第一篇：英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文：社會語言學(xué)

The definition of Sociolinguistics and its Characteristic

外語系06接本6班 尹珊珊 24號

[Abstract]Sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations.It ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one another.Sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker;it codes the social function of a language.[Key words] sociolinguisticssociolinguistics variationsocial function

[Content]Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used.It also studies how lects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individual socio-economic classes.As the usage of a language varies from place to place, and language usage varies among social classes.It is socialists that sociolinguistics studies.The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determine language in its contextual environment.Code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations.Sociolinguistic differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter’s focus is on the language’s effect on the society.While the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which most sociolinguistic inquiries depend.Sociolinguistics is different from many of the other branches of linguistics in that it studies external as opposed to internal language.Internal language applies to the study of language on the abstract level, or in the head, put simply.External language applies to language in social contexts, or outside the head.This distinction is important, because internal language analyses, such as syntax and semantics, operate1

on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process and perceive language.External language fields, such as sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case.These two approaches, while distinct, complement each other in practice.Understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded.This may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the inter-personal level of neighborhoods or a single family.Sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectology was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas.Whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class.Class and occupation is one of the most important linguistic markers found in society.One of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to disprove, is that class and language variety are related.As can be implied from the example below, the working class tends to speak less standard language.The lower, middle, and upper middle class will in turn speak closer to the standard.However, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class.This is because not only class, but class aspirations, are important.Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles.These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative.That is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women.The initial identification of a women's register was by Robin Lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's role in society.A later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference.However, both these perspective have the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior.More recently, Deborah Tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences.Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style,aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships.Such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti.Communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups.One explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with.Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced.A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person.That is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.Sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in mid 1960s.But scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives, and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways.This paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in Fishman''s view on the definition of sociolinguistics.參考文獻(xiàn)：《社會語言學(xué)概論》 戴慶廈主編商務(wù)印書館

《社會語言學(xué)概論》 祝畹瑾編著湖南教育出版社.《語言學(xué)概論》 楊信彰高等教育出版社

第二篇：英語專業(yè)語言學(xué)

Linguistics

Ⅰ.Choice(2'*15)

1.The study of language as a whole is often called__ linguistics

A ParticularB generalC ordinaryD generative

2.The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.A synchronicB diachronicC historicalD comparative

3.___ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' languages.A PhonologyB PhoneticsC MorphologyD phonemics

4.[p] is a voiceless bilabial___.A affricativeB fricativeC stopD liquid

5.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the___of that phoneme.A phonesB soundsC phonemesD allophones

6.The word “boyish” contains two___.A phonemesB morphsC morphemesD allomorphs

7.Inflectional___ studies inflections.A derivationB inflectionC phonologyD morphology

8.Phrase structure rules have___ properties.A recursiveB grammaticalC doubleD many

9.The two clauses in a ___ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A simpleB completeC complexD coordinate

10.Bloomfield drew on ___ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A contextualB conceptualistC behavioristD naming

11.___means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.A SenseB ReferenceC MeaningD Semantics

12.The Cooperative Principle is proposed by___.A John SearleB John Austin

C Paul GriceD John Lyons

13.The ___ movement rule has been added to English since the Old English period.A particleB articleC negativeD phrasal

14.The ___ variety of diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.A formalB informalC highD low

15.By the age of ___, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.A threeB fourC fiveD six

Ⅱ Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.(1'*10)

1.Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.()

2.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.()

3.English is a typical tone language.()

4.There is only one type of affixes in the English language.()

5.Phrase structure rule are rewrite rules.()

6.Sense and reference are the same.()

7.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognised by the hearer.()

8.Modern English is roughly from 1500 to the present.()

9.Diglossia is the same as bilingualism.()

10.Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.()

Ⅲ Definition(2*10)

1.Phonetics

2.Complementary distribution

3.Morpheme

4.Compounding

5.Reference

6.Predication

7.Homonymy

8.Pragmatics

9.Euphemism

10.Language acquisition

ⅣShort-answer Questions(5'*4)

1.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?

2.What are the main features of English compounds?

3.What are the major types of synonyms in English?

4.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?

Ⅴ discourse analysis(10'*2)

1.Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy” and “hyponymy”.2.Drew a tree diagram“ John suggested Mary take the linguistics class”.

第三篇：英語專業(yè)語言學(xué)方向

英語專業(yè)語言學(xué)方向

第一組：15人

地點(diǎn)：10401

評委老師： 呂萬英（組長）、歐陽巧琳、王爽

學(xué)生：張兵三 劉紫豐 馬圣佳 李雨潼 宮哲 任佩 夏秋紅 馬金宇 嚴(yán)貴銀 沈倩樺 尹磊 陶雪峰 薛麗 郭凱莉 蒙秀梅

第二組：15人

地點(diǎn)：10402

評委老師：許菊（組長）、劉昕、舒靜

學(xué)生： 李威平邱云 高梟 林月明 周莉莉 羅超群 夏雅平王俊 張毅 王敏陽 林明康 童宇超 焦雯靜 吳佳倩 周丹

第三組：15人

地點(diǎn)：10403

評委老師：郭林花（組長）、李穎、駱艷

學(xué)生：譚瑜 凌金響 張繼紅 王露露 趙琬 羅熠 韋萍萍 李帆 文靜琳 胡娜 秦穎 魏寧寧 羅曼梅蘭 梁桂蕉 代江南

第四組：15人

地點(diǎn)：10404

評委老師：萬光榮（組長）、周群強(qiáng)、翁義明

學(xué)生：潘曉芳 羅文芳 扎西央宗 楊丹 原曉輝 鄧林林 汪丹 程思 阮欖 代云東 蔡小敏 郭茜茜 宋夢晗 李璐 溫都日瑪拉

第四篇：英語專業(yè)八級 語言學(xué) 總結(jié)

英語專業(yè)八級 語言學(xué) 總結(jié)

語言學(xué)總結(jié)

一、語言和語言學(xué)

1、語言的區(qū)別性特征：Design of features oflanguage

任意性arbitrariness指語言符號和它代表的意義沒有天然的聯(lián)系

二重性duality指語言由兩層結(jié)構(gòu)組成創(chuàng)造性creativity指語言可以被創(chuàng)造

移位性displacement指語言可以代表時間和空間上不可及的物體、時間、觀點(diǎn)

2、語言的功能（不是很重要）

信息功能 informative

人際功能 interpersonal

施為功能 performative

感情功能 emotive function

寒暄功能 phatic communication

娛樂功能 recreational function

元語言功能 metalingual function3、語言學(xué)主要分支

語音學(xué) phonetics研究語音的產(chǎn)生、傳播、接受過程，考查人類語言中的聲音音位學(xué) phonology 研究語音和音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)、分布和序列

形態(tài)學(xué) morphology 研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞規(guī)則

句法學(xué) syntax研究句子結(jié)構(gòu)，詞、短語組合的規(guī)則

語義學(xué) semantics不僅關(guān)心字詞作為詞匯的意義，還有語言中詞之上和之下的意義。如語素和句子的意義

語用學(xué) pragmatics在語境中研究意義

4、宏觀語言學(xué) macrolingustics

心理語言學(xué) psycholinguistics 社會語言學(xué) sociolinguistics人類語言學(xué) anthropological linguistics 計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué) computational linguistics

5語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)別

規(guī)定式和描寫式：規(guī)定式：prescriptive說明事情應(yīng)該是怎么樣的描寫式：descriptive 說明事情本來是怎么樣的共時研究和歷時研究：共時：synchronic 研究某個特定時期語言

歷時：diachronic研究語言發(fā)展規(guī)律

語言和言語：語言：langue指語言系統(tǒng)的整體

言語：parole指具體實(shí)際運(yùn)用的語言

語言能力和語言運(yùn)用：喬姆斯基(chomsky提出)

能力：competence用語言的人的語言知識儲備

運(yùn)用：performance 真實(shí)的語言使用者在實(shí)際中的語言使用

二、語音學(xué)

1、語音學(xué)分支

發(fā)音語音學(xué)articulatory phonetics研究語言的產(chǎn)生

聲學(xué)語言學(xué)acoustic phonetics 研究語音的物理屬性

聽覺語音學(xué) auditory phonetics 研究語言怎樣被感知IPA（國際音標(biāo)）是由daniel Jones瓊斯提出的三、音位學(xué)

1、最小對立體minimal pairs2、音位 phoneme

3音位變體 allophones

4互補(bǔ)分布 complementary distribution

5自由變體free variation

6區(qū)別特征distinctive features

7超音段特征 suprasegmental feature

音節(jié) syllable 重音stress 語調(diào)tone 聲調(diào)intonation

四 形態(tài)學(xué)

1詞的構(gòu)成語素morpheme 自由語素free morpheme 粘著語素bound morpheme

Root 詞根詞綴affix詞干stem

屈折詞匯和派生詞匯 inflectional affix and derivational affix

2特有的詞匯變化lexical change proper

新創(chuàng)詞語invention混拼詞blending縮寫詞abbreviation

首字母縮寫詞 acronym逆構(gòu)詞匯back-formation例：editor—edit

類推構(gòu)詞analogiacal creation 例：work-worked，slay-slayed

外來詞 borrowing

五 句法學(xué)

1范疇category數(shù)number性gender格case時tense體aspect

一致關(guān)系concord支配關(guān)系govenrment

2結(jié)構(gòu)主義學(xué)派the structure approach

組合關(guān)系 syntagmatic relation詞和詞組合在一起

聚合關(guān)系 paradigmatic 具有共同的語法作用的詞聚在一起

結(jié)構(gòu)和成分 construction and constituents :句子不僅是線性結(jié)構(gòu)liner structure還是層級結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure(句子或短語被稱為結(jié)構(gòu)體，而構(gòu)成句子或短語即結(jié)構(gòu)體的稱為成分)

3直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis

指把句子分成直接成分－短語，再把這些短語依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，這樣層層切分，直到不能再分

4向心結(jié)構(gòu)和離心結(jié)構(gòu)endocentric and exocentric constructions

向心：指一個結(jié)構(gòu)中有中心詞，例an old man ,中心為man

離心：指結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有明顯的中心詞。例：on the shelf

5生成學(xué)派the generative approach

深層結(jié)構(gòu)deep structure指機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)系中的潛在層面underlying level

表層結(jié)構(gòu)surface structure指結(jié)構(gòu)形成的最后結(jié)果階段final stage

6功能學(xué)派the functional approach

主位與述位 theme and rheme

主位：談話中已知的信息,說話者從它談起known，述位：與說話者內(nèi)容有關(guān)的內(nèi)容what the speaker states about

7交際力communicative and dynamism簡稱CD

指句子成分對交際發(fā)展所作的貢獻(xiàn)的程度

六、語義學(xué)

1利奇的意義七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning

概念意義conceptual meaning 字面意義

內(nèi)涵意義connotative meaning 實(shí)際交往過程中所指的事物

社會意義

情感意義 affective meaning

反射意義 reflective meaning 由一個詞語聯(lián)想起來的另外一種意義

搭配意義 collocative meaning

主位意義 thematic meaning 通過調(diào)整信息的順序和強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容所表達(dá)的意義

2指稱論 referential theory

指將詞的意義和他所指的食物聯(lián)系起來的意義理論

3語義三角semantic triangle 奧格登和理查茲提出

Symbol或form 指語言要素（如詞和語素），the linguistic elements

能指thought指概念concept

所指reference 指經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界中的物體the object in the word of experience涵義sense語言形式的意義

4主要涵義關(guān)系

○同義關(guān)系synonymy

地域同義詞dialectal synonymy

風(fēng)格同義詞 stylistic synonyms

感情同義詞 synonymys that differ in connotation意義相同，但內(nèi)涵不同，有褒有貶

○反義關(guān)系antonymy

等級反義關(guān)系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm;hot-cold

互補(bǔ)反義關(guān)系 complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定B 就肯定A，例dead-alive

反向反義關(guān)系converse antonymy.reversal of a relationshipbetween 2 enti

ties.例 husband-wife;teacher-student

○上下義關(guān)系hyponymy 意義包含關(guān)系。例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合補(bǔ)充：同音同形異義關(guān)系homonymy

一詞多義 polysemy

七、語用學(xué)

1言語行為理論speech act theory奧斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin

認(rèn)為人在說話的同時也在進(jìn)行一定的行為動作

○施為句和敘事句performative and constative

施為句：實(shí)施某種行為。

敘事句：描述說話人在說話時所作的動作。

○行事行為理論a theory of the illocutionary act

言內(nèi)行為：locutionnary act表述字面意思

言外行為：illoutionary act 因?yàn)檠哉Z本身的習(xí)慣力量隨之產(chǎn)生的其他一些行為言后行為：perlocutionnary act 話語在聽者身上產(chǎn)生的效果

2會話含義理論 the theory of conversational implicature

格賴斯提出Herbert Paul Grice

○合作原則:說話人和聽話人為達(dá)一定的交際目的，都有一種默契，一種都遵循的原則○ 四個準(zhǔn)則four categories of maxims

數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、關(guān)系、方式(manner)準(zhǔn)則

3后格賴斯時期的發(fā)展

○關(guān)聯(lián)理論：relevance theory:交際應(yīng)被看做一種表明自身說話意圖的行為every act of ostensive(直接表明的)communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance

○數(shù)量關(guān)系和關(guān)系原則the Q-and R-principles

由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出

八 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)理論和流派

1索緒爾Saussure瑞士語言學(xué)家，“現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)之父”或者“使語言學(xué)科走向現(xiàn)代的大師” 2布拉格學(xué)派Prague School

貢獻(xiàn):共時語言學(xué)研究，從“功能”角度看待語言，強(qiáng)調(diào)語言的系統(tǒng)性，把語言看做一種功能

突出貢獻(xiàn)：語音學(xué)說，及其劃分語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)

突出：Trubetzkoy特魯別茨柯依：提出語音學(xué)屬于言語，音位學(xué)屬于語言，提出音位概念

4倫敦學(xué)派 the Lundon School:系統(tǒng)語言學(xué)和功能語言學(xué)

創(chuàng)始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受馬林諾夫斯基影響。韓禮德為新弗斯派領(lǐng)袖三人都強(qiáng)調(diào)語言環(huán)境和語言系統(tǒng)的重要性

韓禮德和系統(tǒng)功能語法：由系統(tǒng)語法和功能語法構(gòu)成。把實(shí)際使用的語言現(xiàn)象作為研究對象

5美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義American Structuralism

共時語言學(xué)分支，由博厄斯提出F.Bos.○撒皮爾-沃爾夫假說Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

語言相對論-語言決定論

○布隆菲爾德Bloomfield《語言論》－20世紀(jì)被大西洋兩岸同時奉為科學(xué)的方法論典范和語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域的杰出代表。描述語言學(xué)的代表人物轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法transformational–generative grammar

喬姆斯基提出Chomsky.認(rèn)為語言是某種天賦，語言習(xí)得機(jī)制Language Acquisition device

第五篇：英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文

contents

Abstract in English.....................1

Key words in English........................1

Abstract in Chinese....................1

Key words in Chinese.......................1

I.Introduction......................2

II.The definition of idiom in both languages.................2

III.The pattern of idiom in both languages.............3

IV.Chinese and English idioms related to “l(fā)ucky”and”taboo” numbers..........4

4.1 Chinese idioms related to “l(fā)ucky”and”taboo” numbers........4

1.lucky numbers(3，6，8，10)...............4

2.taboo numbers(4，5，7)...............6

4.2English idioms related to “l(fā)ucky”and”taboo” numbers..........7

1.lucky numbers(3，7，8，9).................7

2.taboo numbers(13，6，周五).....................8

V.Causes of differences between Chinese and English numerical idioms........9 5.1 Factor of Geography.....................9

5.2 Religious Differences..................10

5.3 Factor of History...................10

5.4 Fables and mythology..................11

VI.Conclusion......................12

Bibliography.........................13