第一篇：【看完包你上常青藤的英語學習資料】 (10)

美國經典英文演講100篇:

1990 Wellesley College Commencement AddressBarbara Pierce Bush

Thank you very, very much, President Keohane.Mrs.Gorbachev, Trustees, faculty, parents, and I should say, Julia Porter, class president, and certainly my new best friend, Christine Bicknell--and, of course, the Class of 1990.I am really thrilled to be here today, and very excited, as I know all of you must be, that Mrs.Gorbachev could join us.These--These are exciting times.They're exciting in Washington, and I have really looked forward to coming to Wellesley.I thought it was going to be fun.I never dreamt it would be this much fun.So, thank you for that.More than ten years ago, when I was invited here to talk about our experiences in the People's Republic of China, I was struck by both the natural beauty of your campus and the spirit of this place.Wellesley, you see, is not just a place but an idea--an experiment in excellence in which diversity is not just tolerated, but is embraced.The essence of this spirit was captured in a moving speech about tolerance given last year by a student body president of one of your sister colleges.She related the story by Robert Fulghum about a young pastor, finding himself in charge of some very energetic children, hits upon the game called “Giants, Wizards, and Dwarfs.” “You have to decide now,” the pastor instructed the children, “which you are--a giant, a wizard, or a dwarf?” At that, a small girl tugging at his pants leg, asked, “But where do the mermaids stand?” And the pastor tells her there are no mermaids.And she says, “Oh yes there are--they are.I am a mermaid.”

Now this little girl knew what she was, and she was not about to give up on either her identity, or the game.She intended to take her place wherever mermaids fit into the scheme of things.“Where do the mermaids stand? All of those who are different, those who do not fit the boxes and the pigeonholes?” “Answer that question,” wrote Fulghum, “And you can build a school, a nation, or a whole world.” As that very wise young woman said,“Diversity, like anything worth having, requires effort--effort to learn about and respect difference, to be compassionate with one another, to cherish our own identity, and to accept unconditionally the same in others.You should all be very proud that this is the Wellesley spirit.Now I know your first choice today was Alice Walker--guess how I know!--known for The Color Purple.Instead you got me--known for the color of my hair.Alice Walker's book has a special resonance here.At Wellesley, each class is known by a special color.For four years the Class of '90 has worn the color purple.Today you meet on Severance Green to say goodbye to all of that, to begin a new and a very personal journey, to search for your own true colors.In the world that awaits you, beyond the shores of Waban--Lake Waban, no one can say what your true colors will be.But this I do know: You have a first class education from a first class school.And so you need not, probably cannot, live a ”paint-by-numbers“ life.Decisions are not irrevocable.Choices do come back.And as you set off from Wellesley, I hope that many of you will consider making three very special choices.The first is to believe in something larger than yourself, to get involved in some of the big ideas of our time.I chose literacy because I honestly believe that if more people could read, write, and comprehend, we would be

that much closer to solving so many of the problems that plague our nation and our society.And early on I made another choice, which I hope you'll make as well.Whether you are talking about education, career, or service, you're talking about life--and life really must have joy.It's supposed to be fun.One of the reasons I made the most important decision of my life, to marry George Bush, is because he made me laugh.It's true, sometimes we've laughed through our tears, but that shared laughter has been one of our strongest bonds.Find the joy in life, because as Ferris Bueller said on his day off, ”Life moves pretty fast;and ya don't stop and look around once in a while, ya gonna miss it."

(I'm not going to tell George ya clapped more for Ferris than ya clapped for George.)

The third choice that must not be missed is to cherish your human connections: your relationships with family and friends.For several years, you've had impressed upon you the importance to your career of dedication and hard work.And, of course, that's true.But as important as your obligations as a doctor, a lawyer, a business leader will be, you are a human being first.And those human connections---with spouses, with children, with friends--are the most important investments you will ever make.At the end of your life, you will never regret not having passed one more test, winning one more verdict, or not closing one more deal.You will regret time not spent with a husband, a child, a friend, or a parent.We are in a transitional period right now--We are in a transitional period right now, fascinating and

exhilarating times, learning to adjust to changes and the choices we, men and women, are facing.As an example, I remember what a friend said, on hearing her husband complain to his buddies that he had to babysit.Quickly setting him straight, my friend told her husband that when it's your own kids, it's not called babysitting.Now maybe we should adjust faster;maybe we should adjust slower.But whatever the era twenty--whatever the era, whatever the times, one thing will never change: fathers and mothers, if you have children, they must come first.You must read to your children, and you must hug your children, and you must love your children.Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens in the White House, but on what happens inside your house.For over fifty years, it was said that the winner of Wellesley's annual hoop race would be the first to get married.Now they say, the winner will be the first to become a C.E.O.Both--Both of those stereotypes show too little tolerance for those who want to know where the mermaids stand.So--So I want to offer a new legend: the winner of the hoop race will be the first to realize her dream--not society's dreams--her own personal dream.And who--Who knows? Somewhere out in this audience may even be someone who will one day follow in my footsteps, and preside over the White House as the President's spouse--and I wish him well.Well, the controversy ends here.But our conversation is only beginning.And a worthwhile conversation it has been.So as you leave Wellesley today, take with you deep thanks for the courtesy and the honor you have shared with Mrs.Gorbachev and with me.Thank you.God bless you.And may your future be worthy of your dreams.

第二篇：江蘇自考英語二考前抱佛腳資料-看完包70分

2011年自考英語

（二）章節(jié)復習資料匯總 重點單詞擴充講解：

1.organizational: a 組織上的

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：organize: v 組織； organization: n 組織； organizer: n 組織者

請看下列習題，選擇該組詞里恰當?shù)脑~填空：

1).Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.2).The task calls for the highest _________ skill.3).China has joined World Trade __________.4).He is the __________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer

2.objective: n 目標； a 客觀的，反義詞subjective: 主觀的 3.predict: v 預言、預示；

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：prediction: n 預言； predictable: a 可預測的； predictor: n 預言家

4.simplify: v 簡化

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：simple: a 簡單的； simply: ad 簡單地，僅僅地； simplification: n 簡化； simplified: a 被簡化的。

Exercises for the above words:

1).The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2).Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.3).There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.4).The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.Answers: simple;simplified;simply;simplification

5.tendency: n 趨勢、傾向；tend : v 傾向于?，tend to do sth

e.g.old people have the tendency of getting fatter.Or old people tend to get fatter.6.managerial: a 經理的、經營上的；

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：manage: v管理、經營； management: n;manager: n 經營者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可經營的。

7.argue: v 爭辯、爭論，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人爭論； argue sb into doing sth說服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth說服某人不要做某事。

e.g.1>.The young couple always argue with each other over their child’s

education.2>.I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.8.define: v 給?下定義； definition: n 定義

9.profitability: n 賺錢，獲利

由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：profit: n 利潤； profitable: a 有利可圖的, 有好處的；

profitless: a 沒有利潤的。

1).He has made a _____ from running a small restaurant.2).The deal was ______ to all of us.3).They valued _______ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.Answer: profit, profitable;profitability.10.correctness: n 正確性； 字根：correct: a 正確的； v 糾正，correction: n 糾正； incorrect: a 不正確的。

11.unintended: a 非計劃中的，由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：intend: v 打算，計劃；intention: n ； intended: a 計劃中的

課文難句講解、分析

1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)

譯：決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。

分析：該句是主系表結構。made from among alternative courses of action that are available是過去分詞短語做定語修飾a choice;其中that are available是定語從句修飾courses of action.像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結構在英文中很普遍，因此為了看懂句子大家必須學會分析。這是整個英語學習過程中很重要的能力！

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.(p1)

譯：做出決策的原因是因為存在問題，目標或目的有錯誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實現(xiàn)。

分析：該句又是主系表結構。That引導三個并列的表語從句，①a problem exists，②goals or objectives are wrong；③something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。短語：make a decision:做出決策；stand in the way: 阻擋、防礙

3.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.(p2)

譯：通常管理者必須對未來的情況做出最佳預測，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生，但因為不確定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風險。

分析：前半句是主謂賓結構。what the future will be是at的賓語；as little as possible做leave的賓語；since引導原因狀語從句，相當于because.4.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.(p3)

譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會有決策。

分析：這是一句很簡單的條件狀語從句，但它有一個很重要的考點：to be made。這是動詞不定式做定語修飾decision，有將來意味。比如：The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.5.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.(p3)

譯：對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。

分析：這句話的考點是based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同樣是過去分詞短語做定語修飾constraints。其中詞組：base?on以?為基礎。如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.6.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.(p4)

譯：但是這種簡化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。

分析：該句主語the tendency to simplify，謂語blinds;them是賓語。to simplify是定語，修飾the tendency；to other alternatives是賓補。其中短語：blind sb to sth:使?看不見?；

we shouldn’t let our prejudices blind us to the facts.7.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.(p6 line 4--6)

譯：因為個人（和組織）關于如何達到目的常有不同的觀點，哪種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。

分析：這是一個由because引導的原因狀語從句。其中how to attain the goals做介詞about的賓語，who makes the decision做介詞on的賓語。

8.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.(p7 line 2--4)

譯：其中有一些目標比其它的更重要，但其順序和重要程度因人和不同的部門而異。

分析：請注意比較級more important than，詞組：vary from person to person譯成中文：因人而異，可以推出：因季節(jié)而異vary from season to season?.9.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.(p7 line 5--7)

譯：當面對同一件日常事情時，銷售經理傾向于看銷售問題，而生產經理則會看生產相關的問題，等等。

分析：前半部分為?？純热?，它是when + 過去分詞短語，構成時間狀語部分。其中詞組：

be presented with = be faced with當面對?

When faced with difficulties, we should be brave..10.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.(p9)

譯：人們經常假設一項決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象。

分析：句子結構簡單：主謂賓（從句）。其中assume: = imagine;isolated: adj 孤立的。

phenomenon: n 現(xiàn)象；復數(shù)變化較特殊：phenomena 重點單詞、詞組詳講

1.interview: n/v 采訪、面試；interviewer: n 采訪者； interviewee: n 被采訪者

e.g.1>.Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?

2>.In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning.2.criticism: n 批評，評論； criticize: v 批評； critical: a 批評的、挑剔的、關鍵的；critic: n 評論家, 請?zhí)钐羁础?/p>

1> He is a literary ______.2> We are at a _______time in our history.3> He can't take ________.4> The boy was ______ by his father for being late for school.Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized

3.indifference: n 冷漠、漠不關心；indifferent: a 冷漠的，反義詞：enthusiastic: 熱情的

cf: different: a 不同的，名詞：difference;反義詞：same.4.inefficiency: n 無效，由此聯(lián)想得到：

efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的 5.conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n

6.apply to sb for sth: 向某人申請某物

e.g.The student applied to the embassy for a visa.7.take the trouble to do sth: 不辭勞苦、費力地做某事

e.g.If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about.8.put oneself in somebody's place: 設身處地?

If you put yourself in your mother's place, you will understand why she is so worried about you.9.in hand: 手頭上有，進行中

I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.10.turn down: 調小，降低，拒絕

Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.He turned down the job because the pay isn't good enough.課文難句分析

1.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.（p2）

譯：這里的關鍵詞是準備和自信，它們將使你前程遠大。

分析：which will carry you far非限定性定語從句，修飾preparation and confidence。另外請注意：key關鍵的；preparation是prepare的名詞；confidence: n 信心。Confident: a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。

2.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for.(p4)

譯：了解你所申請的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。

分析：you are applying for定語，修飾the job;you hope to work for定語修飾the origination。詞組：apply to sb for sth向某人申請什么。

3.It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.(p6)

譯：它表明你對雇主和你的工作的態(tài)度冷漠，不感興趣。

分析：it主語；shows謂語；an unattractive indifference賓語；to your employer and to your job間接賓語。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，請注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠視。

4.He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.(p7)

分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job全部都是定語，修飾somebody。注意介詞with表示帶有。； have interest in sth對?有興趣。

5.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.(p8)

譯：你找到的任何有關未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費了心思去掌握一些關于你希望為其工作的人的事實。

分析：從這個句子的長度大家也能看出這是一個復雜句。主體結構為：anything can be used to your advantage.that you find out about the prospective employer是定語從句；during the interview狀語；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目的狀語；who you hope to work for是另外一個定語從句修飾the people.詞組：to your advantage: 對你有利；work for sb為某人工作。

6.Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.(p10)

譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請對方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。

分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth;不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification要求澄清；that has been said during the interview定語，修飾something;what was implied賓語；do be polite: 其中do為了強調，如：do be careful!I do love you!He does lie to us!

7.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.(p16)

譯： 拿著邀請你面試的通知書，以防萬一交談出現(xiàn)困難時顯示。

分析：這是一個祈使句。Have動詞，拿著；the letter賓語；inviting you for an interview現(xiàn)在分詞做定語；ready to show狀語；in case there is any difficulty in communication條件狀語從句；詞組：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth在?方面有困難。如：We have some difficulty speaking English fluently.8.There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.(p20)

譯：由五個人構成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。

分析：這句話的重點在于that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn是一個同位語從句，是對little likelihood的解釋。其中：likelihood: n 可能性，相當于possibility;go through經歷； in turn:輪流。

9.Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?(p23)

譯：您介意換個說法來問這個問題嗎？

分析：考點mind doing sth.如： Would you mind turning down the TV?

語法：介紹as的相關用法

as是一個乍一看簡單，但實際在英語中用法很復雜的小詞。從詞類上講，可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關系代詞；從語法功能角度來看，可以構成介詞賓語，引導原因狀語從句，時間狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，比較狀語從句和定語從句。此外as還出現(xiàn)在很多固定搭配中，如： as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc.請看下列例句,并請分析出as的具體用法。

1.I work as an English teacher in a middle school.2.Run as fast as you can.3.Young as he is, he knows more than I.4.Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang.5.Please do as I have told you.6.As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children.7.Such people as you have described are rare now Learn new words and phrases

1.astronomer: n 天文學家；astronomy: n 天文學

2.explode: v 爆炸,由此聯(lián)想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸藥；explosion: n 爆炸

1).When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.2).The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.3).It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive

3.density: n 密度；聯(lián)想產生：dense: a 密度大的，反義詞：sparse;

densely: ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的

1).The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.2).The business area of the city is _____ populated.3).This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.Answers: dense, densely, density

4.shrink: v 收縮、退縮、縮水

1).As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.5.measurement: n 衡量、測量；

由此聯(lián)想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、測量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可測量的

1).We must take _____ to protect our environment.2).We have come within ______ distance of success.3).Clocks give us a ______ of time.4).There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured

6.implication: n 含義、暗示；imply: v 暗示

7.basis: n 基礎、根據(jù)，由此可以聯(lián)想得到：base: n 底部；v 以?為底，為根據(jù)；basic: a 基礎的，根本的；

basically: ad 根本上來說，1).If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.2).The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.3).The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.4).Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.Answers: basis, basic, based, basically

8.observatory: n 天文臺；由此可以聯(lián)想得到：

observe: v 觀察；observation: n 觀察；observer: n 觀察家

9.convincing: a 有說服力的，使人信服的；convince: v 使人信服；convinced: a 感到有說服力的，常見搭配：convince sb of sth;convince sb that

1).He gave us a convincing speech.2).He convinced me f his sincerity.10.operate: v 運轉、操作、動手術；operation : n 手術，操作；operator: 操作者

11.research into對?進行研究

She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.12.swallow up: 吞沒、耗盡

Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.13.apply to sb/sth：適用于某人/某事，請對比：

apply to sb for sth向某人申請某事；apply A to B將A 應用于B

1).You should apply what you have learned to your work.2).I applied to him for a new job.3).The study method doesn't apply to everyone

Analyze the important sentences among the text

1.Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)

譯：哦，這個問題很難回答，因為我們通常用來描述一種科學現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術語在這里不夠用。

句子分析：it是形式主語，to answer this question是句子主語；since引導原因狀語從句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定語從句，修飾terms;inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。

2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light.(p1)

譯：天文學家和科學家認為黑洞是一個空間區(qū)域，而不是一個物體，物質會掉進黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。

句子分析：into which和from which引導兩個定語從句，介詞：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。這種介詞+which的定語從句的形式請多注意。

3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.(p2)

譯：（關于黑洞形成的）理論就是一些星球的密度增長到某個特定的點就會爆炸。

句子分析：這是一個主系表結構句。that用來引導表語從句，不可省略。其中又包含一個when引導的時間狀語從句。to a particular point是達到某一個特定的點的含義。

4.But if the star is very large(much bigger than our sun)this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.(p2)

譯：但如果星球很大（比我們的太陽還要大得多），其收縮過程可能很劇烈，以致于產生了黑洞。

句子分析：這是一個if引導的條件狀語從句，so?that表示如此?以致，是結果狀語從句。

如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.5.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.(p2)

譯：假想一下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大，但仍具有同樣的質量和更強的吸引力，你就會對黑洞的力量又某種概念。

句子分析：該句的主要結構為imagine?.and you ??事實上相當于if you imagine?, you will have some idea?..這種句子結構在歷年的考試中曾出現(xiàn)過。請記?。浩硎咕? and + 陳述句= if引導的條件狀語從句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!

另外，該句還有兩個定語成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用來修飾the earth.前者為過去分詞，而后者為現(xiàn)在分詞。詞組：

have some idea of sth對?有所了解

6.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.(p3line13--14)

譯：只是近來科學家才開始對黑洞進行具體的研究。

句子分析：本句的核心結構為it is?that的強調句型，強調時間狀語only recently。詞組：research into sth對?進行研究。

7.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.(p4)

譯：有關黑洞最有說服力的證據(jù)來自對雙星體系的研究。

句子分析：該句主語evidence，謂語comes from；賓語research into binary star systems。

The most convincing是定語，修飾evidence.其中請注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修飾物的形容詞多以-ing結尾；而修飾人的多以-ed結尾。如：

I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.8.Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.(p4)

譯：我們所看到的星球的物質正在被吸引到伴星去。

句子分析：主語matter;謂語is being pulled，這是一個進行被動語態(tài)；towards the companion star介詞賓語；from the one which we can see定語。

9.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.(p5line4--6)

譯：另一方面，科學家也提出有一天高科技會利用黑洞的力量為人類服務。

句子分析：請注意在本句中suggest不是建議的含義，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高級的、先進的；make use of sth利用?，該詞組可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用；make full use of充分加以利用。

10.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)

譯：他們展示給我們一個不同于我們自己的世界運行方式的世界，并對我們最基本的時空經驗提出了質疑。

句子分析：這個句子復雜在于：從which引導的很長的定語從句，特別注意;operate：v 操作；in a way以某種方式；be different from同?不同；question: v 質疑，詢問Learn new words and phrases

1.resolve: v 旋轉，常見搭配關系為：resolve around sb/sth圍繞?轉。

She spends all of her time resolving around her family.The earth resolves around the sun.2.solar: a 太陽的，日光的

solar energy太陽能；solar system太陽系；solar month陽歷月

3.concerned: a 有關的、擔心的

Her job is something concerned with computer.He is concerned about the result of the exam.4.colored: a 有色的，對比；colorful: a 豐富多彩的 I like orange-colored coat.Everybody likes colorful life.5.religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔誠的；

請對比：region: n 地區(qū)；regional: a 地區(qū)的 6.circumstance: n 情況、境遇；

Under no circumstances can we waste time.7.a great many = a number of = many很多，修飾復數(shù)名詞。而a great deal of + u.n

A great many students are absent today.I have wasted a great deal of time.8.above all: 首先、首要

After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.9.as a rule: 通常、一般而言

As a rule, I only watch sports news.Analyze the important sentences among the text:

1.First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun.(p1)

譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運行的一顆行星。

句子分析：first of all首先，詞組：consider sth as sth把?當作?，與之類似的詞組還有：

look up sth as sth;review sth as sth;treat sth as sth?;revolving around the sun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語修飾a planet。

2.These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system.(p1)

譯：這九大行星和太陽一起構成我們所說的太陽系。

句子分析：該句主語為：These nine planets；謂語是make up；what is called our solar system是賓語；together with the sun是狀語，而并非句子主語。關于該語法內容請見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。

3.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery ??(p1)

譯：這個奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的？什么使它保持極其精確的運轉，很大程度上現(xiàn)在還是一個謎。

句子分析：這也是一個主語很復雜的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主語，它是一個主語從句。關于該語法內容請見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。

4.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.(p4)

譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。

句子分析：該句的核心句型是A + be + 倍數(shù)+ as + adj + as + B.e.g.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.5.These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.(p5)

譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因為他們影響著所流經區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因為它們攜帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構成魚類食品的一大部分。

句子分析：這是一個由because引導的主從復合句，其中close to where they flow是定語，修飾the land areas；詞組：large quantities of + c.n/u.n;which forms a large part of the food for fishes是定語從句修飾animal and vegetable life。其中l(wèi)ife是指生命，不可數(shù)名詞。

6.The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.(p8)

譯：不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境以便可以更好理解其他地區(qū)的人們。

句子分析：該句中的under which和in which又是介詞+which的定語從句用法，修飾The circumstances和the way；so that引導的時目的狀語從句。其中：make a diference;使?不同，產生差異；business 是指責任；

7.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.譯：其中很重要的實在沒有對于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應該避免對他們有先入為主的看法。

句子分析：Above all是狀語，意思是最重要的，首先；we主語；should avoid謂語；deciding what we think about people different from ourselves賓語；without first?狀語。different from ourselves是定語，修飾people;having learned動名詞的完成時態(tài)，表示這個動作早于deciding發(fā)生。重要詞組：above all;avoid doing;a great deal

8.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.譯：確實我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。

句子分析：該句的主要結構為：the more?the more?the better意思：越?就越?；如：

The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.The busier I am, the happier I am.Grammar 主謂一致

主謂一致是指句中的主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個原則：

1、語法一致的原則：是指主語為單數(shù)或復數(shù)時，其謂語動詞要與其相呼應。

2、意義一致的原則：指謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于主語所表達的概念，而不取決于表面的語法標志，主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動詞單數(shù)或復數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；指具體成員時用復數(shù)。

3、就近原則：是指謂語動詞單復數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語，而無須考慮其他的詞。

主謂一致的熱點

1．由 many a 或 more than + 單數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.More than one student has visited the exhibition.2．“??的幾分之幾”和“??的百分之幾” 作主語時，其謂語用單數(shù)或復數(shù)取決于 of 后的名詞。

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.40 percent of the students in our class are girls.3．“a number of + 名詞復數(shù)”作主語，謂語用復數(shù)；“ the number of + 名詞復數(shù)”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

A number of pupils like reading picture-books.The number of the students in our class is 55.4．并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，這時 and 后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。

The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.5．成對的名詞，如bread and butter涂黃油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and water鹽開水等，雖然有and連接，但仍表單一概念，作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。

A knife and fork is on the table.6．由 and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each, every或no修飾時，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

No student and no teacher is invited to the party.In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.7．主語是單數(shù)，其后跟有together with, along with(與??一道)，as well as(和；也)，no less than(和??一樣)，rather than(而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。

He as well as his sister is a League member.8．在定語從句中主語是關系代詞who, that, which,謂語動詞的數(shù)應與先行詞的數(shù)一致。

I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.9．主語是一些只有復數(shù)形式的名詞，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等時，謂語用復數(shù)。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有a pair of修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)。

My trousers are being washed now.There is a pair of shoes in the box.10．表示度量、價格、時間的復數(shù)名詞詞組作主語時一般被看作一個整體，謂語用單數(shù)形式。

Ten dollars is not enough.Three months has passed since he left.11．主語是以-ics 結尾的學科名詞以及news, works(工廠)等都屬形式復數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。另外means一詞單復數(shù)同形應視具體情況而定。

Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.A new means of teaching is being used in that school.12．主語是用作書名、劇名、報紙名、國名等的復數(shù)名詞，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。

The United States is a developed country.13．主語是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名詞時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)形式，如指的是全體人員時，謂語用復數(shù)。

His family are all music lovers.14．“one of + 復數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定詞和修飾語時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.15．主語是疑問代詞who, what, which,不定代詞all, more, most, any, none等以及名詞half, part, the rest等既可表示復數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義，其謂語視情況而定。

Half of the visitors are from Europe.Half of the fruit is bad.16．主語是表示數(shù)量的“one and a half +復數(shù)名詞”，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。主語是“one or two + 復數(shù)名詞”，其謂語用復數(shù)形式。

One and a half bananas is left on the table.There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.17．the +形容詞或分詞作主語時，如指一類人。其謂語用復數(shù)，如指抽象概念，其謂語用單數(shù)。如：

The rich are not always happy.The new is sure to replace the old.18．由not only ? but also, neither?nor, either?or, not ?but以及or連接的并列主語，謂語動詞要與最靠近它的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。

Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.19．在倒裝句中以及在There be ?結構中，如主語是并列的，謂語動詞往往和其后面的第一個主語取得數(shù)上的一致。

Where is your mother and younger sister?

There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.20．動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.Learn new words and phrases

1.weaken: v 削弱、減弱，字根：weak: a 虛弱的 構詞形式：adj/n + en或en + adj/n = v

Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc.2.nationwide: a 全國范圍的，通過該詞我們可以得到：worldwide:全世界范圍的，regionwide, etc.3.legal: a 合法的，反義詞：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使?合法化。

The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia.4.ensure: v 確保、擔保，常見用法如下：

1).The police can ensure the witness from danger.2).We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way.5.oppose: v 反對、對抗；名詞：opposition , 形容詞：opposed

1).What he said was totally opposed to the facts.2).Many people oppose building a new highway because of the great cost.6.tradition: n 傳統(tǒng)，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

traditional: a;traditionally: ad;反義詞為：modern

1)._____ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases.2).It's important to keep up the fine ____ of plain living and hard work.3).Christmas is ____ a holiday for a family to get together.Answers: Traditional, tradition, traditionally

7.consideration: n 考慮、體諒、照顧，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

Consider: v 考慮；considerate: a 體諒的，be considerate of;considerable: a 相當多的。請練習一下：

1).Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _____.2).It is very ____ of you to send me a birthday card.3).The matter is receiving the serious ____ of the manager.4).He left behind him a ____ amount of debt.Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable

8.disabled: a 殘疾的，傷殘的，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth;unable: a 沒有能力的；enable: v 使人能夠enable sb to do sth;ability: n 能力籨isable: v 使人殘疾

1).As long as they are physically ____, they tend to live on their own.2).The _____ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker.3).I'd like to go to the cinema, but I'm _____ to.4).Education should ____ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically.5).A car accident ____ him from playing football.6).Special care should be given to the ______.Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a)

9.prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth;

10.sensitive: a 敏感的，be sensitive to sb/sth;同根詞：sensible: a 明智的，be sensible of sth

1).I am sensitive to your criticism.2).It's sensible of you to make such a decision.Analyze the important sentences among the text

1.Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.(p2)

譯：因患有嚴重的疾病，Van Wendel再也不能清楚地講話了，他知道他已經沒有康復的可能，其病情正在迅速惡化。

句子分析：Affected with a serious disease是過去分詞短語做原因狀語，可以改寫成原因狀語從句：because he was affected with a serious disease, ?.另外，there was no hope of recovery和that his condition was rapidly deteriorating都是動詞knew的賓語。詞組：be affected with sth患有?疾病。如：

All the cows in the farm are affected with mad-cow disease.hope of recovery:康復的希望。

2.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in the Netherlands.(p3)

譯：Van Wendel在他的醫(yī)生給她進行最后結束生命的那一陣之前的后三個月的生活被拍成了電影并于去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映。

句子分析：該句的主語較長，were之前均是。其中，核心名詞Van Wendel's last three months of life，后面的before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor是動名詞的被動語態(tài)做定語。film這里當動詞用，拍電影。

3.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.(p3)

譯：這個節(jié)目此后被二十個國家所購買。每次放映，都引起一場關于這個主題的全國性的大討論。

句子分析：這是一個?？季渥印？键c一：since: adv 從那以后；考點二：each time是名詞作時間狀語，前面不用介詞；考點三：debate on sth關于?的討論。

4.However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.(p4)

譯：然而，在荷蘭議會兩年前提出的議案的指導原則下執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生，通常是不會被起訴的。

句子分析：該句核心內容有三點：carry out ?實施，執(zhí)行；under?guidelines在?原則下，under是按照，根據(jù)的意思；introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾guidelines。

5.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?(p5)

譯：醫(yī)生應該被允許去結束他人的性命嗎？

句子分析：該句中主要核心內容是：情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞+be+動詞過去分詞。如：In hot days, flowers must be watered every day.6.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.(p8)

譯：C.S是國家收容所委員會的主席和收容運動的發(fā)起人，認為安樂死并沒有考慮到照顧臨終病人有多種方式。

句子分析：主語Cicely Saunders，President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement是主語的同位語，謂語后面是一個賓語從句，而其中又包括一個小的賓語從句。重要詞組：take sth into account = take sth into consideration將?考慮在內。如：when judging his performance, don't take his age into account.另一個詞組：care for關心某人。

7.It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.(p8)

譯：這很容易使老人們，殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負擔，因此應該選擇離開人世。

句子分析：該句it是形式主語，真正的主語是動詞不定式，to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out。另外還請注意：the elderly, the disabled and the dependent是屬于：the + adj 所構成的固定表達方式，相當于elderly people, disabled people and dependent peoole,是復數(shù)概念，因此若作主語句子的謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。如：

In our country, the old are taken good care of by the young.詞組：opt out選擇放棄。如：I think I'll opt out the game.8.What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.(p9)

譯：那些反對安樂死的人是在告訴我們將死的人們沒有這種權利。

句子分析：乍一看，這是一個簡單句子，但若仔細分析，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一環(huán)套一環(huán)的結構。句子主體結構應是：What those people are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.主語是一個主語從句，What those people are telling me； 表語是一個表語從句：that dying people haven't the right.另外，who oppose euthanasia是定語，修飾those people;請注意下列幾個詞的用法：oppose: v 反對； dying people即將死去的人們；have the right to do sth有權力去做某事。

9.But there are situations where death is a friend.(p9)

譯：但是在一種情況下死亡是朋友。

句子分析：該句唯一的考點為：where;此時它引導定語從句，相當于in which.關于定語從句的關系詞選擇的問題，主要取決于先行詞在從句中所作成分，請對比：

1).The house ??which he bought last year is very big.2).The house where he was born is very old now.3).The house whose windows face south is very big.10.The film showing Cees Van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive;? his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.(p10)

譯：顯示CVW之死的電影既感人又敏感，他妻子的心里只有丈夫的利益。

句子分析：這是一句曾出現(xiàn)于國考中的句子。考點：showing Cees Van Wendel's death。

是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語，修飾the film;詞組：have sth at heart:對?十分關心，將?放在心上。He is selfish, and he has nothing but his own interest at heart Learn new words and phrases

1．statistics: n 統(tǒng)計數(shù)字；keep statistics;statistical: a 統(tǒng)計的；statistician: n 統(tǒng)計員

2.diplomat: n 外交家，由此聯(lián)想得到：

diplomacy: n 外交，外交手腕；diplomatic: a 外交的；請對比：diploma: 文憑

3.exploit: v 開發(fā)、開采、剝削，由此聯(lián)想得到：

exploitable: a 可開發(fā)的；exploited: a 被開發(fā)的；exploitation : n

1).The workers in capitalist countries are cruelly exploited by the capitalists.2).There are laws against the exploitation of child labor.3).His highly exploitable talent can't create wealth for society if he doesn't make great efforts.4.abuse: v/n 濫用，如: abuse one's authority 濫用職權

5.execute: v 實行、執(zhí)行，將?處死，由此聯(lián)想得到：

executive: a執(zhí)行的，決策權的，n 行政領導 CEO=chief executive officer首席執(zhí)行官；execution: n 執(zhí)行、實行。

1).You shouldn't be slow in the _____ of your duties.2).The soldiers ____ the captain's orders as soon as they received the call.3).After the discussion of the ____ committee, the labor law was put into force in may, 1994.Answers: execution, executed, executive

6.guilt: n 有罪、內疚；guilty: a 內疚的；guiltless: a 無罪的 7.employee: n 雇員；由此聯(lián)想得到：

employ: v 雇傭；employment: n 雇傭；employed: a 被雇的，有工作的；unemployed: a 失業(yè)的；employer: n 雇主

1).The police ______ force to break up the crowd.2).Many ____ were thrown out of job as a result.3).Business activities were greatly reduced and almost 60% of the workers were out of ______.4).During the Depression, many workers were ______.Answers: employed, employees, employment, unemployed

8.immigrant: a 移民的，n 移民；immigrate: v;immigration: n

1).During the gold rush, California attracted many immigrants from other states.2).Many Italians immigrated to the United States and Canada.3).In the 1980s, a law against the immigration of Asian peoples was put into practice.9.deport: v 驅逐出境，由此聯(lián)想得到：

port: 港口；import:進口；export:出口；airport:空港；passport:通行證，護照

10.be deserving of 值得、應得

His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.New words from text B

11.deny : v 否認，拒絕接受，后接doing.He denied lying to us.12.ineffective: a無效的，反義詞：effective.13.watch over: 看護、看管。

They use specially trained dogs to watch over their sheep at night.14.in unison: 一致地，協(xié)調地

They sang Happy Birthday to me in unison.15.pay back: 償還，報復，回報

1).If you lend me 50 Yuan, I will pay you back on Friday.2).I'll pay him back for the trick he played on me.Analyze the important sentences among the text:

1.There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(p1)

譯：據(jù)估計，在英國工作的外籍家傭有20000多人。

句子分析：此句為there be句型的變體。該句型是英語中常見句式，稱“存在句”謂語動詞一般由be充當，但還可以根據(jù)句意換成其它動詞，如：

1).There are a lot of people in the meeting room.2).There will be a meeting tomorrow.3).There used to be a church at the corner of the street.4).There happened to be an old friend of mine in the hotel.5).There is sure to rain tomorrow.6).There stands a bank next to my school.另外，working in Britain是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，修飾domestic servants。

2.Of these 20000, just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.(p1)

譯：根據(jù)某個設在倫敦的幫助在英國工作的國外傭人的活動組織聲稱，在這20000名傭人中又近2000人被他們的雇主剝削和虐待。

句子分析：Of these 20000是狀語，under 2000是數(shù)詞作整個句子主語，are being exploited and abused是現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)做謂語，剩余的是狀語。另外，under是低于?不到?的意思；---based設在?的，以?為基礎的；

3.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible.(p2)

譯：他們的護照可能已被拿走，其實際上既不能離開液或不能逃走。

句子分析：have their passports removed是VOC結構，使have sth done句型的具體使用，表示賓語和動詞之間是被動的關系，如：Last week I have my computer repaired.making leaving or escaping virtually impossible是現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語，其中l(wèi)eaving or escaping是動名詞，做making的賓語。virtually是幾乎的意思，相當于almost.4.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.(p3)

譯：其中一個事例就是關于一個菲律賓女傭在被判謀殺罪后，在新加坡被處決，盡管各個地區(qū)的人都抗議她的罪行尚未得到充分證實。

句子分析：was executed表被動，after being convicted of murder是時間狀語，請注意：being動名詞，convicted被判罪，被動，詞組：sb is convicted of sth 某人被判有?罪。如：

She has twice been convicted of fraud.(她已經兩次被判犯有詐騙罪。)

despite盡管，是介詞，因此其后只能跟名詞，而不能接句子。Protests是抗議的意思，that her guilt had not been adequately established是Protests的同位語從句，具體解釋Protests的內容。from various quarters= from various places.5.I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.(p4)

譯：我本應該得到120英鎊的報酬，但我從未得到那個數(shù)目。

句子分析：詞組be supposed to do sth應該做某事，如：You are supposed to get there as early as possible.be paid ?被支付?錢。

He is paid 1000yuan for finishing such a task.6.At the end of 1994, the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.(p7)

譯：1994年年底，英國政府引進新的措施來保護家傭們，使其免受雇主的虐待。

句子分析：At the end of 1994時間狀語，the British Government主語，introduced謂語，new measures賓語，to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers是不定式做目的狀語。詞組：protect sb from sth保護?使之遠離?

Each parent should protect their child from TV violence.7.So if they do complain, they risk being deported.(p8)

譯：所以，如果他們真的抱怨的話，就會冒著被驅逐出境的風險。

句子分析：do complain:是謂語動詞的強調形式，意思：的確抱怨道的話?前面我們曾經見過it is/was? that/who?的強調句型，它不能用來強調謂語，只能強調主語、賓語和狀語，而要想強調謂語，只能借助于助動詞do, does, did.For example:

1).I do love you!

2).He does study very hard.3).I did meet Bill Gates last week.8.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.(p9)

譯：給予那些愿意做同類工作但是想更換雇主的家傭們這種自由，這正是國際反奴役組織這樣的團體向政府爭取的。

句子分析：Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer是動名詞短語作主語，其中to seek the same type of work but with a different employer是不定式作定語修飾the freedom，謂語是is, 后面的what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for是表語從句。if they so choose是條件狀語從句，做插入語。

9.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.(p9)

譯：他們說，就是更換雇主的權利才能把雇傭同奴役區(qū)別開來。

句子分析：該句的主要形式是it is?引導的強調句。強調句子的主語the right to change employers.they say 是插入語。詞組：distinguish A from B將A 同B區(qū)分開。

The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.| Key words and phrases

1.musician : n 音樂家，與其同根的常見詞匯：music : n 音樂；musical : a 音樂的，musically : adv 從音樂上來說的。Please do the exercises:

1).The ____ of the Beatles became very successful and famous during the 1960s.2).Although he was born in America, he could play many Chinese ____ instruments.3).Folk music, the blues and rock'n'roll remained _____ and culturally distinct in the 1960s.4).Bob Dylan, a famous folk ____ in America, was best known for his anti-war song.Answers: music, musical, musically, musician

2.consciousness: n 意識、知覺，與其同根的常見詞匯：conscious: a 有知覺的、有意識的 = aware，反義詞：unconscious = unaware;副詞：consciously, unconsciously。常用搭配：be aware/unaware of sth;be aware/unaware that.1).I was ____ that I had made a mistake.2).____ did not return to the injured man for two hours.3).When a person immigrates to a new country, he should ______ adapt himself to the new environment.Answers: conscious, consciousness, consciously

3.originate: v 發(fā)源、發(fā)生,與其同根的常見詞匯：origin : n 起源、發(fā)源； original : a 原始的，新穎的；n 原著、原稿，originality : n 創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)造力

1).The use of steam originated many new reforms.2).I wonder the origins of life on the earth.3).The Indians were the original inhabitants of North America.4).The quarrel originated in conflicts between the two families.5).Her design is of great originality.4.imitator: n 模仿者，聯(lián)想：imitate: v 模仿；imitation : n 模仿

5.limitless : a 無限制的，與其同根的常見詞匯：limit : n 極限，v 限定；limited;a 有限的，limitation: n 局限

1).His knowledge about insurance is rather ______.2).His energy seems to have no ____.3).A wise man knows his ____.4).In front of the ____ ocean, he found he was rather insignificant.Answers: limited, limits, limitation, limitless.6.penetrating: a 穿透的，貫穿的，動詞：penetrate;名詞：penetration

7.participant: n 參加者，參與者，與其同根的常見詞匯：participate: v, participation : n 固定搭配：participate in sth.8.take over: 接管、接任、When he retired, his son took over business from him.9.take on : 擔任，雇用

1).He has taken on a new job.2).The employer takes on twenty more workers.Text B:

10).composer: n 作曲家，動詞 compose，名詞 composition

11).inspire: v 鼓舞，產生靈感，inspiration : n 靈感

Genius is 1% of inspiration and 99% of hard work.12.invariably: ad 不變地，同根詞：variable: a 可變的；variety: n 各種各樣，變化； vary : v 變化；various : a 各種各樣的

13.sake : n 緣故；for the sake of sth為了?的緣故，好處

The company has decided for economy's sake to close down this department.14.harmony : n 協(xié)調，harmonize: v使?和諧；harmonious : a 和諧的

15.in a sense: 從某種意義上說。

In a sense, you are right.16.it goes without saying that不言而喻，理所當然

It goes without saying that you will be paid for the overtime work.Analyze the difficult sentences:

1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence??(p1)

譯：新音樂是從已有的三種音樂發(fā)展起來的?

句子分析：詞組in existence現(xiàn)有的、已有的；out of = from.2.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.(p1)

譯：這三種形式保留著音樂和文化方面的特色，甚至直到1965年，這三種音樂沒有一種表達出任何激進的新的意識形態(tài)。

句子分析：主語：The three forms；謂語（系動詞）：remained；表語：distinct.musically and culturally是副詞修飾distinct。as late as 1965時間狀語，none沒有一個；new states of consciousness新的意識狀態(tài)。Radically修飾new.3.What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.(p2)

譯：所發(fā)生的情況，如果用語言盡可能表達出來是這樣的。

句子分析：主語：What happened，主語從句；was this系表結構；as well as在本句中應理解為：as?as，像。一樣好。put inyo words: 用文字表達

4.They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources.(p2)

譯：他們自由地吸取爵士樂、美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂的成分，隨著時間的推移甚至從更多的來源中吸取營養(yǎng)。

句子分析：本句核心形式：take over sth from sth從?中吸取?；as time went on意思是：隨著時間的推移，如：as time goes on, our vocabulary is enlarging gradually.Diverse: a 不同的，各種各樣的，相當于various.如：

New York is a very culturally diverse city.5.What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.(p2)

譯：音樂的很快發(fā)展成為具有多種形式并且?guī)缀蹙哂袩o限的表現(xiàn)力。

句子分析：主語：What developed，后面是一個系表結構，readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression分別是現(xiàn)在分詞短語和形容詞短語做定語，修飾music.另外：take on意思：具有；be capable of doing sth有能力做某事。

6.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.(p3)

譯：事實上，電子學的確可以制作出到那時為止樂器所發(fā)不出的聲音。

句子分析：did make是謂語的強調結構，possible是賓補，提到賓語sounds以及定語從句之前是國考的重要考點，目的是為了避免結構的頭重腳輕現(xiàn)象。（在下一句話中我們還會見到相同用法。）

7.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.(p3)

譯：電子揚聲器也使得在音量方面能夠有意想不到的提高，音樂在人類耳朵所能承受范圍內變得響亮，具有穿透力，由此表達了一種完美的效果，所以聽眾已不是被動的聽眾，現(xiàn)在的聽眾是完全投入的聽眾，他們在全身心感受著音樂。

句子分析：本句話非常復雜，可分為四個層次：第一層次是主句：Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume；第二層次從the music becoming直至句尾是現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結構，做伴隨狀語。第三層次：so that引導的結果狀語從句；第四層次從feeling到句尾為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，又是分詞做伴隨狀語。

8.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best as they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.(p4)

譯：家里有了唱片，聽眾盡力模仿舞廳燈光效果并通過使用藥物以加強整體感受。

句子分析：With records at home方式狀語；imitated和heightened兩個并列謂語動詞；as best as one could盡力做某事,如： I sear I will teach him a lesson as best as I could.Key words and phrases

1.efficiency : n 效率，其他同根詞：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n;effective: a 有效果的

1).He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.2).She is very _____ in reducing waste.3).His ____ study method caused his failure.4).The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.Answers: efficiency, efficient;inefficient, effective

2.increasingly: ad不斷增加地，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

increase：v 增加;increasing: a 不斷增加的;decrease: v減少；

1).Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.2).The truth is becoming ______ apparent.3).The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.3.prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular

4.calculator : n 計算者，計算器，calculate: v 計算；calculation : n 計算;calculating: a 詭計多端的

5.expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭發(fā)，exposure: n;expose sb to sth讓某人接觸。。

6.completion: n 完成、結束，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的

1).He ____ denied the existence of god.2).He has never ____ a project on time.3).Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.4).When will the new railway ________?

7).intensity : n 強烈、劇烈，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

intense = strong: a 強烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加強的；intensify: v 加強；intension: n 強烈、緊張。

1).We should ____ the struggle for peace.2).There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.3).They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.4).They kept working in the ____ heat.Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense

8.defective : a 有缺點的，defect: n 缺點

9.assemble: v 集合、裝配； assembly: n 裝配

10.expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面臨、遭受

1).People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.2).I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.11.in that: 在于，因為

1).I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.12.in question: 正被談論的，正被考慮的(通常放在被修飾名詞后面)

We know nothing about the plan in question.Analyze the difficult sentences

1.Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.(p2)

翻譯：今天大多數(shù)機器人用于汽車工業(yè)，它們按照編好的程序接任了汽車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這一類的工作。

分析：該句的考點是where引導的非限定性定語從句，修飾in the automotive industry。另外請注意幾個詞的用法：employ: v 雇傭，使用，相當于use;program: v 編寫程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?

such...as例如，welding and spray painting是動名詞，做賓語。

2.Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.(p3)

翻譯：除了在汽車生產領域替代人工勞動外，機器人也開始在別的工業(yè)部門應用，雖然應用程度低一些。

分析：該句考點如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語；to be seen不定式的被動概念；although to a lesser degree讓步狀語，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反義詞：to a larger degree.3.The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.(p3)

翻譯：核電站里使用機器人處理輻射材料，避免人員接觸放射性物質。

分析：主語：The robots；謂語：handle；賓語：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是過去分詞短語做定語；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做伴隨狀語。being exposed to動名詞被動語態(tài)；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。

4.Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.(p4)

翻譯：機器人與自動化裝置的區(qū)別在于它們完成一項特定任務后可以由計算機重新編程去執(zhí)行另一項任務。

分析：該句重要考點：in that,相當于because, 所引導從句表原因。如：

Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.5.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.(p5)

翻譯：人們不知道是否有一天機器人能具有像人類一樣好的視覺。

分析：該句的主語是whether引導的主語從句。（有關知識請見課后補充語法。），it 是形式主語；as good as human vision是后置定語修飾vision;

6.Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.(p6)

翻譯：在其他方面努力取得進展的工程人員正在設計和實驗新的金屬手臂和手指，使機器人具有觸覺。

分析：請注意該句中幾個-ing的區(qū)別：working on other advances是非謂語動詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞；are designing and experimenting是謂語動詞的進行時態(tài)；giving robots a sense of touch是非謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞做結果狀語。詞組：experiment with sth實驗。。

7.These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.(p7)

翻譯：未來具有觸覺、視覺并能決策的機器人將可以做很多工作。

分析：主語：These future robots；謂語：will have；賓語：plenty of work to do。

assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾主語，其中動詞不定式to see and make decisions是另外一個定語，修飾the ability.詞組：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth裝備有。。；a sense of touch觸覺，同樣的短語還有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:視覺，聽覺，嗅覺，味覺；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出決定；plenty of sth充足的，足夠的

8.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.(p7)

翻譯：任何希望了解未來工業(yè)的人必須懂機器人。

分析：這句話是國考題目中?？嫉?。考點：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語，修飾anyone.詞組：know about sth了解。。，懂得。。

補充語法知識：名詞性從句

名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當連接詞所引導的從句，其功同名詞一樣。

一．主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.4).It is John that broke the window.必背

用形式主語it引導的主語從句相當多，有些已形成固定的語法和譯法。常見的有：

It is said that...據(jù)說?? It is reported that...據(jù)報導??

It is well known that...眾所周知?? It is announced that...據(jù)宣布??

It is believed that...人們相信?? It is thought that...人們認為??

It is understood that...自不待言?? It must be pointed out that...必須指出??

It must be admitted that...必須承認??

2.主語從句的語序

主語從句要求使用陳述句語序，而非一般疑問句語序。如：

What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.使我感到驚訝的是這個小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。

How he was successful is still a puzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是個謎。

3.連接詞的選用

（1）that和what的選用

that和what都可引導主語從句。what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當某些成分，可作從句的主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中不充當任何成分，無詞義，只起連接詞作用。如：

What he wants is a book.他想要的是一本書。

That light travels in straight lines is known to all.眾所周知，光線沿直線運行。

（2）if和whether的選用

引導主語從句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：

Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我們明天是否在戶外開晚會要看天氣而定。

（3）其它連接代詞和副詞的選用

根據(jù)主語從句的具體意義，正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞，這些連接詞既有疑問含義，又起連接作用，同時在從句中充當各種成分。如：

When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided.我們何時舉行運動會還沒有決定。

Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.還不清楚昨天誰打破了玻璃。

Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.你決定買哪一輛車都不會有任何區(qū)別。

二．賓語從句

在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。

1.賓語從句常由that引導，在口語中常省略。當主句中謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在或將來時態(tài)時，從句中謂語動詞不受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響，按需要可以使用任何時態(tài)。如：

She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.從句是一般現(xiàn)在時

She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.從句是一般將來時

當主句謂語是過去時態(tài)，從句中的時態(tài)一般用表示過去的某種時態(tài)。如：

He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.從句是一般過去時

He said(that)he was going to take care of the baby.從句是過去將來時

He said(that)they were having a meeting at that time.從句是過去進行時

當主句謂語是過去時態(tài)，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實）時，賓語從句的時態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：

The teacher told us(that)nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。

He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。

2.否定轉移

1)將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.我想我并不認識你。

I don't believe he will come.我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。

I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒有生病吧。

2)將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

三．表語從句

表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結構。例如：

1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can't get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：

1)The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2．同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：

1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

Key words and phrases

1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth;give sb a warning

2.shift: v/n 替換，轉移，改變，轉變，輪班

1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.2).The wind shifted from east to north.3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.3.speculate: v 思索、推測，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n

4.datum: n 資料、數(shù)據(jù)，復數(shù)形式：data;又如：bacterium: 細菌，bacteria;

medium, media.5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的，unreliable: a 不可靠的

6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 過時的，to date: 至今

1).Will long dress go out of date next year?

2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n，復數(shù)形式：analyses.9.work on:從事?； 對?有影響

1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.10.set sth up:設立、建立、提出

1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.3).Einstein set up many important theories.Analyze the difficult sentences:

1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)

翻譯：科學家們正致力于研究預報地震何時何地發(fā)生的計劃。

分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主體部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是動詞不定式做定語，修飾program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是動詞predict的賓語從句，注意疑問句的語序。詞組：work on:從事?，對?有影響，如：

The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)

翻譯：他們希望研究出一種早期警報系統(tǒng)，用來預報地震，以挽救人們的生命。

分析：該句中that引導的定語從句修飾an early warning system，另外，so that引導目的狀語從句。注意，情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)在這句話中的用法。

3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)

翻譯：有記載的兩次最大的地震發(fā)生在中國和阿拉斯加。

分析：主語Two of the biggest earthquakes，謂語took place。該句考點，形容詞最高級，the biggest;that were ever recorded是定語從句；were recorded表示“被記錄”；詞組：take place發(fā)生、舉行，請注意：該詞無被動語態(tài)。如：

Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, ?..(P4)

翻譯：積極參與地震預報研究的國家包括日本?。

分析：該句考點，詞組be involved in sth參與?；或be actively involved in sth積極地參與?如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4)

翻譯：這些網絡一直處于戒備狀態(tài)，搜索著警告的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發(fā)生巖層松動狀況。

分析：這句話的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是兩個套在一起的定語從句，均是由that引導的，第一個修飾warning signs；第二個修飾the weakening of rock layers。詞組：on the alert: 警戒、防備著?如：

Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)

翻譯：他們密切注意與斷層運動有關的水位和水溫的變化。

分析：詞組：watch for密切注意?；be associated with同?有關系。

7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)

翻譯：人們都認為不可能可靠地預報地震。

分析：that引導的是賓語從句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推測語氣；with any reliability帶有任何可能性。

8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6)

翻譯：盡管這是一個小的開端，但畢竟只是處于初始階段。

分析：本句中的while意思是“盡管，雖然”，引導讓步狀語從句。請看下面的句子，區(qū)分while含義：

1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.Grammar: 倒裝句

英語中主語在前,謂語在后的語序稱為自然語序。

由于語法、修辭的需要謂語置于主語之前，稱為全部倒裝；助動詞、情態(tài)動詞等移到主語之前而主要動詞仍然在主語之后的，稱作半倒裝.全部倒裝和半倒裝的句子統(tǒng)稱倒裝句。

倒裝句之全部倒裝

全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和 一般過去時。常見的結構有：

1)here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.2)表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。

In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

Here he comes.Away they went.倒裝句之部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。

1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

I have never seen such a performance.The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例題

1)Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room

A.is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted

C.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit

答案A.這是一個倒裝問題。當否定詞語置于句首以表示強調時，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結構。這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2)Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

第三篇：學習資料10

學習資料10：習近平在山東考察時強調——認真貫徹黨的十八屆三中全會精神、匯聚起全面深化改革的強大正能量（20131126）習近平在山東考察時強調，全面深化改革，對全面建成小康社會、實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興意義重大而深遠。學習貫徹黨的十八屆三中全會精神，是當前和今后一個時期全黨全國的重大政治任務，各級黨委務必以高度的責任感和求真務實的作風抓緊抓好，把思想和行動統(tǒng)一到中央決策部署上來，匯聚起全面推進改革開放的強大正能量。

調研期間，習近平聽取了山東省委和省政府工作匯報，對山東近年來的工作給予肯定。習近平指出，黨的十八屆三中全會已經勝利閉幕，軍令狀已經下達，集合號已經吹響。十八屆三中全會精神，重點是堅定信心、凝聚共識、落到實處。同志對把改革藍圖變成現(xiàn)實要有信心。無論遇到什么困難，無論出現(xiàn)什么干擾，都要堅定不移推進改革。群眾全面準確地把握各項改革舉措，不要盲人摸象、以偏概全，不要不明就里、大而化之。發(fā)展。要準確推進改革，認真執(zhí)行中央要求，不要事情還沒弄明白就盲目推進。要有序推進改革，該中央統(tǒng)一部署的不要搶跑，該盡早推進的不要拖宕，該試點的不要倉促推開，該深入研究后再推進的不要急于求成，該得到法律授權的不要超前推進。要協(xié)調推進改革，注重改革的關聯(lián)性和耦合性，把握全局，力爭最大綜合效益。要善于把自覺維護中央大政方針的統(tǒng)一性嚴肅性和因地制宜、充分發(fā)揮主觀能動性結合起來。任務一經確定，就要一步一個腳印、穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打向前走，積小勝為大勝，積跬步致千里。

習近平強調指出，全面深化改革任務艱巨、矛盾繁多，對黨的執(zhí)政能力和領導水平是一改革這場攻堅戰(zhàn)，加強學習和實踐，努力提高思想政治能力、動員組織能力、駕馭復雜矛盾能力，做到信心堅定、行動堅決，科學推進、勇于擔當。要時時處處為群眾作示范、當表率，讓群眾跟著來、一起干，不斷增強人民群眾投身改革的積極性和主動性。

第四篇：英語學習資料

教學反思

1、提倡學生自主學習，重點落在預習方面。發(fā)揮個人和學習小組的作用，認真完成教師布置的預習任務。針對每個不同課時，學生準備的內容也不相同，凡是書中要求填空的內容，都盡可能要求學生提前預習好，出發(fā)點就是培養(yǎng)學生自主學習的習慣，錘煉能力，增加課堂的教學容量。

2、堅持一單元兩次正規(guī)練筆活動。寫作訓練也是每單元必須抓的內容。雖然每一單元都有一個main task 但，畢竟間隔時間太長。我們要求學生在每一個reading 課時學完后仿寫文章，在main task 結束之后再第二次安排學生作文訓練。對于英語興趣濃，能力較強的學生要求他們堅持寫英語周記;基礎相對薄弱的學生也鼓勵他們用文中的重點短語或單詞造句。

3、堅持高聲朗讀訓練不放松。由于學校生源不近相同，各校學生的課堂表現(xiàn)和開口說話的機會不一樣。我們現(xiàn)在的感覺就是初一時學生還踴躍發(fā)言，到了初二就開始變的穩(wěn)重了，初三就只好點名了。口語考試對我們平時的口語訓練提出了新的要求。在開始時，為了鼓勵學生好好朗讀，我們采用了限時朗讀的競賽辦法，規(guī)定時間，看誰讀的又快又好，然后逐漸把朗讀時情感、爆破、停頓等技巧納入考核。

4、聽力訓練落在平時。在課堂上要求學生多說、多聽，并利用每節(jié)課的 daily report 進行相互的聽說訓練。值日學生在話題陳述完畢之后，根據(jù)內容設計問題要求其他學生回答，既達到鍛煉口語，又能訓練學生的聽力

5、活化教材，整體處理新教材中的單元結構。經過一段時間的研究與思考，我們覺得：要更好地體現(xiàn)知識的系統(tǒng)性與完整性，就有必要對們個單元的教學內容進行一定量的整合。例如，我們通常把Comic strip放在Welcome to the unit之后;有時根據(jù)Reading中詞匯的需要，我們把vocabulary調到Reading之前上，幾乎每個單元的Speak up與Welcometo the Unit 的內容都會有關聯(lián)，卻與Integrated skills無多大聯(lián)系，所以我們通常都會把Speak up的教學與welcome to the Unit 的教學安排在一個課時之內。另外，Grammar的學習也可以把Checkout的A分作為一種學習后的檢查與練習。

6、如何布置作業(yè)和評價學生

作業(yè)的“三布置” ：夯實基礎的;提升能力的;發(fā)展思維的。

作業(yè)的“三不布置”：機械重復的;懲罰性質的;超負荷的。

我對作業(yè)布置的思考：

1.不在讓學生機械地抄寫所有的單詞和句型，改為用重點詞匯和句型造句，學生可以參考書本，也可以查字典，但要求不能照抄，必須經過自己的改寫。

2.從學生作業(yè)中

收集一些典型錯誤，并作為改錯作業(yè)布置給學生。

3.分層次布置作業(yè)。

4.抽出時間堅持跟讀磁帶。

第五篇：英語學習資料

1.19世紀初，大肆向中國走私鴉片的國家是（）

A.美國B.英國

C.日本D.俄國

2.中國半殖民地半封建社會最主要的矛盾是（）

A.地主階級與農民階級的矛盾B.資產階級與工人階級的矛盾

C.帝國主義與中華民族的矛盾D.封建主義與人民大眾的矛盾

3.1860年洗劫和燒毀圓明園的是（）

A.日本侵略軍B.俄國侵略軍

C.英法聯(lián)軍D.八國聯(lián)軍

4.基督教在中國設立的最大出版機構廣學會發(fā)行的報刊是（）

A.《中國叢報》B.《北華捷報》

C.《字林西報》D.《萬國公報》

5.舊民主主義革命時期中國反侵略斗爭失敗的最根本原因是（）

A.經濟技術落后B.社會制度腐敗

C.思想文化保守D.軍事裝備落后

6.鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后，提出“師夷長技以制夷”思想的是（）

A.林則徐B.魏源

C.龔自珍D.王韜

7.太平天國后期，提出《資政新篇》這一具有資本主義色彩改革方案的是（A.洪秀全B.楊秀清

C.洪仁玕D.石達開

8.太平天國在1853年冬頒布的綱領性文件是（）

A.《天朝田畝制度》B.《十款天條》

C.《原道醒世訓》D.《原道覺世訓》

9.洋務派創(chuàng)辦的第一個規(guī)模較大的近代軍事工業(yè)是（）

A.江南制造總局B.馬尾船政局

C.天津機器局D.湖北槍炮廠

10.近代中國派遣第一批留學生是在（）

A.洋務運動時期B.戊戌維新時期

C.清末“新政”時期D.辛亥革命時期

11.譚嗣同在戊戌維新時期撰寫的宣傳變法維新主張的著作是（）

A.《新學偽經考》B.《變法通義》

C.《日本變政考》D.《仁學》

12.嚴復將英國人赫胥黎的《進化與倫理》的前兩章翻譯為（）

A.《天演論》B.《穆勒名學》

C.《原富》D.《法意》

13.魯迅在《新青年》上發(fā)表的第一篇白話小說是（）

A.《孔乙己》B.《藥》

C.《狂人日記》D.《阿Q正傳》

14.《共產黨宣言》第一個中文全譯本的譯者是（）

A.李大釗B.陳獨秀

C.陳望道D.毛澤東

15.1925年國民政府將所轄各部隊統(tǒng)一改編為（）

A.國民軍B.東征軍）

16.1931年日本帝國主義制造了侵略中國的（）

A.九一八事變B.一二八事變

C.七七事變D.八一三事變

17.1935年中國共產黨北平臨時工作委員會領導發(fā)動的抗日救亡運動是（）

A.五卅運動B.一二·九運動

C.一二·一運動D.一二·三〇運動

18.全國性抗戰(zhàn)開始后，中國軍隊取得第一次重大勝利的戰(zhàn)役是（）

A.臺兒莊戰(zhàn)役B.昆侖關戰(zhàn)役

C.百團大戰(zhàn)D.平型關戰(zhàn)役

19.中國共產黨制定《抗日救國十大綱領》的重要會議是（）

A.瓦窯堡會議B.洛川會議

C.中共六屆六中全會D.中共六屆七中全會

20.1945年8月，毛澤東發(fā)表的號召對日本侵略者實行全國規(guī)模反攻的文章是（）

A.《為抗日救國告全國同胞書》B.《關于目前形勢與黨的任務的決定》

C.《論持久戰(zhàn)》D.《對日寇的最后一戰(zhàn)》

21.中國西藏和平解放的時間是（）

A.1948年10月B.1949年10月

C.1950年10月D.1951年10月

22.1951年底到1952年春，中國共產黨在黨政機關中開展的“三反”運動是（）

A.反貪污、反浪費、反官僚主義B.反主觀主義、反宗派主義、反黨八股

C.反受賄、反貪污、反自由主義D.反浪費、反行賄、反形式主義

23.中國進入新民主主義社會后，經濟上處于領導地位的是（）

A.私人資本主義經濟B.國家資本主義經濟

C.國營經濟D.合作社經濟

24.中國共產黨在過渡時期總路線的主體是實現(xiàn)（）

A.對個體農業(yè)的社會主義改造B.對個體手工業(yè)的社會主義改造

C.對資本主義工商業(yè)的社會主義改造D.國家的社會主義工業(yè)化

25.在農業(yè)合作化過程中，具有半社會主義性質的農業(yè)合作組織是（）

A.互助組B.初級農業(yè)生產合作社

C.高級農業(yè)生產合作社D.人民公社

26.我國進入社會主義社會的最主要標志是（）

A.中華人民共和國的成立B.發(fā)展國民經濟第一個五年計劃的制定

C.第一屆全國人民代表大會的召開D.社會主義改造的完成27.將社會主義初級階段基本路線概括為“一個中心，兩個基本點”的會議是（）

A.中共十二大B.中共十三大

C.中共十五大D.中共十六大

28.1992年召開的中共十四大明確提出，我國經濟體制改革的目標是建立（）

A.社會主義市場經濟體制B.社會主義有計劃商品經濟體制

C.計劃為主、市場為輔的經濟體制D.市場為主、計劃為輔的經濟體制

29.正式提出以人為本、全面協(xié)調可持續(xù)的科學發(fā)展觀的會議是（）

A.中共十五屆五中全會B.中共十五屆六中全會

C.中共十六屆三中全會D.中共十六屆四中全會

30.中國的社會生產力在改革開放后迅速發(fā)展，到2006年經濟總量已居世界（）

C.第四位D.第五位

二、多項選擇題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）

在每小題列出的四個備選項中至少有兩個是符合題目要求的，請將其代碼填寫在題后的括號內。錯選、多選、少選或未選均無分。31.1902年至1911年，在我國發(fā)生的愛國運動主要有（）

A.拒俄運動B.收回利權運動

C.保路運動D.抵制美貨運動

32.1911年，直接參與領導武昌起義的革命組織是（）

A.共進會B.文學社

C.中華革命黨D.中國國民黨

33.在國民黨統(tǒng)治時期，屬于四大家族壟斷的大銀行有（）

A.中央銀行B.中國銀行

C.交通銀行D.中國農民銀行

34.1928年至1930年間，毛澤東撰寫的有關中國革命道路理論的重要著作有（）

A.《中國的紅色政權為什么能夠存在?》B.《井岡山的斗爭》

C.《星星之火，可以燎原》D.《反對本本主義》

35.遵義會議后，中共中央政治局成立的新的軍事指揮小組成員有（）

A.毛澤東B.朱德

C.周恩來D.王稼祥

36.1946年8月，中共中央在《對目前時局的宣言》中明確提出的口號是（）

A.獨立B.和平

C.民主D.團結

37.1947年“五二〇”慘案發(fā)生后，國統(tǒng)區(qū)學生運動的口號是（）

A.反饑餓B.反內戰(zhàn)

C.反獨裁D.反迫害

38.1948年9月至1949年1月，中國人民解放軍進行的戰(zhàn)略決戰(zhàn)是（）

A.遼沈戰(zhàn)役B.淮海戰(zhàn)役

C.平津戰(zhàn)役D.渡江戰(zhàn)役

39.周恩來在三屆全國人大一次會議上正式宣布，把我國建設成為社會主義強國的目標是實現(xiàn)（A.工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化B.農業(yè)現(xiàn)代化

C.國防現(xiàn)代化D.科學技術現(xiàn)代化

40.毛澤東在探索中國社會主義建設道路過程中提出，社會主義的發(fā)展階段可能分為

A.落后的社會主義B.先進的社會主義

C·不發(fā)達的社會主義D.比較發(fā)達的社會主義

三、簡答題（本大題共5小題，每小題6分，共30分）

41.以孫中山為代表的革命派同改良派論戰(zhàn)取得勝利的重要意義。

42．抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線中的中間勢力以及中共爭取中間勢力所必需的條件。

43．解放戰(zhàn)爭時期國民黨統(tǒng)治區(qū)政治、經濟危機日益加深的主要原因。

44．新中國建立初期中國共產黨面臨的主要問題和考驗。

45．1979年3月，鄧小平在理論工作務虛會上提出的四項基本原則及堅持這些原則的重要性。））（四、論述題（本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分）

46．新文化運動的主要內容和意義是什么？

47．毛澤東等老一輩革命家對中國社會主義民主政治建設有哪些理論貢獻？