第一篇：2011在職碩士英語試題及答案
2011年在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位全國聯(lián)考英語試題
PartⅡ Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11.This crime fiction was _______very popular but nobody reads it today.A.once B.ever C.never D.always
12.American woman were ________the right to vote until 1920.A.ignored B.refused C.deprived D.denied
13.Experts have _____ with effective measures to prevent the disease from spreading.A.caught up B.put up C.come up D.kept up
14.We cannot trust Steve any more because he often ____his duty.A.cancels B.abandons C.deserts D.neglects
15.In the early 1980s, though Coke was the leading soft drink, it was losing market _______to Pepsi.A.part B.share C.place D.ratio
16.There is no cure for the disease yet, but these drugs can ______its development.A.break down B.take down C.slow down D.track down
17.In the desert, even a small cup of water may be a ______of life or death.A.business B.matter C.fact D.thing
18.S he had yet become accustomed ______ the fact that she was a rich woman.A.for B.with C.about D.to
19.The organization has published a ________ digest of environmental statistics for five years.A.regular B.frequent C.random D.fixed
20.I want to see the old part of the town where the essence of Beijing is best _____.A.observed B.reserved C.preserved D.conserved
21.Reporters rushed to the airport after the CNN reported that nine passengers ______by a ―terrorist‖ on the plane.A.were holding B.hold C.had held D.were being held
22.Not long ______she registered a new number, she received five calls in one day.A.afterwards B.after C.ago D.since
23.Nice words may win friends, but only one’s good personality can hold ______.A.it B.those C.that D.them
24.It was _______ the chief engineer came _______we began the experiment.A.not until;that B.not until;then
C.until;that D.until;when
25.About fifty million Americans are active in ________ is called fitness walking.A.that B.which C.what D.something
26.We waited for the decision for the whole afternoon, only _______ to return the next day.A.to be told B.were told C.being told D.having been told
27.As a result of the work, he found less time than he ______ for his hobbies.A.must have hoped B.had hoped
C.should have hoped D.has hoped
28.Some of them were well behaved, ________ were insulting.A.and they B.but they C.while others D.as others
29.The journalist feels he has a responsibility to ensure ________ the customers are not misled.A.whether B.so that C.as if D.that
30.The matter ______, we decided to proceed to the next program on the agenda.A.was settled B.settled C.had been settled D.had settled Part III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes, 40 points)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage One
It happens to us all, however hard we may try to delay the process---we grow old.Surgery may remove wrinkles(皺紋), skin which has become less firm may be tightened by a surgical operation on the face, and hair dressers may dye grey hair a more youthful color.But we cannot remain young forever.Advances in medicine have made it possible for more people to stay alive longer.However what is important is the quality of life, and people age differently.Some people remain quite well and able to look after themselves when they get old.But others of the same age are not so lucky.They have to go into a nursing home in order to receive adequate care.The worst aspect of ageing is that often the mind becomes less alert.As people grow older, they often experience loss of short-term memory, although they may well be able to recall quite easily events that happened long ago.Later they may suffer from dementia(癡呆), a disease which gets gradually worse.By no means all elderly people are in this category.Many senior citizens are in possession of all their faculties and see retirement as a time of freedom.Not only that, if they have a generous retirement pension, they are likely to be quite well off, with money to spend on holidays and other luxuries.Because of this, both businesses and government have a new respect for what is known as grey power.By no means, however, does everyone treat OAPs with respect.There are some cultures which are noted for the great respect with which they treat their old people, but many people in other cultures regard the old as having a very low status in society and treat them accordingly.They often consider old people as having one foot in the grave.Someone should remind them that they, too, will be old one day.31.Elderly people who cannot look after themselves go to ______.A.nursing homes B.residences close to hospitals
C.community centers D.homes of their children
32.The worst aspect of ageing is ________.A.inability to look after oneself B.low retirement pension
C.getting more and more forgetful D.inadequate medical care
33.What is the reason that businesses respect the elderly?
A.The elderly are wise.B.The elderly have knowledge.C.The elderly are mentally alert.D.The elderly have spending power.34.―OAP‖(Para.5)most likely means ―_________‖.A.old age program B.old age power
C.old age party D.old age pensioner
35.According to the author, how people treat the elderly relates to _______.A.their occupations B.their cultural backgrounds
C.their education levels D.the amount of their free time Passage Two
The swan is mostly silent through its life, unable to sing sweet songs like most other birds, In Ancient times, however, people believed a swan sings the most beautiful song just before it dies.The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates talked of this 2, 300 years ago.Socrates explained that the swan was singing because it was happy.T he
bird was happy because it was going to serve the Greek God Apollo.Swans were holy to Apollo, the god of poetry and song.The story of the swan’s last song found a place in the works of other writers, including the early English writers Chaucer and Shakespeare.And the expression ―swan song ‖ has long been a part of the English language.At first, ―swan song ‖ meant the last work of a poet, musician or writer.Now, it means the final effort of any person.Someone’s swan song usually is also considered that person’s finest work.A political expression with a similar meaning is ―the last hurrah‖.The expression may be used to describe a politician’s last campaign, his final attempt to win cheers and votes.The last hurrah also can mean the last acts of a politician, before his term in office ends.Writer Edwin O’Connor made the expression popular in 1956.He wrote a book about the final years in the political life of a long time mayor of Boston.He called his book The Last Hurrah.Some language experts say the expression came from a name given to noisy supporters of Andrew Jackson, America’s seventh president.They cheered hurrah so loudly for Andy Jackson during his presidential campaign that they became known as the hurrah boys.Jackson’s hurrah boys also played a part in the election to choose the next president.Jackson’s choice was his vice president, Martin Van Buren.A newspaper of the time reported that Van Buren was elected president: ―…by the hurrah boys, and those who knew just enough to shout hurrah for Jackson.‖ President Jackson really heard his last hurrahs in the campaign of the man who would replace him in the White House.36.In ancient times, people believed that a swan sings most beautifully _______.A.before death B.when is happy
C.for Apollo D.in front of other birds
37.According to Socrates, swans were __________.A.holy birds B.happy birds
C.pets of a Greek God D.in front of other birds
38.The English expression ―swan song‖_________.A.was first used by Chaucer
B.changed its meaning through time
C.means the best song ever created
D.refers to a work of Shakespeare
39.Martin Van Buren _______.A.was the U.S.president before Jackson
B.served as the eighth U.S.president
C.is the author of The Last Hurrah
D.was a political rival of O’Connor
40.President Jackson’s last hurrah was to ________.A.express his gratitude to his supporters
B.win the final cheers from his supporters
C.defeat another candidate in the election
D.help his vice president get elected Passage Three
There is no question that academic enterprise has become increasingly global, particularly in the sciences.Nearly three million students now study outside their home countries——a 57% increase in the last decade.Foreign students now dominate many U.S.doctoral programs, accounting for 64% of Ph.Ds in computer science, for example.Faculty members are on the move, too.Half of the world’s top physicists no longer work in their native countries.And major institutions such as New York University are creating branch campuses in the Middle East and Asia.There are now 162satellite campuses worldwide, an increase of 43% in just the past three years.At the same time, growing numbers of traditional source countries for students, from South Korea to Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯), are trying to improve both the quantity and quality of their own degrees, engaging in a fierce and expensive race to recruit students and create worldclass research universities of their own.Such competition has led to considerable hand-writing in the West.During a 2008 campaign stop, for instance, then-candidate Barack Obama expressed alarm about the threat that such academic competition poses to U.S.competitiveness.Such concerns are not limited to the United States.In some countries worries about educational competition and brain drains have led to academic protectionism.India, for instance, places legal and bureaucratic in front of Western universities that want to set up satellite campuses to enroll local students.Perhaps some of the anxiety over the new global academic enterprise is understandable.Particularly in a period of massive economic uncertainty.But educational protectionism is as big a mistake as trade protectionism is.The globalization of higher education should be embraced.not feared——including in the United States.There is every reason to believe that the worldwide competition for human talent, the race to produce innovative research, the push to extend university campuses to multiple countries, and the rush to train talented graduates who can strengthen economics increasingly knowledge –based economics will be good for the United States, as well.41.A feature of the globalization of the academic enterprise is that more students _____.A.study in foreign countries
B.major in computer science
C.take joint doctoral programs
D.return home after studying abroad
42.A satellite campus is probably a branch campus that a university sets up _________.A.in developed countries B.in another country
C inside another university D.on the Internet
43.The word ―hand-wringing ‖(Para.4)probably means ―________‖.A.anger B.in another country
C.interests D.delight
44.Academic protectionism is characterized by _____.A.enlarging enrollment of local students
B.limiting the growth of Ph.D.programs
C.creating more satellite campuses abroad
D.restricting satellite campuses of foreign universities
45.In the last paragraph, the author tries to emphasize that _____.A.the academic enterprise has become global
B.academic competition has led to protectionism
C.worries over educational competition are understandable
D.educational protectionism cannot be justified Passage Four
Who says your job leaves you no time to hit the gym? A detailed new study of U.S.physical activity patterns shows that men who work full-time whether their jobs are active or sedentary end up getting more exercise than healthy working –age men without a job.The new study comes from researchers at the National Institutes of Health(NIH), As part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2003, some, 1, 800 working-age adults were asked questions about their lifestyle and work habits, and, most importantly, they then agreed to wear an accelerometer—a device to measure their physical activity — over the course of several days.Those data from the accelerometers provide a rare opportunity to nail down how much activity the typical American actually does.They show that men or women who work in active jobs do more physical activity on weekdays than men or
women working in sedentary jobs.That’s perhaps not surprising, but the NIH researchers suggest that it still matters because of an ongoing shift in the economy toward sedentary work.The more surprising finding is the one that compares full-time workers to people who don’t work.The study shows that men with full-time jobs do more physical activity than healthy men without jobs.(―Healthy man, ‖ in this case, were those men who said their primary reason for being out of work was something other than health or disability.)In fact, even sedentary fulltime workers performed more weekday physical activity overall than the healthy non-workers
The results looked very different for women.Women in sedentary jobs did less physical activity on weekdays than their healthy non-working peers.So what drives the gender(性別)difference? The study looks at the patterns, and unfortunately can’t provide too much detail about their causes.There could be many possible answers, including, perhaps, different abilities to pay for leisure time activities, or different attitudes about work and physical activity.It could also be that more non-working women than men are choosing to be at home running around full-time after the kids.But the NIH researchers do find evidence, they write, to suggest that, whatever causes the difference, healthy non-working women ―are replacing work with active pursuits whereas ‖ for some reason —―[non-working ]men generally are not.‖
46.A sedentary job(Para.1)is one that involves ________.A.staying seated a lot B.intensive concentration
C.moving about a lot D.superb skills
47.What is the function of the accelerometers in the study?
A.They record people’s physical activities.B.They measure people’s workload.C.They distinguish gender differences.D.They push people to be more active.48.What is a possible reason for non-working women to be physically active?
A.They are well-educated.B.Their kids keep them busy.C.They are open-minded.D.Their husbands influence them.49.The study tries to identify________.A.the ongoing economy trend
B.evidence for gender differences
C.the American physical activity patterns
D.the relation between work and leisure
50.Who are the least physically active according to the study?
A.Men with sedentary jobs.B.Men with active jobs.C.Healthy women with no jobs.D.Healthy men with no jobs.Part IV Cloze Test(15 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage.For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Ants first captured the attention of software engineers in the early 1990s.A single ant cannot do much on its own.But a group of ants 51 can solve complex problems.That inspired people like Marco Dorigo, who is one of the founders of a 52 known as group intelligence.Ants are good at choosing the shortest possible route between a food 53 and their nest.This reminds us of a classic computational travelling-salesman problem.Given a list of cities and their 54 apart, the salesman must find
the shortest route needed to visit each city once.As the number of cities 55 , the problem gets more complicated.Ants solve their own problem using chemical signals called pheromones(信息素).When an ant finds food, she takes it back to the nest, 56 a pheromone trail that will attract others.The more ants that 57 the trail, the stronger it becomes.58 the pheromones evaporate(揮發(fā))quickly, so once all the food has been collected, the trail soon goes cold.This rapid evaporation means long trails are less 59 than short ones, all else being equal.Pheromones thus turn the 60 intelligence of the individual ants into something more powerful.51.A.by the way B.as a whole
C.for some time D.on the average
52.A.field B.profession C.company D.fund
53.A.range B.source C.chain D.origin
54.A.locations B.positions C.spaces D.distances
55.A.changes B.holds C.grows D.decreases
56.A.putting aside B.working on
C.waiting for D.leaving behind
57.A.follow B.lead C.surround D.avoid
58.A.Therefore B.Furthermore C.Then D.However
59.A.interesting B.important C.attractive D.visible
60.A.interrupted B.limited C.considerable D.unreliable Part V Translation(30 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.One of the keys to speaking English like a native is the ability to use and understand casual expressions, or idioms, American English is full of idioms.You won’t learn these expressions in a standard textbook.But you will hear them all the time in everyday conversations.You’ll also meet them in books, newspapers, magazines, and TV shows.Idioms add color to the language.Master idioms and your speech will be less awkward, less foreign.You’ll also understand more of that you read and hear.Often a student of English tries to translate idioms word-for-word, or literally.If you do this, you can end up asking, ‖what could this possibly mean?‖ This is why idioms are difficult: they work as groups of words, not as individual words.If you translate each word on its own, you’ll miss the meaning and in many cases end up with nonsense.Part VI Writing(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of ―What Do I Do to Stay Healthy? ‖.You may base your composition on the Chinese clues given below and put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.健康的標(biāo)志是……
為了健康，最重要的是要……
我個人保持健康的做法是……
2011年在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位全國聯(lián)考英語試題答案
1.CADDB BCDBA
11.ADCDB CBDAC
21.DBDAC ABCDB
31.ACDDB AABBB
41.ABBDD AABCD
51.DABDC DADCB
英譯漢參考譯文
要把英語說得像本族人那么地道，關(guān)鍵之一是能夠理解和使用通俗用語或習(xí)語。美式英語中有大量習(xí)語。這些慣用語在一般教材中學(xué)不到，在日常對話里卻可以經(jīng)常聽到，在圖書、報紙、雜志和電視節(jié)目里也會碰到。
習(xí)語可為語言增色。熟練掌握習(xí)語可減少口語表達(dá)的拗口、生澀，也有助于提高聽力和閱讀理解能力。英語學(xué)習(xí)者常常逐字翻譯或按字面意思直譯習(xí)語，這么做最終可能會抓不住其確切含義，因為習(xí)語以詞組形式出現(xiàn)，而非一單詞形式出現(xiàn)，這正是習(xí)語難以掌握的癥結(jié)所在。孤立譯出沒一個單詞，會丟失習(xí)語的本義，在很多情況下，還會使其毫無意義。
寫作范文
People today become increasingly concerned about health, a state of physical and mental well-being.For human beings, to be healthy means to be free from physical illness and mental or psychological problems.To say healthy, it’s of great importance to develop good lifestyles and behaviors, and to cultivate positive mentalities as well as individual abilities.Studies have shown that people can improve their physical health via regular exercise, adequate sleep, balanced diet, and absence of alcohol, smoke, and drugs.Also, people can keep mentally healthy if they have a positive mentality of optimism, confidence, resolution, broad vision and so forth.This kind of mentality will contribute quite a lot to their ability to cope with stresses and problems, overcome difficulties and obstacles and meet challenges, which, in turn, ensure a fruitful and happy life.This mentality will also result in strong character and personal satisfaction.To me, health means equal significance.I have made great efforts to try to stay health.Often, I do regular exercises to help strengthen my body and character.Also, I have tried to build healthy self-esteem and confidence, which helps me to see all my abilities and weaknesses together, accept them, and do my best with them.Finally, I always try to be optimistic to help me deal with all the frustrations and stresses in my life.With all this, I am confident to maintain both physical and mental health.
第二篇：2003年在職碩士全國聯(lián)考英語試題
北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net 2003年在職攻讀碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位全國聯(lián)考英語試題
Part I
Listening Comprehension
(30 minutes, 15 points)(略)Part II Vocabulary and Structure
(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16.Scientists estimate that about 530 000 other objects, too small to detect with radar，_______ the Earth too.A.being circled
B.are circling
C.are to be circling
D.are being circled
17.During the past years the _______ of automobile accidents in New York City has decreased.A.degree
B.quantity C.number
D.amount
18.Both approaches require that the actor _______ his or her own personal values as well as the character’s.A.must understand
B.should understand C.has to understand
D.need to understand
19.It is wrong for people to think that experts are _______ right when they explain their ideas on some subjects.A.steadily
B.constantly C.persistently
D continuously
20.We had a party last weekend, and it was a lot of fun.So let’s have _______ one this weekend.A.another
B.more C.the other
D.other
21.The brave firemen had fought for days before they managed to _______ the forest fire.A.put on
B.put up C.put off
D.put out
22.You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ______ you don’t mind taking the night train.A.if
B.unless C.though
D.until
23.He _______ that a combination of recent oil discoveries and the advance of new technology will lead to a decline in the price of crude oil.A.predicts
B.compels C.arranges
D.disputes 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net 24._______ in a simple style, the book clearly describes the author’s childhood experiences in a small town.A.Writing
B.To be written C.Being written
D.Written
25.For these reasons, the newspaper is having _______ problems in the north of the country.A.distribution
B.regulation C.recognition
D.destruction
26.The parents were much kinder to their youngest child than they were to the others, _______, of course, made the others jealous.A.which
B.that C.what
D.who
27.―Sorry, there are no tickets _______ for tomorrow’s performance,‖ the ticket officer said politely.A.preferable
B.considerable C.accessible
D.available
28.With temperature _______ so rapidly, we could not go on with the experiment.A.fell
B.fall C.falling
D.fallen
29.History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems can join hands in meeting the common challenges to human _______ and development.A.evolution
B.survival C.satisfaction
D.damage
30._______ before we departed last weekend, we would have had a wonderful dinner party.A.Had they arrived
B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving
D.Were they to arrive
31.A lot of people were ready to work long hours because high unemployment meant that they could easily be _______.A.separated
B.appointed C.transferred
D.replaced
32._______ that saw the trade between the two countries reach its highest point.A.During the 1990’s
B.That it was in the 1990’s C.It was in the 1990’s
D.It was the 1990’s
33.They have been waiting for many hours.The airplane must have been _______.A.of schedule
B.on schedule C.ahead of schedule
D.behind schedule 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net
34.The manager promised to keep me _______ of how our business was going on.A.informed
B.informing C.to be informed
D.having informed
35.We can’t afford to let the situation get worse.We have to take _______ to put it right.A.decisions
B.advantages C.sides
D.steps
Part III Reading Comprehension
(55 minutes, 40 points)
Directions: There are four passages in this part.Each of the passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage One
The worst thing about television and radio is that they entertain us, saving us the trouble of entertaining ourselves.A hundred years ago, before all these devices were invented, if a person wanted to entertain himself with a song or a piece of music, he would have to do the singing himself or pick up a violin and play it.Now, all he has to do is turn on the radio or TV.As a result, singing and music have declined.Italians used to sing all the time.Now, they only do it in Hollywood movies.Indian movies are mostly a series of songs and dances trapped around silly stories.As a result, they don’t do much singing in Indian villages anymore.Indeed, ever since radio first came to life, there has been a terrible decline in amateur(業(yè)余的)singing throughout the world.There are two reasons for this sad decline: One, human beings are astonishingly lazy.Put a lift in a building, and people would rather take it than climb even two flights of steps.Similarly, invent a machine that sings, and people would rather let the machine sing than sing themselves.The other reason is that people are easily embarrassed.When there is a famous, talented musician readily available by pushing a button, which amateur violinist or pianist would want to try to entertain family or friends by himself? These earnest reflections came to me recently when two CDs arrived in the mail.They are historic recordings of famous writers reading their own works.It was thrilling to hear the voices from a long dead past in the late19th century.But today, reading out loud anything is no longer common.Today, we sing songs to our children until they are about two;we read simple books to them till they are about five, and once they have learnt to read themselves, we become deaf.We’re alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo(立體聲音響)。
I count myself extremely lucky to have been born before TV became so common.I was about six before TV appeared.To keep us entertained, my mother had to do a good deal of singing and tell us endless tales.It was the same in many other homes.People spoke a language;they sang it, they recited it;it was something they could feel.Professional actors’ performance is extraordinarily revealing.But I still prefer my own reading, because it’s mine.For the same reason, people find karaoke(卡拉OK)liberating.It is almost the only electronic thing that gives them back their own voice.Even if their voices are 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net hopelessly out of tune, at least it is meaningful self-entertainment.36.The main idea of this passage is that _______.A.TV and radio can amuse us with beautiful songs and music B.TV and radio prevent us from self-entertainment C.people should sing songs and read books aloud themselves D.parents should sing songs and read books aloud to their children
37.According to the passage, Italians _______.A.only sing songs in Hollywood B.are no longer fond of music C.only sing and dance in villages D.don’t sing much nowadays
38.Which of the following is NOT the reason for the decline in amateur singing? A.It is easier for people to please themselves with songs through TV and radio.B.Amateurs feel embarrassed for they cannot sing as well as professionals.C.People don’t want to take the trouble to sing songs themselves.D.Famous and talented musicians can easily be met.39.When hearing the voices from the famous writers of a long dead past, the author _______.A.was very excited B.was very frightened
C.thought that writers shouldn’t read their own books D.thought the past recording was not of good quality
40.The author’s attitude toward karaoke is _______.A.negative
B.positive
C.neutral
D.indifferent
Passage Two
If those ―mad moments‖—when you can’t remember what your friend has told you or where you left your keys –-are becoming more frequent, mental exercises and a healthy brain diet may help.Just as bodies require more maintenance with the passing years, so do brains, which scientists now know show signs of aging as early as the 20s and 30s.―Brain aging starts at a very young age, younger than any of us had imagined and these processes continue gradually over the years,‖ said Dr.Gary Small, the director of the Center on Aging at the University of California, Los Angeles.―I’m convinced that it is never too early to get started on a mental or brain-fitness program,‖ he added.In his book, The Memory Bible, the 51-year-old neuroscientist(神經(jīng)學(xué)家)lists what he refers to as the 10 suggestions for keeping the brain young.They include training memory, building skills, reducing stress, mental exercises, brain food and a healthy lifestyle.It’s a game plan for keeping brain cells sparking and neural networks in perfect shape.“Misplacing your keys a couple of times don’t mean you should start labeling your cabinets.4 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net Memory loss is not an inevitable consequence of aging.Our brains can fight back,‖ he said.Dr.Small provides the weapons for a full-scale attack.Simple memory tests give an indication of what you are up against and tools such as ―look‖ and ―connect‖ are designed to make sure that important things such as names and dates are never forgotten.―So if you wanted to learn names and faces, for example, you meet Mrs.Beatty and you notice a distinguishing facial feature, maybe a high eyebrow,‖ said Small.―You associate the first thing that comes to mind.I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create a mental pictures of Warren Beatty kissing her brow.‖
Small admits it may sound a bit strange but he says it works.‖ Mental exercises could be anything from doing crossword puzzles and writing with your left hand if you are right handed or learning a language.It could be anything that is fun that people enjoy doing,‖ he added.He also recommends physical exercise, a low-fat diet and eating foods rich in fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants(抗氧化劑)including blueberries and onions in addition to reducing stress.41.The ―mad moment‖ in the first paragraph refers to the time when we ________.A.don’t listen to our friends B.have lost our important things C.have some mental problems D.have a bad memory
42.In this passage, the author mainly tells us ________.A.everyone has bad memories sometimes no matter how old he is B.we can prevent our mind from aging with various methods C.brain aging starts at the time when we are in the 20s and 30s D.memory loss is not the sign that we are getting old
43.By giving the example ―you meet Mrs.Beatty and you notice a distinguishing …eyebrow‖, Dr.Small is trying to explain the memory tool of ________.A.look
B.physical exercises C.connect
D.mental exercises
44.By saying ―I think of the actor Warren BEATTY so I create … her brow‖, Dr.Small is trying to explain the memory tool of ________.A.remembering facial features
B.reducing stress C.connecting related things
D.observing carefully
45.Mental exercises do NOT include________.A.writing with one’s left hand
C.doing crossword puzzles B.learning a foreign language
D.taking pictures
Passage Three It may look like just another playgroup, but a unique educational center in Manhattan is really giving babies something to talk about.―It’s a school to teach languages to babies and young 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net children with games, songs—some of the classes also have arts and crafts,‖ said Francois Thibaut, the founder of the Language Workshop for Children, a place where babies become bilingual.Children as young as few months are exposed to French and Spanish before many of them can even speak English.Educators use special songs and visual(視覺的)aids to ensure that when a child is ready to talk, the languages will not be so foreign.“Children have a unique capacity to learn many languages at the same time,‖ said Thibaut.―Already at nine months, a child can tell the differences between the sounds he or she has heard since birth and the sounds he or she has never heard yet.‖ Thibaut says the best time to expose children to language is from birth to 3 years old.For the last 30 years, the school has been using what it calls the Thibaut Technique, a system that combines language lessons with child’s play.“I always wanted to learn Spanish, but by the time I got to high school it was too late to pick it up and speak fluently,‖ said Marc Lazare, who enrolled his son at the school.―I figured at this age, two, it’s a perfect time for him to learn.‖
Aside from learning a language, the kids also gain a tremendous sense of confidence.One young student boasted that aside from French, she can speak five languages(though that included ―monkey‖ and ―lion‖).The school gives children the tools to communicate, and sometimes that gives them an advantage over their parents.―I think they sometimes speak French when they think I won’t understand them,‖ said parent Foster Gibbons.Depending on the age group, classes run from 45 minutes up to 2 hours.Even when students are not in class, the program is designed to make sure the learning continues at home.Tapes and books are included so kids can practice on their own.46.The word ―bilingual‖ in the first paragraph probably means ________.A.capable of using two languages
B.both clever and confident C.aware of their own limitations and strengths
D.independent of their parents
47.The passage tells us that the best time for a child to learn languages is ___________.A.before seven years old
B.from birth to three years old C.in his childhood
D.in his teens
48.According to Thibaut, it is possible __________.A.for children to take advantage of their parents by using a foreign language B.to expose children to a foreign language after they can speak English C.to combine language lessons with sports games
D.for children to learn several languages at the same time
49.The school teaches language by __________.A.exposing children to the new environment B.using modern facilities and equipment C.combining language lessons with games D.giving children confidence
50.The best title for this text is __________.A.A Unique Language School for Children 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net B.The Foreign Language for Children to Learn C.Special Songs and Visual Aids in Learning D.The Best Way to Learn a Foreign Language
Passage Four The girls in this sixth grade class in East Palo Alto, California, all have the same access to computers as boys.But researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender(性別)gap in technology.Janice Weinman of the American Association of University Women says, ―Girls tend to be less comfortable than boys with the computer.They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information.‖
After re-examining a thousand studies, the American Association of University Women researchers found that girls make up only a small percentage of students in computer science classes.Girls consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence in using computers.And they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom.An instructor of a computer lab says he’s already noticed some differences.Charles Cheadle of Cesar Chavez School says, ―Boys are not so afraid they might do something that will harm the computer, whereas girls are afraid they might break it somehow.‖
Six years ago, the software company Purple Moon noticed that girls’ computer usage was falling behind boys.Karen Gould says, ―The number one reason girls told us they don’t like computer games is not that they’re too violent, or too competitive.Girls just said they’re incredibly boring.‖
Purple Moon says it found what girls want, characters they can relate to and story lines relative to what’s going on in their own lives.Karen Gould of Purple Moon Software says, “What we definitely found from girls is that there is no intrinsic(固有的)reason why they wouldn’t want to play on a computer;it was just a content thing.‖
The sponsor of the study says it all boils down to this: the technology gender gap that separates the girls from the boys must be closed if women are to compete effectively with men in the 21st century.51.According to the passage, girls are victims of the gender gap in technology because __________.A.they can not discover new ways to use computers B.they have the same access to computers as boys C.they are likely to be less comfortable with computers D.they can only use computers for word processing
52.Girls often feel __________.A.bored with computer games
B.comfortable using computers C.it hard to use computers in word processing
D.worried about using computers
53.The research on girls and computers is ____________.A.based on a few recent articles
B.presented by one person 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net C.based on thousands of studies
D.not considered well grounded
54.The software company seems to think ___________.A.if girls had an equal chance of playing games, they would like computers B.if the software was more violent, girls would be more interested C.if the software content was changed, girls would be more interested D.if the character were funny, girls would like them better
55.The gender gap needs to be closed because ___________.A.it isn’t fair that boys are allowed to use computers all the time B.there isn’t enough money for upgrading computers C.most of the causes may boil down to a question of money D.the ability to use computers is important in today’s world
Part IV Close Test
(15 minutes, 5 points)Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage.For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSCER SHEET with a single line through the center.Visitors to this country are normally admitted for six months, but foreign students can usually stay for one year.They must __56__ an educational institution, and they are required to study for a __57__.Of fifteen hours a week on a daytime course.Prospective students have to show that they can afford their studies, and that they have sufficient __58__ resources to support themselves __59__ in this country.In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, __60__ must be applied for by his prospective employer.The problem here is that the Department of Employment has the right to grant or __61__ these permits, and there is little that can b done __62__ it;it would be extremely unwise for a foreign visitor to work __63__ a permit, since anyone doing so is liable to immediate deportation(驅(qū)逐出境)，There are some people from the European countries, who are often given __64__ residence permits of up to five years.Some other people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others can work without permits, and foreign students are normally allowed to __65__ part-time jobs while they are studying here.56.A.establish
B.purchase
C.prove
D.attend 57.A.minimum
B.maximum
C.minority
D.majority
58.A.natural
B.financial
C.human
D.economical
59.A.after
B.since
C.while
D.before 60.A.it
B.what
C.that
D.which 61.A.receive
B.refuse
C.oppose
D.accept 62.A.for
B.on
C.about
D.with 63.A.with
B.before
C.after
D.without 64.A.temporary
B.interior
C.permanent
D.short 65.A.engage
B.take
C.expect
D.work 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net
試卷二
Part V Translation
(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The generation gap is so great in Hong Kong that the teenagers there rarely turn to their parents or teachers for advice on anything.Whether it be sex, AIDS, school worries or family problems, adults are not considered up to the job.Until now, no one has asked Hong Kong youth, ―What do you think?‖ Some understanding of the emotions of Hong Kong’s youth, however, has come from the work of Dr.Jeffrey Day —at the University of Hong Kong.His survey of young people does not focus, for example, on how many drugs they take—but tries to answer the question why.Dr.Day hopes the results, which he plans to explain in full next week, will reveal what troubles—as well as pleases—today’s high-school students.Conclusions will be passed on not only to government departments but back to the school which took part.Part VI Writing
(30 Minutes, 15 points)Direction: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title "Lifelong Learning”.You should base your composition on the Chinese outline given below： 1． 終身學(xué)習(xí)對每個人的重要性。2． 終身學(xué)習(xí)的方式有多種??
3． 你認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該采取那種方式，為什么？
參考答案
Part I Listening Comprehension(30 minutes, 15 points)Part II Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes, 10 points)16.B
17.C
18.B
19.B
20.A
21.D
22.A
23.A
34.D
25.A
26.A
27.D
28.C
29.B
30.A
31.D
32.D
33.D
34.A
35.D
Part III Reading Comprehension(55 minutes, 40 points)36.B
37.D
38.D
39.A
40.B
41.D
42.B
43.A
44.C
45.D 46.A
47.B
48.D
49.C
50.A
51.C
52.A
53.C
54.C
55.D
Part IV Cloze Test 915 Minutes, 5 points)56.D
57.A
58.B
59.C
60.D
61.B
62.C
63.D
64.A
65.B
Part V Translation(30 minutes, 15 points)在香港，代溝的問題很嚴(yán)重，以至于十幾歲的孩子很少向父母或老師征詢意見。不管是 9 北京工商大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 唐義均 tangyijun@263.net 性、艾滋病、學(xué)校中遇到的麻煩，還是家庭問題，他們認(rèn)為成人都幫不上忙。至今為止，沒人問過香港的年輕人：“你在想什么？”然而，香港大學(xué)的杰弗里?戴博士所作的研究是我們對香港年輕人的情感有了一些了解。他對年輕人的調(diào)查，重點(diǎn)不是問他們服用多少種毒品之類的問題，而是試圖找到其中緣由。
戴博士計劃在下周全面解釋研究的結(jié)果。他希望研究能解釋當(dāng)今高中學(xué)生的喜和憂。研究結(jié)論不僅將送呈政府部門，也將通報參加這項調(diào)查的學(xué)校。
Part VI Writing(30 minutes, 15 points)In today’s society, life-long learning has become very important for everyone.This is because one needs to renew his knowledge continuously in order to meet the needs of his work ad fast development of the society.There are several ways for one to take a life-long learning.One way is to take a part-time education program.It means that one is learning part time while he is working.The program could be at undergraduate level or graduate level.The second way is to study by oneself.You can learn whatever you need for your work on your own.You can learn from books, from FTV programs or from Internet or radio.In my opinion, life-long learning is necessary to us.We should choose one of the ways mentioned above, which depends on your own personal preference and interest.I prefer the first one because this kind of learning is systematic and formal.With the help if the teachers, it is easier to learn sand quicker to get what you need for your work.
第三篇：近兩年在職研究生英語試題及答案
Part I Dialogue Communication(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 for each)
Section A Dialogue Completion
Directions: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue.Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1.A: David said he bought a new BMW for ￡5,000!B:____________ Sounds pretty cheap to me!A: Well, that's what he said.A.Are you sure?
B.Come to think of it.C.Do you think so?
D.Is he crazy?
2.A: We just came back from Phoenix.And we had the best vacation in years.B: ______________ I'm glad to hear it.A.Oh, my goodness!
B.How was it? C.Oh, there you go again.D.Good for you.3.A: I just can't stand this class any more!
B: ______________ It's required, and you have to sit in it in order to graduate.A.Well, why not just drop out of it? B.Why, you can say that again!
C.Well, you might as well get used to it.D.Why, I couldn't agree more!
4.A: I don't know about you, but I thought that film was terrific.B: ___________ The action was great, and so was the music.A.Just the same.B.I'm with you there.C.More or less.D.I sure do.5.A: Dan gave me a free ride home, but I paid for the gas.B: You know what they say, ______________
A.there's no free lunch.B.don't bite off more than you can chew.C.one good mm deserves another.D.it's who you know that counts.Section B Dialogue Comprehension
Directions: In this section, you will read 5 short conversions between a man and a woman.At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the best answer to the question from the 4 choices by marking the corresponding better with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.6.Woman: I'd rather not talk about it.Just don't ask.Man: Come on.I think you need to let off some steam.Question: What does the man advise the woman to do?
A.To talk to him about the problem.B.To keep the secret.C.To reduce the workload.D.To have a good rest.7.Woman: Julie's dress looks funny.That style went out last year.Man: Oh, come on, as long as it looks good on her.Question: What does the man try to emphasize?
A.Julie's dress is not outdated.B.Julie's dress does not suit her.C.Julie should follow the fashion.D.Julie looks free in that dress.8.Man: What kind of snacks do you prefer? Woman: Oh, I've got a sweet tooth, you know.Question: What does the woman probably like?
A.Sandwich.B.Hot dogs.C.Ice cream.D.Potato chips.9.Woman: I'm tired of driving all the way to work and back every day.If only carscould drive themselves!
Man: Well, some car manufacturers are working on them.I guess you'll soon buy one if you can afford it.Question: What does the man imply?
A.The woman will be able to buy an intelligent car.B.Cars that drive themselves may be very expensive.C.He is working with a car producer on intelligent cars.D.Driving to work is really a headache.10.Man: Annie, how does it not even cross your mind that you might want a futur with someone? Woman: It's simple.I don't mind being married to my career.Question: What's Annie's attitude towards her future?
A.She will stay with someone unmarried.B.She will live a simple life.C.She will quit her job to get married.D.She will fully focus on her job.Part II Vocabulary(20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 for each)
Section A
Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined.Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A.B.C.D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11.The news reports completely overlooked the more profound political implications of the events.A.neglected
B.foresaw
C.explored
D.assessed
12.Teachers and nurses who deal with children are obliged to report cases of suspected child abuse to authorities.A.reminded
B.expected
C.compelled
D.requested
13.Your grade will be based in large part on the originality of your ideas.A.creativity
B.popularity
C.feasibility
D.flexibility
14.We suspect there is a quite deliberate attempt to sabotage the elections and undermine the electoral commission.A.conscious
B.desperate
C.clumsy
D.intentional
15.So strange were the circumstances of my story that I can scarcely believe myself to have been a party to them.A.just
B.hardly
C.almost
D.definitely
16.Smoke particles and other air pollutants are often trapped in the atmosphere, thus forming dirty fog.A.constrained
B.caught
C.concealed
D.concentrated
17.Employees in chemical factories are entitled to receive extra pay for doing hazardous work.A.poisonous B.difficult
C.dangerous
D.harmful 18.Curt Carlson, the wealthiest man in Minnesota, owned a hotel and travel company with sales reaching in the neighborhood of ＄9 billion.A.precisely B.merely
C.substantially
D.approximately
19.The tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter is the main obstacle to successful organ transplantation.A.factor
B.constituent
C.barrier
D.break
20.Whenever you need Tom, he is always there whether it be an ear or a helping hand, so you can always lean on him.A.count on
B.benefit from
C.stand for
D.stick to Section B
Directions: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSERS SHEET.A.takes
B.appears
C.makes
D.goes
22.The world economic recession put an ____________ end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.A.irregular
B.illegal
C.abrupt
D.absurd
23.I'm _____ about how you discovered my website, and am very glad if you enjoy it.A.mysterious B.furious
C.serious D.curious
24.The Labor Party's electoral strategy, based on an _________ with other smaller parties, has proved successful.A.acquaintance
B.integration
C.alliance
D.intimacy
25.The new aircraft will be __________ to a test of temperatures of 65℃ and 120℃.A.suspended
B.suppressed
C.summoned
D.subjected
26.The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful ______ to my ordinary income.A.profit
B.supplement
C.subsidy
D.replacement
27.Chinese people are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining____ of tooth decay.A.treatment
B.incidence
C.consequence
D.misfortune
28.Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ____offish from becoming extinct.A.species
B.sources
C.numbers
D.members
29.Susan never took any cookery courses? she learned cooking by ________useful tips from TV cookery programs.A.picking up
B.bringing up
C.putting up
D.pulling up 30.The President __________ his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.A.promoted
B.substituted
C.authorized
D.displaced PartⅢ Reading Comprehension(45minutes, 30point)
Directions: There are 5 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring NSWER SHEET.Passage One
Until last spring, Nia Parker and the other kids in her neighborhood commuted to school on Bus 59.But as fuel prices rose, the school district needed to find a way to cut its transportation costs.So the school's busing company redrew its route map, eliminating Nia's bus altogether.Now Nia and her neighbors travel the haft mile to school via a “walking school bus” a group of kids, supervised by an adult or two, who make the walk together.Like the rest of us, school districts are feeling pinched by rising fuel costs—and finding new ways to adapt.The price of diesel fuel has gone up 34 percent in the past two years.For the typical American school district, bus bills total 5 percent of the budget.As administrators look to trim, busing is an inviting target, since it doesn't affect classroom instruction(or test scores).More than one third of American school administrators have elim/nated bus stops or routes in order to stay within budget.Many parents are delighted to see their kids walking to school, partly because many did so themselves: according to a 1969 survey, nearly half of school kids walked or biked to school, compared with only 16 percent in 2001.Modem parents have been unwilling to let kids walk to school for fear of traffic, crime or simple bullying, but with organized adult supervision, those concerns have diminished.Schools and busing companies are finding other ways to save.In rural areas where busing is a must, some schools have even chosen four day school weeks.Busing companies instruct drivers to eliminate extra stops from routes and to mm off the engine while idling.They are also using computer software to determine the most fuelefficient routes, which aren't always the shortest ones.There could be downsides, however, to the busing cutbacks.If every formerly bused student begins walking to school, it's an environmental winbut if too many of their parents decide to drive them instead, the overall carbon footprint can grow.Replacing buses with many more parent driven cars can also increase safety risks: A 2002 report concluded students are 13 times safer on a school bus than in a passenger car, since buses have fewer accidents and withstand them better due to their size.And some students complain about the long morning hikes, particularly when the route contains a really big hill.31.The “walking school bus” _________.A.does not consume fuel
B.aims to keep children fit C.seldom causes traffic jams
D.is popular with school kids
32.In America the responsibility for busing kids to school lies with _______.A.individual schools
B.school districts
C.teachers
D.parents
33.As regards walking to school, modern parents seem much concerned with the_____.A.time spent on the way
B.changes in the route C.kids' physical strength
D.safety of their children 34.To save money, some schools choose to _____________.A.take the shortest routes
B.shorten the school week C.give drivers better training
D.use fuelefficient buses 35.Busing cutbacks may eventually lead to ___________.A.fiercer competition among bus companies B.more students taking public transportation C.an increase in carbon dioxide emissions D.a decrease in the safety of school buses
36.Which of the following best describes the author's attitude towards busing cutbacks? A.Favorable.B.Critical.C.Objective.D.Indifferent.Passage Two
People are living longer than eve Two r, but for some reason, women are living longer than men.A baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can expect to live to be about 73, a baby girl, about 79.This is indeed a wide gap, and no one really knows why it exists.The greater longevity(長壽)of women, however, has been known for centuries.It was, for example, described in the seventeenth century.However, the difference was smaller thenthe gap is growing.A number of reasons have been proposed to account for the differences.The gap is greatest in industrialized societies, so it has been suggested that women are less susceptible to work strains that may raise the risk of heart disease and alcoholism.Sociologists also tell us that women are encouraged to be less adventurous than men(and this may be why they are more careful drivers, involved in fewer accidents).Even smoking has been implicated in the age discrepancy.It was once suggested that working women are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap would begin to close, because smoking is related to earlier deaths.Now, however, we see more women smoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men.That is, they report far more illnesses.But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious.Some researchers have suggested that men may die earlier because their health is more strongly related to their emotions.For example, men tend to die sooner after losing a spouse than women do.Men even seem to be more weakened by loss of a job.(Both of these are linked with a marked decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system.)Among men, death follows retirement with an alarming promptness.Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface of the problem.Perhaps the answers lie deeper in our biological heritage.After all, the phenomenon is not isolated to humans.Females have the edge among virtually all mammalian(哺乳動物)species, in that they generally live longer.Furthermore, in many of these species the differences begin at the moment of conception? there are more malev miscarriages(流產(chǎn)).In humans, after birth, more baby boys than baby girls die.37.What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A.Men's lifespan remains almost unchanged.B.Researchers have found the causes of the age gap.C.The more advanced a society, the greater the age gap.D.The age gap was noticed only recently.38.As is suggested in Paragraph 2, the two factors relevant to women's longer lifespan are _____.A.diseases and road accidents
B.industrialization and work strains C.their immunity to heart disease and refusal of alcohol
D.their endurance of work strains and reluctance for adventure
39.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is true? A.The great number of male smokers contributes to the age gap.B.The growing number of smoking women will narrow the age gap.C.Female workers are more likely to smoke than male workers.D.Smoking does not seem to affect women's longevity.40.Which of the following phenomena makes researchers puzzled? A.Men's health is more closely related to their emotions.B.Though more liable to illnesses, women still live longer.C.Men show worse symptoms than women when they fall ill.D.Quite a number of men die soon after their retirement.41.The word “edge”in Paragraph 6 means“___________”.A.margin
B.side
C.advantage
D.quality 42.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.The greater longevity of women remains a mystery.B.That women are healthier than men well explains their longevity.C.People are living longer as a result of industrialization.D.Women are less emotionally affected by difficulties in life.Passage Three
Many are aware of the tremendous waste of energy in our environment, but fail to take advantage of straightforward opportunities to conserve that energy.For example, everyone knows that lights should be switched off when no one is in an office.Similarly, when employees are not using a meeting room, there is no need to regulate temperature.Fortunately, one need not rely on human intervention to conserve energy.With the help of smart sensing and network technology, energy conservation processes such as turning off lights and adjusting temperature can be readily automated.Ultimately, this technology will enable consumers and plant managers to better identify wasteful energy use and institute procedures that leadto smarter and more efficient homes, buildings and industrial plants.Until now, wires and cables for power and connectivity have limited the widespread adoption of sensor(傳感器)networks by making them difficult and expensive to install and maintain.Batterypowered wireless networks can simplify installation and reduce cost.But their high power consumption and the corresponding need for regular battery replacement has made wireless networks difficult and costly to maintain.Nobody wants to replace hundreds or thousands of window sensor batteries in a large building on a regular basis.The promise of wireless sensor networks can only be fully realized when the wiring for both the data communication and the power supply is eliminated.Doing so requires a tree batteryfree wireless solution, one that can utilize energy harvested directly from the environment.To facilitate the widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks, GreenPeak has developed an ultralowpower communication technology that can utilize environmental energy sources such as light, motion and vibration.This technology, employing onboard power management circuits and computer software to monitor energy harvesters and make the best use of harvested energy, enables sensors to operate reliably in a batteryfree environment.Wireless sensor networks deployed in our offices and homes will have an enormous impact on our daily lives, helping to build a smarter world in which energy is recycled and fully utilized.These wireless platforms, equipped with advanced sensing capability, will enable us to better control our lives, homes and environment, creating a truly connected world that enables people worldwide to live in a more comfortable, safer, and cleaner environment.43.By “human intervention”(Paragraph 2), the author refers to ________.A.the reduction of great energy waste in the environment B.the grasping of straightforward opportunities available C.acts like turning off lights when no one is in the room D.the adoption of smart sensing and network technology
44.Batteries are not an ideal energy source for sensor networks because they__________.A.have to be replaced from time to time
B.contain metals that pollute the environment C.require automatic recharging
D.are difficult and costly to maintain
45.Battery-free wireless sensor networks are made possible by the fact that______.A.there is energy in the environment to be utilized B.the cost of using them has been drastically reduced C.modem data communication consumes little energy D.their maintenance has been greatly simplified
46.According to the passage, Green Peak ___________.A.is the first company to install wireless sensor networks B.promotes the application of wireless sensor networks C.supplies batteries operating on harvested energy
D.benefits handsomely from communication technology 47.The focus of Paragraph 4 is on the ____________.A.replacement of batteries in harvesters
B.monitoring of energy harvested from the environment C.elimination of batteries in sensor networks D.impact of sensor networks on power supply
48.Wireless sensor networks promise to ___________.A.bring businesses high profits
B.further develop the sensing technology C.turn motion into a major source of energy D.improve the daily lives of people worldwide Passage Four
If you haven't heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you've probably been avoiding the media.There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving.You have most likely encountered aggressive driving and/or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing.For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year.Of those fatalities, the agency estimates that about twothirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.Why is this phenomenon occurrifig more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct.One suggestion is sheer overcrowding.In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent.However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent.That means more cars in the same amount of space? and the problem is magnified in urban areas.Also, people have less time and more things to do.With people working and trying to fit extra chores(瑣事)and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher.Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers.These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised.For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard at another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major confrontation.If you are susceptible to Road Rage, the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way.If you are the target of another driver's rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.49.The first sentence in Paragraph 1 implies that ______________.A.people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings B.Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months C.one may be raged by media reports and wants to avoid them D.the media coined the term “Road Rage” only a few months ago
50.According to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, last year______.A.drunk driving remained the No.1 killer on the highways
B.more people were killed by aggressive driving than by drunk driving C.two thirds of drivers were killed by aggressive driving D.41,907 people fell victim to aggressive driving
51.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of aggressive driving? A.Increasing number of cars.B.Drivers' stress and anxiety.C.Overcrowded roads.D.Rush hour traffic.52.The word “spell” in Paragraph 3 means“______________”.A.speak
B.cause
C.describe
D.spare
53.Which of the following characterizes aggressive driving? A.Talking while driving.B.Driving fast.C.Yelling at another driver.D.Sounding the horn when passing.54.The last paragraph is intended to ____________.A.tell people how to cope with Road Rage
B.inform people how aggressive drivers could be C.tell people how to control themselves when angry D.warn people against eye contact with another driver Passage Five
In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of counting and other impressive mental tasks.After years of great performance, psychologists discovered that though Hans was certainly clever, he was not clever in the way everyone expected.The horse was cleverly picking up on tiny, unintentional bodily and facial signals given out not only by his trainer, but also by the audience.Aware of the “Clever Hans” effect, Lisa Lit at the University of California and her colleagues wondered whether the beliefs of professional dog handlers might similarly affect the outcomes of searches for drugs and explosives.Remarkably, Dr Lit found, they do.Dr Lit asked 18 professional dog handlers and their dogs to complete brief searches.Before the searches, the handlers were informed that some of the search areas might contain up to three target scents, and also that in two cases those scents would be marked by pieces of red paper.What the handlers were not told was that none of the search areas contained the scents of either drugs or explosives.Any “detections” made by the teams thus had to be false.The findings reveal that of 144 searches, only 21 were clean(no alerts).All the others raised one alert or more.In total, the teams raised 225 alerts.While the sheer number of false alerts struck Dr Lit as fascinating, it was where they took place that was of greatest interest.When handlers could see a red piece of paper, allegedly marking a location of interest, they were much more likely to say that their dogs signalled an alert.The human handlers were not only distracted on almost every occasion by the stimulus aimed at them, but also transmitted that distraction to their animals who responded accordingly.To mix metaphors, the dogs were crying “wolf” at the unconscious signal of their handlers.How much that matters in the real world is unclear.But it might, If a handler, for example, unconsciously “profiled” people being sniffed by a drugor explosivedetecting dog at an airport, false positives could abound.That is not only bad for innocent travellers, but might distract the team from catching the guilty.55.What did psychologists find out about Clever Hans? A.He was as clever as people claimed.B.He was really good at counting.C.He could understand human language.D.He merely responded to human signals.56.Lisa Lit and her colleagues ___________.A.questioned the “Clever Hans” effect B.discovered the “Clever Hans” effect C.confirmed the “Clever Hans” effect D.rejected the “Clever Hans” effect
57.The dog handlers learned before the searches that __________.A.each search area contained three target scents
B.there was actually no target scent in the search area C.some target scents may be labelled with a special mark D.their dogs were expected to f'md the scents of red paper
58.What was most significant about the experiment, according to Dr.Lit? A.The location of the false alerts.B.The regularity of the false alerts.C.The number of the false alerts.D.The timing of the false alerts.59.It can be concluded from the experiment that ___________.A.dog handlers are more likely to be distracted than their dogs B.dogs may act in response to their handlers' bodily signals
C.the cooperation between dogs and their handlers is key to success D.welltrained
dogs can better understand their handlers' signals
60.The author thinks that Dr.Lit's findings _____________.A.should raise our concern in real life B.may not be useful in real situations
C.should be backed up by further evidence D.will be widely applied in the near future
Part IV Close(15 minutes, 15 points, 1 for each)
Directions: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks.For each blank there are 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Zoos have become an important site for the preservation and protection of wildlife resources, 61 those species that are endangered.62 , many zoos displayed live animals for public entertainment.Presently some zoos have become scientific and educational 63 that have contributed to the understanding and conservation of wild animal populations.64 the challenges facing modern zoos are the cost of upgrading old facilities, the struggle to obtain 65 operating funds, and the need to attract more visitors to new and entertaining exhibits.Many 66 zoos in American dries have undergone renovation(翻新)during the last decades of the twentieth century.Among the recent trends in zoo 67 is the construction of new enclosures that resemble natural habitats(棲息地).The replacement of traditional steel bars and concrete floors 68 appropriately designed surroundings improves visitor appreciation of the animals.Such renovations may.69 stress on animals and allow them to interact with one another more naturally.Several major zoos conduct captive propagation programs.A captive propagation program includes the breeding of 70 zoo or wild animals to obtain offspring, usually for release to 71 or for transfer to other zoos.Captive breeding is one method of 72 some species from extinction.Zoos have expanded and improved public education programs also, with education departments that develop programs 73 zoo exhibits.Public activities include inschool programs, zoo tours, special events, and websites.The Zoological Society of New York, for example, conducted a major project with a Western African government to monitor an elephant herd 74 it moved throughout its range.The importance of zoos will increase as natural habitats are diminishing.Through their efforts 75 conservation, education, and environmental advocacy, zoos will continue to play a critical role in wildlife preservation throughout the world.61.A.superficially
B.especially
C.importantly
D.supposedly 62.A.By that time
B.By the time
C.At one time
D.At that time 63.A.institutions
B.associations
C.foundations
D.corporations 64.A.Along
B.Toward
C.Among
D.Through 65.A.limited
B.professional
C.sufficient
D.excessive 66.A.newer
B.older
C.former
D.later
67.A.management
B.improvement
C.achievement
D.assessment 68.A.under
B.for
C.into
D.with 69.A.reduce
B.cause
C.increase
D.avoid 70.A.selected
B.sustained
C.promising
D.surviving 71.A.natural
B.the natural
C.wild
D.the wild 72.A.restraining
B.saving
C.sheltering
D.exempting 73.A.attributed to
B.opposed to
C.referred to
D.related to 74.A.as
B.as if
C.so
D.so that
75.A.in search of
B.in honor of
C.in support of
D.in charge of
Paper Two
Part I Translation(30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section)
Section A
Directions: Translate the following passage onto Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Over the years, we tend to think that nuclear technologies and the necessary knowhow to ensure nuclear safety have been developed to a level that possibilities for any major nuclear accidents are almost nonexistent and if it does happen, it will be controlled in the capable hands of nuclear engineers.However, reality has proved again that you just can't be too careful to handle nuclear energy.We don't know for sure yet what will be left behind Japan's nuclear crisis, but it will be certain that it is time to reexamine our nuclear practices and many more efforts need to be made to ensure nuclear safety in the future.Section B
Directions: Translate the following passage into English.Write your translation on the AN SWER SHEET.中國有著 5000 年的文化傳統(tǒng)，歷經(jīng)劫波而生生不息，我們一定要充分發(fā)揚(yáng)祖國的文化傳統(tǒng)。同時我們也懂得，要學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒世界先進(jìn)的文明。只有這樣，才能使祖國的文化得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，也就是我常說的，只有開放包容，才能使祖國強(qiáng)大。
Part II Writing(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “How to Handle Stress”.The clues given below are for your reference only, NOT the outline you should follow.Please remember to write your composition clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.1.Common sources of stress.2.Healthy ways to reduce stress.3.How you have overcome stressful situations.參考答案（A卷）
Paper One 【會話技能】
1-10 ADCBA ADCBD
【詞匯】
11-20 ADADB BCDDA 21-30 DCDCD BAAAC 【閱讀】
31-36 AADBCC 37-42 CDDBCA 43-48 CDABBD 49-54 BBDBCA 55-60 DCCAAA
【綜合填空】
61-65 BCACC 66-70 BBDAA
71-75 DBDAC
Paper Two
Section A【英譯漢】
這些年來，我們習(xí)慣性地認(rèn)為原子能技術(shù)和必要的實踐經(jīng)驗已經(jīng)足以保證核安全。一切重大的核事故幾乎都不存在，哪怕其真的發(fā)生，也會被有能力的核工程師們控制影響。然而，事實再一次證明處理核能源再小心都不為過。我們還不確定日本的核災(zāi)難會留下什么影響，但現(xiàn)在一定是我們重新審查原子能實踐的時候了。為確保將來的核安全，我們還需付出很多努力。
Section B 【漢譯英】
China has 5000 years of cultural tradition.Having undergone various hardships, the country still maintains its vitality generation after generation.It is imperative for us to fully advance our motherland's cultural heritage as well as to learn from civilizations of the world.Only in this way can our motherland make further development.In other words, preserving our traditional cultures while being open and tolerant will make our country more prosperous.【寫作范文】
How to Handle the Stress
Nowadays more and more people have been under various stresses and there has been an increase in stress-related diseases among employees and students.This phenomenon has aroused immediate concern and widespread discussion among the general public.From my perspective, the resources of stresses can be from our work, family and also from the society, and learning how to deal with stresses has far-reaching significance to our body health.As a matter of fact, some solutions to reduce stresses can be illustrated below.The first one that comes to my mind readily is to share our stress with others.It can be enormously helpful because we may feel quite relaxed after talking to others and things even turn better if we get any valuable suggestions from them.What’s more, making time for fun such as listening to music and watching movies may be good medicine.Additionally, it is also a great way to reduce anxiety to do a large number of physical activities.From what has been discussed above, I strongly believe that we should know how to reduce enormous stress because it poses a general threat to human body health.As a common employee, I often feel immense stress at work.In those cases, I always tried to talk with my close friends to hear their advice or just listen to my favorite music.Only by having both mental and physical health can we hope to do our job well in the future.1.__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A.Other things being equal
B.Were other things equal C.To be equal to other things
D.Other things to be equal 2.He resented ___________ to wait.He expected ________ the minister him at once.A.to be asked, to see
B.being asked, to see C.to be asked, seeing
D.being asked, seeing 3.If the building project ____________ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.A.being completed
B.is completed C.to be completed
D.completed 4.This is one of the questions __________ at the meeting next week.A.discussed
B.discussing C.to be discussed
D.being discussed 5.In the course of a day, students do far more than just ____________ classes.A.attend
B.attended
C.to attend
D.attending 1.They are going to have the serviceman ____________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A.install
B.to install C.to be installed
D.installed 2.Since both he and I work in the same hospital, I can hardly avoid ___________ him.A.being met
B.meeting
C.to be met
D.to meet 3.The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than _____________.A.is necessary
B.being necessary C.to be necessary
D.it is necessary 4.What a lovely party!It′s worth __________ all my life.A.remembering
B.to remember C.to be remembered
D.to be remember 5.Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ____________ alone.A.seen
B.is seen C.to be seen
D.having been seen 1.【答案】A 【解析】在作feel，listen to，hear，have，make，let，watch，see，notice，observe，look at等感官動詞以及使役動詞的賓語的補(bǔ)足語時，不定式的符號to必須省略；在作help的賓語補(bǔ)足語時，不定式的符號to可以省略，也可不省略，例如：The children were surprised when the teacher had them close their books unexpectedly.老師突然讓他們把書都合上，孩子們感到很驚訝。We can make the liquid nitrogen turn back into gas.我們能使液體氮重新變成氣體。
2.【答案】B 【解析】avoid作“避免”講，后面不能跟動詞不定式，只能跟名詞或動名詞作賓語，故C項和D項錯誤。又由于句子主語I和動詞meet在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，故應(yīng)使用主動形式的動名詞，因此B項是正確的。
3.【答案】A 【解析】than一般用作連詞，引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，但有時該詞在作用上更像一個關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)的從句更像一個定語從句，例如：She gave me the impression of having more teeth than were necessary for any practical purpose.她給我的印象是，她的牙很多，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了實際需要。
4.【答案】A 【解析】worth后面可以接動名詞，需要注意的是：該動名詞須用主動形式來表示被動含義，例如：An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding.人生的目標(biāo)，是唯一值得尋找的財富。True wisdom is to know what is best worth knowing，and to do what is best worth doing.真正的智慧是知道什么是最值得知道的事情和什么是最值得做的事情。
5.【答案】A 【解析】當(dāng)從句主語和主句主語相同，而且從句謂語動詞是be的形式時，可以將從句主語和be的形式省略。例如：Every one is blind when maddened by love.一旦被愛情沖昏頭腦，人便盲目無主。The tree of liberty grows only when watered by the blood of tyrants.自由之樹只有用暴君的血來澆灌才能生長。
1.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ____________ what to do and what not to do.A.being told
B.telling
C.to be told
D.to tell 2.A Dream of the Red Chamber is said __________ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A.to have been translated
B.to translate C.to be translated
D.to have translated 3.The letter seemed ___________ by a child.A.to have written
B.to write C.to be writing
D.to have been written 4.As __________ announced in today′s papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.A.being
B.is
C.to be
D.been 5.We left the meeting, there obviously ___________ no point in staying.A.were
B.being
C.to be
D.having 1.【答案】A 【解析】resist后可跟動名詞，而不跟不定式作賓語。由于非謂語動詞tell和句子主語的邏輯動賓關(guān)系，因此A項正確。例如：One cannot help being old，but one can resist being aged.人無法不老，但是可以抵制衰老。I cannot resist going up with this every night，and trying his door.我禁不住每天晚上帶著這個東西上樓，去敲他的門。
2.【答案】A 【解析】本題旨在考查不定式的不同形式。不定式的完成式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生，例如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.據(jù)說他又寫了一本關(guān)于工人的書。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語為該不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動形式，例如：It is an honor for me to be asked to make a speech here.我很榮幸應(yīng)邀在這里演講。根據(jù)句意我們知道，本句中的不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生，又因為句子的主語與該不定式具有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用不定式的完成被動形式，故A項正確。C項的時態(tài)不符合題意，D項忽略了主語和不定式之間的邏輯關(guān)系，而B項既不符合時態(tài)，又忽略了主語和不定式之間的邏輯關(guān)系。由此可見，B項、C項和D項都不是正確答案。
3.【答案】D 【解析】根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，此處應(yīng)用不定式的被動式，由于該不定式與句子的主語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)使用被動形式，故D項為唯一正確答案。
4.【答案】B 【解析】as可用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，起承接前面主句內(nèi)容或引出后續(xù)主句內(nèi)容的作用，as在從句中作主語或賓語，指代整個主句，例如：As is announced in the papers，our country has launched successfully another communications satellite.報上宣布，我國又成功發(fā)射了一顆通信衛(wèi)星。As is known to all，contributions to computer technology are no longer confined to any one country.眾所周知，對計算機(jī)技術(shù)作出貢獻(xiàn)的，已經(jīng)不再局限于某一個國家了。有時，助動詞be可以省略，例如：As discussed in the previous chapter，communicative teaching of English is of great value.正如前一章所討論的，英語交際教學(xué)法很有價值。由此分析可以看出，只有B項最符合題意。
5.【答案】B 【解析】“there+being+名詞”是一個獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，可以作狀語，需要注意的是，此時being不可省略。例如：There being no work，they decided to go to the movies.由于無事可做，他們決定去看電影。There being no bus，they had to set out on foot.由于沒有公共汽車，他們只好步行前往。
第四篇：中國政法大學(xué)在職碩士?？加⒄Z試題DA
英語試題 公共英語部分
Put the following passage into Chinese:
1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail.Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity.Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.對早期教育的批評引用了關(guān)于4歲兒童是否應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備接受正規(guī)教育的研究報告。教育工作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，年齡較大的幼兒更容易在他們的學(xué)業(yè)中取得成功，而年齡較小的幼兒更容易失敗。幼兒園的孩子在快到五歲時面臨的生理、心理、社交和智力發(fā)展，似乎并不順利。此外，快到六歲的孩子上幼兒園時往往會獲得更好的成績，并在學(xué)業(yè)上比那些剛滿五歲上幼兒園的孩子成績更好。天資聰慧、擁有語言表達(dá)技能與準(zhǔn)備好上學(xué)并不一樣。人們很容易將如今大多數(shù)內(nèi)心成熟兒童的表面上自信與精明混淆。事實上，有證據(jù)表明，過早教育會適得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼兒園進(jìn)行應(yīng)試教育學(xué)習(xí)的兒童缺乏創(chuàng)造力，對考試更加焦慮，并在幼兒園結(jié)束時，與那些未被要求進(jìn)行應(yīng)試教育學(xué)習(xí)的兒童相比，并不能在學(xué)習(xí)上保持其最初的優(yōu)勢。
Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting.They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home.They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.許多心理學(xué)家和教育工作者對4歲兒童接受正規(guī)教育仍持懷疑態(tài)度。他們質(zhì)疑豐富環(huán)境是否能顯著地改變貧窮家庭孩子的成長時間表。但并不否認(rèn)托兒所、幼兒園的舒適環(huán)境、讓孩子自由玩耍、自由成長、提升社交能力的種種好處。但他們指出，過去孩子在小學(xué)一年級學(xué)習(xí)的知識現(xiàn)已在幼兒園進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，他們擔(dān)心越來越多的孩子被要求在4歲開始學(xué)習(xí)。這些心理學(xué)家和教育工作者認(rèn)為，家長望子成龍心切，從而剝奪了孩子們的童年。
2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the air.While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized.However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged.As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries.For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people.World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it.Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking.But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.不吸煙者的權(quán)利問題，正在一個又一個國家里開始議論。至今多數(shù)國家很少或還沒有采取措施，有三十個左右的國家已經(jīng)采取法律程序控制吸煙。另一些國家則已制訂旨在為不吸煙者凈化空氣或消減紙煙消費(fèi)量的多種法律。
在某些發(fā)達(dá)國家中。紙煙的消費(fèi)量已漸趨穩(wěn)定。然而在許多發(fā)展中國家里，吸煙卻被視為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一種標(biāo)志——甚至受到鼓勵。隨著更多的煙草公司走上國際化的道路，它們在這些國家中尋找新的市場，爭取更多的吸煙者。
吸煙對人民健康有害。世界各國政府應(yīng)該開展認(rèn)真的反對吸煙運(yùn)動。限制香煙廣告，每包香煙上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在諸如影劇院和餐館等某些公共場所吸煙，這些都是許多國家用以支持不吸煙者和控制吸煙最常用的辦法。同時，人們也正把注意力集中在另一項措施上。這項措施將使吸煙者越來越意識到自己的不良習(xí)慣并為此感到不安。應(yīng)該做出巨大努力告訴青年人抽煙的危害性，特別是養(yǎng)成抽煙習(xí)慣的可怕后果。而且香煙價格應(yīng)予提高。
從長遠(yuǎn)觀點(diǎn)看，毫無疑問，如果能完全禁止吸煙，那么每個人的境況將得到很大的改善。但對于采取這種極端措施，人們尚無準(zhǔn)備。
3、We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen;that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panorama.It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies.This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes.Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral.The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build.For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.我們被告知，大眾媒體是世界上已見到的最大的啟蒙機(jī)關(guān);例如，在英國幾百萬人全景看到每個問題的時事節(jié)目。的確，在人類歷史上從來沒有這么多的人如此頻繁和如此多的接觸到的關(guān)于社會的許多通知。這種接觸可能是獲得某些重要的智力和想象力品質(zhì)，寬度的判斷，多種可能的態(tài)度的感覺的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。然而，這種接觸本身并不帶來智力或想象力的發(fā)展。它只不過是位于采石場的石頭群，而且可以想象地去建造一座大教堂。大眾傳媒不能建造大教堂，他們展示石頭的方式并不總是促使他人建造。因為石頭是在一個自給自足的的世界中呈現(xiàn)的，在這個世界里，暗示著只是看著它們，稍微觀察它們之間各自有趣的差異點(diǎn)就足夠了。
Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to — or feel we should try to — make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals.But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media.The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy.It is within the grain of mass communications.The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt.They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.They will stress the ―stimulation‖ the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself;they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo(現(xiàn)狀).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.無論作為公民或私人個人，生活確實充滿了我們必須（或者覺得我們應(yīng)該努力）作出決定的問題。但是，無論是做決定的真正困難，還是它們對每個人的真實和煩人的挑戰(zhàn)，通常都不可以通過大眾媒體交流。建議真正的選擇，個人的決定，這是在大眾媒體中找到的不是簡單地是保持客戶滿意的商業(yè)愿望的產(chǎn)品。它在大眾傳播的谷物之內(nèi)。機(jī)構(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)，不管其意圖是什么，無論他們的形式（國家，教會，志愿社團(tuán)，政黨），都有既得利益確保公共船不會被猛烈搖晃，并將影響那些在大眾媒體中工作的人，他們將被毫不知情地引導(dǎo)到生產(chǎn)形式，盡管他們經(jīng)歷了爭議和調(diào)查的動議，但不會突破皮膚，這樣的查詢可能真正傷害。當(dāng)暴露問題時，他們傾向于移動，完全在民主社會所接受的陳詞濫調(diào)中，并且不會從根本上質(zhì)疑這些陳詞濫調(diào)，也不會使他們對當(dāng)代生活的特征產(chǎn)生令人不安的應(yīng)用。他們將強(qiáng)調(diào)程序給出的“刺激”，但這很快就成為一個激動的問題，為了本身的興趣的興趣;他們將再次幫助接受現(xiàn)狀的現(xiàn)狀。這種趨勢有例外，但它們是不典型的。
The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press.Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgment.Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the ―stimulation‖ they offer than for the fact that stimulation(repeated at regular intervals)may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters;they tend to castrate(使…喪失活力)them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.結(jié)果可以在一百個廣播和電視節(jié)目中看到，正如普通新聞中公眾問題的正常處理一樣。可以假定讀者或觀看者中的不同級別的背景，但是通常發(fā)生的是替代判斷的過程。這樣的程序?qū)τ谒鼈兲峁┑摹按碳ぁ憋@然比對于刺激（以固定間隔重復(fù)）可能成為代替并且因此妨礙在心理和脈沖中仔細(xì)地到達(dá)和測試的判斷的事實而言更少。那么，大眾傳播，不要忽視智力問題;他們傾向于閹割（讓...喪失活力）他們，讓他們坐在壁爐邊，時尚而無用，家庭玩弄。
4、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards.It enables people to express themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others.With only a few tools--paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.寫作，作為一個職業(yè)，能為個人提供一系列的獎勵。它使人們能夠表達(dá)自己，以及娛樂自己娛樂，通知和影響他人。只需要幾個工具they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as necessary.A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriter's toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and alliteration.So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a winning speechwriter.這些技巧就像工具一般，當(dāng)你需要的時候，你只需從工具箱里選擇一件合適的就行。在演講稿撰寫者的工具箱中可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些其他技術(shù)可能是使用圖像，軼事和諷刺。
所以，下一次你必須準(zhǔn)備一個演講或演示文稿的時候，試著用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成為一個成功的演講稿撰寫人。
11、What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected.This extra something lies deeply within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested.一個人在科學(xué)上要有獨(dú)創(chuàng)的貢獻(xiàn)，往往并非單純的能力問題，而是還有一些別的因素，一些表面上觸摸不著的、難于覺察的東西。這些外加的東西深深寓于個人之中，需要培養(yǎng)并經(jīng)受考驗。
Motivation is a personal trait that is primarily instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents.An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals.A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize.This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also.These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.動力是因人而異的，主要由長者逐漸灌輸，諸如教師或父母。培養(yǎng)動力的一個重要方面是確定目標(biāo)。一個人可能已樹立起長遠(yuǎn)的奮斗目標(biāo)，這在當(dāng)時看來還很不現(xiàn)實，比方說要獲得諾貝爾獎。其實這是很好的，只要他同時能現(xiàn)實地向短期的目標(biāo)去努力，這些就是日常的成就，這些成就確實能使艱苦工作顯得饒有興趣。
Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline.I addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career.Repeated failures at making experiments may be too much for many talented would-be scientists.The determination to continue, with the realization that everything worthwhile takes a great deal of patience, is an essential requirement.These factors, together with inherent dedication, will bring about the realization of one’s aspirations.Through all this it is not the triumph but the struggle that brings about the complete personal satisfaction in knowing that you as a scientist have given your all.要精通任何事情都需要極大的決心和自律精神。此外，一個人應(yīng)付挫折的能力也是他畢生事業(yè)中起作用的一個重要因素。對于許多有天賦的想要成為科學(xué)家的人來說，在實驗過程中屢遭失敗，可能是非常難受的。認(rèn)識到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要極大的耐心并決心繼續(xù)做下去，這是必備的基本條件。這些因素，再加上固有的獻(xiàn)身精神，將會促使個人的強(qiáng)烈愿望得以實現(xiàn)。由于這一切并不是勝利，而是奮斗，你會產(chǎn)生一種只有你本人才能領(lǐng)略到的完全的滿足，因為你意識到作為一個科學(xué)工作者你已經(jīng)獻(xiàn)出了你的一切。
12、I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited;and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying “good-bye” or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.在我覺得讀書好比串門兒——“隱身”的串門兒。要參見欽佩的老師或拜謁有名的學(xué)者，不必事前打招呼求見，也不怕攪擾主人。翻開書面就闖進(jìn)大門，翻過幾頁就升堂入室；而且可以經(jīng)常去，時刻去，如果不得要領(lǐng)，還可以不辭而別，或者另找高明，和他對質(zhì)。
We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.-不問我們要拜見的主人住在國內(nèi)國外，不問他屬于現(xiàn)代古代，不問他什么專業(yè)，不問他講正經(jīng)大道理或聊天說笑，都可以挨近前去聽個足夠。
We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.我們可以傾聽前朝列代的遺聞逸事，也可以領(lǐng)教當(dāng)代最奧妙的創(chuàng)新理論或有意驚人的故作高論。反正話不投機(jī)或言不入耳，不妨抽身退場，甚至砰一下推上大門——就是說，拍地合上書面——誰也不會嗔怪。這是書以外的世界里難得的自由！
13、The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts, with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation.In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground of the historical arena.At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.這次到臺灣訪問交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談?wù)摰囊粋€重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀(jì)的強(qiáng)盛。雖然祖國大陸、臺灣的青年生活在不同的社會環(huán)境中，有著各自不同的生活經(jīng)歷，但大家的內(nèi)心都深深銘刻著中華文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)的印記，都擁有著振興中華民族的共同理想。在世紀(jì)之交的偉大時代，我們的祖國正在走向繁榮富強(qiáng)，海峽兩岸人民也將加強(qiáng)交流，共同推進(jìn)祖國統(tǒng)一大業(yè)的早日完成。世紀(jì)之交的寶貴機(jī)遇和巨大挑戰(zhàn)將青年推到了歷史的前臺。跨世紀(jì)的青年一代應(yīng)該用什么樣的姿態(tài)迎接充滿希望的新世紀(jì)，這是我們必須回答的問題。
14、The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and non-material.Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight.A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture.The non-material culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the non-material culture in choosing problems for study.It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them.The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the non-material culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.任何社會的文化一般都被分為兩類：物質(zhì)文化和非物質(zhì)文化。物質(zhì)文化包括具有高度、寬度和重量等物理屬性的人為現(xiàn)象。/船、機(jī)器和房屋――所有這些東西都被歸為物質(zhì)文化的一部分。非物質(zhì)文化則是人類所處環(huán)境的一部分，它影響著人類的行為卻缺乏上述的那些物質(zhì)屬性，非物質(zhì)文化是人作為社會一員所創(chuàng)立和獲得的價值觀、信仰、傳統(tǒng)觀念及一切其他習(xí)慣和思想。
當(dāng)代社會學(xué)理論在選擇說要研究的問題時，往往側(cè)重于非物質(zhì)文化。比如，社會學(xué)理論認(rèn)為船、飛機(jī)、汽車等物品的重要性遠(yuǎn)不如人們?yōu)橹圃爝@些東西——確切地說是為規(guī)定其使用方法而形成的傳統(tǒng)觀念的重要性。當(dāng)代社會學(xué)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，不若是先有了能孕育物質(zhì)文化的非物質(zhì)文化，物質(zhì)文化就無從產(chǎn)生。
15、As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world’s biggest public-health issue today--the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war.Since the World Health Organization labeled obesity an “epidemic” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and Fast.Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco? Possibly.In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history.But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century’s dining to excess.And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds.That’s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.作為現(xiàn)代社會的一個禍害，肥胖癥已成為當(dāng)今世界上最大的公共衛(wèi)生問題。肥胖是導(dǎo)致心臟病的主要原因，死于心臟病的人比死于艾滋病，瘧疾，戰(zhàn)爭的人更多。自從2000年世界衛(wèi)生組織將肥胖癥定為一種流行病以來，肥胖癥會帶來可怕后果的報道鋪天蓋地。
公共衛(wèi)生警告、媒體壓力，會說服人們減肥嗎，就像說服人們他們最終扔掉把煙草那樣？也許。在富裕的世界，健康食品的銷售蓬勃發(fā)展。新的數(shù)字表明，在過去一年中，美國人在記錄的歷史上第一次略微瘦了一些。但是，即使美國人減去了幾盎司，仍需要很多年來解決由半個世紀(jì)的過度用餐習(xí)慣引起的健康問題。而且，在世界上其他地方，人們還在變胖。這就是為什么現(xiàn)在醫(yī)生們已經(jīng)達(dá)成共識，政府應(yīng)該做些什么來阻止他們。
專業(yè)英語部分
Put the following paragraphs into Chinese:
1、Case law 判例法is built up out of precedents, and a precedent is a previous decision of a court which may, in certain circumstances, be binding on another court in deciding a similar case.This practice of following previous decisions is derived from custom, but it is a practice which is generally observed.Even in early times the itinerant judges adopted the doctrine of stare decisis, and this doctrine has been developed in modern times so that it means that a precedent binds, and must be followed in similar cases, subject to the powers to distinguish cases in certain circumstances.判例法是由一系列判例組合而成的。所謂判例，是先前的法庭所做的判決，在某些情況下，對另一法庭對類似案件所做的判決有約束力。遵循先前判決的實踐是從傳統(tǒng)中衍化出來的，但是這種實踐確實是被普遍遵循的。早期的巡回法官們就已經(jīng)采取了遵循先例的原則，這種原則在現(xiàn)代日益發(fā)展為一種判例約束，在類似的案件中必須遵循，同時在特定情況下也有區(qū)分具體案例的權(quán)利。
2、The literal rule.According to this rule, the working of the Act must be construed according to its literal and grammatical meaning whatever the result may be.The same word must normally be construed throughout the Act in the same sense, and in the case of old statutes regard must be had to its contemporary meaning if there has been a change with the passage of time.文義規(guī)則。根據(jù)這一規(guī)則，一項法規(guī)的應(yīng)用必須依照字面和語法的含義進(jìn)行解釋，無論結(jié)果如何。對一項法規(guī)中同樣的詞語必須始終做同一解釋；對于適用舊法的案件，如果隨時間的推移已發(fā)生變化，則必須遵循當(dāng)時的解釋。
3、In a very wide sense, the principle of legality – the ―rule of law‖法治 – refers to and requires not only a body of legal precepts but also supporting institutions, procedures, and values.The ―rule of law‖, according to an American Bar Association.Committee Report(published by International Commission of Jurists 1956), includes: ―1, That body of legal precepts governing, 2, those institutions vested with appropriate legal power, and 3, those legal procedures by which those precepts may be applied by those institutions – which together are designed to effect the protection of essential interests of individuals guaranteed by our society through limitations on the authority of the State.‖
在廣義上說，罪刑法定原則——“法治”——不僅指一系列的法規(guī)，更需要各種機(jī)構(gòu)、程序和價值觀的支持。而“法治”，根據(jù)美國律師協(xié)會，委員會的報告（1956，國際律師會議出版）總結(jié)道“
1、法規(guī)本身起支配作用；
2、相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)被賦予一定的法律權(quán)力；
3、用以實施相關(guān)法規(guī)的法律程序。他們共同的目的是通過限制國家權(quán)力影響社會對個人根本利益的保護(hù)。
4、The Code of Professional Responsibility 職業(yè)責(zé)任守則points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.職業(yè)責(zé)任守則規(guī)定了激勵的方法，同時也提供了處罰違規(guī)者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。每個律師都必須在內(nèi)心的良知中找到試金石，以測試自己行為底線的邊界。但是，最新一項分析表明，律師所能做到的最高程度的道德行為，其動機(jī)來自于社會和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去這種尊敬和信任才是對一名律師的終極處罰。只要法律從業(yè)者被這些準(zhǔn)則所指引，法律就始終會是一種高尚的職業(yè)，這就是它的偉大和力量所在，不允許任何妥協(xié)。
5、Crimes and Punishments犯罪與刑罰
Criminal justice is a vast, complex system.Briefly, it is that part of the legal system which, first of all, marks off certain behavior as wrong or “criminal”;second, takes steps to control or prevent that behavior by threats of punishment;and third, if prevention fails, tries to catch and to punish the wrongdoer.Familiar as the system is in some of its aspects, in others it is obscure and much misunderstood.犯罪與刑罰
刑事審判是一個龐大、復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。簡單地說，它是法律系統(tǒng)的一部分，首先，它界定出某種行為是錯誤的或是犯罪的；其次，它通過采取刑罰措施控制或防止不法行為；第三，如果預(yù)防措施失敗，刑事審判將試圖逮捕和懲罰違法犯罪者。在刑事審判的體系里，有一些方面是為人熟悉的，另一些方面則是模糊不清被誤解的。
To begin with, what is a crime? Every country has its own special list.The list is part of an elaborate statute which is usually called the penal code.The code describes conduct that is illegal and therefore criminal;it also sets out punishments.首先，什么是犯罪？每個國家都有自己獨(dú)特的目錄。這份目錄隸屬精心制定的一部法規(guī)——通常被稱為刑法典的一部分。刑法典描述什么樣的行為是非法的因而是犯罪的；刑法典也設(shè)定刑罰。
Some crimes are in the penal codes of every state: murder, manslaughter, robbery, burglary, rape, arson, and so on.Others are less universal.The Georgia code makes it a crime “to be a peeping Tom” or to invade a person's privacy with acts “of a similar nature.” The Georgia code also deals with the sale of obscene literature, shooting guns on Sunday, illegal use of credit cards and dozens of other offenses.每個國家的刑法典都包含的犯罪名錄包括：謀殺、過失殺人、搶劫、盜竊、強(qiáng)奸、縱火等。其他的一些犯罪名錄則不那么普遍。格魯吉亞刑法典將“偷窺”或者“侵犯他人隱私”等類似的行為設(shè)定為犯罪。格魯吉亞刑法典也處理販賣色情文學(xué)、禮拜日使用槍支、非法使用信用卡及其他許多違法行為。
The great, classic crimes are part of the social code, whatever their status in the legal code.The layman knows them as crimes.He has a rough working knowledge of what constitutes murder, even though he does not understand the law's technicalities and distinctions.Cold-blooded killing is murder, we know, although few of us can tell the difference between first-degree and second-degree murder, or what “malice” means, or what level of insanity excuses an act of killing.無論在法律法典中的地位如何，那些重要的、經(jīng)典的犯罪都是社會法典的一部分。外行將這些行為稱之為犯罪，即使他不知道那些法律的法律術(shù)語和差別，他仍然能對什么是謀殺有粗淺的認(rèn)識。盡管我們中的少數(shù)人能區(qū)分一級謀殺和二級謀殺的差別，并且了解什么是“惡意”或者什么程度的愚妄導(dǎo)致殺人，但是我們明白，冷血的殺戮即謀殺。
Punishment, too, is variable.It depends mostly on how serious the crime.Seriousness is not inherent in the criminal conduct;it is a social judgment.Legally speaking, serious crimes are called felonies;less serious crimes are called misdemeanors.The exact line between them is a matter of legal definition.In California, a felony is a crime which can be punished by death or by a year or more in prison;all others are misdemeanors, except for some petty acts(traffic violations, breaches of ordinances)which are called offenses.Offenses carry less of a punishment than crimes and have less of a stigma.A history of parking tickets is not a criminal record.刑罰也具有多變性。刑罰的多變性取決于犯罪的嚴(yán)重程度。嚴(yán)重性不是犯罪行為的內(nèi)在屬性；它屬于一種社會的評判。從法律上說，嚴(yán)重犯罪被稱為重罪；不太嚴(yán)重的犯罪被稱為輕罪。它們之間確切的界限由法律來規(guī)定。在加尼福尼亞州，重罪可被判處死刑或者一年以上有期徒刑；除了一些細(xì)小的、被稱為違法的行為（如交通違法行為、其他違法行為）以外，其他的不法行為都被稱之為輕罪。違法行為承擔(dān)比犯罪輕的刑罰和罪名。收到停車罰單的記錄不屬于犯罪記錄。
6、Law Law, body of official rules and regulations, is generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members.The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history.In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law.It is backed by the coercive power of the state, which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.法律，即正式規(guī)章和法則的主體，通常見于憲法、立法、司法意見等，法律通常被用于管理社會和制約其成員的行為。法律的屬性和功能的變化貫穿歷史。在現(xiàn)代社會，一些諸如立法機(jī)關(guān)或是法院之類的獲準(zhǔn)授權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)制定法律。法律由國家強(qiáng)制力以適當(dāng)?shù)膽土P或補(bǔ)救措施得以保障實施。
Formal legal rules and actions are usually distinguished from other means of social control and guides for behavior such as morality, public opinion, and custom or tradition.Of course, a lawmaker may respond to public opinion or other pressures, and a formal law may prohibit what is morally unacceptable.正式的法律法規(guī)和法律行為通常和其他諸如道德、輿論、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗等一類的社會調(diào)控及行為導(dǎo)向準(zhǔn)則區(qū)別開來。當(dāng)然，立法者可以對公眾意見或其他壓力做出反應(yīng)，而一部正式的法律則會明確禁止道德上不被接受的行為。
Law serves a variety of functions.Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society.Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion.Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and private planning.Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible.Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change;for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.法律具有多種功能。法律打擊犯罪，例如，它幫助維持和平、有序、相對穩(wěn)定的社會。法院通過解決文明風(fēng)尚方面的糾紛為社會的穩(wěn)定貢獻(xiàn)力量。財產(chǎn)與合同法為商業(yè)活動和個人規(guī)劃提供便利。法律限制政府的權(quán)力以幫助社會實現(xiàn)一定的自由度。法律也被用作社會變革機(jī)制，例如，不同時代決議通過的法律能夠抑制社會歧視，并提高個人在健康、教育、福利方面的生活質(zhì)量。
Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes its formal, coercive aspects.They point out that if a custom or norm is assured of judicial backing, it is, for practical purposes, law.On the other hand, a statute that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty law.Social attitudes toward the formal law are a significant part of the law in process.The role of law in China and Japan, for example, is somewhat different from its role in Western nations.Respect for the processes of law is low, at least outside matters of business and industry.Tradition looms much larger in everyday life.Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with conciliation being the mechanism that is preferred for social control.一些專家認(rèn)為，法律的流行觀點(diǎn)過分強(qiáng)調(diào)法律正式、強(qiáng)制性的方面。他們指出，如果一套風(fēng)俗或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以法律為司法后盾作保障，這是出于實用的目的。另一方面來看，一項既不被遵守又不被強(qiáng)制的法規(guī)屬于一紙空文。公眾對正式法律的社會態(tài)度在法律實施的過程中意義重大。法律在中國和日本扮演的角色與在西方國家扮演的角色有所不同。僅僅尊重法律的實施是低端的，至少在商業(yè)和工業(yè)領(lǐng)域外僅靠尊重實施是不夠的。傳統(tǒng)在日常生活中的影響力比法律大得多。與社會調(diào)控機(jī)制中被認(rèn)為是首選的調(diào)解方式相比，訴諸法律的確是解決糾紛的最后之選。
Law is not completely a matter of human enactment;it also includes natural law.The best-known version of this view, that God's law is supreme, has had considerable influence in the United States and other Western societies.The civil rights movement, for example, was at least partially inspired by the belief in natural law.Such a belief seems implicit in the view that law should serve to promote human dignity, as for instance by the enforcement of equal rights for all.Muslim societies also embrace a kind of natural law, which is closely linked to the religion of Islam.法律并非完全由人制定；它也包括自然法則。這種觀點(diǎn)最有名的版本是“上帝的法律是至高無上的”，該觀點(diǎn)已在美國和其他西方社會產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)大的影響。例如民權(quán)運(yùn)動，至少有部分靈感出自對自然法則的信仰。民權(quán)運(yùn)動的信念似乎隱含在“法律應(yīng)有助于通過平等人權(quán)的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行來提升人的尊嚴(yán)”這樣的觀點(diǎn)中。連穆斯林社會也推崇的一種自然法則，亦與伊斯蘭宗教密切相關(guān)。
7、The US Constitution The US Constitution consists of seven articles and 27 amendments.The original seven articles took effect in 1789.The 27 amendments were added to the Constitution from 1791 to 1992.The first ten amendments were enacted in 1791;they are often called “the bill of rights.” It is very likely that more amendments will be added.美國憲法由7條正文和27篇修正案組成。最初的7條正文于1789年生效。27篇修正案于1791-1992年間陸續(xù)添加。前10篇修正案于1791年頒布，也就是通常所說的“權(quán)利法案”。修正案的數(shù)量可能仍會繼續(xù)增加。
People who don’t know anything about civil procedure or property law can recall the basic elements of the constitutional law: separation of powers;checks and balances;judicial review;due process and equal protection of law;freedom of speech, religion, and press.As the supreme law of the land, Constitutional Law texts are generally divided into two parts.The first part is about the allocation of powers.This entails two basic principles of American Constitution: separation of powers and division of powers.Both of the two principles function under one principle--checks and balances.The second part of the Constitution is on the specification of rights and liberties for the individuals.To realize the rights and liberties, the Framers were not only dependent on the allocation of powers, but also on another principle of the Constitution--limited government.即使對民事訴訟或者物權(quán)一無所知的人也可以想起憲法中的基本要素：三權(quán)分立、分權(quán)制衡、合憲性審查、程序正當(dāng)和平等保護(hù)、言論自由、宗教信仰自由和出版自由。作為一國的最高法，憲法文本通常被分為兩部分。第一部分是關(guān)于權(quán)利配置的。美國憲法的兩個基本原則：三權(quán)分立和權(quán)利劃分。這兩種原則的功能是基于同一原則——分權(quán)制衡。憲法的第二部分細(xì)述了個人的權(quán)利和自由。為了實現(xiàn)自由和權(quán)利，立法者不能只依賴權(quán)力分配，還要依賴憲法的另一個重要原則——限制政府權(quán)力。
When you study Constitutional law, you should learn the sources that judges might rely upon to guide their constitutional interpretation(text of Constitution, intentions of framers, case precedent, policy consequences of alternative interpretations).Learn how judges are likely to weigh these various guides in various contexts.Understand historical trends and understand that judges are ultimately affected by the same economic and social forces as society as a whole.With a solid knowledge of these things, you will be able to make intelligent and potentially convincing arguments--and make reasonable predictions about the likelihood of your arguments being successful in an actual case involving the same issues.當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)憲法時，你必須了解一些法官可能用來指引自己解釋憲法的材料（憲法文本、立法者意圖、判例、其他解釋的政策影響）。了解法官在各種不能的環(huán)境下可能如何權(quán)衡這些不同的指導(dǎo)性材料。理解歷史趨勢，并理解法官最終會受到整個社會同樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會力量的影響?；谶@些扎實的知識，你就可能提出明智和令人信服的論點(diǎn)——進(jìn)而當(dāng)在具體案例中涉及到同一問題時，才能對你的觀點(diǎn)可能成立做出合理的預(yù)測。
8、Damages The amount of money which a plaintiff(the person suing)may be awarded in a lawsuit.There are many types of damages.Special damages are those which actually were caused by the injury and include medical and hospital bills, ambulance charges, loss of wages, property repair or replacement costs or loss of money due on a contract.損害賠償
損害賠償是指在一件訴訟案件中原告（起訴人）可能獲得的金額。損害賠償有很多種。特殊損害賠償是指那些由傷害造成的，包括醫(yī)療和住院費(fèi)、救護(hù)車費(fèi)、誤工費(fèi)、財物維修和更換費(fèi)用、或者由于合同造成的金錢損失。
The second basic area of damages are general damages, which are presumed to be a result of the other party's actions, but are subjective both in nature and determination of value of damages.These include pain and suffering, future problems and crippling effect of an injury, loss of ability to perform various acts, shortening of life span, mental anguish, loss of companionship, loss of reputation(in a libel suit, for example), humiliation from scars, loss of anticipated business and other harm.損害賠償?shù)牡诙€基本領(lǐng)域是一般損害賠償，它假設(shè)由另一方的訴訟引起，但無論在賠償種類還是損害賠償金額的決定方面都是主觀的。這些包括疼痛和痛苦，未來的問題和受傷的嚴(yán)重影響，喪失某種行為能力的損失，壽命的縮短、精神痛苦、失去伴侶、名譽(yù)損失（如誹謗案件中）、屈辱性疤痕、預(yù)期業(yè)務(wù)損失及其它損失。
The third major form of damage is exemplary(or punitive)damages, which combines punishment and the setting of public example.Exemplary damages may be awarded when the defendant acted in a malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton or grossly reckless way in causing the special and general damages to the plaintiff.On occasion punitive damages can be greater than the actual damages, as, for example, in a sexual harassment case or fraudulent schemes.損害賠償?shù)牡谌N主要形式是示范性（或曰懲罰性）賠償，它結(jié)合了懲罰和公眾示范效應(yīng)。如果被告以惡意、暴力、強(qiáng)迫、欺詐、肆意或魯莽的方式給原告造成特別或一般損害，那么就有可能獲得損害性賠償。有時懲罰性賠償要高于所造成的實際損失，如性騷擾案或欺詐案。
Although often asked for, they are seldom awarded.Nominal damages are those given when the actual harm is minor and an award is warranted under the circumstances.The most famous case was when Winston Churchill was awarded a shilling(about 25 cents)against author Louis Adamic, who had written that the British Prime Minister had been drunk at a dinner at the White House.Liquidated damages are those pre-set by the parties in a contract to be awarded in case one party defaults as in breach of contract.雖然經(jīng)常被要求，但是很少被給予，象征性賠償被用于當(dāng)實際損害很小，對方又同意給予賠償?shù)那闆r。最著名的案例是丘吉爾獲得了作家路易·亞當(dāng)1先令（約75美分）的補(bǔ)償，這位作家曾描述了這位前英國首相在白宮進(jìn)餐時醉酒的情境。違約賠償金是指雙方預(yù)先在合同中約定，以便一方違約時賠付。
9、The Code of Professional Responsibility 職業(yè)責(zé)任守則points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.職業(yè)責(zé)任守則規(guī)定了激勵的方法，同時也提供了處罰違規(guī)者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。每個律師都必須在內(nèi)心的良知中找到試金石，以測試自己行為底線的邊界。但是，最新一項分析表明，律師所能做到的最高程度的道德行為，其動機(jī)來自于社會和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去這種尊敬和信任才是對一名律師的終極處罰。只要法律從業(yè)者被這些準(zhǔn)則所指引，法律就始終會是一種高尚的職業(yè)，這就是它的偉大和力量所在，不允許任何妥協(xié)。
10、To begin with, the legal system has structure.The structure of a legal system consists of this kind: the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.Structure also means how the legislature is organized, what a president can(legally)do or not do, what procedures the police department follows, and so on.Another aspect of the legal system is its substance.By this it meant the actual rules, norms, and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先法律制度有其自身的結(jié)構(gòu)。法律制度的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：法院的數(shù)量及大?。凰鼈兊墓茌牱秶?，法院間的上訴程序。制度也意味著立法機(jī)關(guān)是如何組織的,總統(tǒng)在法律范圍內(nèi)能做什么或不能做什么,警察部門遵循什么程序,等等。法律制度的另外一層含義也可表示實質(zhì)的法律法規(guī)。從這個層面上主要指實際的法律條款，規(guī)范以及人們的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
11、The law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties.In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法所關(guān)心的是實現(xiàn)所約定的義務(wù)。通常，契約責(zé)任是以自由同意為基礎(chǔ)的。這種同意表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)事人明示的允諾或事實上由當(dāng)事人通過行為而默示允諾。但在某些情況下盡管受約束的一方并未同意，法院仍會推定允諾之存在（往往稱為由法律推定的契約即準(zhǔn)契約），以免有人不當(dāng)?shù)美?/p>
12、Paragraph 1 of Article 153 of the Criminal Law is amended as: “Whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in Article 151, Article 152 and Article 347 herein shall, depending on the severity of the circumstances, be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:(1)If he/she smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;(2)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;
(3)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.” 刑法第153條1款修改為：走私本法第一百五十一條、第一百五十二條、第三百四十七條規(guī)定以外的貨物、物品的,根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重,分別依照下列規(guī)定處罰:
1、他走私貨物、物品逃避或回避應(yīng)繳稅額數(shù)額較大或構(gòu)成走私再次被給予行政處罰后一年內(nèi)兩次打擊走私，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處
偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金。
2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私貨物、物品巨大或者有其他嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的，,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金;
3、如果應(yīng)付偷逃走私貨物、物品數(shù)額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴(yán)重
情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。
13、One article is added after Article 276 of the Criminal Law as Article 267(a): Whoever dodges labor remuneration payable to laborers by transferring property or escaping, or refuses to pay laborers although he/she has the capacity to make payment, if the amount is relatively large, and if he/she still refuses to pay after being so ordered by relevant government departments, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently or separately fined.If serious consequences are caused, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and be concurrently fined.Where an entity commits the crime prescribed in the preceding Paragraph, the entity shall be fined, and the persons directly in charge and other persons subject to direct liabilities shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Paragraph.Whoever commits the crime mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs but has not yet caused serious consequences may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment, provided that he/she, prior to public prosecution, pays labor remuneration to laborers and bear the corresponding compensation liabilities in accordance with the law." 文章276條后增加了一條，作為刑法第267條：
以轉(zhuǎn)移財產(chǎn)、逃匿等方法逃避支付勞動者的勞動報酬或者有能力支付而不支付勞動者的勞動報酬，數(shù)額較大，經(jīng)政府有關(guān)部門責(zé)令支付仍不支付的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處罰金；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。
單位犯前款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。有前兩款行為，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果，在提起公訴前支付勞動者的勞動報酬，并依法承擔(dān)相應(yīng)賠償責(zé)任的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。
14、Private Law Private law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.The area is concerned with rules and principles pertaining to private ownership and use of property, contracts between individuals, family relationships, and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one person by another.Historically, government involvement was usually minimal.Private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law, such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.The relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.Public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.The private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups, associations, organizations, and special legal entities such as corporations.They compete with one another and with government for control of resources, wealth, power, and the communication of ideas and values.Special fields of law, such as labor law, facilitate and control this competition.Much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.The formerly purely private law of property and contracts, for example, is now overlaid with legislation, regulations, and judicial decisions reflecting the competition.The public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.Courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the U.S.Thus, manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.The mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.私法
私法涉及到人與人之間的各種關(guān)系，以及確定彼此之間權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)則。這個領(lǐng)域涉及私有財產(chǎn)所有及使用的原則、個人和家庭關(guān)系之間的契約、一方對另一方造成損害的強(qiáng)制賠償。從歷史上看，私法很少涉及到政府。作為道德和習(xí)俗的補(bǔ)充，私法也對私下的協(xié)議和交往起到指引和保障的作用，但這種情況下在法庭上并不必然具有強(qiáng)制力，比如在私人協(xié)會內(nèi)部的非契約性的承諾和協(xié)議。
純粹私法的相對重要性在近代有所降低。公法主導(dǎo)了由政府控制的社會。民主社會逐漸呈現(xiàn)出公法、私法相結(jié)合的趨勢。私人領(lǐng)域包括個人和大量的團(tuán)體、協(xié)會、組織和類似公司這種特殊法律實體。他們互相競爭，而且和政府爭奪控制資源、財富、權(quán)利，以及思想和價值觀溝通。法律的特殊領(lǐng)域，如勞動法，推動和控制著這種競爭。
許多類似的法律出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)和企業(yè)領(lǐng)域。例如，財產(chǎn)和合同以前是純粹的私法，現(xiàn)在取而代之的立法、法規(guī)以及司法判決都體現(xiàn)了競爭。針對稅收的公法對私人領(lǐng)域影響深遠(yuǎn)。法院針對看似私人爭議所做的決定，尤其在美國，越來越被視為回應(yīng)不斷變化的社會條件和價值觀的驅(qū)動力。因此，制造商都經(jīng)歷過由于產(chǎn)品缺陷造成人身傷害的擴(kuò)大責(zé)任。保險機(jī)制使得制造商能夠把這些費(fèi)用分?jǐn)偟狡胀ù蟊娤M(fèi)者身上。
15、Self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor’s imminent use of unlawful force.Such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant and the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.Where self-defense is asserted, expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant’s belief that she was in imminent danger.The interests in human dignity and privacy which the Fourth Amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.In the absence of a clear indication that in fact such evidence will be found, these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate search.Before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide, he must do everything in his power, consistent with his safety, to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)是指當(dāng)侵害已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，或者她有足夠理由認(rèn)為有必要對即將發(fā)生的不法侵害進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)時，使用暴力對抗侵害是正當(dāng)?shù)?。這種辯護(hù)既需要相信被告的陳述，同時存在的事實要能夠說服一個理性的人也相信。
當(dāng)聲稱正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)時，受虐婦女綜合癥專家的證詞可以證明被告對即將發(fā)生危險的相信是否具有合理性。
第四修正案對人的尊嚴(yán)和隱私進(jìn)行了保護(hù)，嚴(yán)禁任何僅憑偶然獲得的犯罪結(jié)果或證據(jù)侵犯他人。如果沒有明確的跡象表明這樣的證據(jù)一定會被找到，這些基本人權(quán)使得檢察官面臨如果不立即搜查，證據(jù)有可能湮沒的風(fēng)險。當(dāng)一個人在殺人罪的指控下能夠做出有效的正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)辯護(hù)之前，他必須盡其所能的在保證自己安全的同時，避免危險和殺人。
第五篇：淺談在職碩士
淺談在職碩士
在職碩士指在學(xué)習(xí)期間仍在原工作崗位承擔(dān)一定工作的研究生。
我們都知道現(xiàn)在有很多方式可以讓在職人員得到自我提升和增值，通過讀在職研究生的課程學(xué)習(xí)獲得學(xué)位證書！
什么是在職碩士呢？它又稱不脫產(chǎn)在職研究生，按照學(xué)習(xí)方式的不同，我國的研究生可分為脫產(chǎn)的研究生和不脫產(chǎn)的研究生，前者是指在高等學(xué)校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行全日制學(xué)習(xí)的研究生又稱全日制研究生，后者指在學(xué)習(xí)期間仍在原工作崗位承擔(dān)一定工作任務(wù)的研究生。但按照申請碩士的種類又可以分為單獨(dú)考試，在職攻讀碩士和同等學(xué)力申碩。那這3者有什么區(qū)別呢？
首先入學(xué)的方式不同。單獨(dú)考試和在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位都是先考試后入學(xué)的，只有在考試通過才能參加課程班的學(xué)習(xí)。而同等學(xué)力申碩是先入學(xué)再考試的，屬于免試入學(xué)的一種，只要在報名后在學(xué)習(xí)2年左右的課程，就能參加5月的聯(lián)考，在考試通過后就能拿到碩士學(xué)位證。
接著考試的時間不同，單獨(dú)考試是在每年的一月份進(jìn)行；在職攻讀碩士是每年的七月中旬報名再10月份的倒數(shù)第二個周末考試；同等學(xué)力是每年的3月份中下旬報名再五月的最后一個周六（或周日)上午進(jìn)行考試。
然后考試的內(nèi)容方式不同，單獨(dú)考試的初試科目均由招生單位自行命題；在職攻讀碩士是考英語，語言，數(shù)學(xué)，邏輯，綜合和專業(yè)，但同等學(xué)力只有考英語和綜合科目就可以，當(dāng)從這方面看，難度比前2者要簡單些，何況英語難度只在4級和6級之間。對于我們并不擅長的英語科目來說肯定是越簡單越好了。最重要的還是同等學(xué)力的考試允許你在4年里分別通過，不像單獨(dú)考試和在職攻讀碩士一樣必須一次性通過那么多門科目。這樣大家在復(fù)習(xí)時壓力也沒那么大。
報名的條件不同，單獨(dú)考試需要大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)后在本專業(yè)或相近專業(yè)連續(xù)工作四年，在所在單位和兩名高級專業(yè)職務(wù)的專家推薦等，參加考試的考生一般應(yīng)限于用人單位推薦本單位定向培養(yǎng)或委托培養(yǎng)的在職人員，限制條件比較多；在職攻讀碩士的招生是針對那些在一些領(lǐng)域比較強(qiáng)的學(xué)員，想在提升到更高的層次，范圍比較窄；同等學(xué)力就不一樣了，只要你?？飘厴I(yè)滿三年，本科畢業(yè)滿2年就能參加研究生課程進(jìn)修班學(xué)習(xí)，申請碩士必須要有學(xué)士學(xué)位證書，畢業(yè)參加工作3年以上。范圍廣，門檻低，可以滿足大眾的需要！
再者申報獲得碩士學(xué)位的流程也不一樣，參加同等學(xué)力申碩獲得學(xué)位的流程是：學(xué)習(xí)期間所獲得研究生課程學(xué)分——參加全國統(tǒng)考——發(fā)表論文——論文答辯通過——獲得碩士學(xué)位；參加十月聯(lián)考和單獨(dú)考試獲得學(xué)位的流程是：參加入學(xué)考試——復(fù)試合格——錄取交費(fèi)——課程學(xué)習(xí)——論文答辯通過——獲得碩士學(xué)位。對比兩方面就能知道同等學(xué)力獲得碩士學(xué)位的難度會比它們兩個要低，所以大家關(guān)注的也比較多。
當(dāng)然它們?nèi)卟⒉皇侵挥羞@么三四點(diǎn)不同，很多細(xì)微的需要大家在網(wǎng)上搜索，像華中科技大學(xué)軟件工程碩士，自主命題，自主劃線，自主錄取，通過率高！電話：一五三二一八八六一一九，學(xué)校的老師會詳細(xì)給你解答！
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