第一篇：口語考試資料

暴力視頻游戲?qū)η嗌倌暧泻Γ?/p>

How much scientific evidence is there for and against the assertion（斷言，聲明）that exposure to video game violence can harm teens? Three researchers have developed a novel method to consider that question: they analyzed the research output of experts who filed a brief in a U.S.Supreme Court case involving violent video games and teens.Their conclusion? Experts who say violent video games are harmful to teens have published much more evidence supporting their claims than have experts on the other side of the debate.“We took what I think is a very objective approach: we looked at the individuals on both sides of the debate and determined if they actually have expertise in the subjects in which they call themselves experts,” said Brad Bushman, co-author of the study and professor of communication and psychology at Ohio State University.“The evidence suggests that those who argue violent video games are harmful have a lot more experience and stronger credentials（證明）than those who argue otherwise.”

Bushman conducted the study with Craig Anderson, professor of psychology at Iowa State University, and Deana Pollard Sacks, professor of law at Texas Southern University.Their research will be published in May in the Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy.Their study involved Schwarzenegger v.Entertainment Merchants Association, a case before the U.S.Supreme Court that will decide whether the state of California can ban the sale or rental of violent video games to children under 18.The court is expected to rule on the case this summer.In this case, groups supporting and opposing the law have filed what are called briefs of amicus curiae（法官的顧問）.These are briefs by people or groups who are not involved directly in the case, but want to offer the court their expert opinion on the issues involved.The researchers analyzed the credentials of the 115 people who signed the Gruel brief, who believe video violence is harmful, and the 82 signers of the Millett brief, who believe video violence is not harmful.(The briefs are named after the lead attorneys for each side.)

The data for the study came from the PsycINFO database, which provides more than 3 million references to the psychological literature from the 1800s to the present, including peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters or essays, and books.For each of the signers of the two briefs, the researchers calculated how many articles and books they published on issues relating to violence and aggression in general and on media violence specifically.The results showed that 60 percent of the Gruel brief signers(who believe video game violence is harmful)have published at least one scientific study on aggression or violence in general, compared to only 17 percent of the Millett brief signers.Moreover, when the researchers looked specifically at the subject of media violence, 37 percent of Gruel brief signers have published at least one study in that area, compared to just 13 percent of the Millett brief signers.In a further analysis, Bushman and Anderson examined where the signers of both briefs have published their research.The best academic journals have the highest standards and the most rigorous peer review, so only the best research should be published there, Bushman said.The researchers used a well-established formula, called the impact factor, to determine the top-tier journals, and then calculated how many signers had published in these journals.Results showed that signers of the Gruel brief had published over 48 times more studies in top-tier journals than did those who signed the Millett brief.“That's a staggering（蹣跚的，令人驚愕的）difference,” Bushman said.“It provides strong support for the argument that video game violence is indeed harmful.” Bushman said he and his colleagues did this study because they wanted to show that

there is a way for the Supreme Court to evaluate the contradictory（矛盾的，反對的）evidence it has been presented.“The justices were presented with two briefs, arguing opposite sides, and they may think the contradictory briefs simply cancel each other out,” Bushman said.“We just wanted to point out to the justices that not all briefs are the same.In this case, the credentials and experience of those who signed the Gruel brief far exceeds that of the ones who signed the Millett brief.”

Fight with pc games addiction(addiction [?'dik??n]n.上癮，沉溺；癖嗜)

As depicted by the picture, we are informed that one student busies himself playing computer games excitedly, with several students surrounding him and yelling “go!go!go!go!” it’s obvious that all of them are addicted to computer games and which makes them extremely exhilarated.This day ,such scenario isn’t odd in schools.Lots of students are indulged in PC games, which has become a severe social problem.one shocking news is that in china 90 percent of pc game player are teenagers.Why this happens? We cannot help asking ourselves this question.As for those students , it’s their obligation to pay more attention to their studies instead ofbeing obsessed with pc games.However, they choose to take playing pc games as their major source of entertainment.By playing games, they feel relaxed and the high pressure caused by studies is reduced, and they enjoy this easy time.As a result, they cannot reject the temptation of pc games.but as we already know, computer games addiction has resulted in a series of problems.first,some students let their studies slide to play pc game,which will ruin their future.second, sitting in front of the computer the whole day will do harm to their physical health.Finally, some of the games are about violence and sex.Because the teenagers’ capacity of self control as well their sense of right and wrong is immature, some of them imitate bad and dangerous actions showed by pc games ,and even commit crimes.So it’s time for our government and society to solve the problem.To begin with, teenagers should be given proper guidance as to the relation of studies and entertainment.Parents and teachers should give them correct advice about how to arrange their schedule every day and make good use of time.Then, we should help the students to turn their attention to sth interesting and advantageous,such as doing physical exercises or reading.Furthermore, the burden of study should be reduced.Finally ,the market of pc games should be regulated strictly.in one word,the coordinated effort of the whole society will put an end to teenagers’ computer games addiction.I

一。大學(xué)生接觸電腦游戲的慨況；

二。電腦游戲?qū)Υ髮W(xué)生的利與弊；

三。我對這一問題的看法。

Computer and Online Games

Computer games have become very popular in recent years.Many college students are being attracted by computer games.Every day after school some college students will bury themselves in computer games at home or in net bars.They concentrate all their attention on computer games,with their hands busy operating.Computer games are a kind of wonderful entertainment.They bring great pleasure to college students,train them to respond quickly, and stimulate their imagination and interest in electronics and computer science.But just as a coin has twosides,computer games also have some disadvantages.School students spend too much time on computer games.which would do harm to their eyes and affect their school achievements.Also,playing computer games do not allow them to use their natural creativity.Some of them even commit crimes in order to get enough money for the games.Only if one has enough self-control can he benefit from computer games.In my opinion,computer games has its advantages and disadvantages to collge students,but if we can control our excessive lust to computer games and take advantage of it ,I’m sure we can gain a lot from computer games.如果考到轉(zhuǎn)基因食物（genetically modified food），應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對？

by 新東方口譯口試組

由于世界人口越來越多rapid population growth，而耕地面積日益縮減arable land is diminishing 各國政府不得不通過科技手段來增加糧食的產(chǎn)量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饑荒 famine）轉(zhuǎn)基因食品通過基因重組，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得農(nóng)作物具有抗害蟲的能力more pest-resistant，從而增加畝產(chǎn)，因此被認(rèn)為可以解決世界糧食危機(jī) to cope with global food crisis，保證食品供應(yīng)的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，許多人對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品對其毒性問題、營養(yǎng)問題、對抗生素的抵抗作用以及環(huán)境威脅等問題都抱有質(zhì)疑態(tài)度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客觀來講Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比經(jīng)一個成長過程。我們應(yīng)該用客觀的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)，尚處于研究的初級起步階段 starting phase。許多人都堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，這種技術(shù)培育出來的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。許多消費(fèi)者對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的安全問題提出了質(zhì)疑。最常見的就是，我國的轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆有。消費(fèi)者對其安全性十分擔(dān)憂people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。從一次次過去的教訓(xùn)中，人們不難得出結(jié)論，人類行為應(yīng)該對自然負(fù)責(zé)。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其實(shí)，有時候，確實(shí)不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，沒有十足的把握控制基因調(diào)整后的結(jié)果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我們的質(zhì)量檢測部門應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)質(zhì)量檢測。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.確保消費(fèi)者的身體健康，ensure health of people公眾也應(yīng)該有權(quán)知曉，他們在超市購買的食物是否是轉(zhuǎn)基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.

第二篇：商務(wù)日語口語考試資料

商務(wù)日本語考試復(fù)習(xí)

1.單詞

さくらとてもきれいときどきまんが

すっぱいあまいにがいからいしょっぱい

おもしろいたくさんどうしてくるまにんき

すばらしいいっしょにしゃしんおいしいりょうり

やくそくおんせんスキーバスしんかんせん

タクシパスポートトイレホテルガイド

にほんごくうこうえきたべもののみもの

ほうだいうまいすしラーメンたこやき

やきにくぎょうざさけスープえいが

ドラマアニメかわいいかっこいい ホテル

よやくちょうしょくゆうしょくインターネット

テレビスーパーサービスショウピング

2.句子

1）わたしの趣味（しゅみ）は～です

2）わたしの星座（せいざ）は～です

3）これから どうぞ よろしく おねがいします

4）～は～があります/います

5）～は～がありません/いません

6）～がすきです/すきですか

7）いらっしゃいませ

8）～に行きましょう（いきましょう）

9）気持ち（きもち）がいいです

10）いま 何時ですか

11）日本語（にほんご）がわかりません

12）ごちそうさまでした

13）お久しぶり（おひさしぶり）ですね

14）少々（しょうしょう）お待ちください

15）～はいくらですか

3.敘述

じこしょうかい

すきな～はありますか

あげてください（請舉出~）

またありますか（還有嗎）

いつつ（5個）にほん（日本）まんが（漫畫）りょうり（料理）どうして（為什么）とし（都市）ことば（語句）くるま（汽車）たんご（單詞）でんかせいひん（電子產(chǎn)品）

自我介紹部分

漫畫部分

日本料理部分

城市介紹部分

汽車介紹部分

電子產(chǎn)品介紹部分

日常用語部分

3.敘述

１）自己紹介をしてください。

２）好きな漫畫はありますか？どうして

３）好きな日本料理は何ですか？５つ

４）日本の単語を挙げてください。１０つ

５）日本の車５つを挙げてください。

６）日本の都市５つを挙げてください。

７）日本の電化製品を５つを挙げてください。

８）日本語の言葉５つを挙げてください。

第三篇：口語資料

第一單元

1.口譯者和文學(xué)翻譯有什么區(qū)別?它們的要求有什么不一樣嗎？如果想成為一個好的口譯者和文學(xué)翻譯家，最大的障礙是什么？

Interpreter translate a language into another language in the form of oral.Information receiver can hear the sound, sometimes it called as simultaneousinterpretation..Literary translator translate a language into another language in the form of written.Interpreters should be quite good at oral speaking, and literary translaters have a solid foundation of literature.the biggest obstacle is a solidfoundation of foreign language skills.2.有的人認(rèn)為“我能說兩種語言”等于“我是一個好的翻譯家”，你同意這種觀點(diǎn)嗎？二者的關(guān)系是什么？

I do not agree with this view.because “speaking both languages not equal ”a good translator.Become a good translator requires the following conditions: First, a solid foundation of foreign language skills;second,skilled native language ability;third ,a solid foundation of literature;fourth,artistic creative thinking ability;five，correct translation attitude.3.博爾赫斯也曾寫道：“也許??譯者的工作比作家的工作更精細(xì)更文明：譯者顯然出現(xiàn)在作家之后。翻譯是文明的一個更高級的階段?！闭垖@個觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評價并且列出翻譯家和作家之間的相似和不同之處。

I agree with his view, because translation is a way to disseminate literature in other countries and realize the cultural exchange between nations.Similarity: they are both createthe cultural ideology and express the true feelings inside.difference: the writer create a work according first-hand information, and the work reflect the author's realideas and writing purpose.Translator should have a deep understanding of the original author's intention of writing when they translate works.4.從課文中，我們了解到“譯者被稱為剽竊者、文化的掠奪者、殖民主義的共謀者，賣國者，叛徒。”你同意這種觀點(diǎn)嗎？對于譯者的工作還有其他的誤解嗎？它們是哪些？

No, I don’tagree with these views, but sometimes peoplelook at the translator just like that.Yes, some people hold that translator is expected to submit to his authors and always be faithful to them, never make mistakes.Also, translator is not considered an artist at all, neither a creator nor a performer, but a rather a craftsman.He is generally considereda poor and unimportant one.第二單元

1.現(xiàn)在，尤其是年輕人，喜歡學(xué)習(xí)和模仿名人，你能舉出一些偶像的名字嗎？你為什么喜歡他們？他們的行為是否會影響你？為什么有些人容易受名人的影響，你能給他們一些建議嗎？

There are many singers and movie stars in society.For example, Jay Chou, Leehom Wang, Fan Bingbing.I like their songs, their movies, theircharming appearance and their personality and characteristics.Their behaviors does not affect me generally.Some people easily affected by the idols, because they are over-indulged in the imitation of stars, weak-minded.the fowlling tips for these people.the idol can guide our behavior.But we shouldhave our own mind and a certain ability of distinguishes.Know what to do and what not to do.2.從媒體上，我們能夠了解到一些名人卷入了性或毒癮的丑聞中。你覺得名人應(yīng)該對他們的言行負(fù)責(zé)嗎？他們是否應(yīng)該對社會或自己負(fù)責(zé)任呢？

Celebrities should be responsible for their words and deeds.Celebrity is called a celebrity because they was knownfor most people.They are the example of the whole community.Itis very obvious that the public influenced by celebrities.If they often makebeneficial behavior to the society, the public will lead to the same behavior.If, they are involved in the scandals, it have a nagative impact on the whole society.They should be responsible for the society or themselves.They should stay away from scandals, the scandals not only reduce their public images, but also a nagative impact on the whole society.3.媒體與名人緊密相關(guān)，有時，他們暴露甚至制造某些丑聞。在暴露名人隱私時，媒體的角色是什么？媒體是否也應(yīng)該對社會產(chǎn)生不好的影響負(fù)責(zé)？

When the media reported the scandals, it should hold for fair and impartial manner, seeking truth from facts.Do not infringe the privacy of celebrities.Do not play up scandals andslander celebrities.the media should treate a thingas objectively as possible.If the incident had a negative impact on society.In addition to celebrities themselves being responsible for it, the media also need to take part responsibility.Because sometimes the media exaggeratedthe events really are.4.一些名人為假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品做廣告，許多人受他們的誤導(dǎo)僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈胚@些名人。但是這些名人仍會辯解，檢驗(yàn)他們代言的產(chǎn)品是否是偽劣產(chǎn)品不是他們的責(zé)任，應(yīng)該由政府負(fù)責(zé)。依你的觀點(diǎn)，誰應(yīng)該承受這個則責(zé)任，名人還是政府，為什么？

I think the Government and celebrities should be responsible for it.The Government should enact legal measures to punish those who produce fake products.It also Set up a special organization to test the products.when celebritiesadvertise for the product ,they should know whether the product is counterfeit products.they have a detailed knowledge the function of products , so as not to mislead the public and occur the incident.第四單元

1.你曾經(jīng)是否有類似的經(jīng)歷，即作者在第一段中描述的。你對它們的反應(yīng)是什么？

I once had a similar experience.I do not know how to handle similar incidents.I will do nothing about these things.2.能量和熵的關(guān)系是什么？復(fù)雜性和能量之間的關(guān)系又是什么？

The more complex things are,the less order there will be and the more engry should be applied.The author concluds that entropy is the result of complexity in our life.Thus stress is the importance of patching small things up.第六單元

1.在這篇文章中，恩斯特.博伊艾討論了許多關(guān)于美國高等教育的問題。在中國的高等教育中是否有同樣的問題？我們怎樣去解決它們？

I think higher education in China have the same problem as the United States.However, the article mentioned that the vast majority students are inadequately informed about the interdependent word in which they live.We should reform the system of higher education, making college students into a creative thinking person.and encouraging students to learn more about society and the world

2.恩斯特.博伊艾確信大學(xué)教育能在畢業(yè)生的智力開發(fā)及個人生活方面發(fā)揮作用。你同意嗎？陳述你的觀點(diǎn)。

I agree with his view.Intelligence, including memory, observation, imagination, thinking, judging, etc., therefore， University can train creative thinking and enhance the abilityofProblem solving University culture can influence personal qualities and Enhance the level of interpersonal

3.考試在教育中發(fā)揮了消極影響嗎？

Yes!First ,the exam can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.Second,Test have negative influence onphysical and mental development of students, such as test anxiety.ThirdExaminations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading;they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming.4.你認(rèn)為學(xué)生在大學(xué)教育中，應(yīng)該學(xué)到什么？學(xué)生在大學(xué)教育中能學(xué)到什么？

In the higher education we should learn the following qualities, one, professional knowledge, second, the ability to communicate with others.Third, critical thinking..In university education, some people can learn all the qualities listed above, and some people learn nothing

5.你認(rèn)為今天的傳統(tǒng)教育面臨著什么樣的挑戰(zhàn)？如果你是教育部門的主管，你能為當(dāng)前的中國教育體制做什么呢？

The challenge of traditional education is thatChinese students are not correct motivation of learning.((this is caused by the idea).Moreover,China's education change human brain into a computerthis is caused by the system).In my opinion, higher education should offer outstanding and specialized talents for society, and act as the home of mankind’s spirit as well.So higher education should find some equilibrium pots among universities, government and society on the one hand, and on the other, set up equilibrium between economic interest and moral civilization.Only if higher education in China sets up the equilibrium and keeps it well, society would find the graduate students it needs and the graduate students could find their appropriate position in society, and real masters would arise in the future.第七單元

1.“漂亮是什么”這個問題長期以來都是一個哲學(xué)問題，不同的人有不同的回答。漂亮對希臘人來說是一個美德。對于你來說，漂亮是什么？從你能想到的各個角度來解釋。

Beauty is a characteristic of a , , , , orthat provides aexperience of , , or.Beauty is studied as part of , , , and.An “ideal beauty” is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture, for perfection.2.女性漂亮是什么？男性漂亮是什么？它們之間有共同點(diǎn)嗎？它們之間的不同點(diǎn)是什么？你認(rèn)為一個性別的人比另一個性別的人更加注重漂亮嗎？有誰對變得更加漂亮感到有壓力嗎？

Feminine beauty means ones outlook is very beautiful.Masculine beauty means ones outlook is

very handsome.their common point is they both means a peoples outlook is very good.Their difference point is feminine beauty is used to describe women, masculine beauty is used to describe men.NO.sorry ,I do not know.3.cocteau說“美麗的特權(quán)很多”。你是怎么理解的？你認(rèn)為美麗的特權(quán)是什么？美麗會影響一個人的成功嗎？用你自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和在生活中看到的事例來解釋。

I agree with cocreaus saying, Because in our society beauty can bring us many things.If you are beautiful, you may leave a good expression to other people ,you can also got a better job or so on.Beauty can affect ones success more or less, just as I say, if you are beautiful, you maybe can get a better job ,then you can be success quickly than other people who are not beautiful or even ugly.4.你怎么看待“beauty is in the eye of the beholder”。對內(nèi)在漂亮來說，什么人格特質(zhì)最重要？

5.人們是否花費(fèi)太多時間和金錢在美麗上？你怎么看待整容的？你有過整容嗎？如果是，你要改變什么？

Yes ,people always spend lots of time and money on beauty, expecially women.I think plastic surgery is not necessary.Everybodys appearance is nature formed, if you want to change another face ,you mean ,you are not satisfied with your gene ,even you are not satisfied with your parents!NO.6.你認(rèn)為人們對美麗的知覺已經(jīng)隨著時間改變了嗎？在將來還會變化嗎？為什么？用例子來說明

YES，YES，in old time ,Chinese people thought womens 10 centimeter foot means beautiful, but now, most of us think this kind of foot are ugly.Now people think nature is beautiful, we should not limit our foot.7.你認(rèn)為“變漂亮”對女人來說是最理想的特質(zhì)嗎？女人只關(guān)心他們的外表嗎？

NO，I do not think “being beauty” is the most desirable quality ,it is a better desirable quality, not the best one.You known, being beauty can bring a lot of privilege ,but beautiful do not means you can get what ever you want.Women care about lots things ,beauty is only one of these things.8.“男才女貌”說明了怎樣的社會歧視?

People especially men, are more care about the extent of beauty about women.But people care less about mens out looking.People often think a beautiful women means this women is also good in other perspective.They do not care about a womens inner beauty.Or in other words ,men always measure women with their first singt.

第四篇：口語_資料_禮儀

Simulate a dialogue at a banquet between Chinese host and your business partner from other countries with help of the following information.As regards the introduction of Chinese famous dishes / snacks / local flavor, the introduction of Hot Dry Noodle is just an example for you to follow.Use other favorite food than the one given in your dialogue.Please also include in your dialogue a speech of toast.Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal length sticks used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China, and are now used in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam.Chopsticks are smoothed and frequently tapered, and are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood, or stainless steel.Chopsticks are held in the dominant hand, between the thumb and fingers, and used to pick up pieces of food.To use chopsticks, the lower chopstick is stationary, and rests at the base of the thumb, and between the ring finger and middle finger.The second chopstick is held like a pencil, using the tips of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and it is moved while eating, to pull food into the grasp of the chopsticks.Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.Chinese etiquette ? When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth.? It is acceptable to transfer food to closely related people(e.g.grandparents, parents, spouse, children, or significant others)if they are having difficulty picking up the food.Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts.Often, family members will transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to a relative's bowl as a sign of caring.A variation of this is to transfer the food whilst using one's own bowl as a ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ?

?

?

? support, underneath the food and chopsticks to keep food from falling or dripping, then transferring from there to a relative's bowl.It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl;beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.It is impolite to spear food with a chopstick.Anything too difficult to be handled with chopsticks is traditionally eaten with a spoon.It is considered poor etiquette to point rested chopsticks towards others seated at the table.Chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the ritual of incense-burning that symbolizes “feeding” the dead and death in general.Holding chopsticks incorrectly will reflect badly on a child's parents, who have the responsibility of teaching their children.Traditionally, everyone would use their own chopsticks to take food from the dishes to their own bowl, or to pass food from the dishes to the elders' or guests' bowls.Today, serving chopsticks(公筷, “community-use chopsticks”)are used.These are used to take food directly from serving dishes;they are returned to the dishes after one has served oneself.When seated for a meal, it is common custom to allow elders to take up their chopsticks before anyone else.Chopsticks should not be used upside-down;it is “acceptable” to use them 'backwards' to stir or transfer the dish to another plate(if the person does not intend to eat it).This method is used only if there are no serving chopsticks.One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor form.Resting chopsticks at the top of the bowl means “I've finished”.Resting chopsticks on the side of one's bowl or on a chopstick stand signifies one is merely taking a break from eating.As in China, there is a specific seating order to every formal dinner, based on seniority and company hierarchy.The seat of honor, reserved for the guest with the highest status or a foreign guest of honor, is usually the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Others with higher status then sit in close proximity to the seat of honor, while those with lower positions sit further away.The host takes the least prominent seat, generally the one nearest the kitchen entrance or service door.The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year, which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly.In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly.This adds up to 1.66 million cubic meters of timber or 25 million fully grown trees every year.In April 2006, the People's Republic of China imposed a five percent tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by over-consumption.This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China, which account for over 90% of the Japanese market.American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using sweet gum and poplar wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and are appealing to Asian consumers.The USA also has an abundance of wood, reducing the number of trees that are cut down in Asia.+++++++++++++++++++++

All the world is divided into three parts-finger-feeders, chopstick feeders and fork feeders.WHy people fall into these categories, however, is a mystery.Fork-feeders are most numerous in Europe, North America and Latin America;chopstick-feeders in most of eastern Asia;and finger-feeders in much Africa, Middle East, Indonesia and India.This means that fork feeders are outnumbered two to one.Fork-users have historically been in the minority.People have eaten with their fingers for most of human existence.As little as three centuries ago, most Western Europeans still used their fingers.French historian Fernanad Braudel tells of a preacher in Germany who lived during the Middle Ages.The preacher thought the fork was evil and called it a “diabolical luxury”;God would not have given us fingers if he had wished us to use such an instrument.Fork user and chopstick won favor because they made it easier to handle hot food.Before these instrument, people usually ate hot food with a piece of flat bread.The exception was in China, where flat bread was probably not eaten.According to Dr.K.Chang of Harvard University, Chinese food was served in small portions which didn't require cutting with a knife or fork.These was, however, a need for food to be carried from bowl to mouth, and chopsticks came along to meet that need.The fork made its way to Western tables several hundred years later, but it wasn't immediately accepted.Forks were used for many years in Europe and Near East, but only as kitchen implements.Although the fork entered society on the tables o rich and well-born, many members of royalty, including Elizabeth I of England and Louis XIV of France, ate with their fingers.What is the best way of getting food into the mouth? How you are eating food and why? ++++++++++++++++++ The Western pattern diet, also called Western dietary pattern or the meat-sweet diet, is a dietary habit chosen by many people in some developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries.It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high-fat foods, and refined grains.It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks, and higher intakes of processed meat.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining

In most traditional Chinese dining, dishes are communal.Although both square and rectangular tables are used for small groups of people, round tables are preferred for large groups, particularly in restaurants, in order to permit easy sharing.Lazy Susans are a common feature.A basic place-setting consists of a small teacup;a large plate with a small, empty rice bowl;a set of chopsticks, usually on the right of the plate;and a spoon.Additions may include a chopstick holder;a large water or wine glass;and a smaller glass for baijiu.At homes and low-end restaurants, napkins may consist of tissues or rolls of toilet paper on the table or need to be provided by the diner.High-end restaurants often provide cloth napkins similar to western dining as part of the place-setting.In all settings, toothpicks may be provided at each setting or in a communal holder.Courses Wide variations exist throughout China, but the vast majority of full-course dinners are very similar in terms of timing and dishes.Snacks Snacks are the first items presented.Two or more small dishes are brought to the table, holding boiled unsalted peanuts, salted roasted peanuts, pickled vegetables, or similar dishes.These may be consumed while ordering or while waiting for other dishes to arrive.Beverages Tea is almost always provided, either in advance of the diners' being seated or immediately afterward.It can be consumed at leisure throughout the meal.(Water is sometimes served, but tea is the default beverage.)A verbal thank you(謝謝)may be offered to the server pouring the refill or, if in the middle of a conversation where it would be rude to interrupt the speaker, the table may be tapped twice with two bent fingers instead.Other drinks are not typically ordered in advance of the food and are usually served by the pitcher or large bottle, to be poured into the glasses on the table.Bottles of beer and baijiu will similarly be opened and left on the table among the diners, to be shared among their glasses.In many areas, it is common to offer alcoholic beverages only to the adult men among the diners, although women may request to be served as well.Main course This typically consists of many dishes, usually roughly one dish per person.White rice is provided in small bowls and food is often consumed over it, flavoring it with their sauces.The rice is consumed little by little along with the other dishes and not separately, unless the diner remains hungry after the last dish has been removed.A soup may also be served as one of the dishes.At small meals, especially at home, it may replace the diners' beverage entirely.Starch Near the end of the meal, a starch dish – noodles, Chinese dumplings, or baozi – is sometimes served.Dessert Sweet after-dinner desserts are not a part of traditional Chinese meals but are becoming more common, especially among younger diners and among the Shanghainese, who are well known in China for their sweet tooth.Digestive or palate-cleansing snacks such as red bean soup or small watermelon slices remain more common at formal Chinese dinners, though, and many restaurants do not even offer dessert.Manners and customs

Eating is a dominant aspect of Chinese culture and eating out is one of the most common ways to honor guests, socialize, and deepen friendships.Proper etiquette is very important to traditional Chinese people, who feel good manners invite luck and boorish conduct shame.Although many Maoist programs aimed to curtail traditional social practices, today table etiquette is again taken as an indication of educational status, so that(for example)a child misusing her chopsticks at a formal dinner might embarrass her family, who are responsible for teaching her.Inviting guests Although individual households may have their own house rules, the Chinese traditions used to welcome guests are the largely same throughout the country.[3][4] There are common rules for inviting guests over.When the guest of honor enters into the room, the hosts stand until the guest of honor is seated.The host then orders the dishes brought, and the guest should be silent.When the dishes arrive, the meal begins with a toast from the host, and the guests then make a toast in turn in the honor of the host.The guest of honor should be the first one to start the meal.The best food in a dish should be left for the guest of honor.Seating Seating arrangement is one of the most important parts of Chinese dining etiquette.The seat of honor is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to this position and those of lower position sit further away.The seat to the guest of honor's left is slightly more prestigious than that to his right.During the Qing dynasty, the arrangements could be quite complex but were generally ordered(1)members of the imperial government,(2)members of the local government,(3)other local leaders(such as heads of trade associations), and(4)other commoners.Today, when a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.Dining Drinking Water and other non-alcoholic beverages may be consumed at anytime.However, in formal settings, alcohol should be consumed during toasts.A modest toast may be followed by a single sip of wine or swallow of beer, but a baijiu toast is often ended with Ganbei!(干杯): an exhortation to drain the glass.Ideally, glasses are refilled immediately following a toast in preparation for the next.Toasting During the first toast of the night, particularly when addressed to everyone present, all stand.Women and children do not normally drink alcohol, even when the toast is being made with baijiu, but participate in the toast with whatever beverage they have.If the guests are few in number, or are seated at a small table, touching glasses is common.At a large table or when the toastees are too great in number or too far away, this is impossible and simply raising a glass is acceptable.A variant is to tap the bottom of the glass against the table, whereupon the toastee will do the same.This acts as a substitute for touching glasses.Toasts and counter-toasts continue to be made throughout the dinner.At large settings, it is customary for the guests of honor and host to visit each table(or be visited by each table)for a personal toast.If the guest of honor is not elderly or of considerably greater status, the other guests may sometimes collude to toast him individually in order to cause him to become drunk.Lazy Susan

A lazy Susan is a circular rotating tray placed at the center of a table and used to easily share a large number of dishes among the diners.A lazy Susan can be made from many materials, but most often are constructed of glass, wood, or plastic.It is typically for all the dishes for a course to be brought out together and placed around the lazy Susan.If the dishes come out one at a time or if there is some special delicacy, they are typically served to the guest of honor first and then rotated clockwise around the table.The host will often wait to serve himself last.Dishes should typically not be removed from the lazy Susan and placed on the table: at most, one should hold the dish aloft while serving and then return it to its place on the tray.One should try to avoid moving the lazy Susan even slightly when someone is in the act of transferring food from the dishes to their plate or bowl.Likewise, it is impolite to hoard or use up all of a dish until it has been offered to everyone and the other diners clearly do not care for it.For this reason, it is common to take a smaller amount from the dishes on the first round and to keep the other diners in mind when taking a larger second helping.Chopsticks Anybody who doesn't know how to use chopsticks is generally considered a “mongoloid,” and they are heavily frowned upon by society.It is akin to being a leper in Western culture.Personal Since chopsticks(and spoons)are used in place of forks and knives, Chinese cuisine tends to serve dishes in bite-size pieces or employ cooking techniques that render dishes such as fish or hong shao rou soft enough to be picked apart easily.Some common etiquette is: ? Avoid holding the chopsticks in such a way as to point your index or(worse)middle finger at the other diners, as this is a sign of anger or censure(仙人指路)? Chopsticks should always be the same length and held so that the ends are even, a practice popularly explained as due to the former use of uneven boards(三長兩短)in Chinese coffins ? Similarly, do not leave chopsticks sticking upright out of dishes, owing to a Chinese practice of leaving such dishes for the dead.? Do not chew on the ends of chopsticks, even if they are plastic.? Chopsticks are not used to move bowls or plates.? Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum.It implies you are a beggar or a child.? Treat chopsticks as extension of your fingers.It is impolite to use them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around.? Unless they are disposable, chopsticks will be washed and reused.Consequently, don't use them to pick at your teeth or for other unseemly endeavors.? Avoid spearing food with the chopsticks.? One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor manners.? When not in use, and if the restaurant provides them, place the front end of the chopsticks on the chopstick rests.These are usually small ceramic rests placed near your napkin on the right hand side of your bowl.Communal

Photo showing serving chopsticks(gongkuai)on the far right, personal chopsticks(putongkuai)in the middle, and a spoon.Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones.At most formal meals, there are likely pairs of communal serving chopsticks(公筷, gongkuai).These are sets of chopsticks specifically for shared dishes only.Often, these will be distinct from the putongkuai(regular chopsticks)in that they will be longer and more ornate.There will sometimes be one set of communal chopsticks per dish or one set per course.The ratio varies.? If there are communal chopsticks available, do not use your personal ones in shared dishes.While that is a common practice in China, by having communal chopsticks at the table, your hosts are expecting you to use them.Using your personal chopsticks when there are communal chopsticks available is considered rude and unhygienic, as you are transferring your saliva with your chopsticks.If you accidentally start using the shared chopsticks as your own, as soon as you notice it, quickly apologize for it and ask if it would be possible to obtain another pair of shared chopsticks.? If there are no communal chopsticks, some hosts prefer you to use the thick end of your chopsticks for the shared dishes.This again avoids transferring saliva into the common dishes.? If in doubt about the communal chopsticks situation, watch what the others do, using small talk if necessary to stall for time.? Once the tips of the chopsticks have touched food, do not leave them on the table.Since communal chopsticks may not have their own chopstick rests, you may need to rest it against the edge of the dish.As with personal chopsticks, though, do not place them upright in the food itself.Tea

? Hold the teapot lid in place when pouring the tea from ceramic or porcelain teapots.Unlike metal teapots, the lids are not attached on ceramic teapots, and they will fall out.? One should not point the spout of the teapot directly at others: this has the same as using the finger to point at somebody, which is considered very impolite;sometimes, it also means that this person(the one being pointed at)is not welcome in the house.Obviously, at a circular table, the teapot mouth must point at someone, but it is not supposed to point directly to the person on the left or right of the teapot.Across a table does not count, so it is fine.? When someone is using a teapot to pour tea for the others, he should hold the teapot with his right hand and press the teapot lid with another hand to show his honour and sedateness.This also prevents the teapot lid from falling into the cup or onto the table.? If you are getting tea for yourself, make sure to ask others first, if they would like some more tea.Then serve yourself after you have served them.? If you are not pouring your own tea, but at a restaurant where the service attentative, in the region of south China(especially Canton and Hong Kong)the one who gets the tea uses the knuckles of his first and middle fingers to tap the table two or three times to show his thankfulness.This looks similar to knocking on a door, but don't knock as heavily as if it were a door.It is a tap, not a knock;the motion resembles a knock.? Using the tea to force the visitor out(Chinese: 端茶送客): there was a rule in Qing Dynasty’s officialdom as “the tea that given by the boss shouldn't be taken”.If the boss give tea to his subordinate by his own hands(normally that would given by a servant), that means he is impatient to the subordinate, and the subordinate should leave immediately.If the boss is visiting the subordinate by his house, the subordinate must not give the tea to the boss by his own hands, either, because that’s very impolite and means to force the visitor out.? When the tea has run out, and requires more hot water, you may leave the lid ajar but still on the teapot—this is a signal for the attendant to refill the teapot.Do not entirely remove the lid and then place the lid of the teapot on the table directly.The lid touching the table is allowing good luck to escape, and also the table might be dirty.Do not leave a teapot with the lid ajar in the middle of the table.It should be towards the side of the table so that the attendant may refill it without reaching across patrons in an invasive/taking manner.Toothpick etiquette Unlike the many nations in the West, a hand must be placed over the mouth while using a toothpick in order to conceal the action.Not doing so is considered rude.Used toothpicks should be placed on a part of your bowl or plate that you do not intend to use again later.They should not be left on the tablecloth for the waitress to then have to pick, nor thrown on the floor.Throwing toothpicks on the floor is rude to the restaurant.Throwing toothpicks on the tablecloth is inconsiderate to the servers.Bill

In most restaurants in Chinese countries, there is no tip required unless it is explicitly posted.Usually, if there is a tip required, it will already be on your bill.In Chinese restaurants in the USA though, tips are usually expected.If you are not certain, ask the waitress or watch the other customers.Guests should not truly “split the bill” with the host.A guest who “split(s)the bill” is very ungracious and embarrassing to the host.If you do not accept the host paying for the bill, it is implying that the host cannot afford it or you do not accept the friendship or hospitality of the host.However, it is expected for the guest to offer to pay for the meal multiple times, but ultimately allow the host to pay.It is also unacceptable to not make any attempt to “fight for” the bill.Not fighting for the bill means you think that the host owes that meal to you somehow.Therefore, if you are the guest, always fight for the bill but never win it on the first meal in your host's hometown.After the first meal at your host's hometown, and sometime before you leave, it is customary to bring the host's family to a meal out to thank them for your stay if you did not bring initial small presents for them when you arrived.For that meal, you may pay, but you must request your host's attendance and cooperation with allowing you to cover that particular meal.If you and an acquaintance are on a business trip, it is acceptable to split the bill, but more common to rotate who pays for the meal, with meals of similar cost.Though it is a rotation, there is still the same mock-fight for the bill.The difference is that you may say, “Fine fine, since you are my elder, this is fine this time, but the next meal, I cover.” Or something to that effect and pay for the next meal.This rotation does not have to be a meal necessarily.For example, you may rotate a meal and a game of golf.The key to the rotation being viewed as acceptable or not, is the enjoyment both parties actually get from the activity, and the approximate cost.Golf would not be an acceptable rotation if the other person does not enjoy golf, is rather bad at it while you are excellent at it, etc.Hot dry noodles, also known as reganmian, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province in central China.“Reganmian” has a long history in Chinese food culture for 80 years.It is a typical breakfast food in Wuhan, and is often sold in street carts in residential areas.Breakfasts such as Reganmian are available from as early as 5am and are served until midnight(breakfast turns into snacks at night)in Wuhan.The noodle is inexpensive thus remaining as a popular breakfast choice in Wuhan.The recipe for hot dry noodles is different from cold noodles and noodles in soup.Firstly mix the cooked noodles with oil and dry them.When they are about to be eaten, scald the prepared noodles in boiled water, mix them with condiments, and the noodles will be ready to eat.The finished hot dry noodles are firm and chewy, golden and oily, savory and fresh.It is made of noodles called jianmian(堿面)with a mixture of sauces and dried vegetables.Many stalls that make reganmian will have their own variations in seasoning, creating signature tastes for individual stands or localities.Reganmian restaurants stand all over the city.Among them, Cai Lin Ji(蔡林記)is the most time-honored.Established in 1930, Cai Lin Ji survives much competition and wins the current reputation with its selected materials and refined processing techniques.It has over 20 chain stores in Wuhan.The typical bowl of reganmian will have soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables, chopped garlic chives and chili oil.Reganmian is a popular local breakfast sold in road-side stalls or from push-carts.Reganmian is popular for locals for every season of the year as breakfast, lunch, dinner or just a snack.Wuhan's reganmian, along with Shanxi's daoxiaomian(刀削面: knife-cut noodles), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as “China's five famous noodles.” In 2013, Wuhan Reganmian was rated No.1 in a contest for China's Top 10 famous noodles.

第五篇：口語考試

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院國貿(mào)系08級口語考試練習(xí)話題

1.Suppose you were to graduate soon.You were offered two jobs: one matches your interest but does not pay well enough;the other job can bring you a considerable amount of money and nothing else.What is your decision and why?（假設(shè)你即將畢業(yè)，有兩份工作供你選擇：一份是你感興趣的工作，但是待遇不是那么豐厚；另外一份能給你帶來可觀的收入，但是除此以外，什么都沒有。你會做出怎樣的決定，為什么？）

2.Do you agree to the statement that “For college students, developing social abilities is as important as studying knowledge well”?（你同意這樣“對于大學(xué)生，發(fā)展社會技能與學(xué)習(xí)知識一樣重要”的觀點(diǎn)或者說法嗎？）

3.Nowadays more and more adults go back to school to recharge themselves with knowledge.In your opinion what are the main reasons for them to do so?（現(xiàn)如今，越來越多的成年人回歸大學(xué)去充實(shí)他們的知識，依你看來，他們這樣做的主要原因是什么？）

4.Nowadays there is a boom in celebrating foreign festivals among Chinese youngsters, what do you think of it?（當(dāng)今，中國年輕人慶祝外國節(jié)日成為越來月流行，你是怎樣看待它的？）

5.It is everyone’s duty to protect environment.As college students what can you do to protect environment?（保護(hù)環(huán)境是大家的責(zé)任嗎？作為一個大學(xué)生，你能為保護(hù)環(huán)境做些什么？）

6.Tsinghua University vice president Yuan Si stirred up some controversy when he announced during a visit to New York that Tsinghua intends to attract top-tier students from all over the world by offering substantial scholarships similar to those of US universities.Will financial aid alone attract top foreign students?（清華大學(xué)副校長XX掀起了一場爭論，當(dāng)他在紐約拜訪時發(fā)表了關(guān)于清華想要利用與一些美國大學(xué)相似的提供豐厚獎學(xué)金的途徑去吸引全球優(yōu)秀拔尖的大學(xué)生到清華。僅僅這樣的財(cái)政策略能吸引到國外優(yōu)秀學(xué)生嗎？）

7.Most freshmen attend job fairs to gain interview experience or to try to make a good impression on potential future employers.Do you think it is useful to them or not?（許多剛畢業(yè)的新人參加很多就業(yè)招聘會去積累面試經(jīng)驗(yàn)或者試圖以這樣的形式為未來潛在的雇傭人建立一個好印象。你認(rèn)為這樣的行為對他們是否有用？）

8.Plastic bags make a mess on Mother Earth.How could we do to stop it?（塑料袋把我們的地球母親弄得很糟糕，我們怎么做才能阻止這樣的情況？）

9.America's suburbs are now more likely to be home to minorities, the poor and a rapidly

growing older population according to an analysis of census date from 2000-08.The suburbs have experienced what they call a white flight.Does China exist the same phenomenon?（現(xiàn)在少數(shù)美國人更喜歡居住帶美國的近郊區(qū)，由于貧窮和根據(jù)2008年8月的人口普查分析可看出的迅速增長的老齡人口。這些郊區(qū)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為他們嘴里稱呼的凈土。中國也存在這相同的現(xiàn)象嗎？）

10.The world economy is placing a bet on the future with China, but some young Chinese

are placing their bets on--plastic.When young people use their credit card, do they think twice about their ability to pay it off?（世界經(jīng)濟(jì)把將來寄希望與中國，但是一些中國年輕人寄希望與他們的信用卡。當(dāng)年輕人使用他們的信用卡的時候，他們是否認(rèn)真考慮過他們有沒有能力去償還支付這些金額呢？）

11.If you are a manager or an office director, what factors should be considered when

hosting the foreign visitors, guests or a meeting?（如果你是經(jīng)理或者辦公室主要人，當(dāng)在招待外國來賓貴客或者主持會議時，應(yīng)該考慮到哪些因素？）

12.Entertaining clients is not as easy as it sounds.It's not just fine dinning and attending

enjoyable events.What other things would you do?（招待客人不像它聽起來那么容易。他它不僅僅是愉快的晚宴和出息有趣的項(xiàng)目。你還會做哪些其他的事情？）

13.Is packing one of the important ways to realize the value of commodities? How?（包裝是辨別商品價值的重要途徑之一嗎？怎樣解釋？）

15.How to handle complaint(申訴，索賠)?（怎樣對待處理索賠？）

14.What is the function of cargo transport insurance?（貨物運(yùn)輸保險的作用或者功效是什么？）

16.What rules should you follow about the success of a job interview?（你認(rèn)為哪些是面試成功要遵循的條件或者規(guī)矩？）

17.What are the communication skills? State out some tips.（溝通技巧有哪些方面？請例舉幾條）

18.How to handle the presentation? Give out some suggestions.（怎樣處理好產(chǎn)品說明或者情況介紹？請給出一些建議）

19.When you deal with the business, how many stages does negotiation undergo usually?

What are they? Describe one of them in details at least.（當(dāng)你在做生意時，通常談判要

經(jīng)歷多少個階段？分別是那些階段，至少詳細(xì)描述其中一個。）

20.How do you understand the two classes of agent: selling agents and buying agents for

business purposes?（你是怎樣理解這兩種代理：銷售代理和采購商代理在商業(yè)上的目的？）