第一篇：名詞性從句講解

名詞性從句與高考試題

名詞性從句的界定與分類：

名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句中的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。從屬連詞that, if, whether;

連接代詞who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose;連接副詞where, when, why, how。

其中, 從屬連詞只起連接作用, 在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用, 在從句中又充當(dāng)一定的成分.名詞性從句均不能用逗號和主句分開。

一、主語從句：

定義：一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的主語，這個(gè)從句就叫主語從句。

二、主語從句的表現(xiàn)形式： １.由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句：

a.Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.b.That light travels in straight line is known to all.２.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句： a.What we need is more time.b.Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.c.Whoever comes will be welcome.３.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句：

a.When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced ． b.Where he has been is still a puzzle.c.How much water is flowing can be measured easily.三、關(guān)于形式主語 it

主語從句放在句首往往顯得頭重腳輕，不太平衡，因此，在大多數(shù)情況下都是在主語的位置上用一個(gè)形式主語 it，而把主語從句移到句未去。

關(guān)于形式主語 it: 以 it 作形式主語，把主語從句后置的常用句型有：（1）It + be + 形容詞 + that/wh-從句

It is quite clear that Tom was fond of music.（2）It + be + 名詞 + that/wh-從句

It is a pity that she has made such a foolish mistake.可應(yīng)用于此句型的名詞還有fact / shame / honor / question等。（3）It + be + 過去分詞 + that/wh-從句

It’s not yet decided that when the test will be given.（4）It seems, happens 等不及物動(dòng)詞 + that/wh-從句 It happened that I didn’t take any money with me.但以下情況往往必須用it作形式主語，主語從句一般不能放在句首。a.It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.b.It’s said that the highway will be open to traffic next year.c.Is it likely that it will snow in the afternoon? 練習(xí)：

1． ____ you don't like him is none of my business．（92上海）A．What B．Who C．That D．Whether A．What B．That C．This D．Which

2． ____ she couldn't understand was _____fewer and fewer students showed interests in her lessons．（2000上海）

A．What；why B．That；what C．What；because D．Why；that

3． ____has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising．（99上海）A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever

4． ____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have．（NMET96）A．What；what B．What；that C．That；that D．That；what

5． ____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather．（NMET96）A．If B．Whether C．That D．Where

6． ____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．（MET93）A．What B．That C．The fact D．The matter 二, 表語從句：

定義：一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的表語，這個(gè)從句就叫作表語從句。可以接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有 be, look, remain, seem 等。

1.The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.2.The question remains whether we can win the people.3.That’s just what I want.4.This is where our problem lies.5.The difficulty is how I can help smokers kick their habit.值提注意的是：

1.表語從句的表現(xiàn)形式除了用從屬連詞，連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)以外，還可以由as, as if ,as though引導(dǎo).Things were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.2、另外還要注意以下常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

The reason why…is that …(而不用 because。)It(this, that)is because…

The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard.It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.練習(xí)：

1.What the doctors really doubt is____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．

A．when B．how C．whether D．why

2.—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week． —Is that ____ you had a few days off？（NMET99）A．why B．when C．what D．where

3.Go and get your coat．It's____ you left it．（MET92）A．there B．where C．there where D．where there

4.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella．____I got wet all through．（98上海）A．It's the reason B．That's why C．There's why D．It's how 三，同位語從句：

定義：在復(fù)合句中，用作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句。

同位語從句一般由 that, whether 等連詞引導(dǎo)，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名詞的后面，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。

l.The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.2.I have no idea when he will be back.3.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.4.He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。

試比較下面兩個(gè)例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

練習(xí)：

1.Information has been put forward____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities．（2001上海）

A．while B．that C．when D．a(chǎn)s

2.______ is no possibility _______.Bob can win the first prize I the match.(上海2001春)A、There;that B、It;what C、There;whether D、It;whether 四，賓語從句

定義：一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語，這個(gè)從句就叫作賓語從句。賓語從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞的賓詞，介詞的賓語，某些形容詞的賓語以及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。1．及物動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句：

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.I wonder why she refused my invitation.2．介詞后的賓語從句：

I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.The teacher is satisfied with what she has said.3．某些形容詞后的賓語從句：

I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us.關(guān)于形式賓語it

We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.練習(xí)：

1.When you answer questions in a job interview，please remember the golden rule：Always give the monky exactly____ he wants．（2002年春季上海）A．what B．which C．when D．that

2.—I think it's going to be a big problem ． —Yes，it could be．

—I wonder ____ we can do about it．（2002春季北京、安徽、內(nèi)蒙古）A．if B．how C．what D.that

3.A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do．（NMET2001）A．how B．a(chǎn)fter C．what D．when

4.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster____ he had done the day before． A．that B．how C．where D．what

5.These wild flowers are so special that I would do ____ I can to save them（2000春季北京、安徽）A．whatever B．that C．which D．whichever

6.Eat ____ cake you like and leave the others for ____ comes in late．（2000春季上海）A．a(chǎn)ny；who B．every；whoever C．whichever；whoever D．either；whoever

7.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants．（NMET97）A．however B．whatever C．whichever D．whenever

8.Sarah hopes to become a friend of ____shares her interests．（95上海）A．a(chǎn)nyone B．whom ever C．whoever D．no matter who

學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.在名詞性從句中，疑問句要用陳述句的語序。例如：

Someone is ringing the doorbell．Go and see ____．（2000上海）A．who is he B．who he is C．who is it D．who it is Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？（MET90）

A．where Alice had put B．where had Alice put C．where Alice has put D．where has Alice put

You can't imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents．（94上海）A．how they were excited B．how excited they were C．how excited were they D．they were how excited

2.動(dòng)詞 doubt 用在疑問句或否定句時(shí)，其后賓語從句常用 that 作連接詞；用在肯定句時(shí)，連接詞用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。

Do you doubt that he will win ? I don't doubt that your proposition is wrong.He doubt whether I know it.3.否定轉(zhuǎn)移問題。在主句為第一人稱主語后跟 think , believe , suppose , expect , guess , imagine 等動(dòng)詞時(shí)，賓語從句的否定形式應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ? 4.主謂一致問題。

What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world． What I bought were three English books． 5.語氣問題

a.在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，that從句常用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)

I suggest we(should)set off at once.b.在It is ＋過去分詞＋that的主語從句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested，required等。It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening． c.在表語從句或同位語從句中。

The suggestion that the mayor(should)present the prizes was accepted by everyone．

d.在It is（was）＋形容詞＋that從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should ＋）動(dòng)詞原形，表示建議或不滿、驚奇等情緒。常用于此類的形容詞有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。It is necessary that a college student ________ at least a foreign language．（上海1993）

A．masters B．should master C．mastered D．will master 6．What引導(dǎo)名詞從句的特殊含義:

What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．

(what為“所……的事”，相當(dāng)于“the thing that．．．；all that．．．；everything that．．．”)After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．

A．what B．when C．that D．which

He is not what he was a few years ago． Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

第二篇：名詞性從句講解

名詞性從句講解

在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫做名詞性從句。它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。歷屆高考試題名詞性從句考查的焦點(diǎn)主要有以下5個(gè)方面 1.考查名詞性從句的語序問題

2.考查引導(dǎo)詞that與what的區(qū)別

3.考查it在名詞性從句中作形式主語或形式賓語的用法

4.考查whether與if的區(qū)別

5.考查名詞性從句的虛擬語氣問題 語法要點(diǎn)剖析

一、名詞性從句

主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句，在整個(gè)句子中所起的作用，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。因此，這四種從句通稱為名詞性從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：

連接詞：that, whether, if（不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分）

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.連接副詞：when, where, how, why 1.主語從句

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。

有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名詞 + that從句

（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從句（3）It + be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 + that從句

（4）It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + that從句 It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that?

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that ? It is said(reported, believed, known, etc.)that? It does not matter(seems,appears etc)? 2.賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可略，且并列句之間由and連接。He has told me(that)he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。He found(that)he lost himself in the forest and that he had no way to dicide the right directions.他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在樹林里迷路了，而他又無法確定正確的方向。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、insist, desire,等表示要求、命令、建議、等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。

I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。2.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。3.用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句實(shí)為一般疑問句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a.引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時(shí)；b.引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)；

c.引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語時(shí)；

d.從句后有“or not”時(shí)；

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒有生命是個(gè)有趣的問題。Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。

4.注意賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用 不同時(shí)態(tài)。

I know(that)he will study English next year.（從句用一般將來時(shí)）

當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)（could, would除外），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America． Our teacher told us that the earth runs around the sun

5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。We don’t think you are here.我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。3.表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。

The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí)，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如： The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4.同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。

試比較下面兩個(gè)例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life ？（that引導(dǎo)定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

第三篇：名詞性從句

名詞性從句

名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。一．引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

1、連接代詞：who, whose, whom, what, which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。

2、連接副詞：when, where, why, how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語。

3、連接詞：that, whether, if, as if。that 無詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可省略；if(whether), as if雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。

注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if 和as if都用不上時(shí)，才用that作連接詞（that本身無任何含義）。二.名詞性從句的分類如下

（一）主語從句

主語從句的句型.引導(dǎo)詞有疑問詞wh-及whether/if及that.1、主語從句在復(fù)合句作主語。疑問詞引導(dǎo)e.g.Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主語，主語從句放在句末。

3、If/whether 引導(dǎo)e.g.It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.4．It+be+adj(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,likely,certain,probable,etc)/名詞詞組（no wonder,an honor , a good thing,a pity,etc)+that從句 e.g.It’s certain that she will do well in the exam/It’s no surprise that our team has won the game.5．It+be+過去分詞（said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,etc)+that從句

e.g.It’s said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.Note:that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，在口語和非正式文體中可以省略，但that從句置于開頭時(shí)不能省略。e.g.That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（二）表語從句

表語從句的句型及要點(diǎn)。引導(dǎo)詞疑問詞wh-及whether及that.1、表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。疑問詞引導(dǎo)的： e.g.The question was who could go there.Note: 引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞that一般不可省去。

e.g.My idea is that we can get more comrades to help in the work.連接詞that一般不能省略，但當(dāng)主句中含動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，that可以省略。如： What I want to do is(that)I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走到身邊去感謝他

（三）賓語從句

賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語。引導(dǎo)詞有疑問詞wh-及whether、if(if 和whether 有區(qū)別）及that.引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that一般可省略。e.g.I hope(that)everything is all right.Note:以下情況that不可省略：(不考查）

1.當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是that時(shí)。2.2.當(dāng)賓語從句中含有主從復(fù)合句時(shí) Father promised that I studied harder he would take me to Beijing.3.當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)賓語從句由并列連詞連接時(shí)，除第一個(gè)從句中的that可以省略外，其余從句中的that都不可以省略。

4當(dāng)that偶爾作except和in的賓語時(shí)。This book is unsatisfactory in that it lacks a good index.中，that it lacks a good index就是介詞 in 的賓語從句，這當(dāng)中的that就不能省略。

（四）同位語從句。引導(dǎo)詞wh-及whether及that.同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞有疑問詞wh-及whether及that.同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，一般位于該名詞（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。e.g.I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.名詞性從句易混知識(shí)歸納

易混點(diǎn)一 ：同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

that引導(dǎo)的從句，是定語從句還是同位語從句，我們我們采用“試加 法”，來判斷。The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.This is the fact that you must know clearly.1.when、where、why引導(dǎo)的從句

引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，其意義與先行詞有關(guān)，與先行詞的意義基本相同，沒有疑問意義；但引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，其意義完全與疑問詞相同，即when表示什么時(shí)候，where表示哪兒，引導(dǎo)兩種從句時(shí)，都在從句中做狀語。如： I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.句中的when相當(dāng)于“on the day”它沒有疑問詞“什么時(shí)候”的意義，因此是定語從句。

I have no idea when she will be back.when與idea毫無意義上的關(guān)聯(lián)，其意思是“什么時(shí)候”,因而是同位語從句。易混點(diǎn)二：reason后面的名詞性從句

reason做主語時(shí)，后面的表語從句表示原因是要用that引導(dǎo)，一般不用because或why，而用it，this或that做主語時(shí)，后面的表語從句可用because或why引導(dǎo)。

1.“The reason +連系動(dòng)詞+that“引導(dǎo)的表語從句。本句型的意思是：理由是：。。。The reason was that he fell ill.2.It（或This、That）+連系動(dòng)詞+the reason+why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。本句型意為：這就是。。。的原因（理由）That is the reason why he failed in the contest, 3.It（或This、That）+連系動(dòng)詞+the reason+because引導(dǎo)的表語從句。本句型意為：這是因?yàn)?。。。；這是由于。。。的緣故。That was because he fell ill.4.It（或This、That）+連系動(dòng)詞+why引導(dǎo)的表語從句。本句型意為：這就是。。。的原因。

That was why he fell ill.易混點(diǎn)三：what、whatever、who、whoever等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 我們可以通過與定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化知道兩組在意義上的差別。Whatever=anything that（無論什么）Whoever=anyone who（無論誰）

Whenever=any time=no matter when（無論何時(shí)）Wherever=any place=no matter where（無論何地）這都是泛指。而what、who、when、where則是特指。如： Who spoke at the meeting is unknown The person that spoke at the meeting is unknown.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.注意：1.whatever、whoever、whenever、wherever等常引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語或表語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)狀語從句，等于“no matter +疑問詞”。而no matter +疑問詞只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Eg：Whatever I said/No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me..2whoever的賓格還是whoever，一般不用whomever。易混點(diǎn) whether與if（不做考查）

二者都可以作“是否”講，能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，都不能省略。1.在及物動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)可以互換；

注意：在某些動(dòng)詞后（如:discuss）只能接whether，不能跟if。如： We discussed whether we should close the shop.2.引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時(shí)都用whether，不用if。如：

The question whether he should come himself or send another man hasn’t been decided.Whether he will win is all the same to me.The question is whether you can go there yourself.但如果主語從句是有It用作形式主語，if和whether都可以 It is unknown whetherif she is ill.3賓語從句中，如果whether后緊跟or not，不用換做if；若whether與or not分開使用，則可以換作if。如： I wonder whether or not he has arrived at the destination.I don’t know whetherif I can come or not.4.若賓語從句為否定結(jié)構(gòu)，則多用if，而不用whether。如： I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.（炫耀）

5.在介詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句或與帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)合而構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用whether，而不用if。如：

I haven’t settled the question of whether I will go back home.She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.練習(xí)：名詞性從句

1.Do you see _____ I mean? 2.Tell me_____ is on your mind.3.We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.4.Let me see _____I can repair the radio or not.5.Keep in mind _____ the teacher said 6.Could you advise me _____ book I should read first? 7.He was criticized for _____ he had done.8.Would you kindly tell me _____ I can get to the Beijing Railway Station? 9.Mrs.Smith was very much impressed by _____ she had seen in China.10.We took it for granted ___ they were not coming.11.I really don't know _____ I should do next.12.I'm afraid _____ the little girl will have to be operated on.13.She walked up to _____ I stood.14.Can you tell me _____ that gentleman is? 15.We'll give you _____ you need.16.They want us to know _____ they can do to help us.17.We must put _____ we have learned into practice.18.Did she say anything about _____ the work was to be done yesterday? 19.He was never satisfied with _____ she had achieved in her work.20.These photographs will show you _____ our village looks like.21.Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill for the dinner.22.They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.23.We wish we could have learned _____ you did when we were at high school.24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when I go there.25.From _____ 1 know of him I should say he is a good worker.26.I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet.28._____ was said here must be kept secret.29.It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet.30.It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word.31.It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one.32._____ Mr Zhang said is quite right.33.It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time.34._____ you have done might do harm to other people.35._____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights.36._____ the 2008 Olympic Games were held in Beijing is known to all.37._____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.38.__ we need more equipment is quite obvious.39.Has it been announced _____ the planes are to take off? 40._____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said 41.Things were not _____ they seemed to be.42.They are just _____ I want to have.43.That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off.44.My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them.45.The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong.46.We heard the news _____ our team had won.47.The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all.48.We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country.高考真題 2011--2013年高考

1._______ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.2.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _____ others actually understand.3.I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is _____ he never finishes anything.4.We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know _____ she’ll accept it.5.It was never clear _____ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.6.Modern science has given clear evidence _____ smoking can lead to many diseases.7.When the news came ____ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.8.Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ____ the problem is.9.I’d like to start my own business—that’s _____ I’d do if I had the money.10.The villagers have already known ____ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.11.It is still under discussion _____ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.12.To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off _____ we are to shake hands with.13.Our teachers always tell us to belive in _____ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.14.There is clear evidence_____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret（表達(dá)）is bodily pain.2012年高考

1.We can not clear ____ the president can do to end the strike.2.The notice came around two in the afternoon _____ the meeting would be postponed.3.I made a promise to myself _____ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.4.We promise _____ attends the party a chance to have a phone taken with the movie star.5.The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but ____ he reaches the limits will depend on his environment.6.It doesn’t matter____ you turn right or left at the crossing-both roads lead to the park.7.The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ____ he could find about Mark Twain.8.As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _____ suits you best.9._____ he had left keys in the office was known to us..10.Evidence has been found through years of study ___ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.2013年高考

1.I have no idea ____ the cell phone isn’t working, so could you fix it for me? 2.____ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.3.____ struck me most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.4.From space, the earth looks blue.This is ____ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.5.____ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.6.______ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.7.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ___ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.8.It’s good to know___ the dog will be well cared for while we’re away.9._____ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.10.Police have found ____ appears to be the lost ancient statue.名詞性從句翻譯練習(xí)

1.你不喜歡他與我無關(guān) 2.湯姆已經(jīng)回來了這很清楚 3.紙是中國首先造出來的這是事實(shí)。4.你要的是兩個(gè)蘋果嗎？ 5.老師問我們是否知道王芳在那里。6.我叔叔說他很快就會(huì)回來 7.他說的話沒有一句是真的。8.這取決于你是否想做這件事。9.我為什么遲到的原因是我在半路上遇到塞車了。10.她的頭發(fā)變白了使她有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心。11.他們就何時(shí)何地舉行這次多國會(huì)議達(dá)成了一致意見。

12.你們的任務(wù)是在六點(diǎn)鐘以前想盡一切辦法找些吃的回來,否則，今晚我們就得挨餓。13.我對你們學(xué)英語的建議就是多讀，多聽，多寫。14.我們必須面對這個(gè)事實(shí)即我們已經(jīng)花光了所有的錢。

15.他要醫(yī)院給他做出解釋的要求是合理的 16.他問我買小提琴花了多少錢。17.你想象不到他們在收到這份精美的禮物時(shí)有多么激動(dòng)。

18.問題是我們應(yīng)該做什么來幫助他。19.你同意我們后天去旅行的計(jì)劃嗎？20.什么時(shí)候，怎樣回家那是他自己的決定。21.哪一只球隊(duì)會(huì)取勝還不一定。22.三天后，我們聽到了這樣的消息我國有發(fā)射一顆人造衛(wèi)星。23.任何對此事視而不見的（ignore / fail to do）人將回鑄成大錯(cuò)。

24.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)這個(gè)星期或是下星期開都沒有關(guān)系。25.我們現(xiàn)在做的以前從來沒有做過。36.你能告訴我這本字典是屬于誰的嗎？

高中名詞性從句講解與練習(xí)

參考答案 名詞性從句

1~5 DBABD 6~10 DBBCA 11~15 CABCC 16~20 BADAB 21~25 CDAAA 26~30 CCCDB 31~35 ABCDB 36~40 BDACD 41~45 BCDBB 46~50 ADBAC 51~55 CCBDA 56~60 ADABB 61~65 ACDBA 高考題：2011：BDDCACCADCABDD 2012：DBCCB ADADD 2013: BCCCD CBDBD 1.That you don’t like her has nothing to do with me..2.It was very clear that Tom had returned 3.It is the fact that paper was first made in China 4 4.Are what you want two apples

第四篇：名詞性從句

2007年高考試題單項(xiàng)選擇語法分類匯編

十二.名詞性從句

1.____ matters most in learning English is enough practice.[2007 全國卷II]

A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which

2.______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.[2007 上海卷]

A.That B.What C.WhetherD.Where

3.The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.[2007 上海卷]

A.when B.why C.whetherD.that

4.Could I speak to---------is in charge of International Sales ,please? [2007 山東卷]

A．a(chǎn)nyoneB．someoneC．whoeverD．nomatter who

5.You can only be sure of_________ you have at present;you cannot be sure of something _____ you might getin the future.[2007 安徽卷]

A.that;whatB.what;/C.which;thatD./;that

6.—Where’s that report?

—I brought it to you ____you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday.[2007 北京卷]

A.ifB.whenC.becauseD.befor

7.It is none of your businessother people think about you.Believe yourself.[2007 福建卷]

A.howB.whatC.whichD.when

8.Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.[2007 湖南卷]

A.whyB.that

[2007 江蘇卷]

A.what B.why C.how10.parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.[2007 陜西卷]

A.ThatB.WhichC.WhatD.As

you read．[2007 上海春]

A．that B．what C．which D．whether

12.The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer.Warm sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is.[2007 天津卷]

A.whatB.whichC.howD.where

13.Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are.[2007 浙江卷]

A.whereB.whatC.whenD.why

第五篇：名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句講解及練習(xí)

定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句講解及練習(xí)

名詞性從句

whatever與no matter what It is generally considered unwise to give a child __________ her or she wants.A.whatever B.no matter what C.whenever D.no matter when 此題應(yīng)選 A。容易誤選B。選項(xiàng)C、D顯然是錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)榫渲械?wants 缺賓語，而C、D兩項(xiàng)不能作賓語。至于C、D 的區(qū)別，可這樣描述：no matter what 只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句，而不引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。而 whatever 既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(＝anything that)，也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句(＝no matter what)：

1.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(只用whatever)： 無論他做什么都是對的。

正：Whatever he did was right.誤：No matter what he did was right.無論他說什么似乎都有道理。

正：Whatever he says sounds reasonable.誤：No matter what he says sounds reasonable.山羊找到什么就吃什么。

正：Goats eat whatever they find.誤：Goats eat no matter what they find.2.引導(dǎo)狀語從句(兩者可換用)： 無論你說什么，我都不會(huì)相信你。

正：Whatever you say，I won’t believe you.正：No matter what you say，I won’t believe you.無論發(fā)生什么，都要保持鎮(zhèn)定。正：Keep calm，whatever happens.正：Keep calm，no matter what happens.名詞性從句的三個(gè)基本要素

要素一：引導(dǎo)詞

也就是引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。這些引導(dǎo)詞可分為三類,一是that類，二是if / whether類，三是疑問詞類。既然是引導(dǎo)詞，所以這些詞就總是位于名詞性從句的最前面。

要素二：語序 名詞性從句都必須與陳述句語序相同，即“主語＋謂語”。事實(shí)上，任何一種從句，其語序都必須與陳述句的語序相同。

要素一：時(shí)態(tài)

若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)；若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，賓語從句若不是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理，其謂語動(dòng)詞也必須用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。

引導(dǎo)賓語從句that的省略問題

■名詞從句作動(dòng)詞賓語時(shí)，前面的that常被省略，特別是在非正式語體中：

I suggested(that)they should drive along the coast.我建議他們沿著海岸開車。I hoped(that)I would / should succeed.我曾希望我會(huì)成功。I know(that)he will be in time.我知道他會(huì)趕得上的。I knew(that)he would be in time.我當(dāng)時(shí)知道他會(huì)趕得上的。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa.他想他們會(huì)給他簽證。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他們會(huì)給他簽證。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線?！鲈谀承﹦?dòng)詞(如answer, imply)之后則一般需要用that。如： He answered that he was from Austria.他說他是奧地利人。

She answered that she preferred to eat alone.她回答說她愿意獨(dú)自吃。I don’t wish to imply that you are wrong.我無意暗示你錯(cuò)了。

The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair.報(bào)紙報(bào)道暗指他們有染?！鲈谳^長的句子里，特別在“that從句”與動(dòng)詞隔開時(shí)，that一般不可省略。如：

The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have the money without delay.那個(gè)商人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備出多少錢買我的汽車，并說我會(huì)立即收到款。

這個(gè)that if是什么意思

這道題中的 that if 是什么意思？

She promised _________ he had enough money she would marry him.A.that B.if C.that if

D.if that 【分析】此題應(yīng)選 C，其余幾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。句子的正常詞序?yàn)?She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money.由于將條件狀語從句 if he had enough money 插入動(dòng)詞 promised 與其賓語從句之間，從而導(dǎo)致許多同學(xué)誤選。順便說一句，本來動(dòng)詞 promise 后接賓語從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 that 是可以省略的，但是按英語習(xí)慣，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與其賓語從句之間插有其他成分時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 that 通常不宜省略，所以此題不宜選B。又如：

She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money.她答應(yīng)要是誰找到她兒子，她會(huì)給他一大筆錢。（句子可改為 She promised that she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.）

He said that when his wife came back he would leave.他說等他妻子一回來，他就離開。(句子可改寫為 He said that he would leave when his wife came back.)Tell him that if he is at home I’ll come to see him.告訴他，如果他在家，我就去看他。(句子可改寫為 Tell him(that)I’ll come to see him if he is at home.)

這兩道題考查名詞性從句嗎

第1題

Don’t you know, my dear friend, _________ it is you that she loves? A.who B.which C.that D.what 【分析】此題容易誤選 A或B，選 A 者認(rèn)為這是指人的，故用 who；選B者認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語從句，兩者都是誤認(rèn)為這是定語從句(注意沒有先行詞)，其實(shí)此題應(yīng)選C，它引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語從句，只是被其中的插入語 my dear friend 隔開罷了。其實(shí)此句也可說成 My dear friend, don’t you know that it is you that she loves? 又如：

I think, though I could be mistaken, _________ he liked me.A.who B.which C.that D.what 答案選 C，句子可改寫為 I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken.即 that he liked me 是動(dòng)詞 think之賓語。

第2題

He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.A.that B.which C.as D.because 【分析】此題容易誤選 B，誤認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語從句。其實(shí)此題應(yīng)選 A，that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)用以修飾名詞 the news 的同位語從句。不少同學(xué)之所以誤選B，正是 believe it or not（信不信由你）這個(gè)插入成分惹的禍。

這道題是考查主語從句嗎？

這道題是考查主語從句嗎？要看仔細(xì)定噢！

_________ with the right knowledge can give first aid.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever 【分析】此題容易誤選B，主要受以下這類句子的影響而形成思維定勢： Whoever says that is lying.誰那樣說，誰就是在說謊。

Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.違反本法者應(yīng)予以罰款。

Whoever comes first can get a ticket free.誰先來誰就可以免費(fèi)得到一張票。

以上各例中的 whoever 引導(dǎo)的均為主語從句，它們均可換成 anyone who，但不能換成 anyone。上面的試題從表面上看，與以上各例很相似，其實(shí)有本質(zhì)的不同，即 _________ with the right knowledge 中沒有謂語動(dòng)詞，所以我們不能選 whoever。此題的正確答案為C，anyone 為句子主語，with the right knowledge 為修飾 anyone 的定語。請做以下試題：

(1)_________ with a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(2)_________ has a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(3)_________ having a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(4)_________ seen smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(5)_________ is seen smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(6)_________ smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(7)_________ smokes here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever 第(1)題選C，介詞短語with a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語； 第(2)題選B，whoever has a good education 為主語從句；

第(3)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語having a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語；

第(4)題選C，過去分詞短語seen smoking here 為修飾 anyone 的定語(可視為 anyone who is seen smoking here 之省略)；

第(5)題選B，whoever is seen smoking here 為主語從句(from 004km.cn)； 第(6)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語smoking here 為修飾anyone 的定語； 第(7)題B，whoever smokes here 為主語從句。

that與whether(if)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

兩者均可引導(dǎo)賓語從句，也可引導(dǎo)語從句和表語從句(if 通常不行)，但兩者含義不同，whether(if)表示“是否”，that 卻不表示任何含義。在它們所引出的從句中，that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether(if)則表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念。比較：

Whether he’ll come is not known yet.他是否來還不清楚。That he’ll come is known to us all.我們都知道他會(huì)來。

類似地，動(dòng)詞doubt(懷疑)后接賓語從句時(shí)，由于 doubt的含義不確定，故通常用 whether(if)來引導(dǎo)其賓語從句，但若 doubt為否定式，則其后的賓語從句用 that 來引導(dǎo)。如：

I doubt if you are honest.我懷疑你是否誠實(shí)。

I don’t doubt that you are honest.我不懷疑你是誠實(shí)的。

that, why 與 because 引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

雖然三者均可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但 that 沒有詞義，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思；另外，雖然 why和 because 都可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。如：

The reason was that you don’t trust her.原因是你不信任她。

The fact is that they are angry with each other.事實(shí)是他們生彼此的氣。He was ill.That’s why he was sent to the hospital.他病了，所以被送到醫(yī)院來。He was sent to the hospital.That’s because he was ill.他被送到醫(yī)院，是因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>

whether 和if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

兩者均可用于及物動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示“是否”，?？苫Q。但除此(用于動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句)之外，在其他情況下表示“是否”時(shí)，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、讓步狀語從句、與or連用分別引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介詞后、直接與 or not 連用等等。如：

Ask him whether [if] he can come.問他能不能來。The question is whether he can do it.問題是他能不能做。

Answer my question whether you can help him.回答我你是否能幫助他。It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.這取決于信是否來得及時(shí)。注：在某些動(dòng)詞后(如 discuss 等)通常只用 whether。如：

We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我們討論了是否要開一個(gè)會(huì)。

that與what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分，無意義，在賓語從句通常省略，但在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中均不能省略；what除引導(dǎo)從句外，還在從句中作成分，意為“所??的(東西)”，在含義上等于“名詞+that”。如：

1.用that的例子

That she lacks experience is obvious.她缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這是顯然的。

The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time.警察獲知他那時(shí)不在場。He realized that she too was exhausted.他意識(shí)到她也精疲力盡。

My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country.我的意見是你不應(yīng)該離開那個(gè)國家。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday.鮑勃錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為明天是一個(gè)假日。It was quite plain that he didn’t want to come.很明顯他不想來。

It is natural that they should have different views.他們看法不同是很自然的。

2.用what的例子

What(=The thing that)he said was true.他所講的是事實(shí)。What he had hoped at last came true.他希望的事終于成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。What he said is beneath contempt.他說的話不值一理。What he says is true, possibly.或許他說的是對的。What she saw gave her a fright.她看到的情況嚇了她一跳。What I want to say is this.我想說的是這一點(diǎn)。I’m sorry for what I said.我為我說的話表示歉意。That’s what I want to know.這是我想知道的。

You had better hear what I have to say.你最好聽聽我的意見。I managed to get what I wanted.我設(shè)法得到了我要的東西。

It was what he meant rather than what he said.這是他的原意而不是他的原話。There’s something in what he says.他的話有些道理。

Her interest was roused by what he said.他的話引起了她的興趣。

He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他一向清楚她不太贊成他的做法。

注：that 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，what不能。如: Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時(shí)候開始嗎? 學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句的應(yīng)注意的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)

1.備考主語從句應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)

一是從句作主語，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)；

二是主語從句通常用it作形式主語，尤其是在It is +名詞 / 形容詞 / 過去分詞+that?中，或在It seems / happens that?中，或疑問句中；

三要注意由what, whatever, whoever引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般不用形式主語。

2.備考賓語從句應(yīng)注意以下四點(diǎn)

一是介詞后(except等除外)一般不跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，但可接疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句； 二是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后若還有補(bǔ)語時(shí)，要用it作形式賓語，而將that從句置于補(bǔ)語之后； 三是當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等時(shí)，若賓語從句要表示否定意義，往往要通過否主句來實(shí)現(xiàn)，即所謂否定轉(zhuǎn)移；

四是雖然引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that有時(shí)可以省略，但若賓語從句前有插入語或有間接賓語時(shí)，that不能省略；that在與之并列的另一個(gè)賓語從句之后或者在“形式賓語it+賓補(bǔ)”之后時(shí)也不能省略；that從句單獨(dú)回答問題時(shí)，that也不能省略。

3.備考表語從句應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)

一是除that, whether和疑問詞外，as, as if, as though, because也可引導(dǎo)表語從句； 二要注意“that’s why+結(jié)果”以及“that’s because+原因”的區(qū)別； 三是注意the reason(why / for?)is that?句式。3.備考同位語從句應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)

一是同位語從句多在news, order, word(=news / order), idea, hope, suggestion, information, plan, thought, doubt, fear, belief等抽象名詞后，說明其具體內(nèi)容；

二是同位語從句與所說明的名詞有時(shí)會(huì)被謂語所分開，做題時(shí)需注意；

三是引導(dǎo)同位語從句的有that, whether和連接副詞when, where, why, how等，但絕大多數(shù)由that引導(dǎo)，注意同位語從句不能用which引導(dǎo)。

英語基礎(chǔ)語法——名詞性從句

一、名詞性從句的基本概念

在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句，包括作主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。(1)主語從句

就是在復(fù)合句中作主語的從句。主語從句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引導(dǎo)。如：

Whether he will be able to come remains a question.他是否來還是問題。

That China is a great socialist country is well known.眾所周知，中國是一個(gè)偉大的社會(huì)主義國家。

注：為避免頭重腳輕，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，而將主語從句后置。如上述第二例常說成：

It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由連接代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般不能用形式主語。如： What he found surprised me greatly.他的發(fā)現(xiàn)使我非常吃驚。Whoever is finished may rest.凡是做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表語從句

就是在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語的從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接除與引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞外，還有as if，as though。如：

The question is whether he is able to do it alone.問題是他能否單獨(dú)做這件事。It looks as if(though)it is going to snow.天好像要下雪似的。注意：要區(qū)分以下句式：

1.that’s why+結(jié)果；that’s because+原因。2.the reason why /for?is that? He is absent.That’s because he is ill.他缺席，這是因?yàn)樗×?。He is ill.That’s why he is absent.他病了，這就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)賓語從句

就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的從句。引導(dǎo)這賓語從句的連接詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞基本相同。如： They didn’t say which they wanted.他們沒有說他們想要哪一個(gè)。

I am sure(that)no harm will ever come to you.我肯定你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)受傷害。I was surprised at what has happened.我對發(fā)生的事感到驚訝。

注意：當(dāng)think, believe, suppose等的疑問式后面跟連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，習(xí)慣上將這些連接詞置于句首，即“連接代/副詞＋do you think /believe /expect＋賓語從句的其余部分？”如：

Who do you think is the best player this year? 你認(rèn)為今年誰是最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)員? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放學(xué)后干什么？(4)同位語從句

就是在句中作同位語的從句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名詞的后面，說明這些詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。同位語從句大多由that引導(dǎo)，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引導(dǎo)，但不能由which引導(dǎo)。如：

The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.“地球是圓的”這種觀點(diǎn)并不新鮮。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必須回答他是否同意此事這們一問題。

I have no idea when he will set out.我不知他什么時(shí)候出發(fā)。注：有時(shí)，同位語從句并不緊跟在它所說明的詞的后面。如：

The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing.真相終于大白了，他原來是一只披羊皮的狼。

二、名詞性從句的基本要素 A.連接詞

就是引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)連接詞。共有四類：

1.連詞that：只起連接作用，沒有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在賓語從句中可省略。2.連詞whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，還可用if。

3.連接代詞：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。4.連接副詞：when, where, why, how等，有意義，在從句中作狀語。

5.whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，意為“無論/不管??”。注意：連接詞必須位于從句的最前面。關(guān)于連接詞的用法，請參見后文。B.語序

必須與陳述句語序相同：主語＋謂語動(dòng)詞。如： 譯：我不知道他去哪里了。

誤：I don’t know where has she gone.正：I don’t know where she has gone.C.時(shí)態(tài)一致

若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)；若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞必須用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。如：

She said that his father had gone to Beijing.他說他父親去北京了。(had不能用has)注：賓語從句是一個(gè)客觀真理時(shí)，可以不一致。如：

She told me that the earth goes around the sun.他告訴我地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。

八種賓語從句不省略that

引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that在下列情況下一般不省略： 1.賓語從句前有插入語。如：

We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我們希望他和我們呆在家里。

2.有間接賓語時(shí)。如： He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告訴我他要去日本。3.that在與之并列的另一個(gè)賓語從句之后。如：

He said(that)the book was very interesting and that(不省略)all the children like to read it.他說那本書很有趣，所有小孩都喜歡讀。

4.在“it(形式賓語)+補(bǔ)語”之后時(shí)。如：

I think it necessary that he should stay here.我們認(rèn)為他有必要留在這里。5.that從句單獨(dú)回答問題時(shí)。如： —What did he hear? 他聽說了什么事？

—That Kate had passed the exam.(他聽說)凱特考試及格了。6.在except等介詞后。如：

He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒有什么特別的毛病。

7.位于句首時(shí)。如：

That our team will win, I believe.我相信我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。8.在較為正式或不常用的動(dòng)詞(如reply, object)后。如： He replied that he disagreed.他回答說他不同意。

賓語從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

用來充作賓語的句子叫做賓語從句。如：

He asked what you were doing last night.他問你昨天夜晚在干什么。

I didn’t know that he was wounded in the accident.我原來不知道他在那事故中受了傷。Can you explain why he didn’t come to the party last Sunday? 你能解釋上周星期日他為什么沒有來參加聚會(huì)嗎？

在賓語從句中須注意：

1.that 在口語中常被省略，但在正式的文體中，不能?。徊⑶宜话悴荒芤龑?dǎo)介詞的賓語從句，但可引導(dǎo)except, but, in 等少數(shù)介詞的賓語從句。如：

I didn’t know(that)he was Li Lei.我不知道他就是李蕾。

I will do anything I can to help you except that I’m ill.只要我身體舒服，我愿做任何事情來幫助你。2.賓語從句之后帶有補(bǔ)足語成分時(shí)，一般須用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句放到句末，此時(shí)的that不能省。如：

The boy has made it clear that they can’t play with his toys.那個(gè)男孩已清楚的表明他們不能玩弄他的玩具。

3.動(dòng)詞advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(堅(jiān)決主張), order, propose, request, suggest(建議)等代的賓語從句須用虛擬語氣，即：(should)do的形式。

He asked that we(should)get there before nine o’clock.他要求我們在九點(diǎn)鐘之前趕到那兒。

The teacher advised us that we(should)not waste our time.老師勸告我們不要浪費(fèi)時(shí)間了。

4.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)須呼應(yīng)。即(from 004km.cn)：

1)當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)表示。如： He always says that he is our good friend.他總是說他是我們的好朋友。

When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed.當(dāng)老師知道我們所干的事情時(shí)，他會(huì)說我們做了一件好事。

2)當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞須用響應(yīng)的過去時(shí)。如： He didn’t tell us he came from Shanghai.他沒有告訴我們他來自上海。He said he had read the book.他說他讀過這本書。

3)但當(dāng)從句的內(nèi)容是客觀真理或客觀事實(shí)，而不受時(shí)間的限制時(shí)，即使主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如(from 004km.cn)：

Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers.毛主席說一切帝國主義者都是紙老虎。

When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world.我們還是小孩子的時(shí)候，人們就告訴我們說中國在世界的東方。

同位語從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

當(dāng)名詞后面所接的從句表示與名詞同位并為名詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)容時(shí)，這個(gè)從句就是同位語從句。如： The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all.中國加入了世界貿(mào)易組織這一消息使我們大家興奮不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon.他告訴了我們他從單車上摔下來這一真相。

同位語中應(yīng)注意：

1.高中所學(xué)能帶同位語從句的名詞不多，常見的有：answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：

Hw sent us a message that he won’t come next week.他送信來告訴我們說，下周他不來了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job.毫無疑問，它適合這一工作。

2.表示“命令、建議、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名詞的同位語，須用虛擬語氣。如(from 004km.cn)：

He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college.他已清楚的表明了他要努力學(xué)習(xí)考上大學(xué)這一愿望。

Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules.不久命令下來了，所有的人不得違犯制度。

3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：

同位語從句與定語從句形相似而實(shí)質(zhì)不同，具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：

(1)被修飾的詞不同。同位語從句的前面一般是數(shù)量有限的、表示抽象意義的名詞；而定語從句的先行詞是無數(shù)的指人或物名詞。

(2)從句的作用不同。同位語從句表示同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容；而定語從句是對先行詞—名詞的限制、描繪或說明。

(3)引導(dǎo)詞的作用不同。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，但不能省略；而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中擔(dān)任句子的某種成分，當(dāng)擔(dān)任定語從句中的賓語時(shí)，that可以省略。

(4)引導(dǎo)詞不同。定語從句不能用what, how, whether引導(dǎo)；而同位從句可以用what, how, whether引導(dǎo)(from 004km.cn)。

(5)判定定語從句和同位語從句的方法。同位語從句可充當(dāng)同位名詞的表語；而定語從句不能充當(dāng)先行詞的表語。

表語從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

當(dāng)一個(gè)子句充當(dāng)句子的表語時(shí)，這個(gè)子句就叫做表語從句。如：

My idea is that he can teach children English in this school.我的想法是他能夠在這所學(xué)校教孩子們英語。

My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever.我的希望是它將永遠(yuǎn)保守秘密。表語從句中應(yīng)注意：

1.連接詞that一般不能省略，但當(dāng)主句中含動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，that可以省略。如： What I want to do is(that)I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走到身邊去感謝他。

2.當(dāng)句子的主語是：advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名詞時(shí)，表語從句須用虛擬語氣，即：should +do。如：

My advice is that you should go to apologize to him.我的建議是你應(yīng)該去向他道歉。

主語從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

用來作主語的句子叫做主語從句。如：

(1)When he was born is unknown.他生于何時(shí)還不知道。

(2)What he did last night is being investigated.他昨天晚上干了些什么正在調(diào)查之中。在主語從句中須注意：

1.主語從句一般用it作形式主語，放在句首，而將主語從句放到句末。如：(1)It is possible that he has stolen the car.很可能他偷了小車。

(2)Isn’t it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他測試沒有通過，難道不奇怪嗎？

2.if引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，只能用it作形式主語，放在句首，而將if引導(dǎo)的主語從句放到句末。如： It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.明天他是否去北京還不敢肯定。3.that引導(dǎo)主語從句放在句首時(shí)，that不可省，但在句末口語中可省。如： That he was ill yesterday is known now.大家都已知道他昨天生了病。4.連接代詞引導(dǎo)主語從句只能放在句首。如；

(1)Who has broken the glass is unknown.誰打破了玻璃現(xiàn)在還不知道。(2)What he wants is all here.他所要的東西都在這里。5.主語從句中主句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，但what引導(dǎo)主語從句的主句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式須根據(jù)句子的意思來判斷。如(from 004km.cn)：

(1)How he worked it out is still a secret.他是如何把它做出來的還是一個(gè)秘密(2)What they makes in this factory are TV sets.他們在工廠里所做的東西就是電視機(jī)。

使用名詞性從句的兩個(gè)注意點(diǎn)

注意1 語序問題

不管什么詞引導(dǎo)，從句的語序始終用陳述語序。如：

(1)He asked how he could find his courage.他問道他如何才能找到他的勇氣。(2)The question is why there is little rain here.問題是這里為什么雨水少。

注意2 連接詞的選用問題

A．that，whether，if，as if(限用于表語從句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它們所引導(dǎo)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整。that 一般用于確定的語氣中，引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，口語中的that可省略，而其他情況中的that一般不可??；而whether，if一般用于不確定的語句中。如：

(1)That he learnt English before is certain.他學(xué)過英語是肯定的。(2)I don’t know whether / if he will come.我不知道他是否會(huì)來。(3)He looks as if he knows the answer.看起來他好像知道答案。B．whether和if 1)whether可用于任何名詞性從句中，而一般只能用于賓語從句中。如果if引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，只能放在句中，而不能置于句首。如：

(1)Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter.—It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not.他來還是不來都沒關(guān)系。

(2)Do you know if / whether his words are true.你知道他的話是否真實(shí)嗎？ 2)whether可與or not連用，而if則不可以。如

(1)I’m not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties.我沒有把握他能否克服這些困難。

(2)The radio didn’t say whether it would rain or not tomorrow.收音機(jī)并沒有報(bào)道明天是否下雨。

3)若用if會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義時(shí)，則用whether。(1)Let me know whether he will come.告訴我他是否會(huì)來。

(2)Let me know if he will come.可理解為：告訴我他是否會(huì)來。也可理解為：如果他愿意來，就告訴我一聲。

4)whether可與不定式連用，而if不可以。

Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow? 明天是否去那兒，你決定了嗎？(句子中的whether不能用if替換)5)whether引導(dǎo)的從句可作某些介詞及動(dòng)詞discuss的賓語，而if則不可以。如：

(1)They are talking about whether they will take part in the strike.他們在談?wù)撍麄兪欠褚獏⒓舆@次罷工。

(2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way.他們在討論他們是否可以采用這種新的方法。

(以上兩個(gè)句子中的whether 不能用if替換)6)賓語從句若為否定句，連接詞則用if 而不用whether。如：

Do you know if he hasn’t been to Washington? 你知道他是否沒有去過華盛頓嗎？ 此句子中的If不能用whether替換。

C．連接代詞、連接副詞都作句子的成分，因此，選用時(shí)須確定從句是否缺少成分，然后再確定選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞。如：

(1)I don’t know ________ he lives.(2)I don’t know ________ he lives there.(3)I don’t know ________ he lives there by fishing.(4)I don’t know ________ he likes.根據(jù)從句里面的成分，句子(1)可填地點(diǎn)、方式等連接詞where / how；句子(2)可填that, whether / if，原因連接副詞why 或方式連接副詞how；句子(3)可填that, whether / if，原因連接副詞why；句子(4)缺少賓語，可填what。

名詞性從句用法詳解

一、概說

名詞性從句，即指性質(zhì)相當(dāng)于名詞的從句，它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從高考的考查的實(shí)際情況來看，名詞性從句考得最多的是賓語從句，其次是主語從句，再次是表語從句，而同位語從句則很少考查。

二、名詞性從句的一般引導(dǎo)詞

1.連接詞 that 只起連接作用，沒有任何意思，也不充當(dāng)句子成分，在賓語從句中可省略，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)通常不省略。如：

I hope(that)you enjoy your holiday.希望你假期過得好。That he likes you is very obvious.很顯然他喜歡你。

2.連接詞 whether 也不充當(dāng)句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，可換成 if，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)不能換成 if。如(from 004km.cn)：

He asked whether [if] I would show him the way.他問我是否可以給他帶路。

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否對我們有害還要看一看。(引導(dǎo)主語從句，不能用 if 代替 whether)3.連接代詞 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。如：

That’s why she wanted to leave.這就是她想離開的原因。When we arrive doesn't matter.什么時(shí)候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。Tell me which one you like best.告訴我你最喜歡哪一個(gè)。

4.連接副詞 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意義，在從句中作狀語。如： The question is how we should carry out the plan.問題是怎樣執(zhí)行這個(gè)計(jì)劃。

When she’ll be back depends much on the weather.她什么時(shí)候回來在很大程度上要看天氣。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.他為什么這樣做將永遠(yuǎn)是一個(gè)謎。

三、名詞性從句的重要引導(dǎo)詞

1.what 用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句是一個(gè)十分重要的引導(dǎo)詞，它可引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句，但不用于引導(dǎo)同位語從句。它引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句有兩個(gè)意思是：一是表示“什么”，帶有疑問意味；二是表示“?所?的”，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)先行詞后接一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。如：

I don’t know what you want.我不知道你想要什么。

I don’t know what you want is this.我不知道你所想要的是這個(gè)。2.what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)可用作限定詞，其后修飾名詞。如： I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的書都給他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身邊帶有的錢全給了我。

注：what 后的名詞可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，但通常不能是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，并且后接不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，有時(shí)可有l(wèi)ittle修飾，兩者的區(qū)別是：what+不可數(shù)名詞=所有的都，what little+不可數(shù)名詞=雖少但全部。如： What friends she has are out of the country.她有的那些朋友全在國外。We gave him what(little)help we could.我們給了他我們力所能及的幫助。

3.whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，其意分別為“所?的一切事或東西”、“任何?的人”、““?的任可人或物”等。如：

Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要這書都可拿去。I’ll do whatever I can to help him.我們將盡我們所能來挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest.買最便宜的。注意以下受漢語意思影響而弄錯(cuò)的句子： 任何人來都?xì)g迎(from 004km.cn)。

誤：Who comes will be welcome./ Anyone comes will be welcome.正：Whoever comes will be welcome./ Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外，它們也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其意為“無論?”、“不管?”，其意相當(dāng)于 no matter who [what, which]。如：

Whatever happens, you must be calm.不管發(fā)生什么情況，你都必須鎮(zhèn)靜。(whatever = no matter what)He won't eat you, whoever he is.不管他是誰，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)注：whoever 既用作主格也用作賓語；作賓語時(shí)不宜用 whomever，因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)代英語中 whomever 這個(gè)已幾乎廢棄不用。

4.why 與 because 的用法區(qū)別。兩者均可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因。如： I had a cold.That’s why I didn't come.我感冒了，因此我沒來。

I didn’t come.That’s because I had a cold.我沒有來，那是因?yàn)槲腋忻傲恕?/p>

五、名詞性從句的語序

名詞性從句的詞序與陳述句語序相同，尤其注意那些由連接代詞who(m), whose, which, what 和連接副詞 when, where, why 等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不要受它們在特殊疑問句中用法的影響而誤用疑問句詞序。如：

Why was she crying? 她為什么在哭？

I don’t know why he was crying.我不知道她為什么哭。

六、名詞性從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題

1.當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去式時(shí)，賓語從句若不是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理，其謂語動(dòng)詞也必須用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。如： She said that she didn't want to know.她說她不想知道。

I asked her whether she would agree.我問她是否會(huì)同意(from 004km.cn)。2.when, if 這兩個(gè)詞既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且表示將來意義時(shí)，要直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)；但當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)狀語從句且表示將來意義時(shí)，則必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。如：

I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you.我不知道他什么時(shí)候，但當(dāng)他來的時(shí)候，我會(huì)打電話給你。

句中第一個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，故用將來時(shí)態(tài)表示將來意義；第二個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。

同位語邊緣知識(shí)歸納

一、什么叫同位語

當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，若其中一個(gè)句子成分是用于說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分的，那么用于起說明或解釋作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位語。如：

Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview.勞拉·邁爾，BBC的記者，要求采訪。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.流行性感冒是一種常見病，無特效藥。

Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university.瑪麗是我所認(rèn)識(shí)的最聰敏的姑娘之一，她正準(zhǔn)備上大學(xué)。

Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個(gè)人是誰? We have two children, a boy and a girl.我們有兩個(gè)孩子，一個(gè)男孩和一個(gè)女孩。

以上所舉的同位語例子都是同位語的基本形式，一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)。但有有幾種同位語，或由于身本結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，往往會(huì)引起誤解?，F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說明如下，希望引起同學(xué)們的注意。

二、特殊同位語歸納

1.代詞we, us, you等后接同位語 Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎? They three joined the school team.他們3人參加了校隊(duì)。She has great concern for us students.她對我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你們男孩子安靜些。We girls often go to the movies together.我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。2.不定式用作同位語

Soon came the order to start the general attack.很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along?與the instruction同位)

3.-ing分詞用作同位語

He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck.他今晚得到一個(gè)開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts.她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)

4.形容詞用作同位語

The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.目前的交易會(huì)，是有史以來規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。

He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。

People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。

【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。如：(from 004km.cn)The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.5.none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語

We none of us said anything.我們誰也沒說話。

We have none of us large appetites.我們誰飯量都不大。They neither of them wanted to go.他們兩人都不想去。

They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence.他們兩人誰也沒能贏得她的信任。【注】注意，同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數(shù)”，如： 學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。(from 004km.cn)正：The students each have a dictionary.誤：The students each has a dictionary.請比較下面一句（謂語用了單數(shù)，因?yàn)閑ach為句子主語）：

正：Each of the students has a dictionary.(from 004km.cn)

6.從句用作同位語（即同位語從句）

They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。I received a message that she would be late.我得到的信息說她可能晚到。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不實(shí)。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong.你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。

whatever, whoever, whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

1.whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

Whatever的意思是“所?的一切事或東西”，可視為what的強(qiáng)調(diào)說法，其含義大致相當(dāng)于anything that，whatever在從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語：

Whatever he did was right.無論他做什么都是對的。

Give them whatever they desire.他們想要什么就給他們什么。I will just say whatever comes into my mind.我想到什么就說什么。

Goats eat whatever(food)they can find.山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes.我將學(xué)習(xí)任何我的導(dǎo)師愿意我學(xué)的東西。He does whatever she asks him to do.她要他做什么，他就做什么。Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.給我談?wù)勅魏问鼓銦赖氖隆ne should stick to whatever one has begun.開始了的事就要堅(jiān)持下去。She would tell him whatever news she got.她得到的任何消息都會(huì)告訴他。You can have whatever allowance you like.你想要多少津貼就給你多少津貼。

2.whoever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

whoever的意思“任何?的人”，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于 anybody who。whoever在從句中可用作主語或賓語： I’ll take whoever wants to go.誰想去我就帶誰去。She can marry whoever she chooses.她愿意嫁誰就嫁誰。Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要這書都可拿去。Whoever comes will be welcome.誰來都?xì)g迎。

Whoever you invite will be welcome.任何你邀請的人都?xì)g迎。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.違反本法者應(yīng)予以罰款。I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it.請想要這票，我就把它給誰?！咀⒁狻?/p>

(1)whoever既用作主格也用作賓語(作賓語時(shí)不宜用whomever，因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)代英語中whomever已幾乎不用)。

(2)注意以下受漢語意思影響而弄錯(cuò)的句子：

誤：Who wins can get a prize./ Anyone wins can get a prize.(from 004km.cn)正：Whoever wins can get a prize./ Anyone who wins can a prize.誰贏了都可以獲獎(jiǎng)。3.whichever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

Whichever的意思“?的那個(gè)人或事物”，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于 the person or the thing that。whichever在從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語：

Buy whichever is cheapest.買最便宜的。Take whichever you like.哪個(gè)你喜歡你就拿哪個(gè)。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪個(gè)哪個(gè)就是你的。

I’ll take whichever books you don’t want.你不要的任何書我都要。(from 004km.cn)Whichever(of you)comes in first will receive a prize.無論(你們)誰先到都可以得獎(jiǎng)。Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.我們當(dāng)中無論哪個(gè)先到家，哪個(gè)就先開始做飯。

【注意】

whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句外，還可用于引導(dǎo)狀語從句，相當(dāng)于no matter what(who, which)。如：

Whatever happened I must be calm.不管發(fā)生什么情況我都要鎮(zhèn)靜。

Don’t lose heart whatever difficulties you meet.一不管遇到什么困難都不要灰心。I’ll post that letter whatever Wilson says.不管威爾遜說什么，這封信我都要發(fā)出去。He won’t eat you, whoever he is.不管他是誰，他也不會(huì)吃了你。

Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way.不管你是誰，都不能從這里過去。Whoever rings, tell him I’m out.不管誰來電話，都告訴他我不在家。Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied.不管哪邊贏，我都會(huì)感到滿意。It has the same result whichever way you do it.不管你怎么做結(jié)果都一樣。Whichever you choose, they will be offended.不管你選哪個(gè)，他們都會(huì)不高興。

關(guān)系型 what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的五種用法

一、用法歸納

1.表示“??的東西或事情”：

They’ve done what they can to help her.他們已經(jīng)盡力幫助了她。He saves what he earns.他賺多少，積蓄多少。What Mary is is the secretary.瑪麗的職務(wù)是秘書。2.表示“??的人或的樣子”：

He is no longer what he was.他已經(jīng)不是以前的那個(gè)樣子。

He is what is generally called a traitor.他就是人們通常所說的叛徒。

Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是誰把弗雷德培養(yǎng)成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子的？ 3.表示“??的數(shù)量或數(shù)目”：

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.我們現(xiàn)在的收入是10年前的兩倍。The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation.現(xiàn)在我校學(xué)生的數(shù)量是解放前的10倍。

4.表示“??的時(shí)間”：

After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.似乎過了幾個(gè)小時(shí)他才苦笑著出來。

The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours.小女孩嚇得不敢說話，在那兒站了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。

5.表示“??的地方”：

This is what they call Salt Lake City.這就是他們稱為鹽湖城的地方。(from 004km.cn)In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年哥倫布到達(dá)了現(xiàn)在所稱的美洲大陸。

二、用法說明

(1)這樣用的what相當(dāng)于“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”，所以其前不能有先行詞： 你喜歡什么就拿什么吧。

正：You can have what you like./ You can have everything(that)you like.誤：You can have everything what you like.(2)有時(shí)what 可用作限定詞，其后修飾一個(gè)名詞： I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的書都給他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身邊帶有的錢全給了我。(3)What 后的名詞可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，但通常不能是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞： 誤：I gave him what book I had.(from 004km.cn)(4)What后接不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，有時(shí)可有l(wèi)ittle修飾。注意區(qū)別：what+不可數(shù)名詞=所有的都，what little+不可數(shù)名詞=雖少但全部。如：

I spent what time I had with her.我所有的時(shí)間都是與她一起度過的。

I spent what little time I had with her.我僅有的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間都是與她一起度過的。

四組名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞用法區(qū)別

1.what 與that的用法區(qū)別

兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語、表語、賓語從句，區(qū)別是what可在從句中用作主語、賓語或表語，意為“什么”或“所?的”，而that僅起連接作用，本身沒有實(shí)際意義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分(引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)通常可以省略)：

He doesn’t know what she likes.他不知道她喜歡什么。What you say is quite right.你所說的相當(dāng)正確。

I believe(that)he will come to see us.我相信他會(huì)來看我們的。It’s a pity(that)he didn’t finish college.真遺憾他大學(xué)沒畢業(yè)。另外，that 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但 what 通常不用于引導(dǎo)同位語從句： I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在這兒。

2.whether與 if的用法區(qū)別 兩者的用法異同注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

(1)兩者均可引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示“是否”，?？苫Q：

He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink.他問我們是否想喝一杯。He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come.他沒有告訴我他是否會(huì)來?！咀ⅰ咳羰且龑?dǎo)條件狀語從句，則只能用 if(意為“如果”)。(2)當(dāng)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定的賓語從句時(shí)，通常用 if 而不用 whether： I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.我不在乎天是否下雨。

【注】在個(gè)別詞語(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的從句否定式有時(shí)也可用 whether 引導(dǎo)： I wonder if [whether] he isn’t mistaken.我想知道他是否錯(cuò)了。(3)以下情況通常要用 whether 而不用 if： ① 引導(dǎo)賓語從句且置于句首時(shí)：

Whether he has left, I can’t say.他是否走了，我說不定。② 引導(dǎo)主語從句且放在句首時(shí)：

Whether he will come is still a question.他是否會(huì)來還是個(gè)問題。

【注】若在句首使用形式主語 it，而將主語從句放在句末，則有時(shí)也可用 if 來引導(dǎo)： It was not known whether [if] he would come.不知他是否會(huì)來。③ 引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)：

The question is whether we should go on with the work.問題是我們是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作。

【注】在很不正式的場合if偶爾也用于引導(dǎo)表語從句，但遠(yuǎn)不如用 whether 常見。④ 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)：

Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.不管他同意與否，我都要那樣做。⑤ 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)：

The question whether we need it has not been considered.我們是否需要它還沒有考慮。⑥ 用于不定式之前時(shí)：

I’m not sure whether to stay or leave.我不知是留還是去。I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.我真是哭笑不得。⑦ 用于介詞之后時(shí)：

It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.這取決于信是否來得及時(shí)。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。⑧ 直接與 or not 連用時(shí)：

I will write to you whether or not I can come.我能不能來，我將寫信告訴你?！咀ⅰ咳舨皇侵苯优c or not 用在一起，則有時(shí)也可用 if：

I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not.我不知他是否能贏。⑨ 在 discuss(討論)等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)：(from 004km.cn)We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我們討論了是否要開一個(gè)會(huì)。

3.that ,why 與 because的用法區(qū)別

它們在引導(dǎo)表語從句中很容易混淆，區(qū)別于下：

(1)當(dāng)主語是reason(原因)時(shí)，后面的表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞通常用that： The reason why he didn’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet.他昨天沒有參加聚會(huì)是因?yàn)樗€沒有回來。

【注】在現(xiàn)代英語中，有時(shí)也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。

(2)why和 because 都可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因：

I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.That’s why I got wet all through.我既沒穿雨衣，也沒帶雨傘，所以全身都淋濕了。

I got wet all through.That’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.我全身都淋濕了，因?yàn)槲壹葲]穿雨衣，也沒帶雨傘。

4.that 與 whether(if)的用法區(qū)別

從意思上看，兩者不應(yīng)該發(fā)生混淆，因?yàn)?whether(if)表示“是否”，而that 卻不表示任何含義，但實(shí)際使用時(shí)，有的同學(xué)卻經(jīng)常將其用混，并且各類語法考試也?？疾樗?。兩者的原則區(qū)別是：that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether(if)則表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念。請看幾道考題：

(1)______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.A.That C.Whether

B.If

D.Whenever [選C](2)______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If C.That

B.Whether D.Where [選B] 由于以上區(qū)別，所以動(dòng)詞 doubt后接賓語從句時(shí)，通常要用 whether(if)來引導(dǎo)，而不用 that，因?yàn)?doubt 表示“懷疑”，其意不肯定、不明確；但是如果它用于否定式，其后的賓語從句則要通常用 that 來引導(dǎo)，因?yàn)?not doubt 表示“不懷疑”，其意是肯定的、明確的。如：

I doubt if [whether] he’ll come.我拿不準(zhǔn)他是否會(huì)來。I don’t doubt that he will succeed.我敢肯定他會(huì)成功。Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他會(huì)贏嗎? 【注】在現(xiàn)代英語中，doubt用于肯定式時(shí)其后也可接that從句，不過此時(shí)的that仍表示whether的意思：

I doubt that we’ll ever see George again.我懷疑我們是否還會(huì)見到喬治。(from 004km.cn)類似地，be sure后的名詞性從句通常用that引導(dǎo)，而 be not sure 后的名詞性從句則通常用whether / if 來引導(dǎo)：

I’m sure that he is honest.我肯定他是誠實(shí)的。

I’m not sure whether(if)he is honest.我不敢肯定他是否誠實(shí)。學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句應(yīng)注意的兩個(gè)問題

一、詞序問題

名詞性從句總是用陳述句詞序，則不能使用疑問句詞序，尤其是當(dāng)名詞性從句由“疑問詞”引導(dǎo)時(shí)，不能受疑問句的影響而誤用疑問句詞序：

誤：I didn’t know where did he live.正：I didn’t know where he lived.我不知道他住哪兒。誤：Who will he marry remains unknown.正：Who he will marry remains unknown.他同誰結(jié)婚還不知道。

二、時(shí)態(tài)問題

由于由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句和以if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義，而不能直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)，所以許多同學(xué)容易受此影響在when和if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。請看幾題：

(1)I don’t know if he ________ or not tomorrow.A.come C.will come

B.comes D.is coming 此題答案選C，句中if引導(dǎo)的不是條件狀語從句(if≠如果)，而是賓語從句(if＝是否)，句意為“我不知道明天他是否會(huì)來?！?from 004km.cn)

(2)I don’t know if she ________, but if she ________ I will let you know.A.comes, comes C.comes, will come

B.will come, will come D.will come, comes 答案選 D，第一個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，第二個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。

(3)“When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”

A.comes, comes C.comes, will come

B.will come, will come D.will come, comes 答案選 D，第一個(gè) when 引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，第二個(gè) when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。

另外，當(dāng)主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語從句通常要用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)與之呼應(yīng)(表客觀真理時(shí)除外)： The teacher told us that he knew everything.老師告訴我們他知道一切。

The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播得快。同位語從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that，whether，連接代詞和連接副詞等。1.由that引導(dǎo)

We heard the news that our team had won.我們聽到消息說我們隊(duì)贏了。They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不實(shí)。I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.我得出結(jié)論這樣做是不明智的。

The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.那筆錢不見了這一事實(shí)并不意味著是被偷了。

He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.他提到了哥白尼關(guān)于地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的說法。

【注意1】在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。如：

They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.他們面對廢除這個(gè)稅的要求。They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他們表示希望她接受這筆獎(jiǎng)金。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。

The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。

The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.允許婦女參加這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)的決議通過了。

I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情。

【注意2】引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。如： He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。

2.由whether引導(dǎo)

There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否會(huì)來還不一定。Answer my question whether you are coming.你回答我的問題：你來不來。The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.這個(gè)是對還是錯(cuò)要看結(jié)果。

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問題。

【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。3.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)

Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時(shí)候開始嗎? From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters.After that I went back to work in a factory.Then I had no idea what a casino was.從1985年到1990年我是地方黨部的教員。隨后我回到一家工廠工作。當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道賭場是什么樣的地方。

4.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)

I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。It is a question how he did it.那是一個(gè)他如何做的問題。He had no idea why she left.他不知道她為什么離開。You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我多著急!

二、關(guān)于分離同位語從句

有時(shí)同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。如：

The story goes that he beats his wife.傳說他打老婆。

The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息傳開說他中彩得了一輛汽車。

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.謠傳這里要蓋一所新學(xué)校。Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town.有傳言說史密斯一家要離開這座城市。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他想到可能敵人已逃離這座城市。

The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.不久命令下來，所有居民都必須撤出村子。(G31)

二、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別 1．意義的不同

同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語通?？梢詣澋忍?；而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來：

We are glad at the news that he will come.聽到他要來這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句)We are glad at the news that he told us.聽到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語從句)2.引導(dǎo)詞的不同

what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語從句。3.引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同

that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的主語，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的賓語。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語。

4.被修飾詞語的區(qū)別

同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。另外，when和where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)卻不一定；又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)則不一定：

I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來。(同位語從句)I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語從句)(from 004km.cn)We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我們不明白這個(gè)問題，為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語從句)The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能來開會(huì)，原因是他生病了。(定語從句)表語從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有連詞that, whether，連接代詞和連接副詞，關(guān)系代詞型what，以及as if, as though, because等連詞。

1.由that引導(dǎo)

The fact is that he doesn’t really try.事實(shí)是他沒有做真正的努力。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。

His sole requirement was(is)that the system work.他唯一的要求是這個(gè)制度能起作用。My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的意見是我們馬上就開始做準(zhǔn)備工作。2.由whether引導(dǎo)

The question is whether the film is worth seeing.問題是這部電影是否值得看?！咀⒁狻縲hether 可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。3.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)

You are not who I thought you were.你已不是我過去所想像的人。

The problem is who we can get to replace her.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。The question is who(m)we should trust.問題是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)相信誰。

What I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道的是我們應(yīng)走哪條路。4.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)

The problem is how we can find him.問題是我們?nèi)绾握业剿?。That was when I was fifteen.這是我15歲時(shí)發(fā)生的事。That’s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇見她的地方。That’s why he didn’t come.這就是他沒有來的緣故。

That’s why I object to the plan.這就是我反對這個(gè)計(jì)劃的原因。That’s where you are wrong.這就是你不對的地方。5.由關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)

That’s what I want to stress.這是我想強(qiáng)調(diào)的。That’s what we are here for.我們來這里就為了這個(gè)。

Fame and personal gain is what they’re after.他們追求的是名利。He is no longer what he was.他已經(jīng)不是以前的他了。6.由as if / as though引導(dǎo)

It isn’t as if you were going away for ever.又不是你離開不回來了。

Now it was as though she had known Millie for years.現(xiàn)在好像她認(rèn)識(shí)米莉已有好多年了似的。

It is not as though we were poor.又不是我們家里窮。7.由because引導(dǎo)

It is because I love you too much.那是因?yàn)槲姨珢勰懔恕?/p>

That’s because you can’t appreciate music.這是因?yàn)槟悴荒苄蕾p音樂。

If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall night.如果我有點(diǎn)困，是因?yàn)橐灰箾]睡。It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class.這是因?yàn)槲以谏险n中替約翰傳紙條給海倫。

【注意】because 可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但與之同義的since, as, for等也不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。

二、連詞that的省略問題

引導(dǎo)表語從句的that通常不省略，但在口語或非正式文體中有時(shí)也可省略： My idea is(that)we should do it right away.我的意見是我們應(yīng)該馬上干。The trouble is(that)he is ill.糟糕的是他病了。(from 004km.cn)賓語從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

賓語從句通常由連詞that和whether(if)、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)： 1.that引導(dǎo)

We believe that he is honest.我們相信他是誠實(shí)的。

The doctor insists that I give up smoking醫(yī)生堅(jiān)持要我戒煙。I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。

We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain.從他的信里我們了解到他在西班牙。The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days.賣方要求5日內(nèi)付款。2.whether / if引導(dǎo)

I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及時(shí)到。I didn’t know whether they liked the place.我不知道他們是否喜歡這個(gè)地方。I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it.我要看看我是否能勸他接受。I asked her whether she agreed.我問她是否同意。

He enquired if her parents spoke Spanish.他問她父母是否講西班牙語。I wonder if it’s large enough.我不知道它是否夠大。She didn’t say if he was still alive.她沒說他是否還活著。3.連接代詞引導(dǎo)

I don’t know who [whom] you mean.我不知道你指誰。Please tell me which you like.告訴我你喜歡哪一個(gè)。I’Il do whatever I can do.我將做我所能做的事。You can take whichever you like.你愛拿哪個(gè)就拿哪個(gè)吧。

We’ll do whatever we can to save him.我們將盡我們所能來挽救他。Take whichever seat you like.你要坐哪個(gè)座就坐哪個(gè)座位。Give it to whoever you like.你把它愛給誰就給誰。

You don’t know what you are talking about.你在說什么，你自己也不知道。Tomorrow at this time we’ll know who is elected.明天這時(shí)候我們就會(huì)知道誰當(dāng)選了。4.連接副詞引導(dǎo)

He asked why he had to go alone.他問他為什么必須一個(gè)人去。You don’t know when you are lucky.你身在福中不知福。I asked how he was getting on.我問他情況怎樣。He knows where they live.他知道他們住哪里。

Have you found out how wide the ditch Was? 你了解到那條溝有多寬嗎? I’d like to know when they will let him out.我很想知道他們什么時(shí)候會(huì)放他出來。We didn’t know why he had answered in that fashion.我們不明白他為什么這樣回答。3.關(guān)系代詞what引導(dǎo)

She has got what she wanted.她要的東西得到了。

I want to tell you what I hear.我想把聽到的情況告訴你。He could not express what he felt.他無法表達(dá)內(nèi)心的感受。They did what they could to console her.他們盡量安慰她。

They thought they could do what they liked with him.他們以為他們可以對他為所欲為?！咀⒁狻坑袝r(shí)介詞后可接一個(gè)賓語從句(但介詞后通常不接that和if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句)： From what you say, he is right.根據(jù)你所說的，他是對的。有極個(gè)別介詞(如but, except)可接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：

She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.她對他什么都不記得，只記得他的頭發(fā)是黑的。

比較下面兩句用what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，它們的意思不一樣：

He began to think about what he should do.他開始考慮應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣做。

二、賓語從句與形式賓語it 當(dāng)賓語從句后跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，通常在賓語從句處使用形式賓語it，而將真正的賓語從句移至句末：

I think it best that you should stay here.我認(rèn)為你最好住這兒。

He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married.他還沒宣布他何時(shí)結(jié)婚。She found it difficult to answer the question.她發(fā)現(xiàn)回答這個(gè)問題很困難。He feels it his duty to hetp others.他認(rèn)為幫助別人是他的責(zé)任。He thought it best to be on his guard.他認(rèn)為他最好還是要警惕。

He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every session.他規(guī)定自己在議會(huì)每次開會(huì)時(shí)至少發(fā)一次言。I find it interesting talking go you.我覺得同你談話很有意思。

I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.我認(rèn)為考試作弊是不對的。

三、連詞that的省略問題

引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that 通?？梢允÷裕?/p>

She said(that)she would come to the meeting.她說過要來開會(huì)的。I promise you(that)I will be there.我答應(yīng)你我會(huì)去。I hoped(that)I would / should succeed.我曾希望我會(huì)成功。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa.他想他們會(huì)給他簽證。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他們會(huì)給他簽證。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。

Everybody knows(that)money doesn’t grow on trees.眾所周知，金錢是不會(huì)從樹上長出來的。

I suggested(that)they should / shouldn’t drive along the coast.我建議他們沿著 / 不要沿著海岸開車。

【注】有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可位于句首，此時(shí)that不可省略： That she is a good girl I know.她是一個(gè)好姑娘，我是知道的。

四、賓語從句與否定轉(zhuǎn)移

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 后接一個(gè)表示否定意義的賓語從句時(shí)，其否定通常轉(zhuǎn)移到主語：

I don’t suppose that it is true.我認(rèn)為那不是真的。

I don’t imagine that he will come.我想他不會(huì)來的。(from 004km.cn)I don’t think we need waste much time on it.我想我們不必在這上面花太多時(shí)間 We didn’t think we’d be this late.我們沒想到我們會(huì)到得這么晚。I don’t suppose I’ll trouble you again.我想我不要再麻煩你了。

主語從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

主語從句通常由連詞that和whether、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)。1.that引導(dǎo)

That he is still alive is a wonder.他還活著，真是奇跡。That we shall be late is certain.我們要晚了，這是確定無疑的。

That he should have ignored the working class was natural.他忽視工人階級是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation.她還活著是使人感到寬慰的。

That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.她成為畫家可能是受她父親的影響。

That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.你將來倫敦是好久以來我聽到的最好消息。

That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village.她被挑選上，在她村 子里引起很大轟動(dòng)。

2.whether引導(dǎo)

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否對我們有害還要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem.他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問題。3.連接代詞引導(dǎo)

Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet.兩強(qiáng)相爭勇者勝。Whichever(of you)comes in first will receive a prize.無論(你們)誰先到都可以得獎(jiǎng)。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪個(gè)哪個(gè)就是你的。4.連接副詞引導(dǎo)

When we arrive doesn’t matter.什么時(shí)候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。How it was done was a mystery.這是怎樣做的是一個(gè)謎。

How this happended is not clear to anyone.這件事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。How many people we are to invite is still a question.邀請多少人還是一個(gè)問題。Where I spend my summer is no business of yours.我在哪里過暑假不關(guān)你的事。5.關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)

What we need is money.我們需要的是錢。

What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是這一點(diǎn)。What’s done is done.事已成定局。

What he says is not important.他說的話并不重要。

What I am telling you is mere impressions.我和你說的都不過是一些印象而已。What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water.為河水增色的是水里的荷花。

What you need is a good-sized canvas bag.你需要的是一個(gè)比較大的帆布袋。

What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal.我擔(dān)心的是他們把他帶到葡萄牙去。What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot.給我很深印象的是他們都受過很多苦。

二、主語從句與形式主語it 有時(shí)為了考慮句子平衡，通常在主語從句處使用形式主語it，而將真正的主語從句移至句末。這分三種情況：

(1)對于以連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，通常用形式主語代主語從句： It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遺憾他沒來。

It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It’s vital that we be present.我們出席是至關(guān)重要的。

It was intended that you be the candidate.大家的意圖是讓你當(dāng)候選人。It is important that this mission not fail.這項(xiàng)使命不失敗至關(guān)重要。It is essential that a meeting be convened this week.本周開一次會(huì)非常重要。It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.廢除這個(gè)稅是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

It’s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs.竟有這么多人失業(yè)這是不公平的。It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it.她竟未談及此事令人驚訝。It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request.他們竟然拒絕我的請求，這是不可思議的。

That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.他們拒絕在請?jiān)笗虾炞诌@是需要很大勇氣的。

(2)對于以連接代詞(副詞)引導(dǎo)的主語從句，可以使用形式主語代主語從句，也可直接在句首使用主語從句：

Whether they would support us was a problem.他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問題。It was a problem whether they would support us.他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問題。It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good.它對我們是利是害，還得看看再說。

(3)對關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，通常直接將主語從句放在句首。如： What we need is money.我們需要的是錢。

What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是這一點(diǎn)。有時(shí)也可將助用形式主語。如：

It is clear enough what he meant.他是什么意思很清楚。(4)如果句子是疑問句，則必須用帶形式主語it的結(jié)構(gòu)：

Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父親，是真的嗎？ How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又遲到了？(from 004km.cn)

三、連詞that的省略問題 引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞that 有時(shí)可省，有時(shí)不能省，其原則是：若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句直接位于句首，則that不能省略；若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主語it，則that可以省略：

That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity.很遺憾你沒去聽報(bào)告。(that不可省)It was a pity(that)you didn’t go to the talk.很遺憾你沒去聽報(bào)告。(that可省)定語從句：定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語 1.定語從句：

定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：

引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，絕對沒有WHAT；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：

①連接作用，引導(dǎo)定語從句。

②代替主句中的先行詞，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整個(gè)主句。

③在定語從句中充當(dāng)一句子成分。

注：關(guān)系代詞有主語、賓語之分。一般whom作為賓語。3.定語：

定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語（動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語和分詞短語）或句子，漢語中常用‘??的’表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任，此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來擔(dān)任。單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語。

4、先行詞：

被定語從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞。[編輯本段] 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句舉例

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1、who, whom, that

這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：

(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想見你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）

(2)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）

2、Whose 用來指人或物

(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換，指人的時(shí)候也可以用of whom 代替）

(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。

(2)Please pass me the book whose(of which)color is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3、which, that

它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：

(1)A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語）

(2)The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）限定性定語從句

一、關(guān)系代詞（在句中作主語、賓語或定語）

1.that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時(shí)常可省略關(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語也可以省略。[eg：This is the book（which）you want.]

2而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置

3.代表物時(shí)多用which，但在下列情況中用that而不用which：

a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時(shí)；

b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)，這時(shí)的that常被省略；

c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)；

d)先行詞就是序數(shù)詞或最高級時(shí)；

e)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)；

f)整個(gè)句中前面已有which時(shí)；

g)當(dāng)先行詞為物并作表語時(shí)。

4.who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語

5.whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí), 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣。

二、關(guān)系副詞（在句中作狀語）

關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配)

when=during/ on/ in/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配)

1.where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句。

2.when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間［注］值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間“time“一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)。

By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。

3.當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來引導(dǎo)

There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.這里有人要和你說話。非限定性定語從句

非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分

2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：

3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。

4.有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞

5.在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.；

p.s: which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句其后不可省略成分，as可以 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.who指人在從句中做主語

(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.在踢足球的男孩們是一班的.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天，我?guī)椭艘粋€(gè)迷路的老人.2.whom指人

在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，常省略。（注：who和whom已無太大區(qū)別，基本可以通用。唯一區(qū)別是who可以做主語而whom不可以。）

如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.他就是那個(gè)有英語書的男人.3.whose通常指人，也可指物

在定語從句中做定語。4.which指物

在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。5.that指人時(shí)

相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。

在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。

Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.when指時(shí)間

在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語

(1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2)The time when we got together finally came.2.where指地點(diǎn)

在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語

(1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3.why指原因

在定語從句中做原因狀語

(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換

(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 介詞和關(guān)系代詞

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。

2）that前不能有介詞。

3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的”介詞+關(guān)系詞“結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換。

This is the house in which（where）I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which（when）you joined our club?

This is the reason for which（why）he came late.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí)

從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)

當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用whick/whom即“介詞+which/whom”且不能省略。但當(dāng)介詞位于末尾時(shí)可用that/whick/who/whom.作介詞的賓語，且可以省略。例如：

(1)The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略

= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略

(2)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine(that/which)you asked for.= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(3)We’ll go to hear the famous singer(whom/that/who)we have often talked about.= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：

1.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T＝正確)

F This is the watch for which I am looking.(F＝錯(cuò)誤)

2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose

(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

(2)The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.(T)

3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞 關(guān)系代詞

關(guān)系代詞（一般情況下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在從句做主語，謂動(dòng)詞的賓語，但是不能做介詞的賓語。

which指物，在從句中作主語，謂語或賓語；

who在從句中作主語；

whom在從句中賓語；

where在從句中修飾表地點(diǎn)的名詞，做地點(diǎn)狀語；

when在從句中通常修飾表時(shí)間的名詞，做時(shí)間狀語；

why在從句中做原因狀語，先行詞通常是”reason“

有時(shí)why也可用for+which代替。

例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.主語 謂語 先行詞 從句

定語從句修飾先行詞

As 的用法例

1.the same? as；such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。

I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；

例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。

一、“as / which” 特殊定語從句的先行成分

1.形容詞或形容詞短語作先行成分, 具有形容詞意義的介詞短語也可以充當(dāng)先行成分，如：

My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用who / whom.2.動(dòng)詞短語先行成分。

這種動(dòng)詞短語既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語，它們在從句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代動(dòng)詞do和as / which一起代替。do可以出現(xiàn)，也可以不出現(xiàn)，但不能用其它動(dòng)詞代替。

3.句子作先行成分。

這句子可以是整個(gè)主句也可以只是主句中的一個(gè)從句。有時(shí)是連續(xù)幾個(gè)句子，有時(shí)甚至可以是一個(gè)完整的故事。

二、“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置

由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：

1.形容詞做先行成分時(shí)：形容詞或形容詞短語（含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。

2.動(dòng)詞短語作先行成分時(shí)：動(dòng)詞短語作先行成分時(shí)，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當(dāng)從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時(shí)，“as”特殊定語從句可以移至句子之首。

3.句子作先行成分時(shí)：“as”特殊定語從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語，“as”特殊定語從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定語從句與否定詞的相對位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同的意義。由于“as”特殊定語從句具有這一特點(diǎn)，所以有時(shí)它的位置不能隨便移動(dòng)。在非正式的文體里，“which”特殊定語從句可以出現(xiàn)在先行成分之中。

三、“as/which”特殊定語從句的語義功能

一般說來，as與which的語義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時(shí)，它們的語義功能則有差異。

1.表示結(jié)果

表示結(jié)果的特殊定語從句與其先行成分之間存在著一定的因果關(guān)系，從句中往往使用有結(jié)果意義的詞，如動(dòng)詞result, make, enable, cause和形容詞interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。

2.表示評注

表示評注的特殊定語從句對其先行成分所述事實(shí)的正確性有肯定的傾向，它通常與那些表示客觀事實(shí)，普遍真理或某種習(xí)性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規(guī)律”、“眾所周知”或“經(jīng)常發(fā)生”等意義的詞語，如natural, known to all, usual等。

3.有無狀語意義

“as”特殊定語從句具有狀語意義（主要是方式狀語意義），而“which”特殊定語從句則無狀語意義。“as”特殊定語從句的狀語意義要求它在語義上與其先行成分的語義保持一致，“which”特殊定語從句則不受這種限制。

四、關(guān)系代詞as與which的句法功能

1.as / which 在特殊定語從句中作主語。

as作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常為連系動(dòng)詞（主要是be, seem），主語補(bǔ)語為usual、a rule、a matter of fact等時(shí)，系動(dòng)詞be習(xí)慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動(dòng)詞作“as”特殊定語從句的謂語時(shí)一般用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)（其中助動(dòng)詞be常略），不及物的行為動(dòng)詞在“as”特殊定語從句中作謂語的極少，常見的有happen一詞。如：

Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞不限，主動(dòng)被動(dòng)皆可，只是謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be省略。

2.as和which都可以在特殊定語從句中賓語。

3.as和 which在特殊定語從句中作補(bǔ)語。如：

We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定語從句中可以主謂倒裝，“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝。

如果先行成分不是主語補(bǔ)語或賓語補(bǔ)語，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用as。如：

He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4.which在特殊從定語句中作定語。

which可以在特殊定語從句中作定語，修飾fact, matter, thing 等名詞。這些名詞代表先行成分表達(dá)的意義，有時(shí)將其略去句義仍然完整。as不能作定語。如：

I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.關(guān)系代詞that 的用法

(1)不用that的情況

(a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。

(b)介詞后不能用。

(2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

(b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。

(c)先行詞有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修飾時(shí)，只用that。

(d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that,不能用which。.(e)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

(f)先行詞指物，在主句中作表語時(shí)．

(g)為了避免重復(fù)．

(h)先行詞是the way或the reason時(shí)，that可作關(guān)系副詞，也可省略

(i)主句的主語是疑問詞who /which時(shí) 難點(diǎn)分析

（一）限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況

1、當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修飾時(shí)

注意1：部分時(shí)候that可以省略，如部分例句將that用括號括住。

注意2：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who

2、當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾

3、當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)

4、當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only，the same,the last 修飾時(shí)

當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who

5、當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)

6、當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)

7.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做表語

8.當(dāng)在there be句型中，通常情況下用that，不用which

（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：

1、As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。

2、as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如??，正像??”的意思

注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which。

3、當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as

注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同

注意：定語從句such?as ?與結(jié)果狀語從句such? that?的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語，賓語；that在結(jié)果狀語從句中不做成分

(三）以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。

(四)but有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句

There are very few but understand his idea。(but= who don’t)

［定語從句］介詞+關(guān)系詞

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系副詞不能省略。

2）that前不能有介詞。

3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的”介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。

第五章：狀語從句

狀語從句指句子用作狀語，起副詞作用的句子。根據(jù)英語中狀語的分類，我們將狀語從句分為九種：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較狀語從句。

第一節(jié)：狀語從句的分類

1.時(shí)間主狀語從句。

常用關(guān)系詞：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊關(guān)系詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner ? than, hardly ?when, scarcely ? when a.I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.b.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.c.The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard.d.No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain.e.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2． 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 常用關(guān)系詞：where 特殊關(guān)系詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere a.Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.b.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3． 原因狀語從句

常用關(guān)系詞：because, since, as, for 特殊關(guān)系詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.a.My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.b.Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.c.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.d.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4． 目的狀語從句

常用關(guān)系詞：so that, in order that 特殊關(guān)系詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that a.The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.b.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5． 結(jié)果狀語從句

常用關(guān)系詞：so ? that, such ? that, 特殊關(guān)系詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, a.He got up so early that he caught the first bus.b.It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.c.To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.6． 條件狀語從句

常用關(guān)系詞：if, unless, 特殊關(guān)系詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that a.We’ll start our project if the president agrees.b.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.c.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7． 讓步狀語從句

a.常用關(guān)系詞：though, although, even if/even though 特殊關(guān)系詞： as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while(一般用在句首)，no matter ?，in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, whether.a.Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.b.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.c.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.d.He won’t listen whatever you may say.8． 比較狀語從句

常用關(guān)系詞：as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較)特殊關(guān)系詞：the more ? the more ?;just as ?，so?;A is to B what /as C is to D;no ? more than;not A so much as B a.She is as bad-tempered as her mother.b.The house is three times as big as ours.c.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.d.Food is to men what oil is to machine.9． 方式狀語從句

常用關(guān)系詞：as, as if, how 特殊關(guān)系詞：the way(也可以認(rèn)為是in the way that-同位語從句)a.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.b.She behaved as if she were the boss.c.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.第二講：幾種容易與狀語從句混淆的其他從句

由于有些狀語從句關(guān)系詞和其他從句的關(guān)系詞一樣，所以學(xué)生在使用時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。本講主要講解幾種容易混淆的從句。

1.if 和whether的區(qū)別。

首先我們看看這兩個(gè)關(guān)系詞所能引導(dǎo)的從句。

① if.它通常用來引導(dǎo)：條件狀語從句和賓語從句。

② whether用來引導(dǎo)主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句, 同位語從句和讓步狀語從句。

那么，我們就可以看出，它們兩個(gè)詞的共同之處就是：都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，換句話說，在賓語從句中有時(shí)可以替換。

2.no matter+疑問詞和疑問詞+ever 的區(qū)別。首先我們看看這兩個(gè)關(guān)系詞所能引導(dǎo)的從句。

① no matter+疑問詞通常用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。② 疑問詞+ever用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句和名詞性同居。

那么，我們就可以看出，它們的共同之處就是：都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，換句話說，在讓步狀語從句中可以替換。

He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was.(天津 2005)A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 分析：答案為A.however。這道題為什么不在B.no matter后面加how呢？從句意看出，這是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，however和no matter how都能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，所以不能在B.no matter后面加how，不然它也能選。

3.介詞，副詞和關(guān)系詞的區(qū)分。

這種結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵就是要弄清楚詞性，以及他們各自的功能。介詞：后面跟賓語從句；

副詞：不能在句子中作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)句子，除非是具有引導(dǎo)功能的關(guān)系副詞； 關(guān)系詞：用來引導(dǎo)從句。

下面列舉幾組容易混淆的例子： ① despite和although.盡管兩個(gè)詞在意思上都有“雖然，盡管”的意思，但是despite為介詞，although為關(guān)系詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

a._____ what he achieved in medicine, he reminded modest.A.Despite.B.Although.C.If D.Even.分析：由于what he achieved in medicine.為一名詞性從句，由what引導(dǎo)，因此它前面就不能再出現(xiàn)其他的關(guān)系詞。所以排除B.Although，C.If，Even為副詞，不能引導(dǎo)句子，所以答案為A.Despite。b.______ young, he has experienced what others has not experienced.A.Despite.B.Although.C.If D.Even.分析：young為形容詞,不能跟在介詞之后，所以排除A.Despite，根據(jù)句意選擇B.Although。為什么排除C,D在以后的章節(jié)有詳細(xì)講解。② but和yet的區(qū)別。

這兩個(gè)詞在意思上都有“但是”的意思，但是如果用在兩個(gè)句子中間but用作連詞，yet可以認(rèn)為是副詞。

Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.分析：although為一關(guān)系詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，說明此句為一主從復(fù)合句，假如橫線上填入but那就說明此句為一并列句，那么到底是什么句子呢？所以只能用yet.③ when和suddenly的區(qū)別。

When引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)可以表示“突然”，suddenly也有突然的意思，但是它只是一個(gè)副詞，不能引導(dǎo)從句。

One day, he was on a flight ______ the plane crashed.從句系的形式來看，橫線后面為一句子，所以此處必須選一關(guān)系詞，所以只能用when。

④ in order to和in order that, because of 和because, in case of和in case, for fear of 和for fear。

這幾組短語前面的都不能用來引導(dǎo)從句，后面的用來引導(dǎo)從句。

John may phone tonight.I don't want to go out_____ he phones.(2000春季招生)A.in order B.in order that C.in case D.in case of 分析：橫線后是從句，所以排除A，D。根據(jù)句意C.in case。

第三講：狀語從句選擇關(guān)系詞的公式

高中階段的狀語從句比較簡單。從高中水平來講：缺少狀語部分的句子，無論是主句還是從句，它們都是完整的句子（完整句子的概念在第一章有詳細(xì)講解）。因此，狀語從句的選詞公式為： 1.判斷主從句是否完整，如果完整即為狀語從句。

2.根據(jù)句意個(gè)關(guān)系詞的意思和功能選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。

第三講：實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1.After the war, a new school building was put up _____there had once been a theatre.(全國卷 1996)A.that B.when C.which D.where 2.______, mother will wait for father to have dinner together.(全國卷 1997)A.However late is he B.However late he is C.However is he late D.However he is late 3.Why do you want a new job ___you’ve got such a good one already?(全國卷 1998)A.that B.where C.which D.when 4.—I’m going to the post office.—____you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(全國卷 1999)A.As B.While C.Because D.If 5.____you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.(全國卷 1999)A.Now that B.After C.Although D.As soon as 6.You should make it a rule to leave things ____ you can find them again.(全國卷 1999)A.when B.where C.there D.which 7.We’ll have to find the job, _____.(全國卷 1999)A.long it takes however B.it takes however long C.long however it takes D.however long it takes 8.Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ____I could answer the phone.(全國卷2000)A.as B.since C.until D.before 9.The WTO cannot live up to his name ___it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(全國卷 2000)A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though 10.John may phone tonight.I don't want to go out_____ he phones.(2000春季招生)A.as long as B.in order that C.in case D.so that 11.It is generally believed that teaching is ______ it is a science.(全國卷 2001)A.an art much as B.much as an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as 12.The men will have to wait all day ______the doctor works faster.(2001春季招生)A.if B.unless C.where D.that 13.-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?-Yes, I gave it to her ____I saw her.(2001春季招生)A.while B.the moment C.suddenly D.once 14._____ can you expect to get a pay rise.(2001春季招生)A.With a hard work B.Although work hard C.Only with hard work D.Now that he works hard 15.John shut everybody out of his kitchen ____he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.(全國卷2002)A.which B.when C.so that D.as if 16.He was about to tell me the secret _______ someone patted him on the shoulder.(2002上海)A.as B.until C.while D.when 17.We were in ____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.(2003上海)A.a rush so anxious B.a such anxious rush C.so an anxious rush D.such an anxious rush 18.A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity ____ he reaches the end of the story.(2003上海)A.when B.unless C.after D.until 19.—Dad, I've finished my assignment —Good, and ____ you play or watch TV, you mustn't disturb me.(2003上海)A.whenever B.whether C.whatever D.no matter 20.Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ___ her boss could read it first thing next morning.（2003安徽）

A.so that B.because C.before D.or else 21.Mr.Hall understands that ___ math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students.（2003安徽）

A.unless B.since C.although D.when 22.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _______ it got worse.(2003北京)A.until B.when C.before D.as 23._______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.(2003北京)A.Even though B.Unless C.As long as D.While 24.—Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? —Yes.He had never praised him_____ he became one of the top students in his grade.(2003春季招生)A.after B.unless C.until D.when 25.Don’t be afraid of asking for help ____ it is needed.(全國卷2003)A.unless B.since C.although D.when 26.You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.(重慶 2004)A.whenever B.wherever C.whatever D.however 27.Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.(全國卷2004-1）A.because B.so that C.even if D.as 28._____you call me to say you’re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(全國卷2004-2)A.Though B.Whether C.Until D.Unless 29.Several weeks had gone by ______I realized the painting was missing.(全國卷2004-4)A.as B.before C.since D.when 30._____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.(2004 浙江)A.While B.Since C.As D.If 31．We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started.(北京 2004 春季招生)A.when B.while C.until D.before 32._______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.(北京 04 春季招生)A.As long as B.As far as C.Just as D.Even if 33.It was evening______ we reached the little town of Winchester.(天津 2004)A that B until C since D before 34.I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.(江蘇 2004)A.While B.Since C.Before D.Unless 35.—Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.(福建 2004)A．since B．a(chǎn)fter C．before D．when 36.You should try to get a good night’s sleep much work you have to do.(湖北 2004)A．however B．no matter C．a(chǎn)lthough D．whatever 37.We were told that we should follow the main road we reached the central railway station.(遼寧 2004)A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever 38.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.（上海2004）

A.when B.while C.since D.once 39.Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses _________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.（上海2004）

A.because B.through C.unless D.if 40.________, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.(上海04 春季招生）

A.However the story is amusing B No matter amusing the story is C.However amusing the story is D.No matter how the story is amusing 41.It is known to all that you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.(全國卷2005)A．unless B．whenever C．a(chǎn)lthough D．if 42.I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s __________ I have to wait.(全國卷2005-3)A.in case B.so that C.in order D.as if 43.He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was.(天津 2005)A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 44.He transplanted the little tree to the garden ____ it was the best time for it.（上海2005）

A.where B.when C.that D.until 45.Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____ they are different from your own.(湖南 2005)A.until B.even if C.unless D.as though 46.The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him ____ I did.(湖南 2005)A.as much as B.as long as C.as soon as D.as far as 47.You must keep on working in the evening, you are sure you can finish the task in time.(安徽 2005)A.as B.if C.when D.unless 48.That was really a splendid evening.It’s years I enjoyed myself so much.(安徽 2005)A.when B.that C.before D.since 49.I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea.(北京 2005)A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that 50.It is almost five years we saw each other last time.（北京 05 春季招生）A.before B.since C.after D.when 答案和分析：

1.主句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)-完整，從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為地點(diǎn)狀語從句，所以D.where。2.主句為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語從句，根據(jù)however的用法，它修飾形容詞或副詞，用在所修飾的詞之前，根據(jù)句意為讓步狀語從句，所以B.However late he is。3.主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從為句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為讓步狀語從句，所以D.when（盡管）。

4.主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為時(shí)間狀語從句，所以B.While。

5.主語為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為原因狀語從句，所以A.Now that。

6.主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為地點(diǎn)狀語從句，所以B.where。

7.主語為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓-完整，所以從句為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為讓步狀語從句，所以D.however long it takes。

8.主語為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為時(shí)間狀語從句，所以D.before。

9.主句為主謂賓-完整，從句為主謂賓-完整，所以從句為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為條件狀語從句，所以C.if。

10.主句為主謂賓機(jī)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以為狀語從句，根據(jù)句意為條件狀語從句，所以C.in case。以下只做簡單分析：

11.這道題考察as much?as的用法，結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，不能簡單地將其翻譯為“和?一樣多”，但它是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的比較結(jié)果狀語從句，是as用在比較狀語從句中比較簡單的一種。從近年高考試題來看，這種結(jié)構(gòu)出道這種程度也算是夠難的。這道題的真正意思是：人們普遍認(rèn)為教書不但是一門科學(xué)更是一門藝術(shù)。如果理解這種用法，這道題就非常簡單了，答案為D.as much an art as。12.條件狀語從句，所以B.unless。13.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以B.the moment。

14.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以C.Only with hard work。15.目的狀語，所以C.so that。16.時(shí)間狀語從句，D.when（突然）。

17.so 和such的區(qū)別，所以D.such an anxious rush。18.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以D.until。19.讓步狀語從句，所以B.whether。20.目的狀語從句，所以A.so that。21.讓步狀語從句，所以C.although。22.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以C.before。23.條件狀語從句，所以C.As long as。24.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以C.until。25.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以D.when。26.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以A.whenever。27.目的狀語從句，所以B.so that。28.條件狀語從句，所以D.Unless。29.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以B.before。30.原因狀語從句，所以B.Since。

31.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以A.when。when suddenly可以認(rèn)為是固定搭配。

32.條件狀語從句，as far as I can see 固定搭配，“以我來看?”,所以B.As far as。33.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以D before。34.讓步狀語從句，所以A.While 35.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以C．before。36.讓步主語從句，所以A．however。37.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以B．until。38.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以A.when。39.原因狀語從句，所以A.because。

40.讓步狀語從句，所以C.However amusing the story is。41.條件狀語從句，所以A．unless。42.條件狀語從句，所以A.in case。43.讓步狀語從句，所以A.however。44.時(shí)間狀語從句，所以B.when。45.讓步狀語從句，所以B.even if。

46.比較狀語從句，翻譯：我越想他，我就越能找出更多和以往一樣愛他的理由，所以A.as much as。47.條件狀語從句，所以D.unless。

48.時(shí)間狀語從句，翻譯：那是多么美好的一個(gè)夜晚啊！好多年都沒有這種感覺了，所以D.since。49.目的狀語從句，所以D.so that。

50.時(shí)間狀語從句，翻譯：從上一次我們見面到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5年了（我們5年沒見面了），所以B.since。