計(jì)劃、安排等屬于（事務(wù)）文書。

3公文的書面格式包括眉首部分、（主體部分）、版記部分。42000年8月（24日）重新修訂了《國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)公文處理辦法》。二 簡(jiǎn)答題

1簡(jiǎn)述公文的書面格式的內(nèi)容。

答：公文的書面格式內(nèi)容主要包括以下幾部分：

（一）文頭部分內(nèi)容 1．公文管理標(biāo)識(shí)。包括公文代碼、份號(hào)、秘密等級(jí)、緩急時(shí)限、以及收文處理等。2．公文版頭。也叫發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)版頭。發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)版頭簡(jiǎn)稱“文頭”。文頭是發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)用來(lái)制發(fā)正式文件時(shí)使用的發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)標(biāo)識(shí)。3．發(fā)文字號(hào)。由發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)代字、發(fā)文年號(hào)及該的發(fā)文序號(hào)組成。4．簽發(fā)人姓名。在公文中標(biāo)注簽發(fā)人姓名，是表示公文生效并對(duì)該公文內(nèi)容鄭重負(fù)責(zé)的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。一般供上行文選用。

（二）行文部分 公文的行文部分包括公文標(biāo)題、題注、主送機(jī)關(guān)、正文、無(wú)正文說(shuō)明、附件說(shuō)明、發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)署名、成文日期、機(jī)關(guān)印章與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人簽署、注釋及特殊要求說(shuō)明等項(xiàng)。1．標(biāo)題。由發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)、事由、文種三部分（習(xí)稱完全式）組成。發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)和事由可據(jù)文種要求去留（習(xí)稱省略式）。2．題注。主要用于會(huì)議通過(guò)的時(shí)間或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布的公文。內(nèi)容主要是注明公文產(chǎn)生的法定程序和產(chǎn)生時(shí)間，有時(shí)還注明生效時(shí)間，加圓括號(hào)置于標(biāo)題下方居中的位置。但并不是每份公文都標(biāo)有題注。3．主送機(jī)關(guān)。即發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)要求對(duì)公文予以辦理或答復(fù)的對(duì)方機(jī)關(guān)，也稱受文機(jī)關(guān)。4．正文。是公文的主要內(nèi)容。一般包括開頭、主體和結(jié)尾三部分。5．無(wú)正文說(shuō)明。無(wú)正文說(shuō)明是指由于篇幅所限，使公文生效標(biāo)識(shí)與正文不能同處在一個(gè)頁(yè)面上而出現(xiàn)分離狀況時(shí)，為維護(hù)公文的完整性而作的說(shuō)明，即寫”此頁(yè)無(wú)正文”，標(biāo)注位置應(yīng)在發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)落款一頁(yè)的左上方第一行頂格書寫，并用圓括號(hào)括上。6．附件說(shuō)明。附件說(shuō)明是用以說(shuō)明附屬在公文正文之后的有關(guān)文件材料的名稱及件數(shù)的。附件是相對(duì)公文正件而言的。在內(nèi)容上，附件是附屬于公文正文的，它對(duì)正文的有關(guān)問(wèn)題起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或參考作用；在形式上，附件是公文的一個(gè)組成部分而不可隨意分開，有附件的公文，附件就同正件一起組成一份完整的公文。附件說(shuō)明則有助于附件的查閱與保護(hù)。公文附件的形式一般有圖表、目錄、名單、簡(jiǎn)介及其他有關(guān)文件材料。附件說(shuō)明位于正文或無(wú)正文說(shuō)明的左下方公文生效標(biāo)識(shí)之上，注明所附文件材料名稱及件數(shù)。然后，在發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)落款和成文日期之后另起一頁(yè)附上所列附件的材料。7．生效標(biāo)識(shí)。包括發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)署名、成文日期和機(jī)關(guān)印章。

（三）文尾部分 1．主題詞。是反映公文主要內(nèi)容的規(guī)范化名詞或名詞性詞組，其作用是便于計(jì)算機(jī)檢索。2．抄送機(jī)關(guān)。是指除主送機(jī)關(guān)以外的其他需要告知公文內(nèi)容的上級(jí)、下級(jí)和不相隸屬的機(jī)關(guān)。抄送機(jī)關(guān)名稱標(biāo)注于印制版記上方。抄送機(jī)關(guān)排名可依上級(jí)、平級(jí)與不相隸屬、下級(jí)的次序排列，各級(jí)之間用分號(hào)。3．印制版記。包括印發(fā)機(jī)關(guān)名稱、印制日期、印制份數(shù)位于公文末頁(yè)下端。

三 判斷改錯(cuò)題 錯(cuò) 改為 重慶市稅務(wù)廳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)國(guó)家稅務(wù)局全國(guó)統(tǒng)一稅務(wù)文書樣式的通報(bào) 錯(cuò) 改為 上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)向雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的下級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)行文，必要時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)抄送其另一上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)

四

濱海大學(xué)請(qǐng)求批準(zhǔn)函 市教委：

由于濱海大學(xué)近年來(lái)教育事業(yè)發(fā)展較快，本科生已達(dá)8000人，研究生1000人，比八十年代初的規(guī)模增加了十倍。為了全市教育發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在需要擴(kuò)建教學(xué)樓1幢、圖書館1個(gè)。請(qǐng)求市教委撥款。

當(dāng)否，請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)。

濱海大學(xué) 2010年×月×日

第二次作業(yè) 一 填空題

調(diào)查報(bào)告從性質(zhì)和作用分，可以分為（新聞性調(diào)查報(bào)告）、政務(wù)性調(diào)查報(bào)告、個(gè)案性調(diào)查報(bào)告。

根據(jù)機(jī)關(guān)之間不同的行文關(guān)系，可以將機(jī)關(guān)的行文分為上行文、（下行文）和平行文。公文的行文關(guān)系是根據(jù)單位各自的（隸屬關(guān)系）和（職權(quán)范圍）來(lái)確定的。二 簡(jiǎn)答題

簡(jiǎn)述公告與通告的特點(diǎn)和差異。答：公告的特點(diǎn)

公告具有公開性、周知性、莊重性、縝密性的特點(diǎn)。通告的特點(diǎn)：

通告除具有公開性和告知性特點(diǎn)外，還具有強(qiáng)制性、廣泛性、專業(yè)性。

公告和通告都是告知性公文，但它們屬于兩個(gè)不同的文件，有著十分明顯的區(qū)別：

1.發(fā)布機(jī)關(guān)不同。公告一般只由國(guó)家高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)及其有關(guān)職能部門發(fā)布，基層機(jī)關(guān)和企事業(yè)單位無(wú)權(quán)發(fā)布公告。通告的制發(fā)機(jī)關(guān)則非常廣泛，各級(jí)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、人民團(tuán)體和企事業(yè)單位均可制發(fā)通告。2.內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)不同。公告的內(nèi)容大都是已經(jīng)發(fā)生或確定的，是事后告知，因而具有很強(qiáng)的告知性特點(diǎn)。通告則多用于事前制定某些規(guī)定或提出某些要求，讓有關(guān)方面和廣大公眾遵照?qǐng)?zhí)行，因而具有很強(qiáng)的強(qiáng)制性特點(diǎn)。

3.使用范圍不同。公告公布的范圍是面向國(guó)內(nèi)外的，而通告公布的范圍則限制在一定范圍內(nèi)，因而公告的知曉范圍比較廣泛，通告的知曉范圍則相對(duì)窄小。合同的主要條款包括那些內(nèi)容？

答：合同的內(nèi)容由當(dāng)事人約定，一般包括以下條款：

1、當(dāng)事人的名稱或者姓名和住所；

2、標(biāo)題； 3 數(shù)量和質(zhì)量；

4、價(jià)款或酬金；

5、履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式；

6、違約責(zé)任；

7、解決爭(zhēng)議的方法。

合同的主要條款：是指合同應(yīng)當(dāng)具備的條款。它決定著合同的類型，確定著當(dāng)事人各方權(quán)利義務(wù)的質(zhì)和量，處于相當(dāng)重要的地位。在有些情況下，欠缺主要條款，合同即不成立。主要條款包括： 標(biāo)的——標(biāo)的是合同權(quán)利義務(wù)指向的對(duì)象；

質(zhì)量和數(shù)量——標(biāo)的的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量是確定合同標(biāo)的的具體條件，是這一標(biāo)的區(qū)別于同類另一標(biāo)的的具體特征。

價(jià)款和酬金-——是有償合同的主要條款。價(jià)款是取得標(biāo)的物所應(yīng)支付的代價(jià)；酬金是獲得服務(wù)所應(yīng)支付的代價(jià)。

履行的期限、地點(diǎn)和方式——履行期限直接關(guān)系到合同義務(wù)完成的時(shí)間，涉及到當(dāng)事人的期限利益，也是確定違約與否的因素之一。違約責(zé)任——是促使當(dāng)事人履行債務(wù)，使守約方免受或少受損失的法律措施，對(duì)當(dāng)事人的利益關(guān)系重大，合同對(duì)此應(yīng)予明確。

解決爭(zhēng)議的方法——一旦合同成立，履行中產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議，雙方應(yīng)通過(guò)協(xié)商、仲裁還是訴訟解決其爭(zhēng)議，有利于合同爭(zhēng)議的管轄和盡快解決，并最終從程序上保障了當(dāng)事人的實(shí)體性權(quán)益

三 判斷改錯(cuò)題 錯(cuò) 改為 重慶市人民政府2003年16號(hào)文，發(fā)文字號(hào)為“ 渝府發(fā)[2003]16號(hào)”。2，正確

四

文翰大學(xué)請(qǐng)求批準(zhǔn)函

省教育廳：

由于文翰大學(xué)承接2009年全國(guó)大學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，為了保證比賽的順利進(jìn)行，擬整修場(chǎng)館和添置一些器材需資金80萬(wàn)，學(xué)校自酬20萬(wàn)，尚需60萬(wàn)，希望省教育廳能撥款支援。當(dāng)否，請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)。文翰大學(xué) 2010年×月×日 公文處理流程的名稱如下：

1、發(fā)文

發(fā)文主要包括思想觀點(diǎn)的醞釀、材料的搜集與整理、文字起草與討論修改、審核把關(guān)與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽發(fā)定稿、印制發(fā)出。

2、收文

收文主要包括來(lái)文的簽收、登記、分辦、傳閱、擬辦、批辦、承辦、催辦、答復(fù)。

3、公文管理

4、立卷歸檔 第三次作業(yè) 一填空題

1發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)版頭由（發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)全稱或規(guī)范化簡(jiǎn)稱）和”文件”二字組成。

2在機(jī)關(guān)日常工作活動(dòng)中，常常出現(xiàn)“文書”、（通知）和”公文”三種概念同時(shí)使用的情況。黨政機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)重要事項(xiàng)或重大行動(dòng)作出決策和安排的指導(dǎo)性公文是（公務(wù)文書）。二簡(jiǎn)答題 簡(jiǎn)述報(bào)告與請(qǐng)示的區(qū)別。

答：報(bào)告與請(qǐng)示的區(qū)別是：

1、具體功用不同。報(bào)告是呈閱性公文，主要作用是向上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)匯報(bào)工作、反映情況、提出建議，屬于陳述性公文；而請(qǐng)示是呈批性公文，主要作用是向上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)請(qǐng)求指示批準(zhǔn)。

2、內(nèi)容含量不同。綜合性報(bào)告大多涉及多個(gè)事項(xiàng)，即使是專題報(bào)告，也往往要涉及一個(gè)事項(xiàng)的幾個(gè)方面，內(nèi)容含量大、篇幅較長(zhǎng)的報(bào)告比較多見；而請(qǐng)示的撰寫強(qiáng)調(diào)一文一事，內(nèi)容單

一、篇幅較短的請(qǐng)示比較多見。

3、行文時(shí)機(jī)不同。報(bào)告既可以寫在工作開展之前，也可以寫在工作進(jìn)行當(dāng)中或完成之后；請(qǐng)示必須寫在事前，而不能先斬后奏。舉例簡(jiǎn)述黨政機(jī)關(guān)之間的四種關(guān)系。

答：我國(guó)行政區(qū)劃主要分三級(jí)制，即省(自治區(qū)、直轄市)、縣(自治縣、市轄區(qū))、鄉(xiāng)(民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn))，少數(shù)地方也有四級(jí)制，即在省或自治區(qū)與縣或自治區(qū)之間設(shè)立自治州。它有兩個(gè)基本特點(diǎn)。一是多種類別的行政區(qū)劃建制并存。第一種是按省、縣、鄉(xiāng)分等的地域型建制，它是我國(guó)基本的行政區(qū)域建制。第二種是以城市化發(fā)展為依據(jù)，按直轄市、直轄區(qū)、鎮(zhèn)分等的城鎮(zhèn)型建制。第三種是按自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣分等的民族型建制，雖然這一類數(shù)量少，但所轄面積卻占全國(guó)國(guó)土面積的60%。第四種是如香港及澳門特別行政區(qū)等的特殊型建制。二是在管理方式上采取了有虛有實(shí)制。在一些省、自治區(qū)與縣、市之間，還有地區(qū)行政公署作為省、自治區(qū)政府的派出機(jī)構(gòu)。縣、自治縣與鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)之間則有區(qū)公所作為縣、自治縣政府的派出機(jī)構(gòu)。

三判斷改錯(cuò)題 關(guān)于國(guó)家檔案局辦公室推薦使用兩種圓珠筆油墨用于書寫文件的函與復(fù)函

錯(cuò) 改為：關(guān)于國(guó)家檔案局辦公室推薦使用兩種圓珠筆油墨用于書寫文件的通知 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于提請(qǐng)審議《中華人民共和國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化法（草案）》的報(bào)告 正確

關(guān)于召開視頻會(huì)議的通知

各區(qū)縣電大，各分校、工作站，各有關(guān)學(xué)院： 為了搞好廣播電視大學(xué)成立三十周年校慶，多側(cè)面呈現(xiàn)電大辦學(xué)三十年來(lái)取得的豐碩成果，更好地向社會(huì)展示電大辦學(xué)特色及發(fā)展成就，學(xué)校決定于2010年10月23日召開有關(guān)電大校慶工作的雙向視頻會(huì)議，現(xiàn)將有關(guān)事項(xiàng)通知如下：

一、會(huì)議時(shí)間

2010年10月23日上午10：00開始。請(qǐng)各分校（工作站）22日下午與市電大技術(shù)中心進(jìn)行雙向視頻設(shè)備聯(lián)調(diào)。

二、會(huì)議內(nèi)容

1、傳達(dá)中央電大關(guān)于30年校慶的安排；

2、布置重慶電大30周年校慶準(zhǔn)備工作。

三、參加人員

各分校、工作站主要負(fù)責(zé)人及校慶準(zhǔn)備工作負(fù)責(zé)人。

請(qǐng)各分校（工作站）提前做好設(shè)備調(diào)試，安排好參會(huì)人員準(zhǔn)時(shí)參會(huì)。特此通知 第四次作業(yè)

就根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況寫個(gè)工作總結(jié)就好了。