第一篇：數(shù)控專業(yè)英語論文

班級：2012級專升本1班

姓名：于越

學號：201215310142 Development of CNC machine

Abstract

China's manufacturing must be from a big country to power, from low to high, from Made in China to Created in China's transition.Manufacturing technology to achieve this transformation, first, to high-tech, the second is to upgrade technology.CNC machine tools is the key to modern manufacturing equipment, country's output of CNC machine tools and technology in a way representative of the national manufacturing technology level and competitiveness.History of the development of CNC

In 1948, the U.S.company Parsons raised conceived that the computer-controlled machine tools is possible.In 1952, the first successful trial by the large vertical profiling machine refitted coordinate CNC milling machine.Soon began formal production, formally put into use in 1957.1959, and the transistor element is made of a printed circuit board, so that the CNC device into a second generation.After 1960, CNC drilling and milling machine developed rapidly, so CNC machine tools in machinery manufacturing sectors gradually gaining promotion.Our country in 1958 started to develop CNC machine tools, successful trial CNC machine system with tubes.In 1965, to start mass production with transistor coordinate CNC milling machines.In 1965, there has been a third-generation integrated CNC equipment, and promote the development of varieties and production of CNC machine tools.The late 1960s, has appeared in the direct control of a computer directly to multiple machines CNC System(DNC), also known as group control system.A small computer-controlled CNC system(CNC), make the CNC equipment with a small computer into the fourth-generation.In 1974, the successful development of microprocessors and semiconductor memory using a micro-computer numerical control equipment(referred to MNC), which is the fifth generation of CNC systems.Early 1980s, as computer software, hardware technology development, there has been 班級：2012級專升本1班

姓名：于越

學號：201215310142 interactive CNC equipment can be performed of automatic programming.CNC equipment increasingly smaller that can be installed directly on the machine;automation of CNC machine tools to further improve, with automatic monitoring tool breakage detection and automatic workpiece and other functions.Impact on manufacturing of CNC machine tools

CNC machine tools is the key equipment to modern manufacturing , country's output of CNC machine tools and technology in a way representative of the national manufacturing technology level and competitiveness.Nearly a decade of reform and opening up, China's manufacturing heavy use of CNC machine tools.Especially the application of multi-axis CNC machining centers, greatly enhance the workpiece machining accuracy, production efficiency and flexibility of the system level so that our manufacturing technology has made great development.However, there are still a considerable gap with the developed countries.Restricting Factors of manufacturing development

The main deficiency which is exist in the machine tool industry is very much.First, accuracy, stability, reliability gap, Second, the composite performance of machine have a larger gap.Third, the gap between the CNC system.Fourth, the other key supporting parts gap.Including steel raw materials, standard parts, screws, nuts, etc., need to improve the country's overall level of industrial.In addition, technology, testing and other areas is also not up to the world advanced level.development of modern manufacturing services

In the shadow of the global financial crisis, China's manufacturing industry to get out of the current predicament.We must comply with the development trend of global manufacturing, learning from the experience of Western countries, which is emphasis on the development of modern manufacturing services.NPC Vice Chairman, Chinese Academy of Sciences Yongxiang Lu pointed out, Revitalization of China's equipment manufacturing industry, the most prominent one is to achieve the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure as soon as possible, The second is to focus on improving the capability of independent innovation.Both directions of modern manufacturing services, We can say that manufacturing services is an important 班級：2012級專升本1班

姓名：于越

學號：201215310142 means to revitalize the equipment manufacturing industry, machine tool industry.In turn, the equipment manufacturing industry, the rapid development of the machine tool industry is bound to bring our modern manufacturing services to accelerate large-scale, industrialized.Direction of development of CNC machine tools

Its high-precision, high-fine, high-speed, flexible, intelligent, is a sign of modern industry.Modern equipment manufacturing industry is the extreme direction , the first is more tall,the second is getting smaller and the third is increasingly complex.Centralized processing of Multiple Working Procedures in species of CNC machine tools is more and more;laser processing technology will be used in the cutting machine tools.Thus expanding the the scope of focused multi-step craft.Automate of CNC machine tools is more to improve, and with a variety of monitoring functions.Thus forming a flexible manufacturing cell, easier to included in high degree of automation flexible manufacturing systems.Conclusions

In short, the CNC machine occupies a very major share of China's modern manufacturing industry, development of china manufacturing industry now plays a role which is not to be underestimated.We must strengthen the level of development of CNC machine tools, CNC machine tools accurately identify breakthrough point in the manufacturing sector now.Breakthrough in accuracy, speed, intelligent direction of the machine, reducing reliance on foreign high-precision machine tools, it will fill the gaps in this area.CNC machine tools is the key to modern manufacturing industry equipment, a country's production CNC machine and technology to some degree representative of the national manufacturing technology level and competitiveness.China's manufacturing industry must make the change, from a big country to power, from low to high manufacturing, from China to create.Manufacturing technology to achieve this transformation must be high-tech, then there are upgrades to technology.Manufacturing services is an important means to revitalize the equipment manufacturing industry, machine tool industry, in turn, the equipment manufacturing industry, the rapid development of the machine tool industry is bound to bring our 班級：2012級專升本1班

姓名：于越

學號：201215310142 modern manufacturing services to accelerate large-scale, industrialized.Only by strengthening the level of development of CNC machine tools, closely integrated with the modern manufacturing, can better promote China's economic development.Gratitude

Throughout the paper writing process is basically in accordance to this way that is familiar paper format, to determine the background papers, collecting information, writing papers.Learn a lot of knowledge from this process to write, but also learned a valuable learning attitude , which makes me a lot.Also like to thank my roommates, they gave me encouragement when I meet issues, thanks to the teachers and students for helping me.

第二篇：數(shù)控專業(yè)英語論文

Workpiece positioning and clamping scheme

The workpiece positioning and benchmarks should be consistent with the design basis, and should be prevented with a workpiece positioning, and the best choice.“ ”one-two sales as a positioning benchmarks in CNC machine tools, benchmarks, and the positioning is carefully to find.On the CNC lathe workpiece positioning installed with basic principles of ordinary machine tools.The Install method workpiece workpiece impact the processing accuracy and efficiency in order to give full play to the characteristics of their work, and the CNC machine tools folder installed workpiece should take into account the following factors: 1.as far as possible common fixture, only when you must design and manufacture of special fixture;

2.structural design to meet the accuracy requirements;

3.ease of positioning and clamping;

4.cleanup for ease of cutting;

5.resist cutting forces by sufficient rigidity;·Determine order passes and passes route The cutting line is the index of controlled processing tool relative to the workpiece and the direction of the trajectory.Reasonable choice of processing route is very important, because it is part of the machining accuracy and surface quality are closely related.In determining the cutting line is the main consideration the following points: 1）Ensure that parts of the request processing accuracy.2)convenient numerical computation, reduce the programming effort.3)find the shortest route to reduce processing time in order to improve processing efficiency air knife.4)minimize procedures paragraph number.5)Ensure that workpiece contours of the surface roughness after processing the request should be final, ultimate contours go straight sword processing.6)The dilemma knives knife(entry with all the routes have to seriously consider in order to minimize the contours on the cutting edge knife(elastic deformation caused by sudden changes)and left a knife marks, also need to avoid the contours on surface vertical cutter and workpiece scratch.Processing arrangements should be based on parts of the structure of the order and stock status and orientation clamp needed to take into account, with a focus on the rigidity of the job is not compromised.Order should be carried out by the following principles:(1)the process of processing cannot affect next process among the positioning and Clamping, punctuated by a universal machine tool manufacturing processes should also be integrated into account.(2)First-shaped cavity in the process, and then shape processes.(3)In the same location, gripping manner or with a knife processing processes, with a view to reducing duplication best connect with positioning, number changer number number plates and sift.(4)At the same time that you install in the process, many road arrangements should be first-come-first-served basis to the workpiece rigid undermine small processes.·Cutting sequence of arrangements: ① first rough after finishing first roughing, semi-finishing intermediate arrangements, final arrangements finishing and polishing.② After hsien Chu at the first part of the Assembly base and work surfaces, and other major surface processing, arrangements such as keyways, after light and threaded holes for fastening and other minor surface processing.Due to minor surface processing workload small and often has a position with major surface accuracy requirements, it is generally placed after the main surface of the half-finished, done prior to finishing.③ After the first hole for parts such as box, frame, link, base, machining end surface of the plane and hole used as a location, and then machining holes.This allows the positioning of workpiece clamping is stable and reliable, which guarantees the position accuracy of hole and plane, reducing tool wear and bring convenience to the hole.④ base to serve as a precision base surface, would be the first to process.So, the first operation is usually positioned surface roughing and semi-finishing(sometimes including finishing), and then to finish the base of location machining other surfaces.For example, the top hole machining of shaft parts.工件的定位與裝夾方案：

工件的定位與基準應與設計基準保持一致，應防止過定位，對與箱體工件最好選擇“一面兩銷”作為定位基準，定位基準在數(shù)控機床上要仔細找正。

在數(shù)控車床上工件定位安裝的基本原則與普通機床相同。工件的裝夾方法影響工件的加工精度和效率，為了充分發(fā)揮數(shù)控機床的工作特點，在裝夾工件時，應考慮以下幾種因素：

1.盡可能采用通用夾具，必須時才設計制造專用夾具； 2.結構設計要滿足精度要求； 3.易于定位和裝夾； 4.易于切削的清理； 5.抵抗切削力由足夠的剛度； 3.確定走刀順序及走刀路線：

走刀路線是指數(shù)控加工過程中刀具相對于被加工件的運動軌跡和方向。加工路線的合理選擇是非常重要的，因為它與零件的加工精度和表面質量密卻相關。在確定走刀路線是主要考慮下列幾點: 1）保證零件的加工精度要求。2）方便數(shù)值計算，減少編程工作量。

3）尋求最短加工路線，減少空刀時間以提高加工效率。4）盡量減少程序段數(shù)。

5）保證工件輪廓表面加工后的粗糙度的要求，最終輪廓應安排最后一走刀連續(xù)加工出來。

6）刀具的進退刀（切入與切出）路線也要認真考慮，以盡量減少在輪廓處停刀（切削力突然變化造成彈性變形）而留下刀痕，也要避免在輪廓面上垂直下刀而劃傷工件。

加工順序的安排應根據(jù)零件的結構和毛坯狀況，以及定位夾緊的需要來考慮，重點是工件的剛性不被破壞。順序一般應按下列原則進行：

(1)上道工序的加工不能影響下道工序的定位與夾緊，中間穿插有通用機床加工工序的也要綜合考慮。

(2)先進行內形內腔加工序，后進行外形加工工序。

(3)以相同定位、夾緊方式或同一把刀加工的工序最好連接進行，以減少重復定位次數(shù)，換刀次數(shù)與挪動壓板次數(shù)。

(4)在同一次安裝中進行的多道工序，應先安排對工件剛性破壞小的工序。4.切削加工順序的安排：

①先粗后精 先安排粗加工，中間安排半精加工，最后安排精加工和光整加工。②先主后次 先安排零件的裝配基面和工作表面等主要表面的加工，后安排如鍵槽、緊 固用的光孔和螺紋孔等次要表面的加工。由于次要表面加工工作量小，又常與主要表面有位 置精度要求，所以一般放在主要表面的半精加工之后，精加工之前進行。

③先面后孔 對于箱體、支架、連桿、底座等零件，先加工用作定位的平面和孔的端面，然后再加工孔。這樣可使工件定位夾緊穩(wěn)定可靠，利于保證孔與平面的位置精度，減小刀具的磨損，同時也給孔加工帶來方便。

④基面先行 用作精基準的表面，要首先加工出來。所以，第一道工序一般是進行定位面的粗加工和半精加工(有時包括精加工)，然后再以精基面定位加工其它表面。例如，軸類零件頂尖孔的加工。

Workpiece positioning and clamping scheme

班級：

學號： 姓名：

第三篇：專業(yè)英語論文

課程論文

院系 物理與電子工程學院專業(yè) 電子信息工程班級 電工1111班學生姓名 簡東陽學號2011140131任課教師 羅倩倩

2013 年12月26日

Switching technology present situation and development trend

Jiandongyang

Hubei university of Arts and Sciences

420683a0196.cdb@sina.cn

Abstract：Direction in the future, more extensible features will become the important characteristics of a new generation of Internet, the exchange of technology, will be as a key technology to host this extensible features.Switching technology in scale, function, performance, safety and service and other aspects have better extensibility features, will be a new generation of Internet architecture in the future.Keywords:Network technology;The Internet;Switching technologyThe present situation of the exchange of technologyThe rapid development of network technology, Ethernet is always dominant.However, with the deepening of the network technology application, the network development scale and speed are speeding.Not only the speed of the LAN got improved, gigabit Ethernet also gradually became popular.attention to network of high reliability, high performance, easy maintenance and reduced cost, and these factors is dependent on the using kind of networking technology;Equipment vendors would on the basis of not harm the interests of the user network functions and pursue the considerable profit.About the network, there have been a mature traditional layer 2 switching technology, and the function of the routing layer 3, and a high service level of network layer 7.switching technology of A single traditional layer 2.More traditional layer 2 switching technology, is a special single, it contains only the data link layer forward.Layer 2 switching technology is mostly used for small local area network(LAN), the machine Numbers keep in 20 or 30 sets of the following is the security of the network environment, fast switching function, multiple access port, low price which the three layer 2 switching technology has has solve the problem that the small network users.2.1 The third layer switching technology with routing function

In order to solve the problems of the broadcast domain, for the first time in 1997 the third layer switching technology with routing function appeared.Layer 3 switching technology has now become a main force of the construction of multiple business fusion network.Using a large local area network(LAN), can increase the dangers of broadcast storm, in order to reduce the harm, we must divide a large local area network(LAN)according to the function or the region into multiple small local area network(LAN), so that it can reduce the harm of broadcast storm.If only use layer 2 switching technology, a large number of visits between subnets cannot be achieved.Modified by the layer 3 switching technology(layer 3 switches)is very good to solve the problem.Today, layer 3 switching technology is more and more mature, and also in constant development and innovation, it occupies a more and more important status in the network.2.2 layer 7 switching technology with the function of network service

Unlock every layer encapsulates of each data packet, identify the application layer information at the same time, is the functions of layer 7.Now, many service providers focus gradually shifted to how to make full use of broadband resources and how to manage the Internet application, content.layer 7 switching technology can handle network application layer data forwarding well, the network service level can be improved and it also can make the network administrators and make the users have a lower cost to optimize the network resources.Whether it is business to consumer e-commerce, market sales of unmanned automation, on-line customer support, personnel construction and planning, customer service, firewall load balancing broadband and intelligent filter content and so on, can be dabble in by layer 7 switching technology.The development trend of switching technology

Research in recent years the development of the exchange network architecture and related algorithms, is mainly to study of switching technology.Switching network is roughly by single-stage exchange structure and multiple exchange structure of two kinds of structure.Single-stage exchange in the performance and scale structure is hard to expand and develop, so the new exchange structure instead of a single-stage exchange structure is imperative.Compared with single-stage exchange structure, multi-level exchange structure has a very big advantage is the extensions is good, if you want to achieve more mass exchange network, multistage switching structure will be the first choice, and it is also considered very promising.The system structure of open-ended standardization and data packet based will gradually become the next generation network of the new definition, this is also to develop more and more effective applications and business functions, at the same time can quickly adapt to the market.achieve higher performance and greater scale, is the main goal of the studying exchange technology.In order to achieve this goal,it is bound to reinforce the research of the project, the developing trends in the future may have the following:

(1)Multistage switching structure instead of the single stage exchange structure;

(2)Reduce the internal blocking of multistage switching structure;

(3)Build more mass exchange network.The application of new technology requires a lot of time to continue to improve and perfect.According to the report, the development of next generation network technology is gradually mature and stable.Believe that the exchange technology will be developed in network technology and business development of the evolving process.And in the business operation and competition in the future, differential operators will also play an increasingly important role.Conclusion

High technology development change rapidly, more and more quickly.Switching technology has become more intelligent,order to reduce the cost, and make the network of high reliability, high performance, easy to maintain and extend the guarantee,Switching technology from the initial layer 2 s developed to the layer 3 and now 7 layer,it is still in the continuous development and expansion.Believe that the network intelligent management is not far from us.Although there is a problem but it will not hinder the exchange of technology application and development, operators and equipment suppliers will make these problems get very good settlement,constantly positive test, unceasingly perfect, eventually there will be a good result.References:

[1] Feng Huibin WengYingJing.Based on the application of modern switching technology course teaching reform research [J].Journal of education teaching BBS, 2012(S4).[2] Wu Wenjing.The next generation network of the soft exchange technology [J].Journal of railway signal engineering, 2005(01).

第四篇：專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

A Parallelization Cost Model for GPU

GPU并行成本模型 2009137127 周幼蘭

Abstract-Using GPU for general computing has become an important research direction in high performance computing technology.However, this is not a lossless optimization method.Due to the impact of device initialization cost, data transmission delay, specific characteristics of programs, and other factors, the general computing on GPU may not always achieve the desired speedup, and sometimes results in program execution performance degradation.On the basis of in-depth analysis of GPU internal processing mechanisms, the main factors affecting GPU implementation performance are pointed out, and a parallel cost model for GPU based on static program analysis is proposed to provide judgement basis for using GPU in general computing.摘要：在高性能計算技術領域，使用GPU執(zhí)行通用計算已成為一個重要的研究方向。但它并不是一種無損優(yōu)化方法。由于受設備初始化成本、數(shù)據(jù)傳輸延遲、程序本身特征和一些其他因素的影響，基于GUP的通用計算不可能總是達到預期的加速，有時還會導致程序執(zhí)行性能下降。在對GPU內部處理機制進行深度分析的基礎上，得到影響GPU執(zhí)行性能的主要因素，且得出基于靜態(tài)程序分析的GPU并行成本模型為GPU在通用計算中的使用提供了判斷依據(jù)的結論。

I.INTRODUCTION Graphics processing Unit(GPU)has developed at a speed much faster than the Moore’s Law in recent years, not only improving image processing, virtual reality, computer simulation, and the development of related applications, but also providing a good running platform for general-purpose computing using GPU beyond graphic processing.The application of GPU in general-purpose computing makes a series of new challenges faced by the development of the high performance computing technology.Currently, in order to reduce the programming complexity of GPU in general-purpose computing, many GPU manufacturers and research institutions proposed a number of programming languages and programming models close to traditional programming methods, but different styles, such as Brook+[1], CUDA[2] and OpenCL[3], etc.However, as GPU has its own specific characteristic of hardware architecture and development, programmers must have a high level of expertise.Using GPU for general-purpose computing, the increased performance achieved in large part depends on the hardware knowledge and programming skills of programmers.At present, the most studies for the GPU’s parallelism both at home and abroad directly rewrite and transplant programs on the basis of original serial programs.Because software programmers often lack a deep understanding of the hardware platform and have no corresponding capability of programming hardware programs, program transplantation lead to the increased effects achieved of all kinds of applications accelerating general-purpose computing using GPU have obvious difference [4-6].Program performance analysis technology as a basic method of understanding program behavior, plays an important role for comparing the performance difference between different program implementation, identifying performance bottlenecks of programs, and understanding the hardware resource utilization, and is the important part of development and optimization of high

performance computing programs [7].How to take advantage of program performance analysis technology and combine the architecture characteristics of CPU and GPU to guide the planning and optimization of parallel programs so that a variety of computing resources of CPU and GPU are fully utilized is a problem worthy of study using GPU in general-purpose computing at present.簡介：

近幾年來，計算機圖形處理器（GPU）比摩爾定律發(fā)展得更迅猛，這種發(fā)展不僅體現(xiàn)在改善圖形處理、虛擬現(xiàn)實、計算機模擬以及相關運用方面，還體現(xiàn)在為使用GPU作圖形以外處理的通用計算提供了良好的運行平臺。

GPU在通用計算方面的運用面臨著高性能計算技術發(fā)展的一系列新挑戰(zhàn)。目前，為了減少通用計算中GPU編程復雜性，許多GPU制造商和研究機構提出了一系列編程語言和編程模式，這些編程模式類似于傳統(tǒng)德編程方法，但是具有不同的編程風格，例如Brook++、CUDA以及OpenCL等等。然而，當GPU擁有自己獨特的硬件結構和發(fā)展特征時，與此同時程序員必須擁有較高水平的專業(yè)技能。通用計算中使用GPU來提高性能很大程度上取決于程序員的硬件知識和編程技術。迄今為止，國內外對于GPU的平行性研究大多數(shù)是直接寫入和將程序直接植入到原始串行程序基礎上。由于軟件程序員往往對硬件平臺缺乏深層次的了解，并且沒有相應的編寫硬件程序的能力，所以程序植入導致了各種各樣的運用程序的增加效果有著明顯的差異，這些運用程序加速了使用GPU的通用計算。作為一種理解程序行為的基本方法，程序性能分析技術在比較不同程序執(zhí)行的性能差異、找出程序的性能瓶頸和了解硬件資源的利用率方面扮演著重要角色，而且它還是高性能計算程序的重要組成部分。如何利用程序性能分析技術以及如何結合CPU和GPU的體系特征來引導平行程序的規(guī)劃和優(yōu)化以至CPU和GPU的大量計算資源得到充分利用，是目前GPU在通用計算方面一個值得探討的問題。

V.CONCLUSION There are a number of studies on the applications related to using GPU in general-purpose computing.The most researches focus on using GPU to improve the execution performance of applications.However, how to measure the costs of GPU at runtime is less discussed.From the perspective of GPU’s internal operation mechanism, analyze the key factors affecting the GPU implementation performance, and propose a cost test algorithm based on static program analysis.The results obtained by experiments show that the algorithm proposed can estimate relatively accurate GPU execution performance, and thus provide a useful reference for transplantation of traditional high performance computing to GPU.結論：

與使用GPU作通用計算相關運用的研究實例比比皆是，且大多數(shù)研究將使用GPU來提高運用程序的執(zhí)行性能為研究中心，但是至于怎樣衡量GPU運行時的成本卻很少有人提及。本論文從GPU內部運行機制出發(fā)，分析影響GPU執(zhí)行性能的主要因素，提出基于靜態(tài)程序分析的成本測試算法。實驗所得結果說明所提算法能夠相對精確地評估GPU執(zhí)行性能從而為傳統(tǒng)的高性能計算的在GPU中的移植提供了一個實用性的參考。

Comment: Cost model has been widely used in the computer field as a way to evaluate whether a program is excellent or not.And quite a number of researchers in computer field has proposed various kinds of cost models for GPU, of which most are under certain conditions.But this paper give us a new perception of cost model for GPU in general-purpose computing.The parallelization cost model for GPU can be generally applied for many application areas.The authors attempt to estimate the cost comprehensively.Actually they take the GPU initialization cost, transmission of data cost as well as the program execution cost into consideration.Each aspect use a special algorithm to calculate the cost.And the cost is measured by the time of each aspect.In this paper ,we can get through the authors’ idea very well ,because they are well organized in form and shown clearly in graphs, charts as well as in equations.The parallelization cost model is more accurate, flexible and portable than models of the past.So we should learn the method they study a topic.That is to consider a question in a broad perspective.And if we keep thinking in this way ,our ability of doing scientific research will be greatly improved.At the same time, we should keep close watch on the field of GPU.As it is such an important processor that it is used widely used on modern computers.It is even considered the core graphics processor of computers.And it develops faster nowadays as the need rises.

第五篇：專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

嵌入式系統(tǒng)研究

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第1頁

嵌入式系統(tǒng)研究

1前言

智能軟件Agent是能夠為用戶執(zhí)行特定的任務、具有一定程度的智能、能夠自主的執(zhí)行部分任務并以一種合適的方式和環(huán)境相互作用的軟件程序。Agent 有自主性、響應性、學習能力和社會性等特性。這使得它適合在高度動態(tài)的環(huán)境下做出及時的響應。

嵌入式技術和新一代移動通訊網絡的發(fā)展使得嵌入式智能設備大量的涌現(xiàn)。這些設備的大都具有嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)的支持, 并運行著越來越豐富的應用程序。如何對這些應用程序進行測試，就成為一個需要研究的課題。本文將Agent技術引入嵌入式智能設備的測試中，使用目標設備Agent, 測試控制Agent, 網絡環(huán)境Agent分別模擬和處理測試設備，測試工程師和測試環(huán)境的復雜性，利用Agent自身具有的特點，提出了一種有效的自動化測試的方法。

2相關的研究及本文的思路

Agent 所具有的自主性、響應性、學習能力和社會性等特性，使得它很適合處理復雜測試系統(tǒng)中的問題。將Agent技術應用于測試領域已經有一些相關的研究，下面是具體的介紹。

Jeongeun Choi 和 Byoungju Choi [1]提出了一個基于Agent技術的測試工具，它通過使用用戶接口Agent來處理和測試者的交互，使用測試用例選擇Agent來進行測試用例的選擇，并使用回歸測試Agent進行回歸測試，從而很好的實現(xiàn)了自動化的軟件測試。但是他們提出的測試用例選擇技術僅能在大量已有的測試用例中選擇最佳的用例，不能減少編寫測試用例本身的復雜性。

另外一些研究將Agent 技術應用到了某一領域的測試中。Yu Qi、David Hung 和 Eric Wong [3] 提出了一個基于Agent 技術的Web 應用程序測試方法。專業(yè)英語期末考查

第2頁

他們使用Agent技術降低了網絡應用測試的復雜性。他們的方法不僅僅適用于Web應用程序的測試，也適合于嵌入式智能設備的測試。

在實際測試過程中，測試人員很大的一項任務仍然是編寫各種測試用例，要真正的提高測試效率，就要提高測試腳本的通用性，減少測試腳本的變化[2] [4]。常見的嵌入式智能設備測試工具(比如TestQuest)使用圖像比對來判斷目標設備的狀態(tài), 這種方法雖然實現(xiàn)了非侵入性的測試,但是存在兩個問題,圖片的抓取和傳送消耗了大量測試資源,不同手機的用戶界面風格變化很大,這使得測試腳本在用來進行新設備的測試時需要對腳本進行維護.然而,實際的設備中,當重要的事件發(fā)生時,系統(tǒng)會產生敏感事件來激勵相關模塊進行處理.如果能夠在測試過程中捕獲這些敏感事件,就能更加高效的進行測試.并且,只要操作系統(tǒng)相同,敏感事件的捕獲方式也是一樣,測試用例不會因為界面的變化而變化。本文用目標設備Agent抽象和捕獲測試過程中的敏感事件，并將敏感事件發(fā)送給測試控制Agent。而測試控制Agent收到敏感事件后，根據(jù)自己的知識，采取相應的動作的機制（如異常處理，重新調度測試等）加以處理。這正好可以作為Agent的推理規(guī)則，用Agent的智能性來屏蔽測試過程的復雜性。此外，考慮到目標設備處于復雜的網絡環(huán)境中，我們利用網絡環(huán)境Agent來控制目標設備所處的網絡信號，從而實現(xiàn)對設備所處網絡環(huán)境的控制?；贏gent的測試系統(tǒng)

3.1 總體結構

測試系統(tǒng)的最終目標是實現(xiàn)一個移動數(shù)字終端的自動化測試平臺，能夠對移動數(shù)字終端上的系統(tǒng)軟件和應用層軟件建立模塊化、可重用的測試腳本庫，提高各種黑盒測試的效率，自動化測試結果的生成，并實現(xiàn)測試結果的回放。

如圖1所示：測試平臺分為四層，包括用戶接口層，測試控制層，通訊層和設備Agent層。其中，過程監(jiān)控模塊，測試環(huán)境控制模塊和設備Agent層采用Agent的思想進行設計，以更好的支持嵌入式設備的測試。

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第3頁

用戶接口層測試管理與配置腳本編輯器虛擬手機測試控制層測試結果驗證測試資源庫測試腳步執(zhí)行測試環(huán)境控制測試過程監(jiān)控Agent通訊層設 備agent層Synblan Agent藍牙 GPRS 3G AT視窗的移動Agent定制AgentAT 接口

圖1 測試系統(tǒng)的整體架構

3.2 系統(tǒng)基本執(zhí)行流程

測試過程是對真實用戶使用手機時“輸入－反饋”模型的一個模擬。系統(tǒng)的基本的使用用例如下，首先用戶通過腳本編輯器或者虛擬手機創(chuàng)建測試腳本并進行基本的配置，然后過程監(jiān)控模塊調度腳本開始執(zhí)行，當腳本解釋器解釋執(zhí)行腳本語句時，腳本解釋器通常使用通訊模塊向手機發(fā)送模擬按鍵，然腳本解釋器進入等待狀態(tài)，目標設備Agent從通訊模塊得到按鍵，執(zhí)行按鍵動作，截取屏幕并返回給測試控制Agent，或者如果手機有敏感世事件的發(fā)生（如來電，短信，異常等）也會反饋給測試控制Agent，測試控制Agent接到數(shù)據(jù)，再次激勵腳本運行，并同時將測試結果輸入存入測試資源庫。腳本繼續(xù)運行下面的語句，直到運行結束。3.3 目標設備Agent

目標設備Agent駐留在被測試的智能設備中，實現(xiàn)對目標設備的建模。本系統(tǒng)中它接收從PC機中接收到的控制命令，然后在智能設備中進行相應的操作，包括模擬鍵盤事件，截取屏幕并返回給PC，以及根據(jù)知識庫中的配置的測試目標，通過推理，有所選擇的將必需的狀態(tài)信息主動通知測試宿主機。3.3.1設備Agent 依賴的決策規(guī)則

系統(tǒng)事件報告決策規(guī)則（SERD-RULE）這個決策規(guī)則決定設備Agent在獲取到狀態(tài)信息時，是否將狀態(tài)信息反饋給上層系統(tǒng)。

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第4頁

異常處理規(guī)則（EM-RULE）

這個決策規(guī)則決定了當Agent發(fā)現(xiàn)測試中出現(xiàn)異常，要采取的處理方式。3.3.2 Agent 屬性

目標設備Agent具有下面的屬性： ⑴ 自主性

目標設備Agent使得測試用戶無需關注設備的細節(jié)，它是設備功能和狀態(tài)的一個很好的抽象，通過目標代理Agent，上層測試框架只需要執(zhí)行相應的虛擬操作，則目標設備Agent會自動將這些虛擬操作映射為對手機的實際操作，并且手機的響應和其它狀態(tài)也能夠自動的反饋給客戶，這使得上層測試和底層的設備具體操作無關。

⑵ 智能性

當目標設備Agent獲取到一個變化的被測系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)或信息時，它會根據(jù)推理規(guī)則，僅僅把和本次目標相關的信息發(fā)送給測試控制Agent。目標設備Agent還能夠根據(jù)異常處理規(guī)則，合理的處理測試中出現(xiàn)的異常。3.4

測試控制 Agent

測試控制Agent 實現(xiàn)了對測試過程的建模。它主要實現(xiàn)三個目標： ⑴ 在測試過程中，對測試人員感興趣的事件進行捕獲，當這些敏感事件發(fā)生后，系統(tǒng)立刻執(zhí)行預定義的動作，并為測試提供準確和詳盡的日志。

⑵ 通過和腳本解釋器交互，實現(xiàn)異步的事件通知和交互測試用例的執(zhí)行。⑶ 處理測試過程中的異常，使得測試過程可以自我修復，進而多個腳本能夠按照預先的調度正常運行.3.4.1測試控制Agent的決策規(guī)則

⑴ 事件－條件－行動規(guī)則（ECA－RULE）

這是測試控制Agent所依據(jù)的核心規(guī)則，它定義了某個測試所關心的事件，并根據(jù)比對條件，采取相應的動作。

⑵ 異常處理規(guī)則（EM-RULE）

測試控制Agent也遵守異常處理規(guī)則，它能夠檢測測試過程中發(fā)生的異常事件，并執(zhí)行相應的解決方案，使得測試能夠順利的進行。

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第5頁

3.4.2測試控制Agent 的屬性

⑴自主性

自主性使得測試人員無需過分關注測試的細節(jié)，測試人員僅僅需要選擇測試目標，測試控制Agent就能根據(jù)知識庫中的信息，自動生成ECA規(guī)則表，并在腳本運行時，按照ECA規(guī)則，捕捉敏感的事件并執(zhí)行相應的操作。

⑵智能性

測試控制Agent能夠根據(jù)用戶選擇的測試目標，自動生成ECA規(guī)則表，并根據(jù)ECA規(guī)則，進行推理并采取相應的動作。測試控制Agent還能根據(jù)異常處理規(guī)則來處理測試過程中發(fā)身的異常，保障測試過程的自動，平穩(wěn)進行。3.5 網絡環(huán)境Agent 網絡環(huán)境Agent 實現(xiàn)了對網絡環(huán)境的模擬和控制。為了測試手機的射頻性能，通常使用基站模擬系統(tǒng)來提供設備所處的無線網絡環(huán)境，并且利用編程接口，通過軟件對設備的環(huán)境進行控制，使得復雜網絡環(huán)境下對目標設備的測試成為可能。系統(tǒng)評估

為了評價本系統(tǒng)的有效性，我們設計了一個比較實驗。試驗在信息產業(yè)部泰爾實驗室真實的測試項目中進行。我們將測試工程師分為兩組，第一組使用本文的系統(tǒng)MobileTest進行測試，第二組使用業(yè)界著名的TestQuest Pro 進行測試。測試的依據(jù)是中國通訊行業(yè)標準的數(shù)字移動臺測試部分。測試的內容是根據(jù)這兩個系統(tǒng)各自已經建立好的回歸測試用例對新的智能手機進行回歸測試，從而比較這兩個測試工具的測試效率和腳本的可維護性。

實驗度量了兩個工具在測試不同種類的測試用例時，自動化執(zhí)行的用例所占的百分比。從表中可見，雖然TestQuest 在功能測試上有更高的自動化率，在壓力測試，多狀態(tài)測試，多任務測試，臨界測試和總計中，MobileTest有更好的測試覆蓋率。這是因為在后四種測試中，測試用例需要不斷追蹤系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)，使用圖片比對機制的TestQuest 很難完成這些工作，而MobileTest 卻能使用Agent返回的敏感事件來進行處理。此外，MobileTest 完成測試任務的時間時15天，比TestQuest 的測試效率要高。

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第6頁

5總結

本文提出了一個基于Agent技術的嵌入式智能設備的測試方法，它用Agent技術對嵌入式智能設備測試過程中的被測試設備，測試者和網絡環(huán)境進行模擬和控制，很好的屏蔽了嵌入式智能設備的復雜性，提高了測試的效率和腳本的可重用性。將來的研究工作中，我們會進一步拓展整個測試系統(tǒng)，使之能夠支持整個測試的生命周期。

本文作者的創(chuàng)新點：本文將軟件Agent技術引入到嵌入式智能設備的自動化測試中，利用Agent的特性，很好的屏蔽了嵌入式智能設備測試中，測試者，待測設備，網絡環(huán)境的復雜性，提高了自動化測試的效率。

來源于：《 Journal of Electronic Science and Technology》

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第7頁

附：英文原文

Embedded system research 1 Introduction

Intelligent Software Agent is the ability to perform specific tasks for the user, with a certain degree of intelligence, able to perform some tasks and autonomy in a proper manner and environment interactions software programs.Agent has autonomy, responsiveness, learning and social and other characteristics.This makes it suitable for highly dynamic environment to make a timely response.Embedded technology and the development of new generation mobile communication networks makes the emergence of a large number of embedded intelligent devices.Most of these devices with embedded operating system support, and run an increasingly rich applications.How to test for these applications to be a need to study.This article Intelligent Agent technology into embedded devices test, using the target device Agent, test control Agent, Network Agent and treatment were simulated test equipment, test engineers and test complexity of the environment, the use of Agent has its own characteristics, proposed An effective automated testing.2 Related research and ideas of this article

Agent possess autonomy, responsiveness, learning and social and other features, makes it very suitable for handling complex problems in the test system.Agent technology in the test area will already have some relevant research, the following is a specific description.Jeongeun Choi and Byoungju Choi [1] proposed a testing tool based on Agent technology, which through the use of Agent to handle user interface and test those interactions, the use of Agent to carry out the test case test case selection choices, and use the Agent for regression testing regression testing, so a good automated software testing.But they can only be made in a large number of test selection techniques select test cases has been the best use cases, write test cases can not reduce its complexity.專業(yè)英語期末考查

第8頁

Other studies will Agent technology applied to a field test.Yu Qi, David Hung and Eric Wong [3] proposed a Web-based Agent technology application testing methods.Agent technology to reduce their use of the network application testing complexity.Their method not only for Web application testing, but also for the testing of embedded intelligent devices.In the actual testing process, testers great task is still the preparation of various test cases, to really improve test efficiency, we must improve the general test scripts, reduce test script changes [2] [4].Common test tools for embedded smart devices(such as TestQuest)using image comparison to determine the status of the target device, although this method to achieve a non-invasive test, but there are two problems, the image capture and transmission consumes a lot of test resources, the different style of phone's user interface has changed dramatically, which makes the test script used for testing new equipment required for maintenance of the script.However, the actual device, when an important event occurs, the system will generate sensitive events to encourage the relevant module for processing.If during the test capture these sensitive matters, will be able to test more efficient.And, as long as the operating system the same sensitive way to capture the same event, the interface test cases will not change.In this paper, the abstract and the Agent target device during the test capture of sensitive events and control of sensitive events are sent to test Agent.Agent receives the test control sensitive incident, according to their knowledge, take appropriate action mechanisms(such as exception handling, re-scheduling the test, etc.)to be addressed.This is precisely the inference rules as Agent, with the intelligence of Agent to shield the complexity of the testing process.In addition, given the target device is a complex network environment, we use the Internet Agent to control the target device environment in which the network signal, enabling the network environment in which the control device.3 Agent-Based Test System 3.1 The overall structure

Test system is to achieve the ultimate goal of a mobile digital terminal's automated testing platforms to the mobile digital terminal on the system software and 專業(yè)英語期末考查

第9頁

application layer software build modular, reusable test script library, to improve the efficiency of various black box testing, automation the generation of test results and test results to achieve playback.Figure 1: Test platform divided into four layers, including user interface layer, the test control layer, communication layer and the equipment Agent layer.Among them, the process monitoring module, test equipment, environmental control module and the use of Agent Agent layer design ideas to better support embedded devices testing.The user interface layerTesting management and configurationScript editorVirtual cell phone

TestControl layer Test results show Testing steps executiontestrepository Test environment control Testing process monitoring AgentCommunications layer Set for Agent layerBluetooth GPRS 3G ATSynblan Agent Windows mobile AgentCustomization AgentAT 接口Figure 1 The overall architecture test system 3.2 The basic system implementation process

Testing process is a real cell phone users "inputcondition-action rules(ECA-RULE)

Control Agent This is a test based on the core rules, which defines a test case of interest, and according to comparison conditions, take appropriate action.⑵ exception handling rules(EM-RULE)

Test Control Agent also comply with exception handling rules, which occurred during the test can detect abnormal events and to implement appropriate solutions to enable testing to proceed smoothly.3.4.2 Test Control Agent's Properties ⑴ autonomy

Autonomy to make the tester without too much attention to the details of the test, testers just need to select the test objectives, test control Agent information can be based on the knowledge base, automatically generate ECA rules table, and run the script, according to ECA rules to capture sensitive event and perform the appropriate action.⑵ intelligence

專業(yè)英語期末考查

第12頁

Test Control Agent to the test objectives based on user selection, automatically generates ECA rules table, and according to ECA rules, reasoning and take appropriate action.Test Control Agent can exception handling rules based on the testing process to deal with abnormal body fat to protect the testing process automatically and smoothly.3.5 Agent Network

Network Agent implements the network environment simulation and control.In order to test the phone's RF performance, usually the base station simulator to provide a device in which the wireless network environment, and use programming interface, the software environment to control the device, making the complex network environment, the target device under test as possible.4 System Evaluation

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the system, we designed a comparative experiment.Tell testing laboratory in the Ministry of Information Industry of the test project for real.We will test engineers divided into two groups, the first group to use this system MobileTest test, the second group uses the industry's leading TestQuest Pro test.Test is based on the number of China's telecommunications industry standard part of mobile station testing.Test content is based on both systems return to their already established on the new test cases for regression testing of smart phones to compare these two test tools, test efficiency and maintainability of the script.Table 1 regression test results:

Two experimental tools to measure different types of test cases in the test, the automated implementation of the percentage of use cases.Can be seen from the table, although the functional testing TestQuest higher automation rates, the stress test, multi-state testing, multi-tasking tests, critical test, and the total, MobileTest better test coverage.This is because after the four tests, the test case need to constantly track the system state, the use of pictures than on the mechanism of TestQuest difficult to accomplish these tasks, and MobileTest able to use the Agent to return to the treatment of sensitive events.In addition, MobileTest time to complete the test task 15 days, TestQuest's test efficiency than higher.專業(yè)英語期末考查

第13頁 Conclusions

This paper presents a technique based on embedded intelligent devices Agent test method, which uses embedded intelligent Agent technology equipment is tested in test equipment, test and simulate and control the network environment, a good shielding of the embedded the complexity of smart devices to improve the test efficiency and reusability of the script.Future research work, we will further develop the test system so that it can support the whole testing life cycle.The innovation of the author: This article introduces the software Agent technology to automate testing of embedded intelligent devices, the use of Agent's features, nice screen test for embedded smart devices, testers, test device, the complexity of the network environment and increase the efficiency of automated testing.From:《 Journal of Electronic Science and Technology》