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      經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試重點(diǎn)總結(jié)(精選多篇)

      時(shí)間:2019-05-15 07:45:32下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫寫幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試重點(diǎn)總結(jié)》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試重點(diǎn)總結(jié)》。

      第一篇:經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

      有限責(zé)任公司:由一定人數(shù)的股東組成,股東以其出資額為限對(duì)公司承擔(dān)責(zé)任,公司以其全部資產(chǎn)對(duì)公司債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任的公司。

      股份有限公司:全部資本分為等額股份,股東以其所持股份為限對(duì)公司承擔(dān)責(zé)任,公司以其全部資產(chǎn)對(duì)公司債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任的法人。

      重整:是指當(dāng)企業(yè)法人不能清償?shù)狡趥鶆?wù)時(shí),不立即進(jìn)行破產(chǎn)清算,而是在人民法院的主持下,由債務(wù)人與債權(quán)人達(dá)成協(xié)議,制定債務(wù)人重整計(jì)劃,債務(wù)人繼續(xù)營(yíng)業(yè),并在一定期限內(nèi)清償全部或者部分債務(wù)的制度

      表見代理: 是指行為人雖然沒有代理權(quán)、或者超越代理權(quán)、或者代理權(quán)終止后以被代理人名義訂立合同,但善意相對(duì)人客觀上有充分理由相信行為人具有代理權(quán),而與其進(jìn)行民事法律行為。

      抵押:債務(wù)人或者第三人不轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)的占有,將該財(cái)產(chǎn)抵押給債權(quán)人,債務(wù)人不履行債務(wù)時(shí)或發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形時(shí),債權(quán)人有權(quán)依法以該財(cái)產(chǎn)折價(jià)或者以拍賣、變賣該財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)款優(yōu)先受償

      質(zhì)押:債務(wù)人或者第三人將其動(dòng)產(chǎn)或權(quán)利移交債權(quán)人占有,將該財(cái)產(chǎn)作為債的擔(dān)保,當(dāng)債務(wù)人不履行債務(wù)時(shí),債權(quán)人有權(quán)依法以該財(cái)產(chǎn)變價(jià)所得優(yōu)先受償

      商標(biāo)概述是商品和商業(yè)服務(wù)的標(biāo)記,它是商品生產(chǎn)者,經(jīng)營(yíng)者,服務(wù)提供者為了使自己生產(chǎn),銷售的商品或提供的服務(wù)與其他商品或服務(wù)相區(qū)別而使用的一種標(biāo)記。

      要約收購(gòu):是指收購(gòu)人通過證券交易所的證券交易,投資者持有或通過協(xié)議、其他安排與他人共同持有一個(gè)上市公司的股份達(dá)到該公司已發(fā)行股份的30%時(shí),繼續(xù)增持股份的,應(yīng)當(dāng)采取向被收購(gòu)公司的股東發(fā)出收購(gòu)要約的方式進(jìn)行收購(gòu)。發(fā)起設(shè)立。指由發(fā)起人認(rèn)購(gòu)公司應(yīng)發(fā)行的全部股份,不再向社會(huì)公眾公開募集的一種公司設(shè)立方式。這種設(shè)立方式使公司能以較快速度成立。發(fā)起設(shè)立適用于任何公司的設(shè)立。有限責(zé)任公司常采用此種形式。

      競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)物,它表現(xiàn)為市場(chǎng)上多個(gè)主體為同一目標(biāo)所進(jìn)行的爭(zhēng)斗。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法永恒的、共同的保護(hù)對(duì)象,也是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法所追求的基本價(jià)值的集中體現(xiàn)。

      市場(chǎng)支配地位:是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者在相關(guān)市場(chǎng)內(nèi)具有能夠控制商品價(jià)格、數(shù)量或其他交易條件,或者能夠阻礙、影響其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者進(jìn)入相關(guān)市場(chǎng)能力的市場(chǎng)地位

      商標(biāo):是商品和商業(yè)服務(wù)的標(biāo)記,它是商品生產(chǎn)者,經(jīng)營(yíng)者,服務(wù)提供者為了使自己生產(chǎn),銷售的商品或提供的服務(wù)與其他商品或服務(wù)相區(qū)別而使用的一種標(biāo)記。合同的主要內(nèi)容1)當(dāng)事人的名稱或者姓名和住所;2)標(biāo)的——權(quán)利義務(wù)共同指向的對(duì)象。應(yīng)當(dāng)明確具體。物、行為、智力產(chǎn)品、貨幣 3)數(shù)量——必須按國(guó)家法定計(jì)量單位計(jì)量4)質(zhì)量——包括標(biāo)的的品種、規(guī)格、型號(hào)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、技術(shù)要求等 5)價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬; 6)履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式——期限是衡量履行是否如期或延遲的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);地點(diǎn)關(guān)系到司法管轄;方式包括交貨、結(jié)算、運(yùn)輸?shù)姆绞?7)違約責(zé)任——(違約以后該如何處理)包括繼續(xù)履行;補(bǔ)救措施;賠償損失等8)解決爭(zhēng)議的方法——和解、調(diào)解、仲裁、訴訟

      承諾的概念和構(gòu)成要件承諾是指受要約人同意接受要約的條件以締結(jié)合同的意思表示

      承諾構(gòu)成要件1)承諾必須由受要約人向要約人作出。要約使受要約人具有承諾資格,只有受要約人有權(quán)作出承諾。

      2)承諾必須在規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)達(dá)到要約人。如果要約規(guī)定了承諾期限,則應(yīng)當(dāng)在規(guī)定的承諾期限內(nèi)到達(dá);在沒有規(guī)定期限時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理的期限內(nèi)作出并到達(dá)要

      約人。

      要約的概念和構(gòu)成要件要約,是希望和他人訂立合同的意思表示構(gòu)成條件:

      1)要約必須由具有訂約能力的特定人做出的意思表示。即要約人必須是訂立合同的一方當(dāng)事人,且具有訂立合同的行為能力。

      2)要約必須具有訂立合同的意圖。3)要約人必須向要約人希望與之訂立合同的受要約人發(fā)出。4)邀約的內(nèi)容必須具體、確定。即應(yīng)包括合同的主要條件如標(biāo)的、價(jià)格、數(shù)量等。如果缺少某一主要條款(如數(shù)量、價(jià)款),則屬于要約邀請(qǐng)。破產(chǎn)費(fèi)用(是破產(chǎn)事務(wù)中人民法院受理破產(chǎn)案件所收取的案件受理費(fèi)以及管理人在處理破產(chǎn)事務(wù)中所開支的費(fèi)用與收取的報(bào)酬總和。它是保證案件處理程序的重要支出。)包括:

      1)破產(chǎn)案件的訴訟費(fèi)用;(2)管理、變價(jià)和分配債務(wù)人財(cái)產(chǎn)的費(fèi)用;(3)管理人執(zhí)行職務(wù)的費(fèi)用、報(bào)酬和聘用工作人員的費(fèi)用。

      不安抗辯權(quán)法定行使的條件(終止履行):后履行一方有喪失或可能喪失履行能力的情況。如經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況嚴(yán)重惡化;有轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)產(chǎn)、抽逃資金、逃避債務(wù)行為;喪失商業(yè)信譽(yù);有喪失或可能喪失履行能力的其他情形等。(74)

      追索權(quán)行使的原因:(1)匯票到期被拒付的,或者雖然付款人表示可以付款,但提出條件的,視為拒絕付款。(2)匯票未到期,但是被拒絕承兌的,被拒絕承兌的匯票必須是形式上符合票據(jù)法規(guī)定,不缺少必要的記載事項(xiàng),以及持票人的票據(jù)身份沒有缺陷等。(3)承兌人或付款人死亡、逃匿的。(4承兌人或付款人被依法宣告破產(chǎn)的,或者因違法被責(zé)令終止業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的。在此情況下,持票人有兩種選擇:第一種是行使追索權(quán),請(qǐng)求其他債務(wù)人履行匯票義務(wù);第二種是放棄追索權(quán),以匯票金額向破產(chǎn)清算組提出破產(chǎn)債權(quán)申報(bào),意圖從破產(chǎn)人處得到匯票金額的償還。

      匯票的概念:是由出票人簽發(fā)的,委托付款人在見票時(shí)或者在指定日期無條件支付確定的金額給收款人或者持票人的票據(jù)。

      匯票的特征:(1)匯票是一種金錢證券,也是一種支付工具,為了保證使用可靠,在該票據(jù)上必須標(biāo)明“匯票”字樣,以使使用者和其他利害關(guān)系人了解這種支付工具。(2)匯票必須具有“無條件支付一定金額的委托”字樣,以使這種支付工具在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中有較高信用。

      第二篇:經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試重點(diǎn)

      名詞解釋

      1.表見代理:無權(quán)代理人所為的代理行為,善意相對(duì)人有理由相信其有代理權(quán),在此情形下,被代理人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)代理的法律后果,來保護(hù)善意的無過失當(dāng)事人的利益。

      空頭支票:是指支票持票人請(qǐng)求付款時(shí),出票人在付款處實(shí)有的存款不足以支付原票據(jù)全額的支票。

      背書:是指持票人以轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)權(quán)利為目的,按法定的事項(xiàng)和方式在票據(jù)背面或粘單上記載有關(guān)事項(xiàng)并簽章的票據(jù)行為。

      信息披露制度:又稱信息公開制度,是證券發(fā)行人,上市公司及其他主體依照法律規(guī)定的方式,將證券發(fā)行的信息披露和持續(xù)信息公開。

      締約過失責(zé)任:是指在合同訂立過程中,一方當(dāng)事人違反誠(chéng)實(shí)守信原則,故意或者過失的違反先合同義務(wù),造成對(duì)當(dāng)事人信賴?yán)娴膿p失時(shí),依法承擔(dān)的民事賠償責(zé)任。

      一人有限公司:是指只有一個(gè)自然人或股東或者一個(gè)法人股東的有限責(zé)任公司。

      代理:是指代理人在代理權(quán)限內(nèi),以被代理人的名義與第三人實(shí)施法律行為,由此產(chǎn)生的法律后果直接由被代理人承擔(dān)的一種法律制度。

      票據(jù)行為:是以票據(jù)權(quán)利義務(wù)的設(shè)立變更為目的法律行為。包括出票,背書,承兌,保證,參加承兌,保付等。

      外商投資企業(yè):是指依照中華人民共和國(guó)法律的規(guī)定,在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的,由中國(guó)投資者和外國(guó)投資者共同投資或者由外國(guó)投資者投資的企業(yè)。2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.內(nèi)幕交易行為:是指證券交易內(nèi)幕信息的知情人和非法獲取內(nèi)幕信息的人員,利用內(nèi)幕信息買賣其所持有的該公司證券或者泄露信息或建議他人買賣該證券的行為。

      11.股份有限公司:是指公司的資本分為等額的股份,股東以其所持有股份對(duì)公司承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任,公司以其全部資產(chǎn)對(duì)其債務(wù)承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任的公司。

      12.中外合資企業(yè):中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)也稱股權(quán)式合營(yíng)企業(yè),組織形式使有限責(zé)任公司,是經(jīng)中國(guó)政府批準(zhǔn),設(shè)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的,由雙方共同投資,共同經(jīng)營(yíng),按照各自的出資比例共擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),共付盈虧的企業(yè)。

      13.仲裁:是指經(jīng)濟(jì)法的各方當(dāng)事人依照事先約定或事后達(dá)成的書面仲裁協(xié)議,共同選定仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)并由其對(duì)爭(zhēng)議依法作出具有約束力裁決的一種活動(dòng)。

      14.股票:是股份有限公司簽發(fā)的,證明股東所持股分的憑證。

      15.合同:合同就是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利關(guān)系的協(xié)議。

      1、簡(jiǎn)述違約責(zé)任承擔(dān)方式:(1)繼續(xù)履行,(2)采取補(bǔ)救措施,(3)賠償損失,(4)支付違約金

      簡(jiǎn)述定金罰則的內(nèi)容:依照法律的規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人的約定,當(dāng)事人可采用定金方式擔(dān)保債務(wù)的履行,當(dāng)債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)后,定金應(yīng)當(dāng)柢作價(jià)款或者收回。給付定金的一方不履行債務(wù)時(shí),無權(quán)要求返還定金,接受定金的一方不履行債務(wù)時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)雙倍返還定金。

      公開發(fā)行公司債券的條件:1.股份有限公司凈資產(chǎn)不低于人民幣3000萬元,有限責(zé)任公司的凈資產(chǎn)不低于人民幣6000萬元。2.累計(jì)債券余額不超過公司資產(chǎn)的40%。3.最近3年平均可分配利潤(rùn)足以支付公司債券一年的利息4.籌集的資金投向符合國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策 5.債券的利率不超過國(guó)務(wù)院限定的利率水平6國(guó)務(wù)院規(guī)定的其他條件。

      簡(jiǎn)述公司解散清算時(shí)債務(wù)償還順序:公司財(cái)產(chǎn)在分別支付清算費(fèi)用,職工的工資,社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用和法定補(bǔ)償金,繳納所欠稅款,清償公司債務(wù)剩余的財(cái)產(chǎn),有限責(zé)任公司按照股東的出資比例分配,股份有限公司按照股東持有股份比例分配。

      設(shè)立股份有限公司的條件:1.發(fā)起人符合法定人數(shù)2.發(fā)起人認(rèn)購(gòu)和募集的股本達(dá)到法定資本的最低限額3.股份發(fā)行、籌辦事項(xiàng)符合法律規(guī)定4.發(fā)起人制定公司章程,采用募集方式設(shè)立的須經(jīng)創(chuàng)立大會(huì)通過5.有公司名稱,建立符合股份有限公司的組織機(jī)構(gòu)6.有公司住所

      合同履行的原則:1.全面履行的原則 2.協(xié)作履行的原則 3.經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的原則經(jīng)濟(jì)法律關(guān)系客體的類型 :1.物,亦稱有體物,2.行為 3.智力成果

      證券法基本原則:1.公開、公平、公正的原則2.志愿、有償、誠(chéng)實(shí)守信原則3.守法原則

      4.分業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)、分業(yè)管理原則5.政府統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管與行業(yè)自律原則6.國(guó)家審計(jì)監(jiān)督原則

      普通合伙 設(shè)立的條件:1.有兩個(gè)以上合伙人2.有書面合伙協(xié)議3.有合伙人認(rèn)繳或者實(shí)際繳付的出資

      4.有合伙企業(yè)的名稱和生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所5.法律行政法規(guī)規(guī)定的其他條件

      合同法的基本內(nèi)容:1.合同是民事法律行為.2.合同是根據(jù)當(dāng)事人的約定在當(dāng)事人之間確立的特定權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系

      3.合同是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上當(dāng)事人意思表示一致的民事法律行為4.合同產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)法律后果

      要約和要約要約邀請(qǐng)的區(qū)別:1.要約是締約的必經(jīng)程序或階段。要約邀請(qǐng)則處于訂立合同前的準(zhǔn)備階段,2要約的目的是和他人訂立合同,要約邀請(qǐng)的直接目的只是希望他人向自己發(fā)出要約3.要約的內(nèi)容具體確定,即包括足以使合同成立的主要內(nèi)容,要約邀請(qǐng)只要具備邀請(qǐng)他人向自己發(fā)出邀約的意思即可,4.要約針對(duì)承諾發(fā)出,要約一旦到達(dá)受約人就會(huì)產(chǎn)生法律效力,不得隨意變更和撤回,而要約邀請(qǐng)針對(duì)不特定的主體發(fā)出,沒有法律拘束力。

      第三篇:經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試重點(diǎn)總結(jié)版

      名稱解釋:

      格式條款是當(dāng)事人為了重復(fù)使用而預(yù)先擬定,并在訂立合同時(shí)未與對(duì)方協(xié)商的條款。公司的發(fā)起設(shè)立是指由股東或發(fā)起人認(rèn)購(gòu)公司應(yīng)發(fā)行的全部出資額或股份而設(shè)立公司。公司人格否認(rèn)制度是指公司股東濫用公司的獨(dú)立責(zé)任和股東的有限責(zé)任時(shí),否定公司的法人資格,而由股東對(duì)公司債務(wù)承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任的制度。

      物權(quán)的公信原則,又稱公示的效力。是指當(dāng)事人在變動(dòng)物權(quán)時(shí)依法定程序公示后,該物權(quán)變動(dòng)就具有完全的法律效力,即使公示有瑕疵,善意受讓人基于對(duì)公示的信賴,仍能取得物權(quán)。物權(quán)是指權(quán)利人依法對(duì)特定的物享有直接支配和排他的權(quán)利,包括所有權(quán)、用益物權(quán)和擔(dān)保物權(quán)。

      締約過失責(zé)任是指在訂立合同過程中一方當(dāng)事人違背誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則,致使相對(duì)人的信賴?yán)媸艿綋p害的,應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的民事責(zé)任。締約過失責(zé)任是違反先合同義務(wù)應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。所有權(quán)是所有權(quán)人對(duì)自己的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn),依法享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。任意性規(guī)范是規(guī)定的權(quán)利、義務(wù)具有相對(duì)肯定形式,允許當(dāng)事人之間相互協(xié)議或單方面予以變更的法律規(guī)則。

      產(chǎn)品是指經(jīng)過加工、制作,用于銷售的產(chǎn)品。不包括未經(jīng)加工制作的礦產(chǎn)品、初級(jí)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、初級(jí)畜禽產(chǎn)品、水產(chǎn)品等,也不包括未投入流通的生活自用產(chǎn)品、贈(zèng)予的產(chǎn)品、試用產(chǎn)品、加工承攬的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品等。建設(shè)工程不適用本法。建筑工程使用的建筑材料、建筑配件和設(shè)備,屬于前款規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品范圍的,適用本法。軍工產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理辦法,由國(guó)務(wù)院、中央軍委另行制定。

      連帶責(zé)任則是指,每個(gè)合伙人都對(duì)全部債務(wù)負(fù)責(zé),債權(quán)人可以請(qǐng)求全體、部分或個(gè)別合伙人清償,被請(qǐng)求的合伙人應(yīng)予以清償,不得以超過自己負(fù)擔(dān)比例為由拒絕。承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任的合伙人對(duì)超出其負(fù)擔(dān)比例的部分可以向其他合伙人追償。

      合同是合意之協(xié)議。合同又稱契約。合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議。

      債是按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規(guī)定,在當(dāng)事人之間產(chǎn)生的特定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系。享有權(quán)利的人是債權(quán)人,負(fù)有義務(wù)的人是債務(wù)人。

      簡(jiǎn)答題:

      1.當(dāng)事人就有關(guān)合同內(nèi)容約定不明確,依照《合同法》規(guī)定的推定規(guī)則適用的情形? 答:當(dāng)事人就有關(guān)合同內(nèi)容約定不明確,依合同的有關(guān)條款仍不能確定的,適用:

      (1)質(zhì)量要求不明確的,按照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行;沒有國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的,按照通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或者符合合同目的的特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行。

      (2)價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬不明確的,按照訂立合同時(shí)履行地的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格履行;依法應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行政府定價(jià)或者政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)的,按照規(guī)定履行。

      (3)履行地點(diǎn)不明確,給付貨幣的,在接受貨幣一方所在地履行;交付不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的,在不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地履行;其他標(biāo)的,在履行義務(wù)一方所在地履行。

      (4)履行期限不明確的,債務(wù)人可以隨時(shí)履行,債權(quán)人也可以隨時(shí)要求履行,但應(yīng)當(dāng)給對(duì)方必要的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間。

      (5)履行方式不明確的,按照有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的的方式履行。

      (6)履行費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)不明確的,由履行義務(wù)一方負(fù)擔(dān)。

      (7)執(zhí)行政府定價(jià)或者政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)的,在合同約定的交付期限內(nèi)政府價(jià)格調(diào)整時(shí),按照交付時(shí)的價(jià)格計(jì)價(jià)。逾期交付標(biāo)的物的,遇價(jià)格上漲時(shí),按照原價(jià)格執(zhí)行;價(jià)格下降時(shí),按照新價(jià)格執(zhí)行。逾期提取標(biāo)的物或者逾期付款的,遇價(jià)格上漲時(shí),按照新價(jià)格執(zhí)行;價(jià)格下降時(shí),按照原價(jià)格執(zhí)行。

      2、股東權(quán)利主要有哪些?

      答:股東的權(quán)利又稱股東權(quán)或股權(quán),是股東以放棄出資的所有權(quán)為對(duì)價(jià),依法從公司取得的權(quán)利。公司對(duì)股東的出資享有所有權(quán)。股東權(quán)利主要有:(1)參加股東(大)會(huì)。(2)選舉公司的董事、監(jiān)事等。(3)制定、修改公司章程。(4)獲取紅利權(quán)。轉(zhuǎn)讓出資權(quán)、優(yōu)先受讓出資權(quán)。(5)公司增加資本時(shí)的優(yōu)先認(rèn)購(gòu)權(quán)。(6)知情權(quán)。股東有權(quán)查閱、復(fù)制公司章程、股東(大)會(huì)會(huì)議記錄、董事會(huì)會(huì)議決議、監(jiān)事會(huì)會(huì)議決議和財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告。公司拒絕提供查閱的,股東可以請(qǐng)求人民法院要求公司提供查閱。(7)剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)分配權(quán)。

      3、我國(guó)《合同法》規(guī)定的合同無效和合同的可變更或可撤銷的情形?

      答:無效合同是指不符合法律規(guī)定的有效合同的要件,而沒有法律效力的合同。有下列情形之一的,合同無效:(1)一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段訂立合同,損害國(guó)家利益(2)惡意串通,損害國(guó)家、集體或者第三人利益;(3)以合法形式掩蓋非法目的;(4)損害社會(huì)公共利益;(5)

      違反法律、行政法規(guī)的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定。

      可變更或可撤銷的合同,因當(dāng)事人的意思表示不真實(shí),使其法律效力不確定,受損害方可請(qǐng)求變更或撤銷。

      1.重大誤解。因重大誤解訂立的合同。重大誤解是指行為人因?yàn)閷?duì)行為的性質(zhì)、對(duì)方當(dāng)事人、標(biāo)的物的品種、質(zhì)量、規(guī)格和數(shù)量等的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí),使行為的后果與自己的意思相悖,并造成較大損失的行為。

      2.顯失公平。在訂立合同時(shí)顯失公平的合同。顯失公平是指一方當(dāng)事人利用優(yōu)勢(shì)或者利用對(duì)方?jīng)]有經(jīng)驗(yàn),致使雙方的權(quán)利與義務(wù)明顯違反公平、等價(jià)有償原則的而訂立的合同。

      3.欺詐、脅迫或者乘人之危。一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危,使對(duì)方在違背真實(shí)意思的情況下訂立的合同。欺詐是指一方當(dāng)事人故意告知對(duì)方虛假情況,或者故意隱瞞真實(shí)情況,誘使對(duì)方當(dāng)事人作出錯(cuò)誤意思表示的行為。脅迫是指以給公民及其親友的生命健康、榮譽(yù)、名譽(yù)、財(cái)產(chǎn)等造成損害或者以給法人的榮譽(yù)、名譽(yù)、財(cái)產(chǎn)等造成損害為要挾,迫使對(duì)方作出違背真實(shí)的意思表示的行為。乘人之危是指一方當(dāng)事人乘對(duì)方處于危難之機(jī),為牟取不正當(dāng)利益,迫使對(duì)方作出不真實(shí)的意思表示,嚴(yán)重?fù)p害對(duì)方利益的行為。

      4、公司董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員的義務(wù)

      答:董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員的義務(wù):

      《公司法》第148條規(guī)定,董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律、行政法規(guī)和公司章程,對(duì)公司負(fù)有忠實(shí)義務(wù)和勤勉義務(wù)。董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員不得利用職權(quán)收受賄賂或者其他非法收入,不得侵占公司的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

      《公司發(fā)》第149條規(guī)定,董事、高級(jí)管理人員不得有下列行為:(1)挪用公司資金;(2)將公司資金以其個(gè)人名義或者以其他個(gè)人名義開立賬戶存儲(chǔ);(3)違反公司章程的規(guī)定,未經(jīng)股東會(huì)、股東大會(huì)或者董事會(huì)同意,將公司資金借貸給他人或者以公司財(cái)產(chǎn)為他人提供擔(dān)保;(4)違反公司章程的規(guī)定或者未經(jīng)股東會(huì)、股東大會(huì)同意,與本公司訂立合同或者進(jìn)行交易;(5)未經(jīng)股東會(huì)或者股東大會(huì)同意,利用職務(wù)便利為自己或者他人謀取屬于公司的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),自營(yíng)或者為他人經(jīng)營(yíng)與所任職公司同類的業(yè)務(wù);(6)接受他人與公司交易的傭金歸為己有;(7)擅自披露公司秘密;(8)違反對(duì)公司忠實(shí)義務(wù)的其他行為。

      《公司發(fā)》第150條規(guī)定,董事、高級(jí)管理人員違反上述規(guī)定所得的收入應(yīng)當(dāng)歸公司所有。董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員執(zhí)行公司職務(wù)時(shí)違反法律、行政法規(guī)或者公司章程的規(guī)定,給公司造成損失的,應(yīng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。

      《公司發(fā)》第151條規(guī)定,股東會(huì)或者股東大會(huì)要求董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員列席會(huì)議的,董事、監(jiān)事、高級(jí)管理人員應(yīng)當(dāng)列席并接受股東的質(zhì)詢。

      簡(jiǎn)述題(本大題共1小題,共17分)

      1、簡(jiǎn)述有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司的不同特點(diǎn)。

      答:

      (一)有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司的概念

      有限責(zé)任公司的股東以其認(rèn)繳的出資額為限對(duì)公司承擔(dān)責(zé)任,公司以其全部財(cái)產(chǎn)對(duì)公司的債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

      股份有限公司的股東以其認(rèn)購(gòu)的股份為限對(duì)公司承擔(dān)責(zé)任,公司以其全部財(cái)產(chǎn)對(duì)公司的債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

      (二)有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司的不同特點(diǎn)

      1.募集資本的方式不同。有限公司不能公開募集資金,其資本只能全部由發(fā)起人全部認(rèn)繳。股份有限公司則可發(fā)起設(shè)立,也可向社會(huì)公開募集資本。

      2.出資憑證的名稱、能否上市流通、是否劃分成等額股份不同。有限公司出資憑證稱出資證明書或股單,不能上市流通,出資不劃分成等額。股份有限公司出資憑證稱股票,能上市流通,出資劃分成等額股份。

      3.體現(xiàn)國(guó)家干預(yù)的程度不同。有限公司有較多的規(guī)定適用“契約自由”原則,國(guó)家干預(yù)相對(duì)少。中小型的有限公司股東往往參與管理,所有權(quán)和管理權(quán)結(jié)合在一起使有限公司有一定的人合公司的性質(zhì),這就要求股東有相當(dāng)?shù)南嗷バ湃巍?guó)家就不必進(jìn)行過多的干預(yù)。如對(duì)有限公司的表決權(quán)是否按出資比例行使,責(zé)任和收益是否按出資比例承擔(dān)或分配、章程中關(guān)于重大事項(xiàng)的規(guī)定或修改、出資轉(zhuǎn)讓等,只有公司沒有約定時(shí)才適用法律的規(guī)定,公司是否設(shè)經(jīng)理、規(guī)模較小或股東人數(shù)較少的公司是否設(shè)立董事會(huì)都可由公司決定。有限公司的許多事項(xiàng)是可以約定的。而股份有限公司因?yàn)樵谏鐣?huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中具有舉足輕重的地位,其對(duì)投資人和潛在的投資人影響也很大,國(guó)家干預(yù)、監(jiān)管更多、更嚴(yán)格。股份有限公司的表決權(quán)除累積投票制外按所持有的股份行使,收益分配以持有的股份來行使,且必須設(shè)立董事會(huì)和經(jīng)理,公司沒有選擇余地。

      4.股東人數(shù)和發(fā)起人的住所的限制不同。有限公司有股東人數(shù)上限的限制,最多為50人,發(fā)起人的住所沒有限制。而股份有限公司沒有上限的限制,只有下限為2人以上,其中須有半數(shù)以上的發(fā)起人在中國(guó)境內(nèi)有住所。

      5.股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓限制不同。有限公司出資向股東以外的人轉(zhuǎn)讓,沒有約定的,則適用法律較嚴(yán)格的限制轉(zhuǎn)讓,因?yàn)橛邢薰居腥撕闲再|(zhì),要求股東相互信任。而股份有限公司的股份除了發(fā)起人、董事及高級(jí)管理人員的股份轉(zhuǎn)讓受到一定限制外,絕大多數(shù)股份可自由轉(zhuǎn)讓。

      6.設(shè)立程序的繁簡(jiǎn)不同。有限公司設(shè)立程序較簡(jiǎn)單,機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置也較靈活和簡(jiǎn)單。股份有限公司設(shè)立程序較復(fù)雜,機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置也較復(fù)雜。

      7.是否公開經(jīng)營(yíng)的要求不同。有限公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)對(duì)社會(huì)的影響往往不大,法律不要求公開其經(jīng)營(yíng)。股份有限公司向社會(huì)募集資本,在社會(huì)上具有舉足輕重的地位,因此法律要求它公開經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況。

      2、簡(jiǎn)述債的特征。

      答:債的特征

      債權(quán)與物權(quán)兩者關(guān)系密切,同屬民法所調(diào)整的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利,但是債權(quán)與物權(quán)相比具有的許多顯著特征:

      1、反映的財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系不同。物權(quán)反映的是靜態(tài)財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系,即財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)屬關(guān)系。物權(quán)關(guān)系是商品交換的基礎(chǔ)和前提。債反映的是動(dòng)態(tài)財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系,即財(cái)產(chǎn)流轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)系。債的關(guān)系是商品交換的規(guī)則和信用。

      2、權(quán)利的對(duì)外效力不同。物權(quán)是絕對(duì)權(quán),是對(duì)世權(quán)。物權(quán)關(guān)系的權(quán)利主體具有特定性,義務(wù)主體具有不特定性。物權(quán)的義務(wù)主體的義務(wù)是不作為,除物權(quán)人以外的所有人均負(fù)有不得侵犯物權(quán)人的物權(quán)的義務(wù)。物權(quán)有物上請(qǐng)求權(quán)效力,指當(dāng)物權(quán)被侵害或有侵害之虞時(shí),物權(quán)人有權(quán)排除妨害、請(qǐng)求救濟(jì)的效力。它是物權(quán)的根本效力的體現(xiàn)。除善意取得之外,無論物轉(zhuǎn)到何人手中,物權(quán)人可追及物之所在,直接行使物權(quán)。排他性不僅指物權(quán)具有不容他人侵犯的性質(zhì);還指同一物之上不得同時(shí)成立兩個(gè)內(nèi)容不相容的物權(quán),在同一物上,數(shù)個(gè)物權(quán)并存時(shí),先設(shè)立的物權(quán)優(yōu)先于后設(shè)立的物權(quán)。無處分權(quán)人將不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓給受讓人的,所有權(quán)人有權(quán)追回;受讓人善意取得不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或者動(dòng)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)或其他物權(quán)的,原所有權(quán)或其他物權(quán)人有權(quán)向無處分權(quán)人請(qǐng)求賠償損失。所有權(quán)人或者其他權(quán)利人有權(quán)追回遺失物。債權(quán)關(guān)系是相對(duì)法律關(guān)系,債權(quán)是對(duì)人權(quán)。債是特定主體之間的法律關(guān)系,債權(quán)人只能向特定的債務(wù)人主張權(quán)利,對(duì)于債務(wù)人以外的第三人,債權(quán)人是不得主張權(quán)利的。債權(quán)具有相容性,即在同一標(biāo)的物上可以成立不止一個(gè)內(nèi)容相同的債權(quán)。

      3、物權(quán)優(yōu)先于債權(quán),買賣不破租賃是例外。

      4、權(quán)利客體的內(nèi)容不同。物權(quán)客體具有特定性,通常只能是特定物,否則無法由權(quán)利主體

      直接管領(lǐng)、支配,而且在物權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí),也無法登記和交付。此外,作為物權(quán)客體的物必須是獨(dú)立物和有體物,而不可能是行為。債的客體具有多樣性,可以是物也可以是行為,可以是特定物也可以是種類物。債權(quán)的標(biāo)的因債權(quán)的種類不同而各不相同。在債權(quán)關(guān)系存續(xù)期間,債權(quán)人一般不直接占有債務(wù)人的財(cái)產(chǎn),只有在債務(wù)人交付財(cái)產(chǎn)以后,債權(quán)人才能直接支配物。但交付以后往往導(dǎo)致債權(quán)的消滅和物權(quán)的產(chǎn)生。

      5、權(quán)利的內(nèi)容不同。物權(quán)的內(nèi)容是直接支配一定的物,并排斥他人干涉。物權(quán)的權(quán)利人享有對(duì)物直接支配,并排斥他人干涉的權(quán)利。但他人因占有時(shí)效或善意取得制度而取得,對(duì)該物的所有權(quán)時(shí),先前的所有權(quán)將因此而消滅,并不得對(duì)抗后一個(gè)所有權(quán)。債權(quán)核心權(quán)能是給付請(qǐng)求權(quán),請(qǐng)求債務(wù)人依照債的規(guī)定為一定行為或不為一定行為。債權(quán)還包括受領(lǐng)權(quán)、選擇權(quán)和解除權(quán)等內(nèi)容。債權(quán)也具有不可侵犯性,在第三人侵犯?jìng)鶛?quán)(如第三人阻止債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)),給債權(quán)人造成損失時(shí),債權(quán)人也可以請(qǐng)求該第三人賠償損失。但是債權(quán)不能像物權(quán)那樣可以產(chǎn)生排他性效力。在同一物之上,可以設(shè)立多個(gè)債權(quán)。

      6、權(quán)利是否有期限不同。物權(quán)尤其是所有權(quán),法律上并無期限限制,只要所有人存在,則所有權(quán)將必然存在,如果所有物發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)讓,盡管原所有人喪失了所有權(quán),但新所有人取得了所有權(quán),所有權(quán)是具有永久性的權(quán)利。而債權(quán)是有期限的權(quán)利。首先,債權(quán)一般是具有請(qǐng)求期限的,在請(qǐng)求期限未到時(shí),債權(quán)人不能隨時(shí)請(qǐng)求債務(wù)人履行債務(wù),債務(wù)人也不負(fù)履行債務(wù)的義務(wù);其次,債權(quán)是有一定存續(xù)期間的,期間屆滿,債權(quán)即歸于消滅。在法律上不存在無期限限制的債權(quán),即使在一些合同之債中沒有規(guī)定合同的存續(xù)期限,債權(quán)人享有的債權(quán)與債務(wù)人所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的債務(wù),也應(yīng)受到時(shí)效的限制。

      7、權(quán)利設(shè)定的不同。物權(quán)設(shè)定時(shí)必須公示,動(dòng)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)以動(dòng)產(chǎn)的占有為權(quán)利象征,動(dòng)產(chǎn)質(zhì)權(quán)、留置權(quán)亦以占有為權(quán)利象征。而不動(dòng)產(chǎn)則以登記為權(quán)利象征,地上權(quán)、地役權(quán)、抵押權(quán)等亦以登記為權(quán)利象征。公示常常伴隨著物權(quán)的存在。而債權(quán)只是在特定的當(dāng)事人之間存在的,它并不具有公示性,設(shè)立債權(quán)亦不需要公示。因此當(dāng)事人之間訂立合同設(shè)立某項(xiàng)物權(quán),如未公示,可能僅產(chǎn)生債權(quán)而不產(chǎn)生物權(quán)。

      8、權(quán)利創(chuàng)設(shè)的不同。物權(quán)的設(shè)立采法定主義,即物權(quán)的種類和基本內(nèi)容由法律規(guī)定,而不允許當(dāng)事人自由創(chuàng)設(shè)物權(quán)種類及其內(nèi)容。然而債權(quán)特別是合同債權(quán),主要由當(dāng)事人自由確定。當(dāng)事人只要不違反法律的禁止性規(guī)定和公共道德,則可以根據(jù)其意思設(shè)定債權(quán),同時(shí)又可以依法自己決定債的內(nèi)容和具體形式。

      第四篇:經(jīng)濟(jì)法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

      雙學(xué)位經(jīng)濟(jì)法重點(diǎn)總結(jié) 經(jīng)濟(jì)法總論

      題型:(注意:都是結(jié)合課件和書上)

      名詞解釋 5個(gè)

      簡(jiǎn)答

      4個(gè)

      論述 2個(gè)

      案例分析 2個(gè)

      注:重點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)記,要求掌握的內(nèi)容也看一看。1,經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整對(duì)象:

      (1)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系說:經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整國(guó)家協(xié)調(diào)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行過程中發(fā)生的特定經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。(2)國(guó)家干預(yù)說:經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整需要由國(guó)家干預(yù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系

      (3)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理與市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行說:經(jīng)濟(jì)法是有關(guān)調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)管理關(guān)系和市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的統(tǒng)一體系。

      (4)社會(huì)公共性說:經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整社會(huì)公共性為根本特征的經(jīng)濟(jì)管理關(guān)系。

      (5)各學(xué)說基本共識(shí):

      1、主體的廣泛性

      2、“國(guó)家--市場(chǎng)主體”模式

      3、雙方的關(guān)系 2,經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整對(duì)象的范圍:

      (一)現(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)法的需求:

      1、市場(chǎng)失靈,2、政府失靈。

      (二)經(jīng)濟(jì)法的調(diào)整對(duì)象:

      1、市場(chǎng)規(guī)制關(guān)系:反壟斷、反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)

      2、宏觀調(diào)控關(guān)系:全局、整體、綜合3、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督關(guān)系:國(guó)家、社會(huì)、內(nèi)部 3,經(jīng)濟(jì)法的概念:經(jīng)濟(jì)法是調(diào)整現(xiàn)代國(guó)家和政府在干預(yù)市場(chǎng)和參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的過程中發(fā)生的社會(huì)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。4,經(jīng)濟(jì)法的特征:

      (一)、經(jīng)濟(jì)性:

      1、經(jīng)濟(jì)法往往把經(jīng)濟(jì)制度、經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容和要求直接規(guī)定為法律。

      2、直接賦予經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)則以法律效力,體現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)法的專業(yè)性。

      (二)政策性:

      1、經(jīng)濟(jì)法的法律調(diào)整往往以政策先行,并賦予政策以法的效力。

      2、經(jīng)濟(jì)法受到政策變化的影響時(shí)常處于變動(dòng)之中。法的政策化

      3、經(jīng)濟(jì)法的執(zhí)法和司法力度受經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的影響很大。

      (三)、行政主導(dǎo)性:經(jīng)濟(jì)法在強(qiáng)制性、授權(quán)性和法的實(shí)現(xiàn)方面均體現(xiàn)了較強(qiáng)的行政主導(dǎo)。

      (四)、綜合性:

      1、公法因素和私法因素的綜合。

      2、經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整是將各種法律手段有機(jī)結(jié)合的綜合調(diào)整。

      5,經(jīng)濟(jì)法的核心內(nèi)容:處理國(guó)家權(quán)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)系,特別是政府、企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系。6,經(jīng)濟(jì)法產(chǎn)生的根源以及條件:

      (一)經(jīng)濟(jì)法產(chǎn)生發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件-市場(chǎng)失靈:

      1、壟斷

      2、外部性:負(fù)外部性和正外部性

      3、公共產(chǎn)品匾乏:

      4、信息不對(duì)稱:共享性;傳遞成本高昂

      5、收入分配不公。

      (二)經(jīng)濟(jì)法產(chǎn)生發(fā)展的社會(huì)政治條件:國(guó)家職能的變化:

      (三)經(jīng)濟(jì)法產(chǎn)生發(fā)展的法律條件--法律自身功能的擴(kuò)展:

      1、民法的社會(huì)化和經(jīng)濟(jì)法的產(chǎn)生。

      2、經(jīng)濟(jì)法對(duì)民商法調(diào)整功能的不足給予必要補(bǔ)充。7,經(jīng)濟(jì)法產(chǎn)生的意義:

      (一)經(jīng)濟(jì)法的產(chǎn)生是社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)的內(nèi)在的客觀要求

      (二)經(jīng)濟(jì)法的產(chǎn)生是國(guó)家職能轉(zhuǎn)變的要求和標(biāo)志

      (三)經(jīng)濟(jì)法的產(chǎn)生符合法體系自身的演變規(guī)律 8,經(jīng)濟(jì)法的調(diào)整原則:

      (一)遵循經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律及其相關(guān)規(guī)律原則

      (二)保障社會(huì)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)利益原則

      (三)責(zé)任與義務(wù)本位原則

      (四)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與自然和社會(huì)發(fā)展相協(xié)調(diào)原則 9,經(jīng)濟(jì)法的調(diào)整方法:

      (一)強(qiáng)制性方法:強(qiáng)制性方法指國(guó)家運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)法手段對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為,以強(qiáng)制性法律規(guī)范的形式明確規(guī)定經(jīng)濟(jì)法主體的地位、權(quán)利義務(wù)、法律責(zé)任,并要求經(jīng)濟(jì)法主體必須遵守的經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整方法。

      (二)指導(dǎo)性方法:指導(dǎo)性方法主要是國(guó)家根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)發(fā)展的需求,通過依法制定各項(xiàng)與經(jīng)濟(jì)政策配套的各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)法,引導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)主體開展相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)法調(diào)整方法。

      (三)參與經(jīng)濟(jì):公法和私法相結(jié)合。

      (四)綜合懲罰的方法:

      1、經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任。

      2、經(jīng)濟(jì)行為責(zé)任:管理主體和被管理主體專業(yè)調(diào)控以及專業(yè)約束和制裁

      3、經(jīng)濟(jì)信譽(yù)責(zé)任

      4、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理責(zé)任

      5、經(jīng)濟(jì)刑事責(zé)任。

      (五)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的方法 9(1),經(jīng)濟(jì)法的調(diào)整方法的基本特征:

      1、強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范與任意性規(guī)范相結(jié)合2、否定性后果與肯定性后果相結(jié)合3、體現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的專業(yè)性和靈活性 10,經(jīng)濟(jì)法的地位:

      一、經(jīng)濟(jì)法的獨(dú)立性:

      (一)從部門法的角度看經(jīng)濟(jì)法的地位:有獨(dú)立的調(diào)整對(duì)象

      (二)從法域的角度看經(jīng)濟(jì)法的地位:公法,第三法域。11,經(jīng)濟(jì)法與民商法的表層區(qū)別: 經(jīng)濟(jì)法:(1)限制意思自治(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)部分市場(chǎng)主體偏重保護(hù)(3)經(jīng)濟(jì)法側(cè)重于從宏觀利益協(xié)調(diào)方面促進(jìn)人們的利益(4)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)生態(tài)目標(biāo)(5)有國(guó)別特色,突出本土化(6)穩(wěn)定性較弱

      民商法:(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)意思自治(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)所有市場(chǎng)主體都平等保護(hù)(3)側(cè)重從微觀促進(jìn)人們的利益(4)重視經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)(5)國(guó)際通用,強(qiáng)調(diào)全球化(6)穩(wěn)定性較強(qiáng)

      12,經(jīng)濟(jì)法與民商法的深層區(qū)別:經(jīng)濟(jì)法與民商法的深層區(qū)別(1)市場(chǎng)主體的假設(shè)不同(2)市場(chǎng)整體的假設(shè)不同(3)政府和市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系假設(shè)不同, 13,經(jīng)濟(jì)法與行政法的關(guān)系:

      1、調(diào)整對(duì)象不同

      2、主體不同

      3、調(diào)整方法不同

      4、法律適用的程序不同

      5、作用不同

      14,經(jīng)濟(jì)法與民商法的聯(lián)系 :(1)經(jīng)濟(jì)法以民法為基礎(chǔ):民法是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)法、民法

      在整個(gè)法律體系中處于基礎(chǔ)地位(2)民法以經(jīng)濟(jì)法為保障:民法的基礎(chǔ)需要以經(jīng)濟(jì)法去奠定、民法的進(jìn)步性需要經(jīng)濟(jì)法去維持、民法的意思自治需要經(jīng)濟(jì)法去創(chuàng)造條件

      15,經(jīng)濟(jì)法律責(zé)任制度:經(jīng)濟(jì)法責(zé)任是法律責(zé)任的新型形式,是市場(chǎng)主體在行使經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利及國(guó)家在管理經(jīng)濟(jì)過程中產(chǎn)生的承擔(dān)違法行為不利后果的一種制度。

      1、民事責(zé)任

      2、行政責(zé)任

      3、刑事責(zé)任

      4、寬恕制度

      16,經(jīng)濟(jì)法律關(guān)系的定義 :是指國(guó)家在干預(yù)和參與國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)過程中根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)法的規(guī)定發(fā)生在經(jīng)濟(jì)法主體之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利和經(jīng)濟(jì)義務(wù)關(guān)系。

      17,經(jīng)濟(jì)法律關(guān)系主體概念:依法參與經(jīng)濟(jì)法律關(guān)系,并依法享有經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)義務(wù)的當(dāng)事人

      18,經(jīng)濟(jì)法律關(guān)系主體特征:

      (一)主體形式的廣泛性與多樣性

      (二)主體地位的不平等性

      (三)主體資格的多重性

      市場(chǎng)規(guī)制法 1,壟斷狀態(tài):指壟斷性的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)即市場(chǎng)支配地位。通常是指有弊害的獨(dú)占和寡占兩種市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

      2,的種類:

      1、以壟斷組織為依據(jù)的分類。

      2、以壟斷性質(zhì)為依據(jù)的分類--合法壟斷和非法壟斷。、以壟斷成因?yàn)橐罁?jù)的分類--經(jīng)濟(jì)壟斷和行政壟斷 3,斷法的適用原則 :

      (一)本身違法原則:對(duì)于市場(chǎng)上某些反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為,不管其是否產(chǎn)生危害的結(jié)果,僅根據(jù)行為本身就可以判定其非法并實(shí)施制裁。

      (二)合理原則含義:法律對(duì)于市場(chǎng)上某些限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為并不必然視為違法,而根據(jù)具體情況來判定,盡管該行為在形式上具有限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的后果和目的,但同時(shí)又具有推動(dòng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的作用,或者能顯著改變企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,或者有利于社會(huì)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)公共利益的實(shí)現(xiàn),該行為就被視為合法。

      4,合理原則與本身違法原則的關(guān)系 :本身違法原則是經(jīng)過多次合理分析后得出的、不需 要再一次進(jìn)行合理分析的某些行為確定違法的結(jié)果,是將合理分析反復(fù)印證過的一個(gè)結(jié)果固定成為一種法律規(guī)則。因此說,本身違法原則是從合理分析方法中衍生出來的規(guī)則。

      5,本身違法原則的利弊分析 :1,利:本身違法原則以行為的發(fā)生為判定違法的依據(jù),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)簡(jiǎn)潔明了,維持了法律規(guī)則的確定性和可操作性,節(jié)約了司法成本。2,弊:對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效率的忽視。

      6,合理原則的利弊分析 :1,利:符合經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的需要。2,弊:(1)合理原則的內(nèi)涵不具有確定性,彈性大。缺乏指引性和可預(yù)期性。(2)司法成本較高。(3)增大錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生的概率和濫用司法權(quán)限的危險(xiǎn)。

      7,相關(guān)市場(chǎng):是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)就特定商品或者服務(wù)(以下統(tǒng)稱商品)進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的商品范圍和地域范圍

      8,經(jīng)營(yíng)者集中是指下列情形:

      (一)經(jīng)營(yíng)者合并;

      (二)經(jīng)營(yíng)者通過取得股權(quán)或者資產(chǎn)的 方式取得對(duì)其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的控制權(quán);

      (三)經(jīng)營(yíng)者通過合同等方式取得對(duì)其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的控制權(quán)或者能夠?qū)ζ渌?jīng)營(yíng)者施加決定性影響。

      9,經(jīng)營(yíng)者集中的含義:如果一個(gè)企業(yè)在財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán),股權(quán),經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)等方面,能夠?qū)α硪粋€(gè)企業(yè)施加支配性的影響,這兩個(gè)企業(yè)就實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)營(yíng)者集中。

      1、壟斷協(xié)議的含義:壟斷協(xié)議是指位于同一個(gè)層次的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的行為人,為了共同的目的,以協(xié)議或者其他聯(lián)合方式實(shí)施的限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為。

      2,壟斷協(xié)議種類:

      1、固定價(jià)格協(xié)議。

      2、劃分市場(chǎng)的協(xié)議。

      3、聯(lián)合抵制協(xié)議

      4、其他限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)協(xié)議。5,我國(guó)法上(協(xié)議決定或其他協(xié)同行為)。行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)特殊性。

      3、壟斷協(xié)議的形式: 一,橫向壟斷協(xié)議:(1)固定價(jià)格協(xié)議(固定或變更);(2)市場(chǎng)劃分協(xié)議(銷售市場(chǎng)和原材料采購(gòu)市場(chǎng);產(chǎn)品);(3)限制市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)協(xié)議(生產(chǎn)數(shù)量或銷售數(shù)量);(4)聯(lián)合抵制協(xié)議(我國(guó)交易);(5)限制購(gòu)買新技術(shù)新設(shè)備或者限制開發(fā)新技術(shù)新設(shè)備。(6)其他。結(jié)合使用。二,縱向壟斷協(xié)議(區(qū)別:主體、目的、行為方式):(1)限制轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格(固定轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格、限定最低轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格);(2)獨(dú)家交易;(3)特許協(xié)議或選擇性交易。(4)其他。價(jià)格推薦和限定最高轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格。

      4,壟斷協(xié)議的規(guī)制:一個(gè)壟斷協(xié)議是否是不合理地和嚴(yán)重地?fù)p害了競(jìng)爭(zhēng),可以根據(jù)合理原則和本身違法原則進(jìn)行判斷。固定價(jià)格協(xié)議、劃分市場(chǎng)的協(xié)議和聯(lián)合抵制協(xié)議被認(rèn)為是對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)損害最為嚴(yán)重的行為,因而使用本身違法原則。對(duì)于其他的協(xié)議限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為可以根據(jù)合理原則,從訂立卡特爾的目的和后果進(jìn)行判斷,以確定其是否應(yīng)該受到反壟斷法的制裁。法律責(zé)任

      1、行政責(zé)任。

      2、民事責(zé)任(協(xié)議無效、賠償損失)。

      3、刑事責(zé)任

      5、濫用市場(chǎng)支配地位的含義:概念:是指具有市場(chǎng)支配地位的企業(yè)所實(shí)施的限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為。

      6,濫用市場(chǎng)支配地位特征:

      1、行為主體的特定性。即濫用行為是由具有市場(chǎng)支配地位的企業(yè)實(shí)施的。

      2、行為目的的特殊性。即實(shí)施濫用行為的目的是為了維持或者增強(qiáng)其支配地位,謀取壟斷利益。

      3、行為本身的違法性。即濫用行為是限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為,是為法律所禁止的。相關(guān)市場(chǎng)的界定(產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)、地域市場(chǎng)、時(shí)間市場(chǎng))。假定壟斷者測(cè)試分析。認(rèn)定的因素。推定的情形。

      7、濫用市場(chǎng)支配地位的形式:基本類型:剝削型和阻礙型濫用。(1)價(jià)格壟斷行為;(2)掠奪性定價(jià),又稱低價(jià)傾銷(理由);(3)差別待遇,又稱歧視待遇;(4)拒絕交易,又稱抵制行為;(5)獨(dú)家交易;(6)強(qiáng)制交易;(7)搭售或者附加其他不合理?xiàng)l件,又稱捆綁銷售。(8)其他。

      8、濫用市場(chǎng)支配地位的規(guī)制:濫用市場(chǎng)支配地位行為所承擔(dān)的法律責(zé)任有:1,刑事處罰有罰金,拘役和有期徒刑幾種;2,民事責(zé)任則賦予受害人提起懲罰性賠償?shù)臋?quán)利;3,行政制裁一般有專門執(zhí)行反壟斷職能的機(jī)構(gòu)作出,可以禁止濫用行為,宣布有關(guān)合同無效。9,行政壟斷:是指政府及其所屬部門濫用行政權(quán)力限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為。

      10、濫用行政權(quán)力排除、限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的含義:是指行政機(jī)關(guān)和法律法規(guī)授權(quán)的具有管理公共事務(wù)職能的組織濫用行政權(quán)力限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為。

      11、濫用行政權(quán)力排除、限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的形式:(1)濫用行政權(quán)力強(qiáng)制交易;(2)濫用行政權(quán)力限制市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入(外地商品進(jìn)入本地商品流出、外地經(jīng)營(yíng)者);(3)濫用行政權(quán)力強(qiáng)制限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。(4)濫用行政權(quán)力制定排除、限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)內(nèi)容的規(guī)定。

      12、濫用行政權(quán)力排除、限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的規(guī)制:反壟斷執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)沒有管轄權(quán),只有向有關(guān)上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)提出依法處理權(quán)。民事責(zé)任沒有規(guī)定。有限的行政責(zé)任。刑事責(zé)任。另有規(guī)定。

      13,反壟斷法的適用除外制度概念:適用除外,又稱反壟斷法上的豁免行為,指根據(jù)反壟斷法的一般規(guī)定,屬于本應(yīng)予以限制或禁止的行為,但因其對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的損害弱于其給宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)或社會(huì)整體所帶來的利益,而獲得合法性的行為。

      14,.反壟斷法的適用除外類型:⑴自然壟斷行業(yè),指依其性質(zhì)不宜展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng),由國(guó)家特許壟斷經(jīng)營(yíng)的行業(yè)。⑵對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易⑶知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是一種合法的壟斷權(quán),目的在于推動(dòng)科技的進(jìn)步。⑷其他,如中小企業(yè)之間,屬于夕陽產(chǎn)業(yè)的企業(yè)之間的協(xié)作行為;消費(fèi)者組織為保護(hù)消費(fèi)者利益采取的協(xié)調(diào)行為;工會(huì)組織為爭(zhēng)取會(huì)員利益而從事的統(tǒng)一活動(dòng)。特點(diǎn)是弱勢(shì)行業(yè)或弱勢(shì)群體之間的聯(lián)合行為。

      15,反壟斷法的域外適用制度概念:是指國(guó)內(nèi)的反壟斷法可以超越領(lǐng)土范圍,適用于對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生影響的一切限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為。

      16、反壟斷執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu):分類:⑴行政委員會(huì)制,執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)本身具有較強(qiáng)的獨(dú)立性 ⑵行政首長(zhǎng)制,執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)的獨(dú)立性稍差 ⑶我國(guó)是混合執(zhí)法模式

      17,各國(guó)反壟斷法執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)的共性:法定性、獨(dú)立性、專業(yè)性

      18、反壟斷執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)的職權(quán):調(diào)查權(quán)、裁決權(quán)、處罰權(quán)、起訴權(quán)、審判權(quán)、規(guī)則制定權(quán)。

      19、反壟斷執(zhí)法程序:受理(立案)、調(diào)查(措施、程序)、裁決(承諾制度)、執(zhí)行(經(jīng)營(yíng)者集中特殊)。20,、反壟斷法的法律責(zé)任:㈠民事責(zé)任:賠償損失,停止侵害,罰款,解散、分離、放棄合并企業(yè)、聯(lián)營(yíng)企業(yè)或子公司。㈡行政責(zé)任:行政處分,行政處罰(責(zé)令停止違法行為、責(zé)令改正、罰款、沒收違法所得和吊銷營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照),頒布禁令,引咎辭職。㈢刑事責(zé)任:罰金,監(jiān)禁。㈣特殊責(zé)任:超額賠償,資格減免,頒發(fā)禁止令,強(qiáng)制性的信息披露責(zé)任。

      23, 不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的概念:不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為是經(jīng)營(yíng)者有悖于商業(yè)道德且違反法律規(guī)定的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為。

      24, 不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)特征:

      1、實(shí)施主體是經(jīng)營(yíng)者

      2、目的是為了獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)利益

      3、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的手段違反了法律

      4、損害經(jīng)營(yíng)者的利益和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)秩序 24,反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法含義:是指調(diào)整在國(guó)家規(guī)制不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為過程中發(fā)生的社會(huì)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。

      25, 不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與壟斷的對(duì)比:

      (一)實(shí)施主體的條件不同

      (二)行為的目的和后果不同

      (三)實(shí)施的手段不同

      (四)法律的規(guī)制有所不同

      27,仿冒行為的含義:概念:指經(jīng)營(yíng)者使用與他人相近或相同的商業(yè)標(biāo)識(shí)和外觀的行為。26,仿冒行為類型

      :一,對(duì)知名商品的包裝和裝潢的仿冒。二,對(duì)營(yíng)業(yè)或服務(wù)標(biāo)志的仿冒。三,除外規(guī)定

      1、使用商品的習(xí)慣通用名稱或慣用標(biāo)志。

      2、使用營(yíng)業(yè)或服務(wù)的慣用名稱或標(biāo)志。

      3、善意使用自己姓名

      4、對(duì)他人標(biāo)志在消費(fèi)者所普遍認(rèn)知前善意使用。四,網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下的仿冒行為。26,仿冒行為的表現(xiàn)形式:(1)假冒他人的注冊(cè)商標(biāo);(2)擅自使用知名商品特有的名稱、包裝、裝潢,或者使用與知名商品近似的名稱、包裝、裝潢,造成和他人的知名商品相混淆,使購(gòu)買者誤認(rèn)為是該知名商品;(3)擅自使用他人的企業(yè)名稱或者姓名,引人誤認(rèn)為是他人的商品;(4)在商品上偽造或者冒用認(rèn)證標(biāo)志、名優(yōu)標(biāo)志等質(zhì)量標(biāo)志,偽造產(chǎn)地,對(duì)商品質(zhì)量作引人誤解的虛假表示。

      27,虛假宣傳:

      1、雇傭或者伙同他人進(jìn)行銷售誘導(dǎo)。

      2、在經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所內(nèi)對(duì)商品的演示、說明、解釋或其他文字標(biāo)注。

      3、利用大眾傳播媒介作引人誤解的宣傳報(bào)道

      28,虛假宣傳的類型:

      1、關(guān)于性質(zhì)為引人錯(cuò)誤的表示

      2、關(guān)于出產(chǎn)地為引人錯(cuò)誤的表示

      3、關(guān)于制造方法為引人錯(cuò)誤的表示

      4、關(guān)于價(jià)格為引人錯(cuò)誤的表示

      5、關(guān)于進(jìn)貨方法或進(jìn)貨來源為引人錯(cuò)誤的表示

      6、關(guān)于銷售動(dòng)機(jī)或目的為引人錯(cuò)誤的表示 28,虛假宣傳行為的表現(xiàn)形式:(1)虛假?gòu)V告;(2)以廣告以外的其他方法進(jìn)行虛假宣傳。29,商業(yè)詆毀:經(jīng)營(yíng)者不得捏造、散布虛偽事實(shí),損害競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的商業(yè)信譽(yù)、商品聲譽(yù) 30,商業(yè)詆毀構(gòu)成要件:1,主觀要件僅限于故意。2,須以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為目的3、須陳述或散布足以損害他人營(yíng)業(yè)的不實(shí)的事情

      4、對(duì)于營(yíng)業(yè)所有人或主管人員的誹謗

      31,商業(yè)詆毀與虛假宣傳的競(jìng)合:不同之處在于宣傳的對(duì)象,即虛假宣傳是對(duì)自己的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)進(jìn)行虛假或欺騙性的陳述,而商業(yè)詆毀是對(duì)他人的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)進(jìn)行虛假或欺騙性的陳述。一,是只虛假宣傳自己的商品而不涉及他人的商品聲譽(yù)和商業(yè)信譽(yù)的,只構(gòu)成虛假宣傳行為,而與商業(yè)詆毀無關(guān)。二,是損害特定競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的商品聲譽(yù)和商業(yè)信譽(yù)的行為,構(gòu)成商業(yè)詆毀,不再構(gòu)成虛假宣傳。三,是是損害不特定競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的商品聲譽(yù)和商業(yè)信譽(yù)的行為,同時(shí)構(gòu)成兩種行為,產(chǎn)生法律競(jìng)合。

      32,商業(yè)秘密:指不為公眾所知悉、能為經(jīng)營(yíng)者帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、具有實(shí)用性并經(jīng)權(quán)利人采取保密措施的技術(shù)信息和經(jīng)營(yíng)信息。

      32,侵犯商業(yè)秘密行為的含義:商業(yè)秘密是指不為公眾所知悉、能為經(jīng)營(yíng)者帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、具有實(shí)用性并經(jīng)權(quán)利人采取保密措施的技術(shù)信息和經(jīng)營(yíng)信息。既然商業(yè)秘密是一種無形資產(chǎn),且經(jīng)權(quán)利人采取保密措施維持其秘密狀態(tài),那么,非經(jīng)權(quán)利人同意,獲取、披露、使用商業(yè)秘密的行為,都是侵犯商業(yè)秘密的行為。33,侵犯商業(yè)秘密行為的表現(xiàn)形式:(1)以盜竊、利誘、脅迫或者其他不正當(dāng)手段獲取權(quán)利人的商業(yè)秘密;(2)披露、使用或者允許他人使用以不正當(dāng)手段獲取的商業(yè)秘密;(3)違反約定或者違反保密要求,披露、使用或者允許他人使用其所掌握的商業(yè)秘密;(4)權(quán)利人的職工違反合同約定或者違反保密要求,披露、使用或者允許他人使用其所掌握的權(quán)利人的商業(yè)秘密;(5)第三人侵犯商業(yè)秘密的行為。33,商業(yè)秘密的特征:1,秘密性:有關(guān)信息不為其所屬領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)人員普遍知悉和容易獲得。2,實(shí)用性(價(jià)值性): 是指該商業(yè)秘密能為權(quán)利人帶來利益,具有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的價(jià)值和實(shí)用性。3,保密性: 是指該商業(yè)秘密的權(quán)利人已采取了相應(yīng)的保密措施,阻止他人的侵犯。34,商業(yè)秘密行為:

      1、不當(dāng)獲取行為。

      2、不當(dāng)披露行為

      3、不當(dāng)使用行為 35,不當(dāng)有獎(jiǎng)銷售:指經(jīng)營(yíng)者在有獎(jiǎng)銷售的過程中弄虛作假或違反法律的限制向客戶提供巨額獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的行為。

      36,不當(dāng)有獎(jiǎng)銷售特征:

      1、主體一般是出售或提供服務(wù)的賣方

      2、發(fā)生于有獎(jiǎng)銷售的過程中

      3、采用了不合法的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方法或獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)幅度

      4、行為人主觀上存在故意 37,不當(dāng)有獎(jiǎng)銷售的表現(xiàn)形式:

      1、抽獎(jiǎng)式有獎(jiǎng)銷售 :(1)欺騙性有獎(jiǎng)銷售(2)利用有獎(jiǎng)銷售推銷質(zhì)次價(jià)高的商品(3)巨額獎(jiǎng)品的有獎(jiǎng)銷售。

      2、附贈(zèng)式有獎(jiǎng)銷售:銷售方向所有購(gòu)買方提供贈(zèng)送獎(jiǎng)品或獎(jiǎng)金,或者贈(zèng)送有價(jià)憑證的銷售行為

      3、一些新的不當(dāng)有獎(jiǎng)銷售行為的表現(xiàn)形式(1)售后服務(wù)中的有獎(jiǎng)銷售(2)從直接的有獎(jiǎng)銷售到迂回的有獎(jiǎng)銷售:是否存在串通(3)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)由現(xiàn)金、實(shí)物到提供活動(dòng)

      38,不當(dāng)?shù)蛢r(jià)銷售特征:

      1、行為主體只能是處于賣方地位的經(jīng)營(yíng)者

      2、行為人主觀上存在故意,并具有排擠競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的目的3、行為人客觀上實(shí)施了低于成本的價(jià)格銷售商品的行為

      4、侵犯的客體是社會(huì)正常競(jìng)爭(zhēng)秩序

      39,不當(dāng)?shù)蛢r(jià)銷售的適用例外:

      1、銷售鮮活商品

      2、處理有效期限即將屆滿的商品或者其他積壓的商品

      3、季節(jié)性降價(jià)

      4、因清償債務(wù)、轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)、歇業(yè)降價(jià)銷售商品

      40,商業(yè)賄賂:是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者以一定的金錢、實(shí)物或者其他利益,收買交易相對(duì)人和其有關(guān)人員,以獲得交易機(jī)會(huì)的行為

      41,商業(yè)賄賂的特征:

      1、主體的范圍廣泛。

      2、主觀上存在故意。

      3、有主交易之外的利益交易行為。

      4、賄賂行為時(shí)秘密進(jìn)行的

      41,商業(yè)賄賂種類:1.商業(yè)行賄。是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者為了獲得交易機(jī)會(huì)而以一定的金錢、實(shí)物和其他利益收買對(duì)方或者相關(guān)人員的行為。

      2、商業(yè)受賄。是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者或代其履行一定職能的內(nèi)部人員以及有關(guān)國(guó)家工作人員,索取或接受經(jīng)營(yíng)者的財(cái)務(wù)或其他利益,并為支付財(cái)務(wù)或其他利益的經(jīng)營(yíng)者謀取交易機(jī)會(huì)或經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的行為。

      42,回扣:是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者銷售商品時(shí)在賬外暗中以現(xiàn)金、實(shí)物或其它方式退給對(duì)方單位或個(gè)人一定比例的商品價(jià)款

      43,折扣:是指價(jià)格上的折扣,又稱讓利,是商品銷售活動(dòng)中經(jīng)營(yíng)者在所成交的價(jià)款上給對(duì)方以一定比例減讓而返還給對(duì)方的一種交易上的優(yōu)惠,包括支付價(jià)款時(shí)對(duì)價(jià)款總額按一定比例及時(shí)予以扣除或支付價(jià)款總額之后再按一定比例退還 44,傭金,是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者在市場(chǎng)交易中給予為其提供服務(wù)的具有合法經(jīng)營(yíng)資格的中間人的勞務(wù)報(bào)酬

      45,商業(yè)賄賂的表現(xiàn)形式:(1)商業(yè)行賄(2)商業(yè)受賄

      46,不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為的法律責(zé)任:一,民事責(zé)任

      (一)享有訴權(quán)的人:被侵害的經(jīng)營(yíng)者,但不限于經(jīng)營(yíng)者。

      (二)賠償數(shù)額:

      1、被侵害的經(jīng)營(yíng)者的損失。

      2、兩部分,一是侵權(quán)人在侵權(quán)期間因侵權(quán)獲得的利潤(rùn),二是被侵害人調(diào)查不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為的合理費(fèi)用。

      3、定額賠償

      (三)不特定受害人的民事救濟(jì)。

      二、行政責(zé)任:行政罰款;行政處分

      三、刑事責(zé)任:商標(biāo)侵權(quán)、銷售偽劣商品、商業(yè)賄賂、侵犯商業(yè)秘密

      47,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法的概念:產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法是調(diào)整在生產(chǎn)、流通、消費(fèi)以及監(jiān)督管理過程中,因產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量而發(fā)生的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。48,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法的原則:1,貫徹“質(zhì)量第一”的原則。2,統(tǒng)一立法和區(qū)別管理相結(jié)合的原則。3,保護(hù)用戶、消費(fèi)者合法權(quán)益原則。4,貫徹獎(jiǎng)優(yōu)懲劣的原則。

      49,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的管理制度:

      1、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)制度

      2、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理制度

      3、企業(yè)質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證制度

      4、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量認(rèn)證制度

      50,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任的概念:指產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法規(guī)定的責(zé)任主體不履行本法規(guī)定的保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的義務(wù)所應(yīng)當(dāng)承當(dāng)?shù)姆珊蠊?/p>

      51,產(chǎn)品責(zé)任的歸責(zé)原則:1,過錯(cuò)推定原則。2,擔(dān)保原則。3,嚴(yán)格責(zé)任原則。

      52,消費(fèi)者的概念:就是為了滿足個(gè)人生活消費(fèi)的需要而購(gòu)買、使用商品或者接受服務(wù)的居民。

      53,如何認(rèn)定消費(fèi)者:

      1、消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)是出于“為生活消費(fèi)需要”的動(dòng)機(jī)或目的; 例外:消法54條:農(nóng)民購(gòu)買、使用直接用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)資料,參照本法執(zhí)行。

      2、消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)客體是商品和服務(wù)。

      3、消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)者方式包括購(gòu)買、使用(商品)和接受(服務(wù))54,消費(fèi)者的權(quán)利(出案例,學(xué)會(huì)分析哪項(xiàng)權(quán)利):

      (一)保障安全權(quán)。

      (二)知悉真情權(quán):

      1、未向消費(fèi)者告知

      2、對(duì)消費(fèi)者虛假告知

      3、對(duì)消費(fèi)者的不完全告知。

      (三)自主選擇權(quán)。

      (四)公平交易權(quán)。

      (五)依法求償權(quán)。

      (六)依法結(jié)社權(quán)。

      (七)接受教育權(quán)。

      (八)獲得尊重權(quán)。

      (九)監(jiān)督批評(píng)權(quán) 55,經(jīng)營(yíng)者的義務(wù) :

      (一)依法定或約定履行義務(wù),(二)聽取意見和接受監(jiān)督

      (三)保障人身和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全

      (四)不作虛假宣傳

      (五)出具相應(yīng)的憑證和單據(jù)

      (六)提供符合要求的商品或服務(wù)

      (七)不得從事不公平、不合理的交易

      (八)不得侵犯消費(fèi)者的人身權(quán)

      56,消費(fèi)者權(quán)益爭(zhēng)議的解決途徑:

      1、與經(jīng)營(yíng)者協(xié)商和解;

      2、請(qǐng)求消費(fèi)者協(xié)會(huì)調(diào)解。

      3、向有關(guān)行政部門申訴。

      4、根據(jù)與經(jīng)營(yíng)者達(dá)成的仲裁協(xié)議提請(qǐng)仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁。

      5、向人民法院提起訴訟

      57,最終承擔(dān)損害賠償責(zé)任的主體的確定:

      1.由生產(chǎn)者、銷售者、服務(wù)者承擔(dān)。

      2、原企業(yè)分立、合并的--變更后的企業(yè);

      3、使用他人營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照的--執(zhí)照的使用人或持有人;

      4、虛假?gòu)V告--經(jīng)營(yíng)者,但不能提供其姓名地址的

      58,消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法的民事責(zé)任:

      1、人身權(quán):死亡;傷害;精神損害。

      2、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán):(1)一般責(zé)任;(2)三包;(3)不合格商品;(4)郵購(gòu);(5)預(yù)付款(6)欺詐:懲罰性賠償

      第五篇:國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試總結(jié)

      國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法期末考試總結(jié)

      一.Explain the legal terms of art.1.Condition: a major term of a contract,which is regarded as being of the essence of the contract.Breach of a condition is a fundamental breach of contract which entitles the injured party to treat the contract as discharged.2.Anticipatory breach: a breach of contract caused by a party’s anticipatory repudiation,i.e.,unequivocally indicating that the party will not perform when performance is due.Under these circumstances,the nonbreaching party may elect to treat the repudiation as an immediate breach and sue for damages.3.Nachfrist is a German term describing the situation in which the innocent party sends a final notice to the breaching party requesting him or her to perform the contractual obligation within a specified period of time.4.The parole evidence rule excludes evidence of oral agreement which contradicts or varies the terms of a subsequent or contemporaneous written contract.the premise of whether to apply the parole evidence is :1)must have a written contract 2)the written contract become effective or have legally binding;3)the written contract is parties final and all the meaning expression.二.Multiple Choices Questions 1.The law which may affect a contract for the international sale of goods comes from:(ACD)A.International conventions B.the continental law C.Customs

      D.domestic laws

      2.These are essential elements in an international sale of goods:(BCD)A.There is an exchange of goods B.the subject matter of is goods C.There is a sale

      D.the sale is involving international elements 3.FAS means:(AD)

      A.The seller is required to clear the goods for export

      B.The buyer is responsible for obtaining all export permits C.The seller makes contract of carriage

      D.The buyer is responsible for making contract of carriage

      4.The terms which can be used only for carriage of goods by maritime and inland waterway transport are:(BD)A.FCA B.CFR C.CIP D.DEQ 5.The CISG does not apply to:(ABCD)A.Sales of electricity B.sales by auction

      C.a consulting contract

      D.the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.6.DEQ means:(CD)

      A.The seller is required to clear the goods for import

      B.The buyer is responsible for obtaining all export permits C.The seller makes contract of carriage

      D.The buyer is responsible for risks after delivery

      7.The terms which can be used for all modes of transport are:(AC)A.FCA B.CFR C.CIP D.DEQ

      8.The CISG does not apply to:(ABCD)A.Sales of ships

      B.sales on execution C.services contract

      D.the liability of the seller for personal injury caused by the goods to any person.9.Under the Code art 52,a contract is invalid if it is:(ABCD)

      A.concluded through the use of fraud or duress by one party to damage the interests of the State

      B.a result of a conspiracy to harm the interest of the state C.harmful to public interest D.in contravention of law

      10.A party is entitled to terminate a contract in any of the following situations:(BD)

      A.the other party has lost his or her business reputation

      B.the purpose of the contract cannot be realized due to force majeure C.the other party?s state of business has seriously deteriorated

      D.the purpose of the contract cannot be realized due to another breaching act

      11.An obligor may suspend the performance of his or her obligations in any of the following situations:(ACD)

      A.the other party?s state of business has seriously deteriorated B.the conduct of the other party in preparing to perform C.the other party has lost his or her business reputation D.the existence of possibility of the other party losing in his or her ability to perform

      12.The meaning of ?fundamental breach? under the CISG can be understood as follows:(BCD)

      A.the parties are not able to define the meaning in their contract B.a fundamental breach is determined byobjective test under art 25

      C.under art 25 the detrimental effect of the breach must be foreseeable by the breaching party

      D.art 25 appears to require an ability to foresee the extent of the detriment flowing from a breach.13.The delivery point under FOB, which is the same under:(BD)A.FCA B.CFR C.CIP D.CIF

      14.The CISG does not apply to:(ABCD)A.Sales of consumer goods B.sales of money

      C.a consulting contract

      D.any legal issue concerning the validity of a contract.15.As has always been underlined by ICC, Incoterms deal only with:(BCD)

      A.the relation between sellers and buyers under the contract of carriage B.the relation between sellers and buyers under the contract of sale

      C.the seller's obligation to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer D.the buyer's obligation to take delivery

      16.If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date,(ABCD)A.deliver any missing part

      B.make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered,C.deliver goods in replacement of any non-conforming goods delivered

      D.remedy any lack of conformity in the goods delivered

      17.Under the Hamburg Rules,the carrier is responsible for the safety of goods from:(B)A.tackle to tackle B.port to port C.door to door D.tackle to port 三.Short Answer Questions 1.Seller, whose place of business is in State A.and Buyer, whose place of business is in Stale B.enter into a contract that stipulates that the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods applies.Neither State A nor State B is a contracting state.Does the Convention apply? No,the Convention does not apply.(2 marks)

      (1)This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:(a)when the States are Contracting States;or

      (b)w hen the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.(4 marks)

      (2)This Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph(1)(a)or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph(1)(b)of article 1.(2 marks)

      2.On April 4, Company X, with its place of business in China, sent an offer by e-mail to Company Y, with its place of business in Australian.The offer concerned 50,000 meters hand-printed cotton cloth and said it would remain open until April 30.On April 10, Company Y answered by e-mail: “The price is too high, and we are not interested in the offer.” But, on April 20, the manager of Company Y changed his mind and sent another e-mail to accept the April 4 offer.Is there any contract between Company X and Company Y? Since both China and Australian are Contracting States to the CISG, according to Article l(l)(a)would apply here.(2 marks)

      After receiving the offer of 50 ,000 meters hand-printed cotton cloth, on April 10, Company Y stated that they were not interested in the offer, which rejected the offer.(2 marks)

      On April 20, the email sent to accept the April 4 offer should be regarded as a new offer instead of acceptance.(2 marks)

      Therefore, there was no contract between Company X and Company Y.(2 marks)

      3.Mr.Nelson, the manager of a US company, entered into a contract with an Italian company, Roma, to order some leather suitcases.The Goods were delivered on time, but with some of the zippers on the suitcases defective.Mr.Nelson contacted Roma and gave a notice that he wanted to cancel the contract.Roma responded that they only can give a reduction in the price.Who is legally right? Roma was legally right.(2 marks)

      The defectiveness of some of the zippers on the suitcases could not account to a fundamental breach under the CISG Article 25(4 marks)

      Therefore Mr.Nelson had no right to cancel the contract but could have other remedies, such as reducing the price.(2 marks)

      4.Seller agreed to ship 10,000 tons of potatoes FOB Tacoma, Washington, to Buyer in Japan.Buyer designated the SS Russet to take delivery at pier 7 in Tacoma.On the agreed date for delivery, Seller delivered the potatoes to pier 7, but the ship was not at the pier.Because another ship using the pier was slow in loading, the Russet had to anchor at a mooring buoy in the harbor and Seller had to arrange for a lighter to transport the potatoes in containers to the ship.The lighter tied up alongside the Russet and a cable from the ship's boom was attached to the first container.As the container began to cross the ship's rail the cable snapped.The container then fell on the rail, teetered back and forth for a while, and finally crashed down the side of the ship and capsized the lighter.All of the potatoes were dumped into the sea.Buyer now sues Seller for failure to make delivery.(1)Is Seller liable?

      (2)Suppose, the contract had been FAS Tacoma.Would Seller be liable?(1)The Seller is liable.(1 marks)“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's rail at the named port of shipment.The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship's rail at the named port of shipment.This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point.(3 marks)

      (2)Suppose, the contract had been FAS Tacoma.The Seller would not be liable.(1 marks)

      “Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment.The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as The seller must place the goods alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer.This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.(3 marks)5.A seller contracted for oranges to be sent from Spain to England.Before the contract of carriage was concluded the shipowners promised the shippers orally that they would arrive in London by 30th November 1947, but they did not actually arrive until December 5th.The arrival date was important to the shipper not merely because the oranges might deteriorate, but also because import duty was imposed from December 1st.However, the bill of lading also had a printed liberty clause allowing the carrier to stop on the way.The carrier did stop on the way and thus did not get to London until 5 December.The seller sued the carrier for deviating from the route and the carrier relied on the written liberty clause.The issue of the case was that the actual terms of the contract were—were they those in the bill of lading or the oral agreements that were made.Is the bill of lading in itself a contract? Although a bill of lading may include the full terms of the contract between the consignor(the seller)and the carrier(the shipping company)but it is not the contract itself.(2 marks)

      The logical is because in the most cases the contract will have been made before the bill of lading is issued.In effect, it is very good evidence of the contract of carriage and it can be rebutted.Therefore the parties can show that the actual contract contains different terms.(4 marks)

      In the case the seller proved that there was an actually verbal agreement between them, so the carrier was in breach of the contract of carriage and should be liable.(2 marks)

      6.On December 1, Seller sent to Buyer an offer to sell 5,000 widgets to Buyer for $25 apiece.The offer slated: “'The offer will remain open until December 31.” On December 10, Buyer answered: “The price is too high, I don't accept your offer.”Then.on December 15, Buyer changed his mind and sent a telegram stating: “'I accept your December 1 offer after all.” Seller replied: “Your acceptance is too late.since you already rejected the offer.” In turn, Buyer answered: “The acceptance is good, since you promised to keep your offer open until December 31.” Is there a contract under the CISG? No,there is not a contract.(2 marks)

      After receiving the offer of 5 ,000 widgets, on December 10, buyer stated that The price was too high, he didn't accept the offer., which rejected the offer.(2 marks)

      On December 15, the email sent to accept the December 1 offer should be regarded as a new offer instead of acceptance.(2 marks)

      Therefore, there was no contract between seller and buyer.(2 marks)

      8.A contract for sale of Christmas tree lights was established, in which a letter of credit was used.The credit required the seller to produce a certificate of inspection, along with other documents.This was done and the issuing bank paid against them.The bank then sought reimbursement but the buyer refused, contending that there should have been an inspection to make sure that the lights were working.It should be noted that the certificate of electrical inspection was required by the contract but not specified in the letter of credit.(1)Can the bank seek reimbursement from the buyer?

      (2)How to solve the problem between the seller and buyer?

      (1)the bank can seek reimbursement from the buyer.Because The main issue is whether the banks are liable to the applicant when the commercial documents or bills of exchange which appear to be consistent with the terms and conditions of the credit are not genuine.Article 13 of UCP 500 requires that banks 'must examine all documents stipulated in the Credit with reasonable care, to ascertain whether or not they appear, on their face, to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit'.The banks' responsibility-is Limited to the ostensible conformity of the documents.However, it must be emphasised that the doctrine of strict compliance requires a bank to ensure only that the documents appear to be consistent with the terms of the credit(art 14 of UCP 500), and thus give rise neither to a duty to ascertain the conformity of the goods, nor an obligation to investigate analleged fraud.'Second, the complexity ot international trade means that the banks as agents of the buyer or seller are not able to understand and appreciate all technical terms(some of which are interchangeable)or the technical differences between goods of similar functions or nature.(6 marks)

      (2)The seller solves the problem between them in accordance with their contract.(2 marks)

      9.Retailer in State A decides to go into the catalog sales business in State B.Both countries are parties to the CISG.Retailer purchases a mailing list from Ace Credit Card Company.The list has the names and addresses of 500,000 persons owning Ace credit cards in State B,and Retailer uses this to prepare mailing labels.John Q.Public receives a catalog addressed to him personally from Retailer.The catalog describes various types of widgets and gives prices for each one.Has the retailer made an offer to sell the widgets?If John accepts,will there be a binding contract under the CISG? No,the retailer has not made an offer.(2 marks)

      Under art 14(1)of the CISG,A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.According to the facts,it is an invitation to treat.(4 marks)

      (2)No,if John accepts, there will not be a binding contract under the CISG.it is an offer.(2 marks)10.Buyer received a letter in her mail on January 1 offering to sell Buyer 5,000 widgets for $20 apiece.Seller?s letter closed with the following statement:I know that this offer is so attractive that I will assume that you accept it unless I hear otherwise by January 31.”Buyer did not reply.Seller shipped the widgets on February 1.What are Buyer?s responsibilities under the CISG?

      First the buyer has rights to refuse goods.(2 marks)

      After receiving the offer of 50 ,000widgets for $20 apiece, Buyer did not reply, which rejected the offer.(2 marks)

      Under art 18(1)of the CISG,Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.(2 marks)

      Therefore, there was no contract between Seller and Buyer.(2 marks)

      11.Buyer and Seller entered into a contract governed by the CISG for Seller to deliver a sophisticated computer to Buyer by January 1.Seller was late in delivering the machine,so Buyer wired Seller on January 12.Anxious to take delivery of the computer.Hope that it arrives by February 1.”Seller delivers the computer on February 5,but Buyer refuses to accept it and declares that the contract is avoided because Seller failed to hand over the computer before the February 1 date specified in the January 2 telegram.Both Buyer and Seller agree that there has not been a fundamental breach.Is Buyer able to avoid the contract under these circumstances? Yes,the buyer is able to avoid the contract.(2 marks)

      Under CISG,a buyer may avoid a contract if either(1)the seller commits a fundamental breach or(2)the buyer gives the seller a Nachfrist notice and the seller rejects it or does not perform within the period it specifies.A buyer’s Nachfrist notice is the fixing of “an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations.”.(4 marks)

      The period must be definite,and the obligation to perform within that period must be clear.Once the Nachfrist period has run,or once the fundamental breach becomes clear,the buyer has a reasonable time in which to avoid the contract.(2 marks)

      13.Cee Company in Canada agreed to sell 10,000 gallons of maple syrup to Dee Company in Denmark.Dee Company arranged for a letter of credit with its bank in Copenhagen.The credit required payment on the presentation of a bill of lading and an inspection certificate issued by a quality control company,Vigilance,Inc.,of Toronto.Cee Company produced both the bill and the inspection certificate.The Copenhagen bank refused to pay because the inspection certificate stated that“based on a sample taken from 5 gallons,the maple syrup is not of the kind ordered.”The bank argued that the certificate,on its face,did not certify the regularity of the entire order.Was the bank correct in refusing payment?

      The bank was correct.(2 marks)

      Because The main issue is whether the banks are liable to the applicant when the commercial documents or bills of exchange which appear to be consistent with the terms and conditions of the credit are not genuine.Article 13 of UCP 500 requires that banks 'must examine all documents stipulated in the Credit with reasonable care, to ascertain whether or not they appear, on their face, to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit'.The banks' responsibility-is Limited to the ostensible conformity of the documents.However, it must be emphasised that the doctrine of strict compliance requires a bank to ensure only that the documents appear to be consistent with the terms of the credit(art 14 of UCP 500), and thus give rise neither to a duty to ascertain the conformity of the goods, nor an obligation to investigate an alleged fraud.' Second, the complexity of international trade means that the banks as agents of the buyer or seller are not able to understand and appreciate all technical terms(some of which are interchangeable)or the technical differences between goods of similar functions or nature.(6 marks)14.On January 1,Seller sent a letter to Buyer offering to sell to Buyer 5,000 widgets for $25 apiece.The letter also stated:This offer is binding and irrevocable until February 1.”O(jiān)n January 5,prior to Buyer?s receipt of the letter,seller called Buyer on the telephone and left the following message on the answering machine at Buyer?s place of business:Ignore my letter of January 1.I have decided to withdraw the offer contained in it.”O(jiān)n January 7,after listening to her answering machine and reading the letter that arrived that same day,Buyer sent Seller the following telegram:I accept your offer of January 1.”Is there a contract under the CISG? No,there is not a contract.(2 marks)

      After receiving the offer of 5 ,000 widgets, On January 7, seller withdrew the offer.(2 marks)

      Article 15(2)provides that an offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.(2 marks)

      Therefore, there was no contract between seller and buyer.(2 marks)

      15.Dealer in the United States owned a cargo of 10,000 barrels of oil that had been shipped from Mexico on January 1 for arrival in the United States on February 1.On January 15,Dealer informed Buyer that the oil was en route and they concluded a contract.On arrival,inspection showed that the oil had been contaminated by seawater at some indeterminate time during the voyage.Assuming the CISG applies,who bears the risk? Buyer bears the risk.(2 marks)

      Article 68 provides that the risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract.However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage.16.Seller agreed to deliver three software programs to Buyer that are specially designed for Buyer?s business.The first was to be delivered in January,the second in February,and the third in March.The program delivered in January worked fine,but the one delivered in February was defective.It not only failed to function properly,it also made the other two programs effectively worthless.Seller was unable to correct the defect,and no suitable replacement could be found from another supplier.What CISG remedies are available to Buyer?

      The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety.(2 marks)

      Because Article 73(3)provides that a buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery may, at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries if, by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.(4 marks)

      At the same time Seller was unable to correct the defect,and no suitable replacement could be found from another supplier.(2 marks)

      17.Seller in Bombay sells 5,000 bales of cotton to Buyer,FOB Liverpool.Seller transports the cotton to the Bombay harbor and to the ship designated by Buyer,the SS Allthumbs.Due to an error in counting,only 4,987 bales were loaded.The ship?s bill of lading,however,shows a quantity of 5,000 bales.Seller then signs over the bill of lading to Buyer in exchange for payment in full of the cotton.When the Allthumbs arrives in Liverpool,the quantity error is discovered,and Buyer sues the ship for the lost value of the missing bales.Is the ship liable?Would it matter if Seller admitted that the error was not the ship?s fault,but that of Seller?

      (1)The ship is liable.(2 marks)Because under The Hamburg Rules1.If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the general nature, leading marks,number of packages of pieces,weight or quantity of the goods which the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or, where a“shipped” bill of lading is issued, loaded, or if he had no reasonable means of checking such particulars, the carrier or such other person must insert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying these inaccuracies,grounds of suspicion or the absence of reasonable means of checking.2.If the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf fails to note on the bill of lading the apparent condition of the goods, he is deemed to have noted on the bill of lading that the goods were in apparent good condition.(6 marks)

      (2)Under the Hague-Visby Rules,Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3(a)The leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage.(b)Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper.(c)The apparent order and condition of the goods.Therefore, The ship isn?t liable.(6 marks)

      If Seller admitted that the error was not the ship?s fault,but that of Seller,it would matter.(2 marks)

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