第一篇:2013年6月和12月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及
2013年6月、12月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及范文
2013年上半年的四六級(jí)考試已結(jié)束,網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂四六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)第一時(shí)間力邀四級(jí)、六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)名師對(duì)此次真題進(jìn)行解析。以下是對(duì)六級(jí)寫作的思路指導(dǎo)及范文,希望即將參加六級(jí)考試的同學(xué)能以此為借鑒,運(yùn)用到自己的寫作當(dāng)中,舉一反三。
Directions: For this part, you areallowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Asmile is the shortest distance between two people”.You may citesome examples to support you view.You should write at least 150 words but nomore than 200 words。
難度:
典型的諺語(yǔ)警句型的文章,相比其他三篇難度低很多,諺語(yǔ)本身非常好理解,并且是最好用諺語(yǔ)警句模板套用的一篇。
思路:
第一段:開篇引用+表義(微笑縮短了人與人的距離)+深意(生活中,我們應(yīng)該微笑面對(duì)他人)
第二段:正能量(微笑的魔力,比如可以讓我們交到更多朋友,可以化解尷尬,對(duì)于商家來(lái)說微笑可以帶來(lái)更多商機(jī)等,還可反面論證一下,沒有了微笑,生活就會(huì)失去溫暖和色彩,等等)+舉例(必須要舉例!題目要求了。可以寫某企業(yè)微笑服務(wù)取得成功,或者你自己參加面試因?yàn)槲⑿λ垣@得面試官認(rèn)可等)
第三段:再次強(qiáng)調(diào)微笑的重要性+我們自己具體應(yīng)該怎么做
范文:
A smile, asthe proverb has it, is the shortest distance between two people.In otherwords, a smile could serve as a bridge to connect two people and shorten thedistance between two hearts.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys athought-provoking notion that we should always be friendly and polite to otherpeople。
First andforemost,asmile proves to be the most effective way to break the ice between twostrangers.In addition, being warm-hearted and friendly could promote mutualunderstanding and friendship.Those who always wear a warm smile are sure to bemore popular than those who treat others with coldness and indifference.ZhuDan is a case in point.She is said to practice smiling in front of the mirrorfor hours everyday before walking up onto the stage.Finally, she becomes oneof the most famous hostesses in China。
To conclude,nothing can be more effective than a warm smile in bringing people closer.Hence, it is advisable for people to open their mind and treat others withsincerity and warmth.Only in this way can we win more friends。
2013年上半年的六級(jí)考試已結(jié)束,以下是對(duì)六級(jí)寫作的思路指導(dǎo)及范文,希望即將參加英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試的同學(xué)能以此為借鑒,運(yùn)用到自己的寫作當(dāng)中,舉一反三。
Directions: For this part, you areallowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark zk.hushine.com “Goodhabits result from resisting temptation”.You may cite someexamples support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than200 words。
難度:
諺語(yǔ)本身的難度大于上一個(gè)題目,resist和temptation兩個(gè)詞對(duì)部分學(xué)生有一定難度,但其實(shí)都是四六級(jí)詞匯??!
思路:
第一段:開篇引用+深意(這里直接寫深意就可以了:生活中充滿了各種誘惑,抵御誘惑才能養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣或者我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)抵御誘惑)
第二段:正能量(抵御誘惑的益處,比如:讓我們能專心致志去做更有意義的事情等)+舉例(必須要舉例!題目要求了。)
第三段:再次強(qiáng)調(diào)抵御誘惑對(duì)于培養(yǎng)好習(xí)慣很重要+我們自己具體應(yīng)該怎么做
范文:
Good habits,so the proverb has it, result from resisting temptation.Or, to put it anotherway, in a dazzling world of myriad temptations,onecan foster good habits only if his excessive desire is controlled and thetemptation is resisted。
It is easy forthose who fail to resist temptation to go astray or get into bad habits underthe influence of evil companies.Arecent survey reveals that teens smoke, takedrugs, and ride with drunk drivers not because they haven't thought about therisks, but because they are tempted by their peers to try new things.By contrast,those who succeed in resisting temptation can always devote themselves to moremeaningful things.Take college students for example.Only if we resist thetemptation of playing computer games or other meaningless entertainments can weform such good habits as reading, keeping good hours, to name just a few。
In short, infostering good habits, nothing can be more important than resisting temptation.Hence, it is essential that schools,educatorsand parents combine efforts to cultivate young people’s ability of tellingright from wrong as well as guide them in fostering correct views on life andvalues.Only in this way can good habits be formed。
Directions: For this part, you areallowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Earthprovides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’sgreed”.You may cite some examples support you view.You should write atleast 150 words but no more than 200 words。
難度:
諺語(yǔ)本身的難度一般,其中要注意greed, 即為greedy(貪婪)的名詞。思路:
這題寫成問題解決型,寫人類過渡開發(fā)自然資源,破壞環(huán)境,資源危機(jī)等等,我個(gè)人認(rèn)為也不偏題。當(dāng)然,寫成諺語(yǔ)題更好。
第一段:開篇引用+表義(我們的地球給我們?nèi)祟愄峁┝素S富的自然資源,但是因?yàn)槿祟惖呢澙罚覀兊馁Y源正慢慢枯竭等等)+深意(我們應(yīng)該節(jié)約資源,保護(hù)地球)
第二段:正能量(節(jié)約資源有利于子孫后代可持續(xù)發(fā)展,否則。。還可反面論證下)+舉例(用我們經(jīng)??吹揭恍┈F(xiàn)象,把例子印出來(lái):比如過渡開采煤礦造成資源緊缺,過渡捕魚,捕獵造成生態(tài)失衡,圍湖造田,比如一些旅游景點(diǎn)過度開發(fā),環(huán)境被破壞都可以)
第三段:再次強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)自然資源重要性+我們自己具體應(yīng)該怎么做
范文:
Earth, as aremark has it, provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’sgreed.In other words, natural resources of the world are abundant enough tomeet the demand of human beings.Nevertheless, should people exploit naturalresources of the Earth recklessly and excessively, these resources would beexhausted one day.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys athought-provoking notion that we should effectively protect, rationally exploitand economize on natural resources。
Saving suchresources as water, coal, oil and wood could ensure the sustainable developmentof the society and environment.Otherwise, nothing would be left for the futuregeneration.The Amazon rainforest, which is called the lung of the Earth, is acase in point.Due to deforestation, the area of the Amazon rainforest has beendwindling year by year and many species there are endangered。
In short, wehave only one Earth.On no account could we exploit natural resourcesexcessively.Hence, it is imperative for us to cherish and protect the naturefor the benefit of future generations and ourselves.Only in this way can wepreserve a beautiful, harmonious, abundant and varied world。
2013,12
1.Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of information explosion by reffering to the saying “a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”.You can cite examples to illustrate your point and thenexplain what you can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【點(diǎn)評(píng)】
本次作文主題圍繞“信息爆炸給大眾帶來(lái)的困擾”,難度較小。最近幾年六級(jí)作文題都是緊扣時(shí)代特征,實(shí)用性較強(qiáng),不會(huì)導(dǎo)致考生無(wú)話可說、無(wú)理可講。
本題型還是按照三段式,第一段可從題中的諺語(yǔ)著手,引出論點(diǎn)。第二段主要辯證論點(diǎn)“信息爆炸反而給大眾帶來(lái)的注意力轉(zhuǎn)移、無(wú)法集中等”,可以舉出生活化的實(shí)例。第三段給出問題的解決方法。注意在寫作過程中要有理有據(jù)、條理清晰即可。
【參考例文】
Ways to Get Over Information Explosion
As a famous saying goes, “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”.Nowadays we are in the Information Age.Some people keep complaining about distraction by the information explosion.Admittedly, the new information age has brought us so much convenience that we are allowed to get enough information just with a simple click sitting in front of the computers.Nevertheless, we are also confused, annoyed, distracted and upset by an incredibly large quantity of information.For example, when
searching for something online, people are easily carried away by irrelevant information and forget their original plan.Besides, some information often turns out to be useless and is actually advertisement.Therefore, it can be
time-consuming and troublesome to search information online.Then what we can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? Here I have some useful tips: Firstly, make a list of what you really want before your searching.This will help you to refuse some appealing, yet irrelevant
information.Secondly, find some trustful and professional sources or websites and then save and categorize them.In this case, you can easily leave some ads and useless information behind.2.Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.” You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【點(diǎn)評(píng)】
本次作文主題圍繞“幸福的源泉”,難度不大。雖然表面有些抽象,但根據(jù)題干意義還是可以迅速地將本文分成2-3部分:1.總述幸福產(chǎn)生源泉,不是沒有問題,而是處理問題的能力。
2.闡述自身有哪些解決問題、保持幸福的方法。
Happiness – Go for it
In this long journey we call “l(fā)ife”, everybody is in pursuit of happiness and has their own interpretation of happiness.An inspiring idea is that happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them, which reveals the very truth about happiness.It cannot be achieved through waiting, but only
through striving.There is no way that life always progresses as we wish.Problems may occur and we find ourselves in trouble, but it doesn't mean we are deprived of happiness.There are numerous examples for us to follow: disabled people overcoming obstacles, patients fighting against disease, poverty-stricken people achieving their dreams--all these inspiring heroes.Their lives are definitely not problem-free, but they have found happiness by courageously solving problems.Therefore, it is essential to develop the ability to deal with problems.We need to muster our courage and confidence to face the fact.Meanwhile, we need to find effective ways to cope with them.In a word, if we stay strong and approach problems effectively, there will be no storm in life that we cannot weather.And after the storm, happiness is within our reach.3.Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【點(diǎn)評(píng)】
本次作文主題圍繞“有意義的生活”,由于本次主題有些抽象,難度稍大。以下是一條可行思路:1.由諺語(yǔ)引出話題,表述自己對(duì)生活的看法。2.引出具體例子,作為自己觀點(diǎn)的支撐。
3.給出自己的行動(dòng)方向,如何“過有意義的生活”。
Among all the highlighted topics, there is “how to live a meaning life?”
Everyone has his or her own opinion.As the saying has it, “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” I cannot agree any more.If our life is just to pursue something for ourselves, we will surely feel fruitless and meaningless when we grow old.From Steve Jobs’s bibliography, we can get that the people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do.Steve Jobs has brought a great many changes to our world.His life, although short, definitely outlast.That’s a life worth living.Therefore, if there is a way to make my life meaningful, it should be to find something I’m interested in and also helpful to others or the whole society.Only in this way can I keep my passion throughout my life until I finally fulfil my life.
第二篇:2013年6月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及
新東方在線:http://
2013年6月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及范文(1)
新東方在線 2013年上半年的四六級(jí)考試已結(jié)束,新東方在線網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂四六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)第一時(shí)間力邀四級(jí)、六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)名師對(duì)此次真題進(jìn)行解析。以下是對(duì)六級(jí)寫作的思路指導(dǎo)及范文,希望即將參加六級(jí)考試的同學(xué)能以此為借鑒,運(yùn)用到自己的寫作當(dāng)中,舉一反三。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the
remark “A smile is the shortest distance between two people”.You may cite some examples to support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.難度:
典型的諺語(yǔ)警句型的文章,相比其他三篇難度低很多,諺語(yǔ)本身非常好理解,并且是最好用諺語(yǔ)警句模板套用的一篇。
思路:
第一段:開篇引用+表義(微笑縮短了人與人的距離)+深意(生活中,我們應(yīng)該微笑面對(duì)他人)
第二段:正能量(微笑的魔力,比如可以讓我們交到更多朋友,可以化解尷尬,對(duì)于商家來(lái)說微笑可以帶來(lái)更多商機(jī)等,還可反面論證一下,沒有了微笑,生活就會(huì)失去溫暖和色彩,等等)+舉例(必須要舉例!題目要求了??梢詫懩称髽I(yè)微笑服務(wù)取得成功,或者你自己參加面試因?yàn)槲⑿λ垣@得面試官認(rèn)可等)
第三段:再次強(qiáng)調(diào)微笑的重要性+我們自己具體應(yīng)該怎么做
范文:
A smile, as the proverb has it, is the shortest distance between two people.In other words, a smile could serve as a bridge to connect two people and shorten the distance between two hearts.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys a thought-provoking notion that we should always be friendly and polite to other people.First and foremost,a smile proves to be the most effective way to break the ice between two strangers.In addition, being warm-hearted and friendly could promote mutual understanding and friendship.Those who always wear a warm smile are sure to be more popular than those who treat others with coldness and indifference.Zhu Dan is a case in point.She is said to practice smiling in front of the mirror for hours everyday before walking up onto the stage.Finally, she becomes one of the most famous hostesses in China.To conclude, nothing can be more effective than a warm smile in bringing people closer.Hence, it is advisable for people to open their mind and treat others with sincerity and warmth.Only in this way can we win more friends.(長(zhǎng)沙新東方 高杰)
更多相關(guān)四六級(jí)真題答案及考試指導(dǎo),請(qǐng)登陸新東方在線官方網(wǎng)站:
第三篇:2013年6月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及
新東方在線:http://
2013年6月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及范文(2)
新東方在線 2013年上半年的六級(jí)考試已結(jié)束,新東方在線網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂四六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)力邀六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)名師對(duì)此次真題進(jìn)行解析。以下是對(duì)六級(jí)寫作的思路指導(dǎo)及范文,希望即將參加英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試的同學(xué)能以此為借鑒,運(yùn)用到自己的寫作當(dāng)中,舉一反三。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the
remark “Good habits result from resisting temptation”.You may cite some examples support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.難度:
諺語(yǔ)本身的難度大于上一個(gè)題目,resist和temptation兩個(gè)詞對(duì)部分學(xué)生有一定難度,但其實(shí)都是四六級(jí)詞匯??!
思路:
第一段:開篇引用+深意(這里直接寫深意就可以了:生活中充滿了各種誘惑,抵御誘惑才能養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣或者我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)抵御誘惑)
第二段:正能量(抵御誘惑的益處,比如:讓我們能專心致志去做更有意義的事情等)+舉例(必須要舉例!題目要求了。)
第三段:再次強(qiáng)調(diào)抵御誘惑對(duì)于培養(yǎng)好習(xí)慣很重要+我們自己具體應(yīng)該怎么做
范文:
Good habits, so the proverb has it, result from resisting temptation.Or, to put it another way, in a dazzling world of myriad temptations,one can foster good habits only if his excessive desire is controlled and the temptation is resisted.It is easy for those who fail to resist temptation to go astray or get into bad habits under the influence of evil companies.A recent survey reveals that teens smoke, take drugs, and ride with drunk drivers not because they haven't thought about the risks, but because they are tempted by their peers to try new things.By contrast, those who succeed in resisting temptation can always devote themselves to more meaningful things.Take college students for example.Only if we resist the temptation of playing computer games or other meaningless entertainments can we form such good habits as reading, keeping good hours, to name just a few.In short, in fostering good habits, nothing can be more important than resisting temptation.Hence, it is essential that schools,educators and parents combine efforts to cultivate young people’s ability of telling right from wrong as well as guide them in fostering correct views on life and values.Only in this way can good habits be formed.(長(zhǎng)沙新東方 高杰)
更多相關(guān)四六級(jí)真題答案及考試指導(dǎo),請(qǐng)登陸新東方在線官方網(wǎng)站:
第四篇:2013年6月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及
新東方在線:http://
2013年6月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試作文真題及范文(3)
新東方在線 2013年上半年的六級(jí)考試已結(jié)束,新東方在線網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂四六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)力邀六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)名師對(duì)此次真題進(jìn)行解析。以下是對(duì)六級(jí)寫作的思路指導(dǎo)及范文,希望即將參加英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試的同學(xué)能以此為借鑒,運(yùn)用到自己的寫作當(dāng)中,舉一反三。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”.You may cite some examples support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.難度:
諺語(yǔ)本身的難度一般,其中要注意greed, 即為greedy(貪婪)的名詞。
思路:
這題寫成問題解決型,寫人類過渡開發(fā)自然資源,破壞環(huán)境,資源危機(jī)等等,我個(gè)人認(rèn)為也不偏題。當(dāng)然,寫成諺語(yǔ)題更好。
第一段:開篇引用+表義(我們的地球給我們?nèi)祟愄峁┝素S富的自然資源,但是因?yàn)槿祟惖呢澙罚覀兊馁Y源正慢慢枯竭等等)+深意(我們應(yīng)該節(jié)約資源,保護(hù)地球)
第二段:正能量(節(jié)約資源有利于子孫后代可持續(xù)發(fā)展,否則。。還可反面論證下)+舉例(用我們經(jīng)??吹揭恍┈F(xiàn)象,把例子印出來(lái):比如過渡開采煤礦造成資源緊缺,過渡捕魚,捕獵造成生態(tài)失衡,圍湖造田,比如一些旅游景點(diǎn)過度開發(fā),環(huán)境被破壞都可以)
第三段:再次強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)自然資源重要性+我們自己具體應(yīng)該怎么做
范文:
Earth, as a remark has it, provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed.In other words, natural resources of the world are abundant enough to meet the demand of human beings.Nevertheless, should people exploit natural resources of the Earth recklessly and excessively, these resources would be exhausted one day.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys a thought-provoking notion that we should effectively protect, rationally exploit and economize on natural resources.Saving such resources as water, coal, oil and wood could ensure the sustainable development of the society and environment.Otherwise, nothing would be left for the future generation.The Amazon rainforest, which is called the lung of the Earth, is a case in point.Due to deforestation, the area of the Amazon rainforest has been dwindling year by year and many species there are endangered.In short, we have only one Earth.On no account could we exploit natural resources excessively.Hence, it is imperative for us to cherish and protect the nature for the benefit of future generations and ourselves.Only in this way can we preserve a beautiful, harmonious, abundant and varied world.(長(zhǎng)沙新東方 高杰)
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第五篇:2010-10月歷年真題和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案
2010 年 10 月高等教育自學(xué)考試全國(guó)統(tǒng)一命題考試
05624心理治療
(一)試卷
一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(每小題 1 分,共 20 分)1.個(gè)體心理治療的理論和方法起源于(C)1-6 A.人本主義 B.行為主義 C.精神分析 D.認(rèn)知理論 2.以集體潛意識(shí)作為最具特點(diǎn)理論的是(D)2-14 A.弗洛伊德 B.阿德勒 C.弗洛姆 D.榮格 3.不成熟心理防御機(jī)制包括(B)2-16 A.否認(rèn) B.退行 C.壓抑 D.投射 4.俄狄浦斯情結(jié)期是指(C)2-18 A.0—1 B.2—4 C.4—6 D.6—10 5.社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論的代表人物是(C)3-31 A.巴甫洛夫 B.斯金納 C.班杜拉 D.桑代克 6.以下屬于貝克常用認(rèn)知治療技術(shù)的是(A)4-57
A.角色扮演 B.自我對(duì)話 C.攻擊羞愧感練習(xí)D.家庭作業(yè) 7.會(huì)心團(tuán)體治療活動(dòng)時(shí)間一般安排在(B)5-71 A.周一 B.周末 C.月初 D.月末 8.格式塔治療的創(chuàng)始人是(A)6-75
A.皮爾斯 B.韋特海默 C.苛勒 D.考夫特 9.現(xiàn)實(shí)治療的理論基礎(chǔ)是(B)7-92
A.交互分析理論 B.選擇理論 C.格式塔理論 D.家庭理論 10.格式塔治療認(rèn)為,促進(jìn)成長(zhǎng)與改變的必要條件是(A)6-78 A.接觸 B.此時(shí)此地 C.逃避 D.能量
11.在鮑恩家庭治療系統(tǒng)的實(shí)踐中有特定的技巧,其中包括(A)8-111 A.家庭代際圖 B.家庭雕塑 C.再定義 D.表演技術(shù) 12.結(jié)構(gòu)性自我狀態(tài)包括(A)9-126
A.父母自我、成人自我和兒童自我 B.控制自我、兒童自我和自由自我 C.父母自我、兒童自我和自由自我 D.控制自我、成人自我和自由自我 13.伯恩認(rèn)為交互分析理論的游戲是一系列連續(xù)進(jìn)行的(D)9-132 A.互補(bǔ)溝通 B.交錯(cuò)溝通 C.隱藏溝通 D.互補(bǔ)隱藏式溝通
14.通過改變?nèi)说那榫w,最終改變認(rèn)知的藝術(shù)治療方法是(D)10-148 A.自由繪畫治療 B.完形動(dòng)作治療 C.舞蹈治療 D.音樂治療 15.森田理論認(rèn)為,神經(jīng)質(zhì)癥發(fā)生的基礎(chǔ)是(B)11-166 A.焦慮素質(zhì) B.疑病素質(zhì) C.強(qiáng)迫素質(zhì) D.憂郁素質(zhì)
16.以尋找解決問題的方法為核心的短程系列治療是(C)12-175 A.認(rèn)知治療 B.行為治療 C.焦點(diǎn)解決治療 D.家庭治療 17.敘事治療中打開個(gè)人與問題的空間是指(B)12-186 A.相關(guān)影響力的問話 B.問題外化的對(duì)話 C.獨(dú)特結(jié)果的問句 D.替代故事的發(fā)展
18.一般來(lái)講,一次心理治療時(shí)間最好控制在(B)1-4
A.0.5 小時(shí)以內(nèi) B.1 小時(shí)以內(nèi) C.1—2 小時(shí) D.2—3 小時(shí) 19.移情的常見表現(xiàn)形式是(D)2-23
A.遲到 B.失約 C.夢(mèng)的遺失 D.矛盾情緒 20.滿灌療法又稱(B)3-39
A.厭惡療法 B.沖擊療法 C.示范療法 D.放松訓(xùn)練
二、填空題(每空 1 分,共 10 分)21.精神分析學(xué)派認(rèn)為夢(mèng)的工作主要有4個(gè)作用:濃縮、置換、象征作用 和再度校正。2-21 22.由巴甫洛夫發(fā)展提出的一種行為治療理論是 經(jīng)典條件反射學(xué)說。3-29 23.認(rèn)知治療所用的方法是修正 錯(cuò)誤的概念 和錯(cuò)誤的自我暗示。4-55
24.羅斯杰認(rèn)為個(gè)體自我概念的發(fā)展包括自我認(rèn)定(或自我統(tǒng)合),自我評(píng)價(jià)和
自我理想 三方面內(nèi)容。5-62
25.格式塔治療的人性觀是以 現(xiàn)象學(xué) 和存在主義為基礎(chǔ)的,即看重的焦點(diǎn)在于來(lái)訪者對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境的覺察和此時(shí)此地的真實(shí)體驗(yàn)。6-76
26.交互分析理論中戲劇三角形的三個(gè)角色為拯救者、迫害者 和受害者。9-134 27.結(jié)構(gòu)派家庭治療師用來(lái)表示家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的圖示,又稱 家庭結(jié)構(gòu)圖。8-119 28.音樂治療可分為三個(gè)層次;支持性的層次、認(rèn)知和行為層次、心理分析和體驗(yàn)的層次。10-148 29.住院森田治療通常分為四個(gè)期,依次是 絕對(duì)臥床期、輕工作期、普通工作期和生活訓(xùn)練期。11-171
30.焦點(diǎn)解決短期治療中利用數(shù)值的評(píng)量協(xié)助來(lái)訪者將抽象概念以具體方式描述的詢問方式稱作 評(píng)量詢問。12-181
三、名詞解釋(每小題 2 分,共 20 分)31.自我 2-15 答:
自我是人格結(jié)構(gòu)的表層,部分位于意識(shí)之中,部分位于潛意識(shí)之中。自我是在現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境的反復(fù)教訓(xùn)下,從本我分化出來(lái)的一部分,它是現(xiàn)實(shí)化了的本我,是理性的、識(shí)時(shí)務(wù)的,它不會(huì)盲目地追求滿足,而是在現(xiàn)實(shí)原則指導(dǎo)下,力爭(zhēng)既回避痛苦,又獲得滿足。
32.晶體化 9-137 答:
晶體化:使用具體的陳述,使來(lái)訪者擁有立即解除癥狀及社會(huì)控制的機(jī)會(huì)。
33.確認(rèn) 9-136 答:
確認(rèn):通常緊隨面質(zhì),是面質(zhì)的延續(xù)。其目的依然是要增強(qiáng)成人自我狀態(tài)的能力幫助來(lái)訪者擁有一個(gè)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、明確并且勝任愉快的成人自我狀態(tài)。
34.神經(jīng)質(zhì)癥 11-166 答:
森田正馬的學(xué)生、森田治療的另一位代表人物高良武久先生對(duì)神經(jīng)癥下的定義是:“神經(jīng)癥是由心理作用引起的精神或身體、或二者兼有的一種功能障礙,一般表現(xiàn)為慢性固定狀態(tài)?!?/p>
35.順其自然 11-168 答:
“順應(yīng)自然”在森田治療的理論中是指對(duì)出現(xiàn)的情緒和癥狀不在乎要著眼于自己的目的去做應(yīng)該做的事情。
36.目標(biāo)架構(gòu) 12-178 答:
所謂目標(biāo)架構(gòu),就是治療師引導(dǎo)來(lái)訪者進(jìn)入治療訪談,澄清他想要的目標(biāo),并建立治療的工作目標(biāo)。
37.例外架構(gòu) 12-179 答:
例外架構(gòu)就是引導(dǎo)來(lái)訪者說他的問題何時(shí)不會(huì)發(fā)生,或是引導(dǎo)來(lái)訪者發(fā)現(xiàn)自己想要的目標(biāo)或已經(jīng)存在的解決方式。38.替罪羊 8-108 答:
替罪羊是結(jié)構(gòu)派治療師常用的概念。在某些家庭中,會(huì)有某個(gè)成員(通常是孩子)表現(xiàn)出問題,將家庭沖突(通常是父母沖突,因?yàn)楦改傅年P(guān)系破裂對(duì)于家庭的威脅實(shí)在太大了。)轉(zhuǎn)移開,使家庭成員注意他的問題,而暫時(shí)避開父母的沖突。這個(gè)成為“來(lái)訪者”的家庭成員就是替罪羊。
39.逃避 6-78 答:
逃避是一個(gè)與未完事務(wù)相關(guān)的概念。它指的是人們用來(lái)避免面對(duì)未完事務(wù)所引發(fā)的不愉快情緒所使用的工具。
40.潛意識(shí) 2-14 答:
潛意識(shí)是被壓抑到意識(shí)下面的、無(wú)法從記憶中招回的部分,它們通常是被社會(huì)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、道德、法律所禁止的內(nèi)容,包括個(gè)人原始的沖動(dòng)和與本能有關(guān)的欲望等。
四、簡(jiǎn)答題(每小題 5 分,共 30 分)41.簡(jiǎn)述心理治療的原則。1-3 答:
(1)保密原則(2)主體原則(3)轉(zhuǎn)介原則
(4)時(shí)間限定原則(5)態(tài)度中立原則
(6)心理治療與心理咨詢、預(yù)防相結(jié)合的原則
42.簡(jiǎn)述精神分析治療中對(duì)阻抗的分析過程。2-22 答:
(1)對(duì)阻抗的分析首先應(yīng)該識(shí)別出阻抗,特別是阻抗比較隱秘或者阻抗與自我協(xié)調(diào)時(shí),識(shí)別阻抗更為重要。
(2)認(rèn)識(shí)到阻抗接著就應(yīng)展示阻抗,因?yàn)樵诜治鲎杩骨?,治療師?yīng)告訴來(lái)訪者將要分析什么,也就是來(lái)訪者應(yīng)該知道他是否在阻抗,他正在阻抗什么,為什么要阻抗,以及他是怎樣阻抗的,治療師在治療過程中通過觀察和通情來(lái)判斷來(lái)訪者的自我狀態(tài),決定需要多少證據(jù),事態(tài)需要多清晰才能使來(lái)訪者認(rèn)清阻抗,只有當(dāng)你判斷來(lái)訪者有能力面對(duì)阻抗時(shí),才能引導(dǎo)來(lái)訪者面對(duì)阻抗,否則只會(huì)增加來(lái)訪者的否認(rèn)和掩飾。
(3)為了使來(lái)訪者更好地看清阻抗,有時(shí)可讓阻抗進(jìn)一步發(fā)展.一直到適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候才指出阻抗。弗洛伊德因此提出一個(gè)原則“先于內(nèi)容解釋阻抗”或“表面地解釋”,也就是說處理阻抗第一步是向來(lái)訪者指出他們?cè)谧杩梗箒?lái)訪者注意到自己的阻抗,以后等適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī),治療師再向來(lái)訪者指出他為什么要采取阻抗,防御的是什么。
(4)認(rèn)識(shí)、展示和澄清阻抗的目的最終是解釋阻抗,在分析阻抗動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí),常需尋找引起阻抗的情感以及情感背后的根源。
43.簡(jiǎn)述行為主義的學(xué)習(xí)原理。3-29 答:
(1)經(jīng)典性條件反射原理(2)操作性條件作用原理(3)班杜拉的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論 44.簡(jiǎn)述以人為中心治療的主要思想。5-62 答:
一、自我發(fā)展的過程
在羅杰斯看來(lái),個(gè)體自我概念的發(fā)展,主要包括以下3個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容:
1、自我認(rèn)定(或自我統(tǒng)合)
2、自我評(píng)價(jià)
3、自我理想
二、自我發(fā)展的機(jī)制
1、條件性積極關(guān)注
2、無(wú)條件積極關(guān)注
45.簡(jiǎn)述家庭治療的常用技術(shù)。8-117 答:
(1)家庭代際圖(2)家庭結(jié)構(gòu)圖(3)再定義
(4)反其道而行之(5)家庭雕塑(6)表演技術(shù)
46.簡(jiǎn)述藝術(shù)治療中命題繪畫的方法。10-156 答:
命題繪畫的方法也就是借助繪畫這一工具,可以把抽象的感覺、情緒具體化,也可以跨越時(shí)空,創(chuàng)造出具體的形象,如關(guān)于情緒,其指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是:“請(qǐng)畫出你1年來(lái)(半年來(lái)、3個(gè)月來(lái)等)最主要的情緒”;關(guān)于感覺,其指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是:“請(qǐng)畫出你的感覺(你最近的感覺、你過去的感覺、你最糟糕的感覺等)”;關(guān)于夢(mèng),其指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是:“請(qǐng)畫出你的一個(gè)夢(mèng)(你印象最深刻的一個(gè)夢(mèng)、最可怕的一個(gè)夢(mèng)等)”;關(guān)于愿望,其指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是:“請(qǐng)畫出你的愿望(你過去的愿望、你現(xiàn)在的愿望、你將來(lái)的愿望等)”;關(guān)于經(jīng)歷,其指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是:“請(qǐng)畫出一次愉快的經(jīng)歷(一次不愉快的經(jīng)歷等)”;關(guān)于事件,其指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是:“請(qǐng)畫出你最幸福的一件事(最悲傷的一件事、最無(wú)助的一件事、最痛恨的一件事等)”;同時(shí)還可以有山、路、家的主題;自畫像的主題;樹木的主題等,通過以上方法,可以獲得豐富的信息,作為治療的切入點(diǎn),治療師可與來(lái)訪者就其繪畫作品進(jìn)行討論,并進(jìn)行治療干預(yù)。
五、論述題(每小題 10 分,共 20 分)
47.試述ABC理論的主要內(nèi)容,并列舉合理情緒治療的常用技術(shù)。4-
45、4-49 答:
ABC理論的主要內(nèi)容:
理性情緒行為治療的基本理論主要為ABC理論。ABC來(lái)自于3個(gè)英文單詞的首字母,A是指誘發(fā)性事件(Activating events),B指?jìng)€(gè)體在遇到誘發(fā)事件之后相應(yīng)而生的信念(Beliefs),C指在特定情景下,個(gè)體的情緒及行為的結(jié)果(Consequences)。通常,人們會(huì)認(rèn)為人的情緒及行為反應(yīng)是直接由誘發(fā)性事件A引起的,即是A引起了C,但理性情緒行為治療不這樣看。ABC理論認(rèn)為,誘發(fā)性事件A只是引起情緒及行為反應(yīng)的間接原因,而B——人們對(duì)誘發(fā)性事件所持的信念、看法、解釋才是引起人的情緒及行為反應(yīng)的更直接的原因。合理情緒治療的常用技術(shù):(1)認(rèn)知技術(shù)(2)情感技術(shù)(3)行為技術(shù)
48.試述現(xiàn)實(shí)治療中的WEDP系統(tǒng)。7-99 答:
一、W=愿望和需要(wants and needs)
1、第一步主要是探索愿望、需要和期望。治療師通過有技巧的詢問,鼓勵(lì)來(lái)訪者辨別和界定自己的需要,以及如何滿足自己的需要。
2、有技巧的治療師采用非批評(píng)的、接納的方式進(jìn)行治療,以便來(lái)訪者揭示出他們自己的特別世界。這種對(duì)需要、愿望、知覺的探索應(yīng)該貫穿治療過程,并伴隨來(lái)訪者圖像的改變。
二、D=方向和行動(dòng)(direction and doing)
1、現(xiàn)實(shí)治療師強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)前的行為,只有當(dāng)過去的行為影響到當(dāng)前的行為時(shí),才會(huì)關(guān)注過去的行為。
2、在治療的早期,最根本的是與來(lái)訪者討論生活的總方向。
三、E=自我評(píng)價(jià)(evaluation)
1、要求來(lái)訪者對(duì)整體行為的每一個(gè)成分都做出評(píng)價(jià),是現(xiàn)實(shí)治療的一個(gè)主要任務(wù)。治療師的任務(wù)是讓來(lái)訪者判斷他們行動(dòng)的質(zhì)量,幫助他們做出有效的選擇。
2、治療師會(huì)努力讓來(lái)訪者對(duì)每一個(gè)行為成分進(jìn)行明確的評(píng)價(jià)。對(duì)整體行為的行動(dòng)、思考、感受和生理成分進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的過程,是在來(lái)訪者責(zé)任范圍之列的。
3、在開始治療時(shí),治療師對(duì)一些來(lái)訪者可能會(huì)給予指導(dǎo)。這樣做是幫助來(lái)訪者認(rèn)識(shí)到有些行為是無(wú)效的。
四、P-計(jì)劃與承諾(planning and commitment)
1、幫助來(lái)訪者辨別滿足他們?cè)竿托枰木唧w方式是治療過程中很重要的工作。一旦來(lái)訪者決定了他們所想改變的,他們一般樂意探討其他可能的行為,并形成行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。
2、伍伯丁討論了計(jì)劃和承諾的中心作用。他用縮略語(yǔ)“SAMIC3'’來(lái)抓住一個(gè)好的計(jì)劃的實(shí)質(zhì):(1)簡(jiǎn)單的(simple&small)(2)可行的(attainable)(3)可測(cè)量的(measurable)(4)及時(shí)的(immediate)(5)由計(jì)劃者控制的(controlled by the planner)、持續(xù)的(consistent)、承諾執(zhí)行的(committed to)
3、讓來(lái)訪者決定他們自己要什么,自己進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)、執(zhí)行行動(dòng)計(jì)劃,就要幫助他們確定想花多大力氣來(lái)獲得所需要的變化。