第一篇：基于Freescale HCS12系列單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)搶答器外文翻譯

外文資料原文

Design and Implement of Responder Based on Freescale HCS12

Single Chip Microcomputer

Responder is also known as the first signal discriminator, which is widely used in various competitions.It can judge the number of the first player accurately, fairly and intuitively.Currently, a variety of quiz responder has emerged on the market, in which a small responder is commonly designed with small-scale digital integrated circuit.Although the technology hasbeenquitemature,but it is simple function, low intelligence, high fault, simple display, less flexibility, not convenience for upgrade, it has been unable to meet all kinds of requirements for intellectualcompetitionsandvariety shows.Therefore, it is necessary to develop some kinds of responder which are more suitable for applications.In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, the applications of single-chip microcomputer are becoming widely, which promotes the development of traditional measurement and control technology.In this paper, Freescale HCS12 [1-3] is designed as a core component to achieve an intelligent digital responder with 8-channel [4-8], it has some breakthroughs on technology, function and other aspects, comparing with the past responder.It is characterized by simple structure, powerful, good reliability, practicability, so that the competition can really carried out on just, fair and open rules.The basic functions of responder designed in this paper are:

(1)The system can limit the competition time and answer time of the alarm;

(2)The system can identify the answer signal and identify the player's number;

(3)The system can calculate score for each player and display the scores.Responder can accommodate 8 players numbered 1 to 8.In addition, LED digital tubes are designed to display the latched data.After race host clears the system, if participants press switch, and after answer is certificated whether it is correct or not,thenumberoffirstplayertoanswer in action is immediately shown by digital tubes.Responder should have a strong ability to distinguish players to answer in the action, its resolution reaches at least a few ms

After the requirements and functions of responder are analyzed, the following circuits are required in general:

1、Responder circuit

The circuit has two functions: one is to identify the number of the player who press button, and to save the number;the other is to prohibit the other players from buttoning or to make other1

buttons not available2、Timing circuits

Host can set competition time and answer time by the time pre-set-circuit.If nobody can answer question within the set time, all players will not get score, then the host will announce the answer.Besides, if someone gets the chance to answer the question, but does not give the right result before the allowable time, he or she won't get the score, the overtime signal will be also send, the host will declare the right answer.Freescale HCS12contains timer module, the timer module can be directly used.3、Overtime circuit

HCS12 will send overtime signal when time goes beyond the set time, this signal will be transferred to the PC computer by the serial port.The next question will be proceeded to answer.4、Scores count and display circuit.When host presses the answer key, it is time to start to answer, if one player presses the answer key, his or her number will be recorded, his or her score will be counted and displayed on the LED digital tubes.Bedside the circuits designed above, some necessary logic

designs are also necessary.The logic designs are as following:

First, the host will read the question which will show in the LCD;next, the PC computer will send letter “k”, which means that play is beginning to competition.At the same time, timing circuit starts to work, if nobody gets the chance to answer the question within permitted time, microcontroller will send the word “chao shi” to PC computer;If someone presses the competition key within the specified time, microcontroller will send his or her number.If the time goes beyond the permitted time, PC computer will send “next” which means turning to the next question, the next question will be automatically showed to answer.If some player gets the chance to answer the question, his or her number and scores will decrease 1 automatically and show in the digitaltubes,then microcontroller sends “next” to go on the next question.If the score is few than 0 after decreasing, player is eliminated.The right answer will show on the LCD.Finally, if all the questions are done, microcontroller will send “e” to end the game, then the scores of all players will be computed, the highest one will be shown on the digital tubes.Responder hardware is firstly designed;Responder hardware is taken directly from the hardware resources of Freescale HCS12 development board developed by Suzhou University.The development board takes MC9S12DG128 as the core, using modular design approach, it extracts part of I/O resources,and it also provides each module with a corresponding interface circuit.It also provides A/D input channels, PWM low-pass filter circuits, 16-key keyboard input channels,8-bit digital I/O circuits, SPI I/O circuits, SCI communication circuits,IC but I/O expansion

circuits and so.In this paper, the hardware modules, the pin connections and the corresponding interfaces of the development board are listed and unified to redesign by actual needs of the system.Before the start of the main program, the total interruptions are turned off and each module is initialized.The initialization of each module has been done in the corresponding initialization subprogram of each module.Here we only need call the corresponding initialization subprogram.After the initialization of each module is completed,the total interruptions should be turned on.The main body of the main program is a loop structure;there are also several sub-cycles in the main loop, which are used for the cycle waiting of each loop.After the completion of the initialization, the system has been waited for the signal of competition start with the circular mode until the signal comes.When this signal is received, the system checks whether the cycle time is overtime, if it is overtime, the system changes to the next question, otherwise, the system checks the competition signal, if some player competes to answer, then the system checks whether the answer time is out, if the time is not out, the system judges whether the result is true, if the result is right, the player is added 1 point, otherwise, the player is subtracted 1 point, and the system enters the next question.To the player whose score will be subtracted, the system needs to check whether the score is low than 0, if it does, this player's input channel is turned off.To be noted that, if the competition flag is 1, it should be cleared

Responder is one of the essential devices in various knowledge and intellectual contests, the development of better and more intelligent digital responder is very significant.Responder designed in this paper can achieve a responder's basic functions through experimental prototype testing.It reaches the design target with reasonable design, simple structure, good commonality, strong function, reliable answer and quick reaction.However, as hardware limitations of development board, some functions have not been able to achieve, such as the development board does not have enough LED digital tubes to display all player's scores simultaneously, the host can not adjust answer time according the difficulty of the question and so on.These issues will remain to be addressed in future development.外文資料譯文

基于Freescale HCS12系列單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)搶答器

搶答器也被稱為第一信號鑒別器，它被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種比賽。它可以判斷一個(gè)選手的數(shù)量準(zhǔn)確，公正，直觀。目前，有多種搶答器已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在市場上，在其中一個(gè)小的搶答器通常用小規(guī)模數(shù)字集成電路設(shè)計(jì)。雖然該技術(shù)已相當(dāng)成熟，但它功能簡單，智能低，高容錯(cuò)，顯示簡單，靈活性較差，不便于進(jìn)行升級，它已經(jīng)無法滿足各種智力競賽，綜藝節(jié)目的要求。因此，有必要開發(fā)一些種類的搶答器，可以更適合的應(yīng)用。

近年來，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用正在變得廣泛，從而促進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)的測量和控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展。在本文中，飛思卡爾的HCS12 [ 1-3 ]被設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)核心組成部分，實(shí)現(xiàn)了智能數(shù)字搶答器與8通道[ 4-8 ]，但對技術(shù)，功能等方面有所突破，與過去相比響應(yīng)。它的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，功能強(qiáng)大，可靠性好，實(shí)用性，從而使比賽能夠真正進(jìn)行了公正，公平，公開的規(guī)則。

搶答器的設(shè)計(jì)本文的基本功能是：

（1）該系統(tǒng)可以限制競爭時(shí)間和回答的報(bào)警時(shí)間;

（2）該系統(tǒng)能識別應(yīng)答信號并確定該選手的號碼;

（3）該系統(tǒng)可以計(jì)算每個(gè)選手的分?jǐn)?shù)，并顯示分?jǐn)?shù)。

搶答器可容納8名選手編號為1到8。此外，LED數(shù)碼管的設(shè)計(jì)，顯示鎖存數(shù)據(jù)。之后的比賽主持人清除系統(tǒng)中，如果選手按下開關(guān)，無論之后的回答是否正確，第一個(gè)選手在行動回答的數(shù)目是由數(shù)碼管立即顯示。搶答器應(yīng)具有較強(qiáng)的分辨能力的選手在動作來回答，其分辨率達(dá)到至少幾毫秒后響應(yīng)方的要求和功能進(jìn)行了分析，下面的電路是必需的，一般：

1、搶答器電路

該電路有兩個(gè)功能：一個(gè)是確定誰按下按鈕，播放器的數(shù)量，并保存號碼，另一種是從扣扣禁止的其他選手或作出其他按鈕不可用

2時(shí)序電路

主機(jī)可以設(shè)置比賽時(shí)間和時(shí)間預(yù)先設(shè)定電路答題時(shí)間。如果沒有人能在設(shè)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)回答問題，所有選手都不會得到分?jǐn)?shù)，那么主機(jī)將公布答案。此外，如果有人得到機(jī)會來回答這個(gè)問題，但在允許的時(shí)間之前沒有給出正確的結(jié)果，他或她不會得到分?jǐn)?shù)，加班的信號也會被發(fā)送，主機(jī)將宣布正確答案。飛思卡爾HCS12包含定時(shí)模塊，定時(shí)模塊，可直接使用。

3、加班電路

HCS12將發(fā)送超時(shí)信號，當(dāng)時(shí)間超過設(shè)定的時(shí)間，這個(gè)信號將通過串口傳送到PC機(jī)。接下來的問題將進(jìn)行回答。

4、評分計(jì)數(shù)和顯示電路。

當(dāng)主持人按下了搶答鍵，表示開始回答，如果一個(gè)選手按下了搶答鍵，他或她的編號將

被記錄，他或她的分?jǐn)?shù)將計(jì)算并顯示在LED數(shù)碼管顯示。

設(shè)計(jì)也是必要的。邏輯設(shè)計(jì)是如下：

首先，主機(jī)會讀取這將在LCD顯示的問題，其次，PC機(jī)將發(fā)送字母“K”，這意味著該劇開始競爭。與此同時(shí)，定時(shí)電路開始工作，如果沒有人得到機(jī)會允許的時(shí)間內(nèi)回答問題，微控制器會發(fā)出單詞“超市”到PC電腦，如果有人按下指定時(shí)間內(nèi)競爭的關(guān)鍵，單片機(jī)將送他或她的編號。如果時(shí)間超出了允許的時(shí)間，PC機(jī)將發(fā)送“下一步”，這意味著將目光轉(zhuǎn)向了下一個(gè)問題，下一個(gè)問題將被自動顯示來回答。如果某些選手都有機(jī)會來回答這個(gè)問題，他或她的編號和成績將自動減少1，并顯示在數(shù)碼管，然后單片機(jī)發(fā)送“下一步”繼續(xù)下一個(gè)問題。如果分?jǐn)?shù)是幾比0后下降，選手被淘汰。正確的答案將顯示在LCD上。最后，如果所有的問題都做了，微控制器會發(fā)出“E”來結(jié)束比賽，然后所有選手的分?jǐn)?shù)將被計(jì)算，最高的一位將在數(shù)碼管顯示。

搶答器的硬件首先設(shè)計(jì);搶答器的硬件是由飛思卡爾HCS12開發(fā)板由蘇州大學(xué)開發(fā)的硬件資源直接服用。該開發(fā)板采用MC9S12DG128為核心，采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法，它提取的I / O資源的一部分，而且還提供了每個(gè)模塊有相應(yīng)的接口電路。它還提供了A / D輸入通道，PWM低通濾波電路，16鍵鍵盤輸入通道，8位數(shù)字I / O電路，SPI的I / O電路，SCI通信電路，集成電路，但I(xiàn) / O擴(kuò)展電路和所以在本文中，硬件模塊的引腳連接和開發(fā)板的相應(yīng)接口列，統(tǒng)一由系統(tǒng)的實(shí)際需要重新設(shè)計(jì)。

在主節(jié)目的開始之前，總中斷被關(guān)閉，每個(gè)模塊被初始化。每個(gè)模塊的初始化中的每個(gè)模塊的相應(yīng)初始化子程序已經(jīng)完成。在這里，我們只需要調(diào)用相應(yīng)的初始化子程序。每個(gè)模塊的初始化完成后，總的中斷應(yīng)當(dāng)接通。主程序的主體是一個(gè)環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu);也有幾個(gè)子周期在主循環(huán)中，其中用于每個(gè)循環(huán)的周期的等待。在完成初始化后，系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)等待了比賽開始的信號與圓形模式，直到信號到來。當(dāng)接收到此信號后，系統(tǒng)會檢查周期時(shí)間是否加班，如果是加班時(shí)，系統(tǒng)切換到下一個(gè)問題，否則，系統(tǒng)會檢查的競爭信號，如果一些選手競爭來回答，然后系統(tǒng)會檢查是否答案時(shí)間是那樣，如果時(shí)間不超時(shí)，則系統(tǒng)判定結(jié)果是否為真，如果結(jié)果是正確的，播放器中加入1點(diǎn)，否則，選手被減去1點(diǎn)，并且系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入下一問題。給選手的分?jǐn)?shù)將被減去，系統(tǒng)需要檢查是否得分低是大于0，如果是的話，該選手的輸入通道被關(guān)閉。要注意的是，如果在競爭標(biāo)志為1時(shí)，它應(yīng)該被清除。

搶答器是在不同的知識和智力競賽的重要設(shè)備之一，更好，更智能數(shù)字應(yīng)答的發(fā)展是非常顯著。搶答器設(shè)計(jì)本文通過實(shí)驗(yàn)樣機(jī)的測試實(shí)現(xiàn)了搶答器的基本功能。

它達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)具有設(shè)計(jì)合理，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，通用性好，功能強(qiáng)，可靠的回應(yīng)和快速反應(yīng)。然而，由于開發(fā)板的硬件限制，有些功能未能實(shí)現(xiàn)，如開發(fā)板沒有足夠的LED數(shù)碼管同時(shí)顯示所有選手的分?jǐn)?shù)，主機(jī)可以根據(jù)問題的難度不會調(diào)整答題時(shí)間等。這些問題將繼續(xù)留在未來的發(fā)展加以解決。

第二篇：外文翻譯-變速器設(shè)計(jì)

汽車變速器設(shè)計(jì)

----------外文翻譯

我們知道，汽車發(fā)動機(jī)在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速下能夠達(dá)到最好的狀態(tài)，此時(shí)發(fā)出的功率比較大，燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性也比較好。因此，我們希望發(fā)動機(jī)總是在最好的狀態(tài)下工作。但是，汽車在使用的時(shí)候需要有不同的速度，這樣就產(chǎn)生了矛盾。這個(gè)矛盾要通過變速器來解決。

汽車變速器的作用用一句話概括，就叫做變速變扭，即增速減扭或減速增扭。為什么減速可以增扭，而增速又要減扭呢？設(shè)發(fā)動機(jī)輸出的功率不變，功率可以表示為 N = wT，其中w是轉(zhuǎn)動的角速度，T是扭距。當(dāng)N固定的時(shí)候，w與T是成反比的。所以增速必減扭，減速必增扭。汽車變速器齒輪傳動就根據(jù)變速變扭的原理，分成各個(gè)檔位對應(yīng)不同的傳動比，以適應(yīng)不同的運(yùn)行狀況。

一般的手動變速器內(nèi)設(shè)置輸入軸、中間軸和輸出軸，又稱三軸式，另外還有倒檔軸。三軸式是變速器的主體結(jié)構(gòu)，輸入軸的轉(zhuǎn)速也就是發(fā)動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速則是中間軸與輸出軸之間不同齒輪嚙合所產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)速。不同的齒輪嚙合就有不同的傳動比，也就有了不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。例如鄭州日產(chǎn)ZN6481W2G型SUV車手動變速器，它的傳動比分別是：1檔3.704:１；2檔2.202:1；3檔1.414:1；4檔1:1；5檔（超速檔）0.802:1。

當(dāng)汽車啟動司機(jī)選擇1檔時(shí)，撥叉將1/2檔同步器向后接合1檔齒輪并將它鎖定輸出軸上，動力經(jīng)輸入軸、中間軸和輸出軸上的1檔齒輪，1檔齒輪帶動輸出軸，輸出軸將動力傳遞到傳動軸上（紅色箭頭）。典型1檔變速齒輪傳動比是3:1,也就是說輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)3圈，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)1圈。

當(dāng)汽車增速司機(jī)選擇2檔時(shí)，撥叉將1/2檔同步器與1檔分離后接合2檔齒輪并鎖定輸出軸上，動力傳遞路線相似，所不同的是輸出軸上的1檔齒輪換成2檔齒輪帶動輸出軸。典型2檔變速齒輪傳動比是2.2:1，輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)2.2圈，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)1圈，比1檔轉(zhuǎn)速增加，扭矩降低。

當(dāng)汽車加油增速司機(jī)選擇3檔時(shí)，撥叉使1/2檔同步器回到空檔位置，又使3/4檔同步器移動直至將3檔齒輪鎖定在輸出軸上，使動力可以從軸入軸—中間軸—輸出軸上的3檔變速齒輪，通過3檔變速齒輪帶動輸出軸。典型3檔傳動比是1.7:1，輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)1.7圈，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)1圈，是進(jìn)一步的增速。

當(dāng)汽車加油增速司機(jī)選擇4檔時(shí)，撥叉將3/4檔同步器脫離3檔齒輪直接與輸入軸主動齒輪接合，動力直接從輸入軸傳遞到輸出軸，此時(shí)傳動比1:1，即輸出軸與輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速一樣。由于動力不經(jīng)中間軸，又稱直接檔，該檔傳動比的傳動效率最高。汽車多數(shù)運(yùn)行時(shí)間都用直接檔以達(dá)到最好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。

換檔時(shí)要先進(jìn)入空檔，變速器處于空檔時(shí)變速齒輪沒有鎖定在輸出軸上，它們不能帶動輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)動，沒有動力輸出。

一般汽車手動變速器傳動比主要分上述1－4檔，通常設(shè)計(jì)者首先確定最低（1檔）與最高（4檔）傳動比后，中間各檔傳動比一般按等比級數(shù)分配。另外，還有倒檔和超速檔，超速檔又稱為5檔。

當(dāng)汽車要加速超過同向汽車時(shí)司機(jī)選擇5檔，典型5檔傳動比是0.87:1，也就是用大齒輪帶動小齒輪，當(dāng)主動齒輪轉(zhuǎn)0.87圈時(shí)，被動齒輪已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)完1圈了。

倒檔時(shí)輸出軸要向相反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果一對齒輪嚙合時(shí)大家反向旋轉(zhuǎn)，中間加上一個(gè)齒輪就會變成同向旋轉(zhuǎn)。利用這個(gè)原理，倒檔就要添加一個(gè)齒輪做“媒介”，將軸的轉(zhuǎn)動方向調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)，因此就有了一根倒檔軸。倒檔軸獨(dú)立裝在變速器殼內(nèi)，與中間軸平行，當(dāng)軸上齒輪分別與中間軸齒輪和輸出軸齒輪嚙合時(shí)，輸出

軸轉(zhuǎn)向會相反。

通常倒檔用的同步器也控制5檔的接合，所以5檔與倒檔位置是在同一側(cè)的。由于有中間齒輪，一般變速器倒檔傳動比大于1檔傳動比，增扭大，有些汽車遇到陡坡用前進(jìn)檔上不去就用倒檔開上去。

從駕駛平順性考慮，變速器檔位越多越好，檔位多相鄰檔間的傳動比的比值變化小，換檔容易而且平順。但檔位多的缺點(diǎn)就是變速器構(gòu)造復(fù)雜，體積大，現(xiàn)在輕型汽車變速器一般是4－5檔。同時(shí)，變速器傳動比都不是整數(shù)，而是都帶小數(shù)點(diǎn)的，這是因?yàn)閲Ш淆X輪的齒數(shù)不是整倍數(shù)所致，兩齒輪齒數(shù)是整倍數(shù)就會導(dǎo)致兩齒輪嚙合面磨損不均勻，使得輪齒表面質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生較大的差異。

手動變速器與同步器

手動變速器是最常見的變速器，簡稱MT。它的基本構(gòu)造用一句話概括，就是兩軸一中軸，即指輸入軸、軸出軸和中間軸，它們構(gòu)成了變速器的主體，當(dāng)然還有一根倒檔軸。手動變速器又稱手動齒輪式變速器，含有可以在軸向滑動的齒輪，通過不同齒輪的嚙合達(dá)到變速變扭目的。典型的手動變速器結(jié)構(gòu)及原理如下。

輸入軸也稱第一軸，它的前端花鍵直接與離合器從動盤的花鍵套配合，從而傳遞由發(fā)動機(jī)過來的扭矩。第一軸上的齒輪與中間軸齒輪常嚙合，只要軸入軸一轉(zhuǎn)，中間軸及其上的齒輪也隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。中間軸也稱副軸，軸上固連多個(gè)大小不等的齒輪。輸出軸又稱第二軸，軸上套有各前進(jìn)檔齒輪，可隨時(shí)在操縱裝置的作用下與中間軸的對應(yīng)齒輪嚙合，從而改變本身的轉(zhuǎn)速及扭矩。輸出軸的尾端有花鍵與傳動軸相聯(lián)，通過傳動軸將扭矩傳送到驅(qū)動橋減速器。

由此可知，變速器前進(jìn)檔位的驅(qū)動路徑是：輸入軸常嚙齒輪－中間軸常嚙齒輪－中間軸對應(yīng)齒輪－第二軸對應(yīng)齒輪。倒車軸上的齒輪也可以由操縱裝置撥動，在軸上移動，與中間軸齒輪和輸出軸齒輪嚙合,以相反的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向輸出。

多數(shù)汽車都有5個(gè)前進(jìn)檔和一個(gè)倒檔，每個(gè)檔位有一定的傳動比，多數(shù)檔位傳動比大于1，第4檔傳動比為1，稱為直接檔，而傳動比小于1的第5檔稱為加速檔?？諜n時(shí)輸出軸的齒輪處于非嚙合位置，無法接受動力傳輸。

由于變速器輸入軸與輸出軸以各自的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)，變換檔位時(shí)合存在一個(gè)“同步”問題。兩個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度不一樣齒輪強(qiáng)行嚙合必然會發(fā)生沖擊碰撞，損壞齒輪。因此，舊式變速器的換檔要采用“兩腳離合”的方式，升檔在空檔位置停留片刻，減檔要在空檔位置加油門，以減少齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速差。但這個(gè)操作比較復(fù)雜，難以掌握精確。因此設(shè)計(jì)師創(chuàng)造出“同步器”，通過同步器使將要嚙合的齒輪達(dá)到一致的轉(zhuǎn)速而順利嚙合。

目前全同步式變速器上采用的是慣性同步器，它主要由接合套、同步鎖環(huán)等組成，它的特點(diǎn)是依靠摩擦作用實(shí)現(xiàn)同步。接合套、同步鎖環(huán)和待接合齒輪的齒圈上均有倒角（鎖止角），同步鎖環(huán)的內(nèi)錐面與待接合齒輪齒圈外錐面接觸產(chǎn)生摩擦。鎖止角與錐面在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)已作了適當(dāng)選擇，錐面摩擦使得待嚙合的齒套與齒圈迅速同步，同時(shí)又會產(chǎn)生一種鎖止作用，防止齒輪在同步前進(jìn)行嚙合。當(dāng)同步鎖環(huán)內(nèi)錐面與待接合齒輪齒圈外錐面接觸后，在摩擦力矩的作用下齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速迅速降低（或升高）到與同步鎖環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)速相等，兩者同步旋轉(zhuǎn)，齒輪相對于同步鎖環(huán)的轉(zhuǎn)

速為零，因而慣性力矩也同時(shí)消失，這時(shí)在作用力的推動下，接合套不受阻礙地與同步鎖環(huán)齒圈接合，并進(jìn)一步與待接合齒輪的齒圈接合而完成換檔過程

自動變速器

自動變速器的選擋桿相當(dāng)于手動變速器的變速桿，一般有以下幾個(gè)擋位：P(停車)、R(倒擋)、N(空擋)、D(前進(jìn))、S(or2，即為2速擋)、L(or1，即為1速擋)。這幾個(gè)擋位的正確使用對于駕駛自動變速器汽車的人來說尤其重要，下面就讓我們一起來熟悉一下自動變速器各擋位的使用要領(lǐng)。



●P(停車擋)的使用

發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)只要選擋桿在行駛位置上，自動變速器汽車就很容易地行走。而停放時(shí)，選擋桿必須扳入P位，從而通過變速器內(nèi)部的停車制動裝置將輸出軸鎖住，并拉緊手制動，防止汽車移動。



●R(倒擋)的使用

R位為倒擋，使用中要切記，自動變速器汽車不像手動變速器汽車那樣能夠使用半聯(lián)動，故在倒車時(shí)要特別注意加速踏板的控制。



●N(空擋)的使用

N位相當(dāng)于空擋，可在起動時(shí)或拖車時(shí)使用。在等待信號或堵車時(shí)常常將選擋桿保持在D位，同時(shí)踩下制動。若時(shí)間很短，這樣做是允許的，但若停止時(shí)間長時(shí)最好換入N位，并拉緊手制動。因?yàn)檫x擋桿在行駛位置上，自動變速器汽車一般都有微弱的行駛趨勢，長時(shí)間踩住制動等于強(qiáng)行制止這種趨勢，使得變速器油溫升高，油液容易變質(zhì)。尤其在空調(diào)器工作、發(fā)動機(jī)怠速較高的情況下更為不利。有些駕駛員為了節(jié)油，在高速行駛或下坡時(shí)將選擋桿扳到N位滑行，這很容易燒壞變速器，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)變速器輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速很高，而發(fā)動機(jī)卻在怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，油泵供油不足，潤滑狀況惡化，易燒壞變速器。



●D(前進(jìn)擋)的使用

正常行駛時(shí)將選擋桿放在D位，汽車可在1～4擋(或3擋)之間自動換擋。D位是最常用的行駛位置。需要掌握的是：由于自動變速器是根據(jù)油門大小與車速高低來確定擋位的，所以加速踏板操作方法不同，換擋時(shí)的車速也不相同。如果起步時(shí)迅速將加速踏板踩下，升擋晚，加速能力強(qiáng)，到一定車速后，再將加速踏板很快松開，汽車就能立即升擋，這樣發(fā)動機(jī)噪聲小，舒適性好。

D位的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)制低擋，便于高速時(shí)超車，在D位行駛中迅速將加速踏板踩到底，接通強(qiáng)制低擋開關(guān)就能自動減擋，汽車很快加速，超車之后松

開加速踏板又可自動升擋。



●S、L位低擋的使用

自動變速器在S位或L位上處于低擋范圍，可以在坡道等情況下使用。下坡時(shí)換入S位或L位能充分利用發(fā)動機(jī)制動，避免車輪制動器過熱，導(dǎo)致制動效能下降。但是從D位換入S位或L位時(shí)，車速不能高于相應(yīng)的升擋車速，否則發(fā)動機(jī)會強(qiáng)烈振動，使變速器油溫急劇上升，甚至?xí)p壞變速器。



另外在雨霧天氣時(shí)，若路面附著條件差，可以換入S位或L位，固定在某一低擋行駛，不要使用能自動換擋的位置，以免汽車打滑。同時(shí)必須牢記，打滑時(shí)可將選擋桿推入N位，切斷發(fā)動機(jī)的動力，以保證行車安全。

原文：

Transmission design

As we all know,automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good.Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under.However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict.Transmission through this conflict to resolve.Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional.Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = wT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation, and T Niuju.When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the.Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase.Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions.General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis.Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed.Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed.For example Zhengzhourichan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1;stalls 2.202:1;stalls 1.414:1;stalls 1:1 5 stalls(speeding file)0.802: 1.When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft(red arrow).A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle.When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven.2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque.When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axisthe output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft.3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth.When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same.The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the

maximum transmission efficiency.Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy.Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they can not rotate the output shaft driven, not power output.General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum(one stall)and maximum(4 files)transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution.In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls.When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End.Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation.If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation.Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the “media” will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis.Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft.Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side.As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost.Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly.However, the shortcomings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls.At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference.Manual transmission and synchronizer

Manual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT.Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis.Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose.Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows.Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end Spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the Spline, by the transfer of torque from the engine.The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating.Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear.Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the

role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque.With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer.Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodentscorresponding intermediate shaft gear-the second axis corresponding gear.Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output.Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No.5 stall called accelerated stall.Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission.The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a “synchronous”.Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear.Therefore, the old transmission shift to a “feet-off” approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear.However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate.So designers create a “synchronized,” and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing.At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization.Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer(Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction.Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before.When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower(or higher)with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearbox The automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P(parking), R(pour to block), N(get empty to block), D(go forward), S(or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.(or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.The usage of the P(the parking blocks)The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole

must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.The usage of the R(pour to block)R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.The usage of the N(get empty to block)The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high， the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.

The usage of the D(go forward to block)Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 ～ 4 block(or 3 block)its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely.What demand control is:Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.The usage of the S, of L low the usage that block The automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc.circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon can't higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety.

第三篇：變速器設(shè)計(jì)-外文翻譯

Dynamic Modeling of Vehicle Gearbox for Early Detection of Localized Tooth Defect

Helwan University ABSTRACT Dynamic modeling of the gear vibration is a useful tool to study the vibration response of a geared system under various gear parameters and operating conditions.An improved understanding of vibration signal is required for early detection of incipient gear failure to achieve high reliability.However, the aim of this work is to make use of a 6-degree-of-freedom gear dynamic model including localized tooth defect for early detection of gear failure.The model consists of a gear pair, two shafts, two inertias representing load and prime mover and bearings.The model incorporates the effects of time-varying mesh stiffness and damping, backlash, excitation due to gear errors and modifications.The results indicate that the simulated signal shows that as the defect size increases the amplitude of the acceleration signal increases.The crest factor and kurtosis values of the simulated signal increase as the fault increases.Though the crest factor and kurtosis values give similar trends, kurtosis is a better indicator as compared to crest factor.KEYWORDS：Vibration acceleration, system modeling, Crest Factor, Kurtosis value, defect size, gear meshing, pinion, gear NOMENCLATURE JD，J1，J2，JL

Drive motor, pinion, gear, and load mass moment of inertia

Nagwa Abd-elhalim, Nabil Hammed, Magdy Abdel-hady，Shawki Abouel-Seoud and Eid S.Mohamed

replacement decision in a suitable time.m1，mMasses of pinion and gear.TD

Driving motor torque.TL

Load torque.第 1 頁

共 7 頁

TF1，TFFriction torque.C1，C2

Viscous damping coefficient of pinion and gear bearing.Cm

Gear mesh damping.Gear mesh stiffness.Km

K1，K2

Pinion and gear shaft stiffness.4?

The variance square.N

The number of samples.f

The defect width in face direction.Unit width Hertzian stiffness.Kh?D，?1，?2，?L Angular displacement of drive motor, pinion, gear and load.??D，??1，??2，??L Angular velocity of drive motor, pinion, gear and load.??，???，???，??? Angular acceleration of drive motor, pinion, gear and load.?D12LINTRODUCTION Much of the past research in the dynamic modeling area has concluded that an essential solution to the problem is to use a comprehensive computer modeling and simulation tool to aid the transmission design and experiments.These have been two major obstacles to such an approach:(1)Progress in understanding of the basic gear rattle phenomenon has been limited and slow.This is because the engine-clutch-transmission system involves some strong nonlinearities including gear backlash, multi-valued springs, dry friction, hysteresis, and the like.(2)The gear rattle is a system problem and not only problem of gear teeth.Even through the research and industrial community has discussed the difficulties in varies stages of the problem, yet no thorough frame work covering the entire investigation process of such problem currently exists.This is largely due o the complexity of the power train system, which

第 2 頁

共 7 頁

may make a computer analysis tool inefficient, in particularly when many different elements and clearances are encountered(e.g., gears, bearings, splines, synchronizers, and clutch)[1-3].A comprehensive review of mathematical models used in gear dynamics, published before 1986, has been presented by [4].In this review, gear dynamic models without defects have been discussed.In the past few years, researchers have been working on the gear dynamic models which include defects like pitting, spalling, crack and broken tooth.A single-degree-of-freedom model is used which include the e4ffects of variable mesh stiffness, damping, gear errors, profile modifications and backlash.The effect of time-varying meshing damping is also included in this case, The solution is obtained by using the harmonic balance methods.A method of calculated the optimum profile modification has been proposed in order to obtain a zero vibration of the gear pair [5-7].They also proposed a linear approximate equation to mode the gear pair by using a single-degree-of freedom model Gear rattle vibration is a undesirable vibration for passenger cars and light trucks equipped with manual transmissions.Unlike automatic transmissions, manual transmission do not have the high viscous damping inherent to a hydrodynamic torque converter to suppress the impacting of gear teeth oscillating through their gear backlash.Therefore a significant level of vibration an be produced by the gear rattle and transmitted both inside the passenger compartment and outside the vehicle.Gear rattle, idle shake, and other vibration generated in the automobile driveline have become an important concern to automobile manufactures in their pursuit of an increased level of perception of high vibration quality.The torsional vibration o driveline is a major source of gear rattle vibration.The manual transmission produces gear rattle by the impacting of gear oscillating through their gear backlash.The impact collisions are transmitted to the transmission housing via shafts and bearings [8].The gear pair dynamic models including defects have been done by [9].The study

第 3 頁

共 7 頁

suggests that little work has been done on modeling of gear vibration with defect and an accurate analytical procedure to predict gear vibrations in the presence of local tooth fault has yet to be developed.However, the purpose of this paper is to develop a multidegree-of-freedom nonlinear model for a gear pair that can be used to study the effect of lateral-torsional vibration coupling on vibration response in the presence of localized tooth defect.A typical fault signal is assumed to be impulsive in nature because of the way it is generated.The simulation artificially introduced pitting in gears in multi-stage automotive transmission gearbox at different operation conditions(load, speed, etc).The processing of simulated and experimental signals is also introduced.SIGNAL-PROCESSING TECHNIQUE Among various signal-processing techniques, crest factor and kurtosis analysis have been used for analyzing the whole vibration signal for the early detection of fault.In this section, crest factor and kurtosis value have been explained.MATHEMATICAL MODEL FORMULATION

Helical gears are almost always used in automotive transmissions.The meshing stiffness of a helical tooth pair is time-varying [10], and was modeled as a series of suggested spur gears so that the simulation techniques for spur gears can be applied.where M is Module(mm), b is Face width(mm), ? is pressure angle(deg), ? is helix angle(deg)and D1 is pitch diameter(mm).Fig.2 shows the equivalent gear system in the first gear-shift, where the main parameters for the gear system of Fiat-131 gearbox and the equivalent gear system in the first gear-shift are also shown in the figures.第 4 頁

共 7 頁

汽車變速箱動態(tài)建模輪齒局部缺陷的早期檢測

Nagwa Abd-elhalim, Nabil Hammed, Magdy Abdel-hady，Shawki Abouel-Seoud and Eid S.Mohamed

阿勒旺大學(xué)

摘要

在研究齒輪系統(tǒng)中各種齒輪參數(shù)的振動響應(yīng)和操作條件時(shí)，齒輪振動的動態(tài)建模是一個(gè)非常有用的工具。對早期的齒輪檢測提出了一種改進(jìn)理解的振動信號，但還沒達(dá)到高的可靠性。但是，這項(xiàng)工作的目的是利用一個(gè)6自由度的齒輪動力學(xué)模型對齒輪輪齒缺陷故障的早期檢測。該模型包括一對齒輪副、兩個(gè)軸、兩個(gè)慣性負(fù)載、動力傳動裝置和軸承。由于齒輪的誤差和變動，該模型被采用時(shí)受到時(shí)變嚙合剛度、阻尼、反彈和勵(lì)磁的影響。模擬信號顯示的結(jié)果表明，隨著缺陷尺寸的增加加速度信號的振幅增加。模擬信號的波峰因素和峰值隨著缺陷的增加而增加。雖然波峰因素和峰值做同樣的趨勢，但和波峰因素相比峰值是一個(gè)比較好的指標(biāo)。關(guān)鍵詞：振動加速度、系統(tǒng)建模、波峰因素、峰值、缺陷大小、齒輪嚙合、齒輪 專業(yè)術(shù)語

JD，J1，J2，JL

驅(qū)動電機(jī)、小齒輪、大齒輪和負(fù)載在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)的慣性矩 m1，m

1大齒輪、小齒輪的模數(shù) TD

發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)矩 TL

負(fù)載力矩 TF1，TF摩擦力矩

C1，C2

齒輪、軸承的粘滯阻尼系數(shù)

Cm

齒輪嚙合阻尼

齒輪嚙合剛度 Km

K1，K齒輪、齒輪軸的剛度

?

平方差

第 5 頁

共 7 頁 4

N

樣本數(shù)量

f

寬度方向的缺陷

單位寬度的剛度 Kh?D，?1，?2，?L

驅(qū)動電機(jī)、小齒輪、大齒輪和負(fù)載的角位移 ??D，??1，??2，??L

驅(qū)動電機(jī)、小齒輪、大齒輪和負(fù)載的角速度

??，???，???，???

驅(qū)動電機(jī)、小齒輪、大齒輪和負(fù)載的角加速度 ?D12L引言

在大多數(shù)過去的動態(tài)建模研究領(lǐng)域中，解決問題的重要辦法是全面使用計(jì)算機(jī)建模和仿真工具來輔助變速器的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)驗(yàn)。這種方法有兩種主要的障礙：（1）對齒輪傳動中噪聲基本認(rèn)識的進(jìn)展是有限的和緩慢的。這是因?yàn)榘l(fā)動機(jī)離合器傳動系統(tǒng)中包括齒輪側(cè)隙、多值彈簧、非線性滯后等等。（2）齒輪發(fā)出的噪聲是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)問題，并不是齒輪的唯一問題。既使是工業(yè)研究領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)討論了這個(gè)問題在不同階段所出現(xiàn)的不同問題，但并沒有徹底覆蓋工作的框架，整個(gè)研究過程中的問題依然存在。這主要是由于列車電力系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性，可能導(dǎo)致你的計(jì)算機(jī)的分析工具效率不高，尤其是工作中遇到許多不同的因素和間隙（例如：齒輪、軸承、花鍵、同步器和離合器）。

在1986年出版之前，對齒輪動力學(xué)中提出的齒輪動態(tài)建模進(jìn)行了審查。這次審查中，對不存在齒輪缺陷的齒輪動力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行了討論。在過去的幾年里，研究人員對齒輪的動態(tài)模型缺陷進(jìn)行了研究，其中包括點(diǎn)蝕、剝落、裂縫和齒輪折斷等。

單自由度系統(tǒng)模型中，對嚙合剛度的影響包括4個(gè)方面的因素，阻尼、齒輪誤差、輪廓變動和齒側(cè)間隙，時(shí)變嚙合阻尼效應(yīng)也包含在這種情況中。解決問題的方法是利用諧波平衡的方法。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)齒輪副的零振動，提出了一種最優(yōu)化的計(jì)算方法。他們還利用齒輪副單自由度模型提出了一個(gè)近似的線性方程模型。

齒輪噪聲振動是轎車和輕型貨車手動變速箱中的不良振動。不同于自動變速箱的是，手動變速箱沒有一個(gè)固有的高粘性阻尼液力變矩器以制止通過齒輪側(cè)隙造成的齒輪擺動的影響。因此，無論是在車廂內(nèi)外由齒輪振動和傳動產(chǎn)生的噪聲，對車

第 6 頁

共 7 頁

輛振動的影響都非常大。隨著人們對汽車高性能振動的追求，齒輪松動、振動以及其他汽車傳動系產(chǎn)生的噪聲已成為人們關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。傳動系統(tǒng)中的扭轉(zhuǎn)振動是齒輪振動的一種主要噪聲來源。手動變速箱產(chǎn)生的齒輪噪聲是由于齒輪受到齒輪間隙振動的影響。通過軸和軸承把碰撞產(chǎn)生的影響傳輸?shù)阶兯傧錃んw。

對齒輪副的動態(tài)模型缺陷的研究結(jié)果表明，對齒輪副動態(tài)模型缺陷已做了大量工作，用準(zhǔn)確的分析方法對齒輪振動的檢測在當(dāng)時(shí)輪齒故障方面還沒得到發(fā)展。然而，本研究的目的是建立一個(gè)多自由度非線性模型用于研究，結(jié)果表明輪齒局部缺陷的扭轉(zhuǎn)振動是耦合振動的響應(yīng)。由于他的產(chǎn)生一個(gè)典型的故障信號被假設(shè)為自然的脈沖信號。在不同操作條件下（負(fù)荷、轉(zhuǎn)速等），模擬人工對多級汽車變速器齒輪缺陷進(jìn)行了介紹。同時(shí)也對信號的仿真和實(shí)驗(yàn)處理進(jìn)行了介紹。信號處理技術(shù)

在各種各樣的信號處理技術(shù)中，波峰因素、峰值已用于分析整個(gè)振動信號的早期故障。在本節(jié)中，波峰因素和峰值已被解釋。數(shù)學(xué)模型

汽車變速器中的齒輪大都是斜齒圓柱齒輪。被視為一系列齒輪仿真技術(shù)適用于螺旋狀的輪齒時(shí)變嚙合剛度。式中m是模數(shù)(毫米),b齒面寬(毫米),?是壓力角(度),?是螺旋角(度)，D1是直徑(毫米)。圖2的數(shù)據(jù)顯示了等效齒輪系統(tǒng)在齒輪變動中變速箱齒輪系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù)。

第 7 頁

共 7 頁

第四篇：基于單片機(jī)的智能循跡小車外文翻譯

摘要：本次設(shè)計(jì)的智能循跡小車是以單片機(jī)89c51為主控制器。運(yùn)用反射式紅外傳感器來進(jìn)行路徑檢測和速度監(jiān)測模塊。將檢測數(shù)據(jù)傳回單片機(jī)進(jìn)行處理，同時(shí)，用單片機(jī)產(chǎn)生PWM波來控制小車的行進(jìn)速度，并實(shí)時(shí)控制小車的行進(jìn)狀態(tài)。另外，在小車上還擴(kuò)展了LCD作為人機(jī)交互界面，以便于實(shí)時(shí)了解小車個(gè)監(jiān)測傳感器的狀態(tài)機(jī)小車的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，由于本次設(shè)計(jì)的是智能自動循跡小車，整個(gè)任務(wù)過程無需人工的任何干預(yù)，故而沒有進(jìn)行鍵盤及遙控等的人工操作設(shè)備。用多路傳感器的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測和算法的緊密配合來保證小車的順暢完成任務(wù)。

關(guān)鍵字：80c51單片機(jī)，c/c++/匯編語言編程，電子智能小車，光電檢測器

一、引言

智能車輛是一個(gè)運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)、傳感、信息、通信、導(dǎo)航、人工智能及自動控制等技術(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境感知、規(guī)劃決策和自動行駛為一體的高新技術(shù)綜合體。它在軍事、民用和科學(xué)研究等方面已獲得了應(yīng)用，對解決道路交通安全提供了一種新的途徑

隨著汽車工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，關(guān)于汽車的研究也就越來越受人關(guān)注。全國電子大賽和省內(nèi)電子大賽幾乎每次都有智能小車這方面的題目，全國各高校也都很重視該題目的研究，許多國家已經(jīng)把電子設(shè)計(jì)比賽作為創(chuàng)新教育的戰(zhàn)略性手段。電子設(shè)計(jì)涉及到多個(gè)學(xué)科，機(jī)械電子、傳感器技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、人工智能控制、計(jì)算機(jī)與通信技術(shù)等等，是眾多領(lǐng)域的高科技。電子設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)，它是一個(gè)國家高科技實(shí)例的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可見其研究意義很大

本次設(shè)計(jì)雖然只是一個(gè)演示模型，但是具有充分的科學(xué)性和實(shí)用性。首先我們根據(jù)交通路面的復(fù)雜情況，按照適當(dāng)?shù)谋壤谱鞒鲆粋€(gè)路況模型，包括彎道、直道以及路面上設(shè)置的障礙物等。在彎、直道上，小車沿著預(yù)定軌道自由行使，當(dāng)小車遇到障礙物時(shí)，脈沖調(diào)制的紅外線傳感器將檢測到的信號發(fā)送給單片機(jī)，單片機(jī)根據(jù)程序發(fā)出相應(yīng)的控制信號控制小車自動避開障礙物，進(jìn)行倒車、前進(jìn)、左轉(zhuǎn)、右轉(zhuǎn)等動作

二、主題部分

智能車輛是集環(huán)境感知、規(guī)劃決策、多等級輔助駕駛等功能于一體的綜合系統(tǒng)，是智能交通系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。它在軍事、民用、太空開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。本次設(shè)計(jì)對智能小車的控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了研究，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)基于路徑規(guī)劃處理的智能小車控制系統(tǒng) 2.1 理論的提出

科技的進(jìn)步帶動了產(chǎn)品的智能化，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用更是加快了發(fā)展的步伐，它的應(yīng)用范圍日益廣泛，已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的超出了計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。小到玩具、信用卡，大到航天飛機(jī)、機(jī)器人，從實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)采集、遠(yuǎn)程控制、模糊控制等智能系統(tǒng)帶人類的日常生活，到處離不開單片機(jī)，此設(shè)計(jì)正是單片機(jī)的一個(gè)典型的應(yīng)用。此設(shè)計(jì)通過實(shí)現(xiàn)了小車的無人駕駛，通過對路面的檢測，由單片機(jī)來判斷控制其小車的反應(yīng)情況，使其變得智能化，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動的前進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)彎，停止功能，此系統(tǒng)還不斷的完善后可以應(yīng)用到道路檢測，安全巡邏中，能滿足社會的需求。

在設(shè)計(jì)上，使用連個(gè)傳感器來檢測路面的情況，傳感器的心海比較微弱，采用一個(gè)放大器進(jìn)行比較放大，并將其信號輸入到控制器，在受控制端使用步進(jìn)電機(jī)，因?yàn)椴竭M(jìn)電機(jī)是用電脈沖進(jìn)行控制的，只要從控制器輸出滿足步進(jìn)電機(jī)功過的固定控制字即可。此外步進(jìn)電機(jī)的運(yùn)作還要一個(gè)驅(qū)動電路，故電路中還要加入一個(gè)驅(qū)動電路，各個(gè)功能模塊對電源電流的要求不同，對電源部分設(shè)置轉(zhuǎn)換電路，從而滿足各個(gè)部分的需要。經(jīng)過元件的比較選擇，設(shè)計(jì)出電路原理圖和電路板，并做好硬件的調(diào)試，系統(tǒng)往往是軟件和硬件兩者相結(jié)合的有機(jī)整體。軟件上，使用51單片機(jī)的定時(shí)器中斷來控制路面檢測間隔和小車的運(yùn)動及速度。由于帶那路比較簡單，就采用較為傳統(tǒng)的匯編語言進(jìn)行程序設(shè)計(jì)。對于程序設(shè)計(jì)的正確性，用較常用的keil c51仿真軟件進(jìn)行仿真驗(yàn)證，最后便是軟硬件的綜合調(diào)試，證明本設(shè)計(jì)方案的正確性和可行性。2.2 電子智能小車的設(shè)計(jì)要求

①電動車能夠能夠按照行使路線跑完全程；

②電動車能存儲并顯示檢測到的金屬片數(shù)目以及金屬片至起跑線的距離；

③要求電動車行使完全程后能夠準(zhǔn)確的顯示電動車全程行使時(shí)間；

④電動車在行使過程中不能與障礙物碰撞。2.3計(jì)算摘要：

本次設(shè)計(jì)的智能循跡小車是以單片機(jī)89c51為主控制器。運(yùn)用反射式紅外傳感器來進(jìn)行路徑檢測和速度監(jiān)測模塊。將檢測數(shù)據(jù)傳回單片機(jī)進(jìn)行處理，同時(shí)，用單片機(jī)產(chǎn)生PWM波來控制小車的行進(jìn)速度，并實(shí)時(shí)控制小車的行進(jìn)狀態(tài)。另外，在小車上還擴(kuò)展了LCD作為人機(jī)交互界面，以便于實(shí)時(shí)了解小車個(gè)監(jiān)測傳感器的狀態(tài)機(jī)小車的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，由于本次設(shè)計(jì)的是智能自動循跡小車，整個(gè)任務(wù)過程無需人工的任何干預(yù)，故而沒有進(jìn)行鍵盤及遙控等的人工操作設(shè)備。用多路傳感器的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測和算法的緊密配合來保證小車的順暢完成任務(wù)。

關(guān)鍵字：80c51單片機(jī)，c/c++/匯編語言編程，電子智能小車，光電檢測器

三、引言

智能車輛是一個(gè)運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)、傳感、信息、通信、導(dǎo)航、人工智能及自動控制等技術(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境感知、規(guī)劃決策和自動行駛為一體的高新技術(shù)綜合體。它在軍事、民用和科學(xué)研究等方面已獲得了應(yīng)用，對解決道路交通安全提供了一種新的途徑

隨著汽車工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，關(guān)于汽車的研究也就越來越受人關(guān)注。全國電子大賽和省內(nèi)電子大賽幾乎每次都有智能小車這方面的題目，全國各高校也都很重視該題目的研究，許多國家已經(jīng)把電子設(shè)計(jì)比賽作為創(chuàng)新教育的戰(zhàn)略性手段。電子設(shè)計(jì)涉及到多個(gè)學(xué)科，機(jī)械電子、傳感器技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、人工智能控制、計(jì)算機(jī)與通信技術(shù)等等，是眾多領(lǐng)域的高科技。電子設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)，它是一個(gè)國家高科技實(shí)例的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可見其研究意義很大

本次設(shè)計(jì)雖然只是一個(gè)演示模型，但是具有充分的科學(xué)性和實(shí)用性。首先我們根據(jù)交通路面的復(fù)雜情況，按照適當(dāng)?shù)谋壤谱鞒鲆粋€(gè)路況模型，包括彎道、直道以及路面上設(shè)置的障礙物等。在彎、直道上，小車沿著預(yù)定軌道自由行使，當(dāng)小車遇到障礙物時(shí)，脈沖調(diào)制的紅外線傳感器將檢測到的信號發(fā)送給單片機(jī)，單片機(jī)根據(jù)程序發(fā)出相應(yīng)的控制信號控制小車自動避開障礙物，進(jìn)行倒車、前進(jìn)、左轉(zhuǎn)、右轉(zhuǎn)等動作

四、主題部分

智能車輛是集環(huán)境感知、規(guī)劃決策、多等級輔助駕駛等功能于一體的綜合系統(tǒng)，是智能交通系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。它在軍事、民用、太空開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。本次設(shè)計(jì)對智能小車的控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了研究，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)基于路徑規(guī)劃處理的智能小車控制系統(tǒng) 4.1 理論的提出

科技的進(jìn)步帶動了產(chǎn)品的智能化，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用更是加快了發(fā)展的步伐，它的應(yīng)用范圍日益廣泛，已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的超出了計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。小到玩具、信用卡，大到航天飛機(jī)、機(jī)器人，從實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)采集、遠(yuǎn)程控制、模糊控制等智能系統(tǒng)帶人類的日常生活，到處離不開單片機(jī)，此設(shè)計(jì)正是單片機(jī)的一個(gè)典型的應(yīng)用。此設(shè)計(jì)通過實(shí)現(xiàn)了小車的無人駕駛，通過對路面的檢測，由單片機(jī)來判斷控制其小車的反應(yīng)情況，使其變得智能化，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動的前進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)彎，停止功能，此系統(tǒng)還不斷的完善后可以應(yīng)用到道路檢測，安全巡邏中，能滿足社會的需求。

在設(shè)計(jì)上，使用連個(gè)傳感器來檢測路面的情況，傳感器的心海比較微弱，采用一個(gè)放大器進(jìn)行比較放大，并將其信號輸入到控制器，在受控制端使用步進(jìn)電機(jī)，因?yàn)椴竭M(jìn)電機(jī)是用電脈沖進(jìn)行控制的，只要從控制器輸出滿足步進(jìn)電機(jī)功過的固定控制字即可。此外步進(jìn)電機(jī)的運(yùn)作還要一個(gè)驅(qū)動電路，故電路中還要加入一個(gè)驅(qū)動電路，各個(gè)功能模塊對電源電流的要求不同，對電源部分設(shè)置轉(zhuǎn)換電路，從而滿足各個(gè)部分的需要。經(jīng)過元件的比較選擇，設(shè)計(jì)出電路原理圖和電路板，并做好硬件的調(diào)試，系統(tǒng)往往是軟件和硬件兩者相結(jié)合的有機(jī)整體。軟件上，使用51單片機(jī)的定時(shí)器中斷來控制路面檢測間隔和小車的運(yùn)動及速度。由于帶那路比較簡單，就采用較為傳統(tǒng)的匯編語言進(jìn)行程序設(shè)計(jì)。對于程序設(shè)計(jì)的正確性，用較常用的keil c51仿真軟件進(jìn)行仿真驗(yàn)證，最后便是軟硬件的綜合調(diào)試，證明本設(shè)計(jì)方案的正確性和可行性。4.2 電子智能小車的設(shè)計(jì)要求

①電動車能夠能夠按照行使路線跑完全程；

②電動車能存儲并顯示檢測到的金屬片數(shù)目以及金屬片至起跑線的距離；

③要求電動車行使完全程后能夠準(zhǔn)確的顯示電動車全程行使時(shí)間；

④電動車在行使過程中不能與障礙物碰撞。4.3計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教學(xué)網(wǎng)站的總體構(gòu)思

采用89c51單片機(jī)作為小車的控制單元，在小車的前端就八路從外傳感器，作為小車進(jìn)入車庫過程中黑帶的檢測元件，在小車的后端在接上八路紅外線傳感器作為小車退出車庫時(shí)的黑帶檢測元件，采用LJ18A3-8-Z/BX電感式接近開關(guān)作為車庫內(nèi)鐵片的檢測元件，單片機(jī)接受到傳感器檢測到的信號后通過相應(yīng)的程序控制小車的前進(jìn)，后退，轉(zhuǎn)彎，從而使小車的性能指標(biāo)滿足本次設(shè)計(jì)的要求。4.3.1 設(shè)計(jì)思路

智能小車是智能車輛研究的一個(gè)分支。它以車輪作為移動機(jī)構(gòu)、能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自主 行駛，所以我們稱之為智能小車。智能小車具有機(jī)器人的基本特征——易于編程。它與遙控小車的不同之處在于，后者需要操作員來控制其轉(zhuǎn)向、啟停和進(jìn)退，比較 先進(jìn)的遙控車還能控制其速度(常見的模型小車都屬于這類遙控車)；而智能小車 則可以通過計(jì)算機(jī)編程來實(shí)現(xiàn)其對小車啟停、行駛方向以及速度的控制，無需人工 干預(yù)。操作員可以通過修改智能小車的計(jì)算機(jī)程序或者某些數(shù)據(jù)來改變它的行駛方 式。這種可以通過編程來控制、改變小車行駛方式的特性是智能小車的最大特點(diǎn)。智能小車控制系統(tǒng)的研究目的是使得小車行駛具有更高自主性。如果任意給定 小車一條無障路徑，通過該系統(tǒng)，小車就可以得到系統(tǒng)對路徑圖形處理后的數(shù)據(jù)(位 移與轉(zhuǎn)角)，并能根據(jù)位移和轉(zhuǎn)角信息按照預(yù)定路徑行進(jìn) 4.3.2 控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析

根據(jù)上述設(shè)計(jì)思路，可將智能小車控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)分為兩層

1、規(guī)劃層

上位機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，規(guī)劃層提供的是小車行駛的全局信息，包括路徑處理模塊和 通信模塊。它要解決的基本問題有

(1)使用什么工具處理小車的路徑圖形；

(2)建立小車的運(yùn)動模型，計(jì)算出小車行駛所需的數(shù)據(jù)；(3)建立小車的運(yùn)動模型，計(jì)算出小車行駛所需的數(shù)據(jù)；

2、行為層

下位機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，行為層是智能小車控制系統(tǒng)的底層結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對小車行駛的 實(shí)時(shí)控制，它包括通信模塊、電機(jī)控制模塊和數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊。它要解決的基本問題 有：(1)接收、處理上位機(jī)發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)信息；(2)設(shè)計(jì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)；

(3)采集小車的位移和轉(zhuǎn)角信息，定位小車姿態(tài)，分析系統(tǒng)控制誤差；

4.3.3 總設(shè)計(jì)方案

由系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)得到智能小車控制系統(tǒng)的命令流程：

（1）啟動AutoCAD，繪制或選擇一條封閉曲線為小車路徑，拾取小車的起始路徑圖元（2）對選取的路徑圖形進(jìn)行處理，使小車轉(zhuǎn)彎處存在的棱角在最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑范圍外以圓弧方式過渡

（3）生成新的路徑圖形，模擬小車的運(yùn)動過程；

（4）計(jì)算出小車行駛所需要的位移和車輪轉(zhuǎn)角，并將此數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給下位機(jī)（5）下位機(jī)接收數(shù)據(jù)后，通過軟件編程控制小車車輪的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角，使其按照 預(yù)定路徑前進(jìn)

一個(gè)完整的控制系統(tǒng)要求系統(tǒng)的各功能模塊聯(lián)系緊密，根據(jù)上述命令流程和它們之間的關(guān)系，可得系統(tǒng)的總設(shè)計(jì)方案。4.4設(shè)計(jì)主要有以下幾個(gè)模塊組成

1、信息采集模塊：信息采集部分是由光電檢測和運(yùn)算放大模塊組成，光電檢測有尋跡檢測和測速檢測兩個(gè)部分。將檢測到的信號經(jīng)過預(yù)算放大模塊lm324放大整形后送給單片機(jī)處理，其核心部分是幾個(gè)光電傳感器。

2、控制處理模塊：控制處理模塊是一一片stc89c52單片機(jī)為核心，單片機(jī)將從采集到的信息進(jìn)行判斷后，按照預(yù)定的算法處理，把處理的結(jié)果送交電機(jī)驅(qū)動和液晶顯示模塊，使之做出相應(yīng)的動作。

3、執(zhí)行模塊：執(zhí)行模塊是由液晶顯示、電機(jī)驅(qū)動及電機(jī)、蜂鳴器三部分組成。液晶主要是將單片機(jī)處理的結(jié)果進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)顯示，方便及時(shí)用戶了解系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)，電機(jī)驅(qū)動根據(jù)單片機(jī)的指令對兩個(gè)電機(jī)進(jìn)行動作，使之能夠根據(jù)需要作出相應(yīng)的加速、減速、轉(zhuǎn)彎、停車等的動作，以達(dá)到預(yù)期的目的。蜂鳴器主要是根據(jù)要求在特定的位置作出出響應(yīng)來報(bào)告位置。

五﹑

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]徐國華 主編，移動機(jī)器人的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其趨勢[J]．機(jī)器人技術(shù)與應(yīng)用，2001(3)[2]黨宏社 主編，智能車輛系統(tǒng)發(fā)展及其關(guān)鍵技術(shù)概述[J]．公路交通科技，2002(4)[3]尹念東 主編，智能車輛的研究及前景[J]．上海汽車，2002(2)[4]王榮本 主編，世界智能車輛研究概述[J]．公路交通科技，2001(10 [5]王建農(nóng) 主編．自主移動機(jī)器人的導(dǎo)航研究[R]．機(jī)器人，199 [6]Dickmanns，E．D，A．Zapp．Auto high speed road vehicle guidance[J]．computer,1987 [7]姚

佳 主編，智能小車的蔽障及路徑規(guī)劃[D]．東南大學(xué)碩士論文．2005 [8]徐國華 主編，譚民移動機(jī)器人的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其趨勢[J]．機(jī)器人技術(shù)與應(yīng)用，2001(3)[9]白井良明[同]，機(jī)器人工程[M]．北京：科學(xué)出版社，2001 [10]張毅剛 主編，新編MCS-51單片機(jī)應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)，第一版,哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2003 [11]劉南平主編，電子產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與制作技術(shù)，科學(xué)出版社，2008 [12]楊

剛 主編，電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐，電子工業(yè)出版社，2009.3 [13]余祖俊 主編，微機(jī)監(jiān)測與控制應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，北方交通大學(xué)出版社，2001.12 [14]溫志明 主編，運(yùn)動控制系統(tǒng)分析與應(yīng)用，國防工業(yè)出版社，2008.2 [15]催維娜 主編，智能電子制作，科學(xué)出版社，2007 [16]李忠文 主編，實(shí)用電機(jī)控制電路，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2003.4 [17]張紅潤 主編，智能技術(shù)——系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與開發(fā)，北京航空航天出版社，2007.2 [18]陳鐵軍 主編，智能控制理論及應(yīng)用，清華大學(xué)出版社，2009.1 [19]劉少強(qiáng) 主編，傳感器設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用實(shí)例，中國電力出版社，2008 [20]何立民 主編，單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),北京：航天航空大學(xué)出版社 [21]李廣弟 主編，單片機(jī)基礎(chǔ),北京：北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社,2001 [22]何希才 主編，新型實(shí)用電子電路400例,電子工業(yè)出版社,2000 [23]趙負(fù)圖 主編,傳感器集成電路手冊,第一版,化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004 [24]陳伯時(shí) 主編，電力拖動自動控制系統(tǒng),第二版,北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000年6月 [25]http://004km.cn/

Abstract: the design of intelligent tracking the car based on single chip microcomputer 89 c51 controller.Use reflective infrared sensor to test path and speed monitoring module.Will detect data back to the single chip microcomputer for processing, at the same time, using single-chip microcomputer to produce PWM wave to control the speed of the car, and real-time control of the car's moving state.In addition, also expanded the LCD on the car as the human-computer interaction interface, in order to understand the car a real-time monitoring of the real-time data of sensor state machine car, due to the design of intelligent automatic tracking the car, the whole process of task without any manual intervention, so no keyboard and remote control and manual operation of the equipment.With multiple sensors for real-time monitoring and algorithm closely to ensure that the car of complete the task smoothly.Key words: 80 c51, c/c + +, assembly language programming, electronic smart car photoelectric detector The introduction Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology.It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people.Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almost every time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education.Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many.Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is great The design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical.First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc.On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn right Subject parts Intelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect.The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system 2.1 theory is put forward The progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science.Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer.This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word.In operation of stepping motor and a driving circuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts.After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole.Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed.Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming.For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1)electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way;(2)electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance;(3)are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time;(4)electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching website Using 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside, in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-851 SCM application design, the first edition, Harbin industrial university press, 2003 [11] LiuNaPing editor, electronic product design and production technology, science press, 2008 [12] Yang just editor, electronic system design and practice of electronic industry press, 2009.3 [13] Yu Zujun editor, microcomputer monitoring and control system design, northern jiaotong university press, 2001.12 [14] WenZhiMing editor, movement control system analysis and application of national defense industry press, 2008.2 Reminder weina editor [15], and intelligent electronic production, science press, 2007 [16] Li Zhongwen editor, practical motor control circuit, chemical industry press, 2003.4 [17] Zhang Gongrun editor, intelligent technology, system design and development, Beijing aeronautics and astronautics press, 2007.2 [18] Chen Tiejun editor, intelligent control theory and applications, tsinghua university press, 2009.1 [19] LiuShaoJiang editor, sensor design and application instance, China electric power press, 2008 [20] He Limin editor, single chip microcomputer application system is designed, Beijing aerospace university press [21] Li Guangdi editor, microcontroller based, Beijing: Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics press, 2001 [22] He Xicai editor, a new practical electronic circuit 400 cases, the electronic industrial press, 2000 [23] zhao negative diagram editor, sensor IC manual, the first edition, chemical industry press, 2004 [24] Chen Boshi editor, electric drive automatic control system, the second edition, Beijing: mechanical industry press, June 2000 [25] HTTP: / / http://004km.cn/

第五篇：畢業(yè)論文和外文翻譯要求

沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫要求與格式規(guī)范（2008年7月修訂）

畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識 分析和解決實(shí)際問題

提高實(shí)踐能力和創(chuàng)造能力的重要教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié) 是記錄科學(xué)研究成果的重要文獻(xiàn) 也是學(xué)生申請學(xué)位的基本依據(jù)

為保證本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）質(zhì)量 促進(jìn)國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)交流

特制定《沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫要求與格式規(guī)范》

一、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：

1.前置部分：包括封面、任務(wù)書、選題審批表、指導(dǎo)記錄、考核表、中（外）文摘要、關(guān)鍵詞和目錄等

2.主體部分：包括前言、正文、參考文獻(xiàn)、附錄和致謝等

二、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的內(nèi)容要求

（一）前置部分

1．封面

由學(xué)校統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)

2．畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書

畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)由各教學(xué)單位負(fù)責(zé)安排 并根據(jù)已確定的論文（設(shè)計(jì)）課題下達(dá)給學(xué)生

作為學(xué)生和指導(dǎo)教師共同從事畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）工作的依據(jù)

畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書的內(nèi)容包括課題名稱、學(xué)生姓名、下發(fā)日期、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要內(nèi)容與要求、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的工作進(jìn)度和起止時(shí)間等

3．論文（設(shè)計(jì)）選題審批表

4．論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)記錄

5．畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）考核表

指導(dǎo)教師評語、評閱人評審意見分別由指導(dǎo)教師和評閱人填寫

答辯委員會意見、評定成績以及是否授予學(xué)士學(xué)位的建議等材料應(yīng)由答辯委員會填寫

6．中（外）文摘要

摘要是畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）研究內(nèi)容及結(jié)論的簡明概述 具有獨(dú)立性和自含性

其內(nèi)容包括論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要內(nèi)容、試（實(shí)）驗(yàn)方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和意義等 中文摘要不少于400字；英文摘要必須用第三人稱 采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)編寫

7．關(guān)鍵詞

關(guān)鍵詞均應(yīng)為專業(yè)名詞（或詞組）注意專業(yè)術(shù)語的通用性

數(shù)量一般為3－5個(gè)；外文關(guān)鍵詞與中文關(guān)鍵詞一一對應(yīng)

8．目錄

目錄由論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的章、節(jié)、附錄等序號、名稱和頁碼組成

（二）主體部分

1.前言（引言或序言）

簡要說明本項(xiàng)研究課題的提出及其研究意義（學(xué)術(shù)、實(shí)用價(jià)值）

本項(xiàng)研究的前人工作基礎(chǔ)及其欲深入研究的方向和思路、方法以及要解決的主要問題等

2.正文

正文是畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的核心部分 應(yīng)占主要篇幅

正文內(nèi)容必須實(shí)事求是

客觀真切、準(zhǔn)確完備、合乎邏輯、層次分明、語言流暢、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、書寫工整 符合學(xué)科及本專業(yè)的有關(guān)要求

論文（設(shè)計(jì)）中的用語、圖紙、表格、插圖應(yīng)規(guī)范、準(zhǔn)確 量和單位的使用必須符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定 不得使用已廢棄的單位

凡有法定符號代表量和單位的 均用法定符號表示 引用他人資料要有標(biāo)注

（1）農(nóng)科類

農(nóng)科類畢業(yè)論文的正文部分 一般應(yīng)包括：

a.材料與方法

材料主要描述用于試（實(shí)）驗(yàn)的生物、試劑、工具及主要配套用具等材料的規(guī)格、型號、數(shù)量

方法包括試驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)方案和主要儀器安裝 操作方法以及與試驗(yàn)有關(guān)的環(huán)境條件等

b.結(jié)果與分析

結(jié)果與分析部分指對本試（實(shí)）驗(yàn)觀測所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)（現(xiàn)象、圖像）經(jīng)過初步整理加工

對其結(jié)果進(jìn)行逐項(xiàng)（條）分析 用文字加以表述

這部分是論文的核心內(nèi)容 需要較詳細(xì)、實(shí)事求是地闡述

c.結(jié)論與討論

“結(jié)論”是指對試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析后的概述 一般是按一定的邏輯關(guān)系 先后歸納成結(jié)論性條文

“討論”通常是對某些不成熟的結(jié)論

或經(jīng)過本試驗(yàn)尚不能做出明確結(jié)論的現(xiàn)象或問題 加以推斷性的解釋

有的甚至對與前人持有不同觀點(diǎn)的結(jié)論 發(fā)表商榷性意見

同時(shí)還可以提出進(jìn)一步研究的建議

農(nóng)科類畢業(yè)論文總字?jǐn)?shù)在10000字以上

（2）工科類

工科類畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的正文部分 一般應(yīng)包括：

a.設(shè)計(jì)方案論證：應(yīng)說明設(shè)計(jì)原理 進(jìn)行方案選擇

論述方案選擇的合理性及特點(diǎn)

b.計(jì)算部分：這部分在設(shè)計(jì)說明書中應(yīng)占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?/p>

一般應(yīng)包括機(jī)器系統(tǒng)性能參數(shù)的選擇與計(jì)算；主要零部件結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選擇與計(jì)算；各零件材料的選擇等

在說明書中要列出各工作條件、給定的參數(shù)

計(jì)算公式以及各主要參數(shù)計(jì)算的詳細(xì)步驟和計(jì)算結(jié)果 對應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)包括各種軟件設(shè)計(jì)

c.結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分：應(yīng)包括機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、各種電氣控制線路設(shè)計(jì)及功能電路設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)控制的硬件裝置設(shè)計(jì)以及以上各種設(shè)計(jì)所繪制的圖紙等

樣機(jī)或試件的各種實(shí)驗(yàn)及測試情況：包括實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、線路及數(shù)據(jù)處理等

d.方案的校驗(yàn)：說明所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)是否滿足各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)的要求 能否達(dá)到預(yù)期效果

e.結(jié)論：概括說明本設(shè)計(jì)的情況和價(jià)值 分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)、特色 有何創(chuàng)新

性能達(dá)到何水平

并應(yīng)指出其中存在的問題和今后改進(jìn)的方向

特別是對設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的重要問題要重點(diǎn)闡述并加以研究

工科類畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）字?jǐn)?shù)在10000字以上 機(jī)械類專業(yè)學(xué)生還要至少要獨(dú)立完成零號圖紙2張

電氣類專業(yè)學(xué)生要有完整的系統(tǒng)電氣原理圖或電氣控制系統(tǒng)圖

（3）經(jīng)管類

經(jīng)管類畢業(yè)論文

可以是理論性論文、應(yīng)用軟件設(shè)計(jì)或調(diào)查報(bào)告 論文選題新穎 符合專業(yè)學(xué)科要求

具有邏輯性、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、論點(diǎn)明確、論據(jù)充分、資料翔實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確、研究與寫作方法規(guī)范

經(jīng)管類畢業(yè)論文字?jǐn)?shù)在10000字以上

3.參考文獻(xiàn)

列出的參考文獻(xiàn)限于作者直接閱讀過的、最主要的且發(fā)表在正式出版物上的文獻(xiàn) 參考文獻(xiàn)的著錄按在論文中出現(xiàn)的先后順序編號

期刊類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者（不超過3人 多者用等或etal表示）.題（篇）名[J].刊名 出版年

卷次（期次）:起止頁次.圖書類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者.書名[M].版本.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止頁次.論文集類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者.篇名[C].論文集名.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止頁次.學(xué)位論文類書寫方法:[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地:單位名稱 年份.電子文獻(xiàn)類書寫方法:[序號]主要責(zé)任者.題名:其他題名信息[文獻(xiàn)類型標(biāo)志/文獻(xiàn)載體標(biāo)志 ]出版地:出版者

出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].獲取和訪問途徑.參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在15篇以上

4.附錄

附錄的主要內(nèi)容有：某些重要的原始數(shù)據(jù) 數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo) 計(jì)算程序 框圖 結(jié)構(gòu)圖 裝配圖等

5.致謝

向指導(dǎo)教師

曾經(jīng)支持和協(xié)助自己完成論文課題研究工作的教師、技術(shù)人員以及合作伙伴等人表示謝意 “致謝”寫在畢業(yè)論文的最后

三、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫與裝訂的格式規(guī)范

第一部分：封面

1.封面：由學(xué)校統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)

2.封皮顏色按學(xué)位種類劃分 農(nóng)科類用綠色封皮 工科類用黃色封皮 理科類用灰色封皮 管理學(xué)用粉色封皮

3.需填寫的項(xiàng)目一律電腦打印 不得手寫

第二部分：目錄

目錄（三號 宋體 加粗 居中）

中文摘要（關(guān)鍵詞）（小四號 宋體

下同）...(頁碼)

外文摘要（關(guān)鍵詞）....................................(頁碼)

前言.........................................................(頁碼)XXXXXX（一級標(biāo)題）.................................(頁碼)

1.1 XXXXXX（二級標(biāo)題）..............................(頁碼)

1.1.1 xxxxxx(三級標(biāo)題)..............................(頁碼)

1.1.1.1 xxxxxx(四級標(biāo)題)...........................(頁碼)

參考文獻(xiàn)...................................................(頁碼)

致謝.........................................................(頁碼)

第三部分：摘要與關(guān)鍵詞

1.中文摘要與關(guān)鍵詞（單獨(dú)用頁）

摘要（三號 宋體 加粗 居中）

摘要內(nèi)容(五號 宋體)

關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)題（五號 宋體 頂格 加粗）

關(guān)健詞內(nèi)容（五號 宋體

詞間用分號隔開）

2.外文摘要與關(guān)鍵詞（單獨(dú)用頁）

外文摘要標(biāo)題（三號 英文用Times New Roman 加粗 居中）

外文摘要內(nèi)容（五號 英文用Times New Roman）

外文關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)題（五號 英文用Times New Roman 頂格 加粗）

外文關(guān)鍵詞內(nèi)容（五號 英文用Times New Roman 每個(gè)詞組（或詞）的第一個(gè)字母大寫 詞組（或詞）間用分號隔開）

第四部分：論文（設(shè)計(jì)）主題

1.標(biāo)題

標(biāo)題一律采用本規(guī)范中目錄部分的樣式 最多分四級

一級標(biāo)題 三號字 宋體 頂格 加粗

二級標(biāo)題 四號字 宋體 頂格 加粗

三級標(biāo)題 小四號字 宋體 頂格 加粗

2.正文

小四號字 宋體

3.引文注釋

引文后注釋標(biāo)示示例：“激光平地技術(shù)能夠大幅度地提高土地平整的精度

激光感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的靈敏度至少比人工肉眼判斷和操作人員手動控制的準(zhǔn)確度提高10～50倍 是常規(guī)平地技術(shù)所不及的[1]” 這里“[1]”是右上標(biāo)

其中[1]表示正文后面的“參考文獻(xiàn)”中的第1個(gè)文獻(xiàn)

4.圖表

正文中圖、表均需編排序號

有圖、表題目及說明（五號、宋體、加粗）文中所列圖形應(yīng)有所選擇 照片不得直接粘貼

須經(jīng)掃描后以圖片形式插入 插圖寬度一般不超過10cm 標(biāo)目中物理量的符號用斜體 單位符號用正體 坐標(biāo)標(biāo)值線朝里

標(biāo)值的數(shù)字盡量不超過3位數(shù) 或小數(shù)點(diǎn)以后不多于1個(gè)“0” 如用30km代替30000m 用5μg代替0.005mg等 并與正文一致

中英文、羅馬字符應(yīng)統(tǒng)一

一般采用Time New Roman斜體（單位符號、縮寫等除外）

第五部分：參考文獻(xiàn)

參考文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題（三號 宋體 加粗 居中）

參考文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容（五號、宋體；英文用五號 Times New Roman）

第六部分：附錄標(biāo)題（三號 宋體 加粗 居中）

內(nèi)容的格式與正文相同

第七部分：致謝標(biāo)題（三號 宋體 加粗 居中）

內(nèi)容的格式與正文相同

第八部分：版面要求

論文開本大?。?10mm×297mm（A4紙）

版芯要求：左邊距：25mm 右邊距：25mm 上邊距：30mm 下邊距：25mm 頁眉邊距：23mm 頁腳邊距：18mm

字符間距：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

行距：1.25倍

頁眉頁角：

從中文摘要開始

直到致謝為止；頁眉的奇數(shù)頁書寫-

沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 頁眉的偶數(shù)頁書寫論文題目 在每頁底部居中加頁碼（宋體、五號、居中）

四、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）裝訂

論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的裝訂順序是：封面、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）選題審批表、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)記錄、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）考核表、目錄、中文摘要與關(guān)鍵詞、外文摘要與關(guān)鍵詞、正文、參考文獻(xiàn)、附錄、致謝、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）承諾書

本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述和外文翻譯 撰寫要求與格式規(guī)范（2008年7月修訂）

一、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述

（一）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述的內(nèi)容要求

1．封面：由學(xué)校統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì) 普通A4紙打印即可

2.正文

綜述正文部分需要闡述所選課題在相應(yīng)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域中的發(fā)展進(jìn)程和研究方向 特別是近年來的發(fā)展趨勢和最新成果 通過與中外研究成果的比較和評論

說明自己的選題是符合當(dāng)前的研究方向并有所進(jìn)展 或采用了當(dāng)前的最新技術(shù)并有所改進(jìn) 目的是使讀者進(jìn)一步了解本課題的意義

文中的用語、圖紙、表格、插圖應(yīng)規(guī)范、準(zhǔn)確 量和單位的使用必須符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定 不得使用已廢棄的單位 如：高斯（G和Gg）、畝、克、分子濃度（M）、當(dāng)量能度（N）等 量和單位用法定符號表示 引用他人資料要有標(biāo)注

文獻(xiàn)綜述字?jǐn)?shù)在3000字以上

正文前須附300字左右中文摘要 末尾須附參考文獻(xiàn)

列出的參考文獻(xiàn)限于作者直接閱讀過的、最主要的且一般要求發(fā)表在正式出版物上的文獻(xiàn)

參考文獻(xiàn)的著錄按在文章中出現(xiàn)的先后順序編號

期刊類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者（不超過3人 多者用等或etal表示）.題（篇）名[J].刊名 出版年

卷次（期次）:起止頁次.圖書類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者.書名[M].版本.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止頁次.論文集類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者.篇名[C].論文集名.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止頁次.學(xué)位論文類書寫方法:[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地:單位名稱 年份.電子文獻(xiàn)類書寫方法:[序號]主要責(zé)任者.題名:其他題名信息[文獻(xiàn)類型標(biāo)志/文獻(xiàn)載體標(biāo)志 ]出版地:出版者

出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].獲取和訪問途徑.參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上

（二）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述撰寫與裝訂的格式規(guī)范

第一部分：封面

1.封面：由學(xué)校統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)

第二部分：文獻(xiàn)綜述主題

1.中文摘要與關(guān)鍵詞

摘要標(biāo)題（五號 宋體 頂格 加粗）

摘要內(nèi)容(五號 宋體)

關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)題（五號 宋體 頂格 加粗）

關(guān)健詞內(nèi)容（五號 宋體

詞間用分號隔開）

2.正文標(biāo)題

標(biāo)題最多分四級

一級標(biāo)題 三號字 宋體 居中 加粗；

二級標(biāo)題 四號字 宋體 頂格 加粗；

三級標(biāo)題 小四號字 宋體 頂格 加粗；

3.正文

小四號字 宋體

4.引文注釋

引文后注釋標(biāo)示示例：“激光平地技術(shù)能夠大幅度地提高土地平整的精度

激光感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的靈敏度至少比人工肉眼判斷和操作人員手動控制的準(zhǔn)確度提高10-50倍 是常規(guī)平地技術(shù)所不及的[1]” 這里“[1]”是右上標(biāo)

其中[1]表示正文后面的“參考文獻(xiàn)”中的第1個(gè)文獻(xiàn)

5.圖表

正文中圖、表均需編排序號

有圖、表題目及說明（五號、宋體、加粗）文中所列圖形應(yīng)有所選擇 照片不得直接粘貼

須經(jīng)掃描后以圖片形式插入 插圖寬度一般不超過10cm 標(biāo)目中物理量的符號用斜體 單位符號用正體 坐標(biāo)標(biāo)值線朝里

標(biāo)值的數(shù)字盡量不超過3位數(shù) 或小數(shù)點(diǎn)以后不多于1個(gè)“0” 如用30km代替30 000m 用5μg代替0.005mg等 并與正文一致

中英文、羅馬字符應(yīng)統(tǒng)一

一般采用Time New Roman斜體（單位符號、縮寫等除外）

6.參考文獻(xiàn)

參考文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題（五號 宋體 加粗 居中）

參考文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容（五號、宋體；英文用五號 Times New Roman）

第三部分：版面要求

論文開本大?。?10mm×297mm（A4紙）

版芯要求：左邊距：25mm 右邊距：25mm 上邊距：30mm 下邊距：25mm 頁眉邊距：23mm 頁腳邊距：18mm

字符間距：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

行距：1.25倍

頁眉頁角：頁眉的奇數(shù)頁書寫-沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文文獻(xiàn)綜述 頁眉的偶數(shù)頁書寫-文獻(xiàn)綜述題目 在每頁底部居中加頁碼（宋體、五號、居中）

二、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯

（一）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯的內(nèi)容要求

外文翻譯內(nèi)容必須與所選課題相關(guān) 外文原文不少于6000個(gè)印刷符號 譯文末尾要注明外文原文出處 并上交外文原文復(fù)印件

原文出處:期刊類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者（不超過3人 多者用等或etal表示）.題（篇）名[J].刊名 出版年

卷次（期次）:起止頁次.原文出處:圖書類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者.書名[M].版本.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止頁次.原文出處:論文集類文獻(xiàn)書寫方法:[序號]作者.篇名[C].論文集名.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止頁次.原文出處:學(xué)位論文類書寫方法:[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地:單位名稱 年份.原文出處:電子文獻(xiàn)類書寫方法:[序號]主要責(zé)任者.題名:其他題名信息[文獻(xiàn)類型標(biāo)志/文獻(xiàn)載體標(biāo)志 ]出版地:出版者

出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].獲取和訪問途徑.（二）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯的撰寫與裝訂的格式規(guī)范

第一部分：封面

1.封面格式:由學(xué)校統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì) 普通A4紙打印即可

第二部分：外文翻譯主題

1.標(biāo)題

一級標(biāo)題 三號字 宋體 居中 加粗

二級標(biāo)題 四號字 宋體 頂格 加粗

三級標(biāo)題 小四號字 宋體 頂格 加粗

2.正文

小四號字 宋體

第三部分：版面要求

論文開本大?。?10mm×297mm（A4紙）

版芯要求：左邊距：25mm 右邊距：25mm 上邊距：30mm 下邊距：25mm 頁眉邊距：23mm 頁腳邊距：18mm

字符間距：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

行距：1.25倍

頁眉頁角：頁眉的奇數(shù)頁書寫-沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文外文翻譯 頁眉的偶數(shù)頁書寫-外文翻譯題目 在每頁底部居中加頁碼（宋體、五號、居中）

裝訂順序是：封皮、文獻(xiàn)綜述封皮（普通A4紙打?。?、文獻(xiàn)綜述正文、外文翻譯封皮（普通A4紙打?。⑼馕姆g中文譯文、外文原文復(fù)印件

封皮顏色同畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）

做生意一定要同打球一樣，若第一桿打得不好的話，在打第二桿時(shí)，心更要保持鎮(zhèn)定及有計(jì)劃，這并不是表示這個(gè)會輸。就好比是做生意一樣，有高有低，身處逆境時(shí)，你先要鎮(zhèn)定考慮如何應(yīng)付。