第一篇：2013電大英語(yǔ)3形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)答案
成績(jī)：
開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（3）
形 成 性 考 核 冊(cè)
專業(yè)：
學(xué)號(hào)：
姓名：
河北廣播電視大學(xué)開(kāi)放教育學(xué)院（請(qǐng)按照順序打印，并左側(cè)裝訂）
開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（3）作業(yè)1（Units 1—6）
本作業(yè)由四部分組成，第一部分：交際用語(yǔ)；第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用；第三部分：閱讀理解；第四部分：寫(xiě)作。建議在90分鐘內(nèi)完成本作業(yè)。寫(xiě)作部分要求用筆寫(xiě)在給定的位置上。每次作業(yè)滿分為100分。
第一部分：交際用語(yǔ)（每題2分，共10分）
一、閱讀下面的小對(duì)話，從A,B,C,D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1.---May I help you,madam?---_________D____________.A.Sorry, I have no idea
B.Yes,I know what to buy C.You‘d better give me a hand
D.Yes, I‘d like 2 kilos of orange 2.---May I know your address?-----_____________A________.A.Sure.Here you are
B.I have no idea C.It‘s far from here
D.Sorry, I‘ve forgottern 3.---Well, Mary, how are you?---____________C__________.A.I‘m good
B.I‘m pleased C.I‘m fine
D.I‘m nice 4.---I don‘t like the spots programs on Sundays.---______________B_______________________.A.So do I
B.Neither do I C.So am I
D.Neither am I 5.—Will you go on a picnic with us tommorrow?---________________B______________________.A.Yes, but I‘ ll have English classes B.Sorry, I have an appointment with Dr.Brown C.I‘m afraid I have no idea D.Neither am I
第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（40分）
二、選擇填空
閱讀下面的句子和對(duì)話，從從A,B,C,D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。（每題2分，共20分）
6.It happened___D_____a winter night.A.at
B.in
C.by
D.on
7.I know it isn‘t important but I can‘t help____B_about it.A.but to think
B.thinking
C.to think
D.think 8.That‘s all settled.It ___D___talked about.A.shouldn‘t
B.mustn‘t be
C.can‘t
D.needn‘t be 9.Her parents died when she was very young, so she was _A____by her aunt.A.brought up
B.brought out
C.grown up
D.grown 10.__B___he said is quite right.A.That
B.What
C.How
D.Why 11.Don‘t worry.There is ___C___room for all your books here.A.more
B.much
C.enough
D.some 12.---What‘s happened to Tom?-----____D____ to hospital.A.He‘s taken
B.He‘ll be taken
C.He‘ll take
D.He‘ s been taken 13.----I don‘t suppose he will attend the meeting, ___B___? A.won‘t he
B.will he
C.do I
D.don‘t I 14.----____A__fine weather it is!A.What
B.What a
C.How
D.How a
15.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _B___tired of having one examination after another.A.is
B.are
C.am
D.be
三、完型填空
閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。（每題２分，共２０分）Peter Blake is a successful businnessman, but he__16_C___ to be very poor.He had nowhere to live and___17__B__working in a plub when he__18__B_to start his own business.Peter had always __19_D___interested in plants and flowers, ___20_A_he decided to set up a company ___21_B___ cared for plants in big offices.At first he worked on his __22_A___, but soon he took___23_C__two people to help him.The company has been growing __24_B__for the last ten years.Peter is now very rich, __25_A__he complains that now he doesn‘t work with plants but with a computer every day!16)
17)
18)
19)A.would
B.----
C.used
D.use A.did
B.was
C.been
D.has been A.had deciede
B.decided
C.was deciding
D.has decided A.was
B.had
C.being
D.been
20)
A.so
B.but
C.------
D.although 21).A.who
B.which
C.whose
D.-------22).A.own
B.self
C.-----
D.himself 23).A.up
B.over
C.on
D.in 24).A.——
B.up
C.over
D.into 25).A.therefore
B.so
C.but
D.moreover 第三部分 閱讀理解(共計(jì)30分，每小題2分)
四、閱讀下列短文，從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)正確答案，并標(biāo)在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。(每題2分，共20分)短文理解l
An Extraordinary Change of Direction Molly Wilson had been a dancer and a mother for many years when she decided to sail round the world to raise money for charity.As a child she had trained as a ballet dancer, but at 15 she had grown too tall for classical ballet, so she became a member of a pop dance team.She got married, and after she had children she retired from show business to bring them up.They grew up,and when they were 18 they left home.She says, “When I decided to do the round-the-world race, my husband thought Iwas bored because the children had left home.He was also worried because Ihad never sailed before.I was not bored, but Ihad met some people who told me about the race.They had taken part in it, but they had only done one section,say,from New Zealand to Australia.Iwanted to do the whole ten-month journey.Before Molly left she did a lot of training, but it hadn't prepared her for the worst weather which they experienced.She tells one story.”O(jiān)ne night the sea was very rough and it was very cold.I had gone downstais when a huge wave smashed into the boat and injured two men on the deck.One of the men couldn;t move because he had broken his leg.They were taken to hospital by helicopter.That was the worst time.“ By the end of October last year,she had raised more than ￡50,000 for chanity.She says, ”sometimes I ask myself, what did I do? How did I do it? But then Ithink, it's the same as being a dancer.Before I left on the trip,I had trained hard.Ihad got very fit and had prepared myself completely.Then on the trip Iwas simply a gook team member."
26.What does the word ―extraordinary‖ mean in the title?
B A.Very ordinary.B.Very unusual and surprising.C.Not special.D.Extreme.27.The sentence ―… my husband throught I was bored …‖ in Para.4 meant that my husband thought I felt ______D_______.A.dissatisfied because I had nothing better to do at home B.annoyed because I had to wait long for my children to come back home C.happy because I could do something I was interested in instead of taking care of children D.sad because all the children left me when they grew up 28.The word ―section‖ in Para.4 most probably means here _______C________.A.group of people B.part of the training C.part of the route of sail D.part of the job 29.Which of the following is nearest(closet)in meaning to ―rough‖ in the sentence ―One night the sea was very rough …‖ in Para.5?
C A.not exact B.difficult C.not smooth because of huge waves D.pleasant 30.The last paragraph suggest that _______A_______.A.the qualities she needed for the trip were the same as those for a dancer B.many years of dancing had already prepared her for the sail completely, so she needn‘t do naything before the journey C.she should be kind to other team members during the trip D.she should not forget dancing during the trip 短文理解 2 In the last 500 years, nothing about people—not their clothes, ideas, or languages – has changed as much as what they eat.The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians.The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500‘s.And although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable.In London shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places.Some still exist today.The potato is also from the New World.Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown.Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the ―Potato Famine‖ of 1845-6, and thousands more were forced to emigrate to America.There are many other foods that have traveled from South America to the Old World.But some others went in the opposite direction.Brazil is now the World‘s largest
grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries.But it is native to Ethiopia.It is first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400‘s.According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush.He tried one and experienced the ―wide-awake‖ feeling that one-third of the world‘s population now starts the day with.31.According to the passage, which of the following has changed the most in the last 500 years? ___A___ A.Food
C.Potato D.Coffee B.Chocolate
32.―Some‖ in ―Some still exist today‖ refers to ________C___.A.some cocoa trees
C.some shops
D.some South American Indians B.some chocolate drinks 33.Thousands of Irish people starved during the ―Potato Famine‖ because _____D______.A.they were so dependent on the potato that they refused to eat anything else.B.they were forced to emigrate to America C.the weather conditions in Ireland were not suitable for growing the potato D.the potato harvest was bad 34.Coffee originally came from ___A____.A.Brazil C.Ethiopia
B.Colombia
D.Arabia 35.The Arabic legend is used to prove that _____C____.A.coffee was first discovered by Kaldi B.coffee was first discovered by Kaldi‘s goats
C.coffee was first discovered in South American countries D.coffee drinks were first made by Arabs
五、閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷其后的句子是正確（T），錯(cuò)誤（F），還是文章中沒(méi)有涉及相關(guān)信息（NG）。（每題2分，共10分）短文理解3 Lily is 70 years old and she takes care of her 91-year-old mother.She told us about caring for her mother.I wake up early every day, it‘s usually about 6.30 am, and wait until I hear Tilly, my mum, moving about.Then I make her a cup of tea.At about half past seven she gets up and we have breakfast together.We normally just have toast, but on Sundays we always have bacon and eggs.After breakfast she reads the newspaper, then she sits by the window and waves to the neighbours as they walk by.She hardly ever goes out but she is very proud of her personal appearance, so she goes to the hairdresser once a month.She doesn‘t liker being left on her own for very long, so I always arrange for a neighbour to come and sit with her when I go out.Now and again, my friend and neighbour, Joan, comes to spend the day with her, and I can go and have lunch with another friend, May, who lives in town.I have a brother, Syd.He comes to stay two or three times a year.He is very good and keeps in touch, but he lives 300 miles away.Once a year, he collects mum and takes her to stay with him in London for a week.She doesn‘t really like going because it‘s a long journey, but I need the rest.Sally, the nurse, comes to see mum regularly.My next-door neighbour, Jack, often calls in.In the evening we usually watch TV and we sometimes play cards.Mum is fantastic for her age.But I can never decide to go anywhere spontaneously.I always have to plan it, so I feel a bit trapped.But what is the alternative? An old people‘ home? I couldn‘t do that to my mother? 36.Lily wakes before her mother.(T)37.Joan sometimes spends the day with Lily‘s mother.(T)38.Tilly is satisfied with her hairdresser.(T)39.Lily‘s brother comes to visit every three weeks.(F)40.Lily and her mother play cards more than they watch TV.(NG)第四部分：寫(xiě)作（20分）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the changes in your life.You should write at least 80 words and could base your writing bu using the hints given below.利用所給提示寫(xiě)一篇短文，說(shuō)明你生活中的變化。
There have been many changes in my life/ be better off/preserved pickles cramped and gloomy room to big and bright flat/ getting around
Changes in Life 開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（3）作業(yè)2（Units 7—12）
本作業(yè)由四部分組成，第一部分：交際用語(yǔ)；第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用；第三部分：閱讀理解；第四部分：寫(xiě)作。建議在90分鐘內(nèi)完成本作業(yè)。寫(xiě)作部分要求用筆寫(xiě)在給定的位置上。每次作業(yè)滿分為100分。
第一部分: 交際用語(yǔ)(每題2分, 共10分)
一、閱讀下面的小對(duì)話，從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1.-Nice weather, isn‘t it?
--________C________.A.I‘m not sure B.Your know it well C.Yes, it is D.Yes, it isn‘t
2.__What about going for a walk?----__________A___________.A.Why not? A good idea B.That‘s all right C.So, do I D.Walking is good to you 3.----Would you mind if I open the window for a better view?-----___________________C________.A.That‘s fine, thank you B.Yes, please C.Take a seat D.Of course not 4.--Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest supermarket?----____________D___________.A.It‘s not very far from here B.The supermarket is very large C.The goods there are very expensive D.Sorry, sir.I‘m a stranger here myself 5.--What‘s the problem, Harry?-----________D__________.A.No problem B.No trouble at all C.Thank you for asking me about it D.I can‘t remember where I left my glasses 第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（40分）
二、選擇填空
閱讀下面的句子和對(duì)話，從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。小題2分，共20分）
6.---Which do you like better, real movies _____D__ cartoons?-----I prefer cartoons_____real movies.A.and, than B.or, than
C.and, and
D.or, to 7.What a fool I have been!Why ____B___ I think of that before? A.don‘t B.didn‘t
C.not
D.do 8.Time is money!We should _____B___ our time.A.be fit for
B.make good use of C.play a part of
D.take the place of 9.You must explain _____C___ how they succeeded ___________ the experiment.A.of us, for
B.at us, at
C.to us, in
D.for us, to 10.Of all the stories here, I like this one ______C_.It‘s not interesting at all.A.spoken, written
B.speaking, written C.speaking, writing
D.speak, write 11.We must make a difference between _____A__ language and _________ language.A.spoken, written
B.speaking, written C.speaking, writing
D.speak, write 12.I think all these are main points _____A____ much attention.A.being worthy of
B.worthy of C.which worth
D.which worthy of 13.They __B____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.A.saw B.watched
C.noticed
D.observed 8
（每14.——Can I get you a cup of tea? ——____A________.A.that‘s very nice of you B.with pleasure C.you can, please D.thank you for the tea 15.Mary forgot _____B____ a letter to her mother, so she wrote to her just now.A.writing
B.to write D.to have written C.having wrote
三、完型填空
閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題紙上寫(xiě)出所選的字母符號(hào)。（每題2分，共20分）
A study has shown that fitness is the key _16__A_ long life, irrespective of body shape __17_C____ even smoking habits.Researchers discovered that people who exercise live longer than _18___D_, even if they are overweight and smoke.The study found that _D_19__fit of the 6,000 middle-aged men in the study were five times more likely to die within six years of the start of the research than the fittest.This was true __20___B_ the men had heart problems, smoked or were overweight.Scientists concluded that it was better ___21B___and active than skinny and sedentary.Dr Ken cooper, a fitness expert, said, ― You are better off smoking a packet of cigarettes a day and exercising regularly than___ 22_A__a non-smoker and sedentary.‖ Although he adds, ― But don‘t misunderstand me.I am not endorsing ____23_C__, I am trying to tell you how dangerous it is to be sedentary.‖ The British Government is putting pressure ____24_A____ manufacturers to reduce high levels of sugar in food and to restrict the hard-sell of junk food to children in order to improve the nation‘s health.But the new study suggests the Government should encourage more people ____25__C__.16.A.for 17.A.or
B.of
C.to
D.in D.either
B.and
C.but
18.A.those who does not
B.these who do not
C.these that do not
D.those who do not 19.A.the little 20.A.that
B.less
C.least
D.the least
D.when
B.whether or not
B.to be fat
C.if or not
C.to do C.to be 21.A.being fat
22.A.being
23.A.smoke
D.doing
D.is
D.smoked
B.be
B.to smoke
C.smoking 24.A.on
B.in
C.to
D.for 25.A.exercise B.exercising C.to exercise
D.exercised 第三部分：閱讀理解（30分）
四、閱讀下列短文，從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)正確答案，并在答題紙上寫(xiě)出所選的字母符號(hào)。（每題2分，共20分）短文理解1
PAT the Dog Did you know there are some very special dogs doing good work in our hospital wards? These are PAT(Pets As Therapy)dogs.Doctors and nurses are recognizing the benefits of pets more and more – particularly for children, people with mental illnesses and elderly people who are separated from their own pets or have had to give up their pets.Stroking and playing with a pet is a calming experience and something to look forward to.One hospital reported that a man with a mental illness, who hadn‘t spoken for years, first stroked and played with a visiting dog and then started talking to it.Today, around 4,500 dogs and 50 cats and their volunteer owners are at work in the UK bringing comfort and pleasure to over 100,000 people in hospital.There are many other ―working dogs‖.There are guard dogs, police dogs, hunting dogs and dogs for the blind.Disabled people benefit greatly.Take the case of Alan Smythe, who has to visit hospital every month.Some things are difficult for him because he is in a wheelchair.But his life has altered dramatically since he got a god, Tess, from the charity ―Dogs for the Disabled‖.―She helps me to get dressed, and she brings me my socks and shoes.She fetches the newspaper from the shop, and she passes me the phone when it rings.I feel so much better too.It‘s like having a really good friend.She comes with me to hospital.Once, she saved my life.I am a diabetic and one day my blood sugar level dropped, and when I was going into a coma she went next door and she alerted my neighbour.He gave me an insulin injection.‖
26.Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage? B A.All the dogs are allowed into the hospitals to visit the patients.B.Only some special dogs can help the patients feel better.C.Doctors and nurses doubt if pets can bring comfort to the patients.D.Doctors and nurses are aware pets will bring benefits to all the patients.27.Pets are particularly beneficial to the following EXCEPT ___C____.A.children B.people with mental illness C.the elderly people who live alone D.the elderly people who have to live apart from their pets 28.The first sentence of Para.2 suggests _____D___.A.touching and playing with a pet makes people nervous and anxious B.pets can make people become quiet and attentive C.people feel uncomfortable when they touch and play with a pet D.people feel relaxed and hopeful when they touch and play with a pet 29.The dog helps Alan do the following EXCEPT ____D____.A.She helps her get dressed B.She accompanies her to the hospital C.She gets the newspaper for her D.She picks up the phone for her 30.The sentence ―when I was going to a comma‖ means that ______D__.A.when I got hungry B.when I felt asleep C.when I became unconscious D.when I fell down on the floor 短文理解 2 A funny thing happened on the way to the communication revolution: we stopped talking to each other.I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his mobile phone rang, interrupting our conversation.There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and – poof!I was cut off as if I had become absent from the conversation.The part was filled with people talking on their cell phones.They were passing people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs.It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.The telephone used to connect you to the absent.Now it makes people feel absent.Recently I was in a car with three friends.The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone.There we were, four friends driving down the high way, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.If my mom has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine.11 As almost every contact between human beings gets automatic, the emotional distance index goes up.Pumping gas at the station? Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe your credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact? Making a deposit at the bank? Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neighborhood when you can put your card into the ATM? More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn‘t really have time to talk.The technology devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier.I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voice-mail telephone, and an e-mail account.Giving them up isn‘t a choice.They are great for what they are intended to do.It‘s their unintended results that make me upset.What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there is no one in the room to hear you crying out ―Gee whiz‖?
31.The author‘s experience of walking in a park with a friend recently made him feel ____B____.A.unhappy B.funny
C.sunny
D.wonderful 32.According to the author, human contact in a park means ______D_.A.looking at each other and saying hello when passing B.noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs C.talking on the mobile phone and getting connected with the other people D.both A and B 33.According to the author, the more connected we get in communications technology, the ___ __C__ we are.A.more automatic
B.easier C.more disconnected D.closer 34.What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction?
D A.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.B.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.C.If his mom has a question, he just leaves the answer on her machine.D.All of the above 35.What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author? B A.It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere/ B.It actually creates a distance between people instead of bringing them together.C.It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people feel connected.D.It makes human contacts limitless with electronic voices everywhere.五、閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷其后的句子是正確（T），錯(cuò)誤（F），還是文字中沒(méi)有涉及相關(guān)信息（NG）。（每題2分，共10分）短文理解3 The ancient Olympic Games were part of a religious festival in honour of the Greek god Zeus, the father of all Greek gods and goddesses.The festival and games were held in Olympia, a religious sanctuary.The athletes came to Olympia from all parts of the Greek world, from as far as Spain in the west and Turkey in the east.The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 766 BC when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won a 200-metre-long race.They took place for a period of 617 years until the last games were held in AD 393.In the ancient games, athletes received prizes worth large amounts of money.In fact the word ―athlete‖ is an ancient Greek word, meaning ―one who competes for a prize‖.Although women did not compete in the games, there was a separate festival held at the same time in honour of Hera, wife of Zeus.At this festival unmarried girls competed in foot races.The marathon was not an event of the ancient Olympic Games.The marathon is a modern event that was first introduced in the Olympic Games in 1896.It was named after a village called Marathon where the Persians were defeated by a small Greek army.The news of the victory was brought to Athens by soldier, who ran the 26 miles from the village of Marathon to the capital.26 miles was therefore adopted as the distance of the modern marathon race.The Olympic flag was introduced in 1908 and carries the symbol of five linked rings.Which represent the five continents---Africa, America, Asia, Australasia and Europe.The Olympic flame was first carried in the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games.The first torch relay in the modern Olympic Games was staged in Berlin in 1936.36.The ancient Greeks held the first Olympic Games in 617 BC.（F）37.The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games for 393 years.（F）
38.They did not allow women to compete in the ancient Olympic Games.（T）39.They first used the Olympic flag in 1908.（T）
40.Both the Olympic Games and the Marathon Race are very popular for old and young people in many countries of the world.（NG）第四部分：寫(xiě)作（20分）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the changes in your life.You should write at least 80 words and could base your writing bu using the hints given below.It is necessary to keep a balanced diet/ had better/it is important to do regular exercises /it is essential to keep high mood/ renew our spirits and release our stress/be bound to keep healthy
How to Keep Healthy 開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（3）作業(yè)3
（Units 13—18）
本作業(yè)由四部分組成，第一部分：交際用語(yǔ)；第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用；第三部分：閱讀理解；第四部分：寫(xiě)作。建議在90分鐘內(nèi)完成本作業(yè)。寫(xiě)作部分要求用筆寫(xiě)在給定的位置上。每次作業(yè)滿分為100分。
第一部分: 交際用語(yǔ)(每題2分, 共10分)
一、閱讀下面的小對(duì)話，從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1.——— Hello, May I talk to the headmaster now? ——______A__________.A.sorry, he is busy at the moment B.No, you can‘t C.Sorry, you can‘t D.I don‘t know
2.—— Would you like to have dinner with us this evening?-----—______C______.A.Ok, but I have to go to a meeting now B.No, I can‘t
C.Sorry, but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parents D.I don‘t know
3.——Oh, sorry to bother you.—— _______A___.A.That‘s okay
B.No, you can‘t
C.That‘s good.D.Oh, I don‘t know 4.--——Can you turn down the radio, please? ——__________B____.A.Oh, I know B.I‘m sorry, I didn‘t realize it was that loud C.I‘ll keep it down next time D.Please forgive me 5.——Woulde you like to see the memu? ——______A______.A.No, thanks, I already know what to order B.Your menu is very clear C.I hear the food here is tasty D.The setting is very comfortable 第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（40分）
二、選擇填空
閱讀下面的句子和對(duì)話，從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。（每小題2分，共20分）
6.I prefer classic music ____D___ pop music.A.than B.on
C.with
D.to 7.All the team members tried their best.We lost the game, _A____.A.however B.therefore
C.since
D.as 8.When we were having a meeting, the diector ____B___ the bad news by telephone.A.was telling B.was told C.could tell D.would tell 9.Silk ___B_____ by Chinese for thousands of yours now.A.has used B.has been use
C.was used D.is used 10.You __B___ to lock the door at night.A.should B.ought
C.must
D.shall 11.Before I got to the cinema, the film ___A______.A.had begun B.has begun
C.is begun
D.was beginning 12.The patient acted on the doctor‘s ____B___ and finally recovered.A.advices
B.advice
C.advise
D.advises 13.A lecture hall is __C_____ where students attend lectures.A.there B.which
C.one
D.that 14.I‘m tired.I _____B__ working very hard.A.have
B.have been
C.had
D.has 15.Let me ____B____ the case carefully before I draw a conclusion.A.look up
三、完型填空
閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題紙上寫(xiě)出所選的字母符號(hào)。（每題2分，共20分）B.look into
C.look after D.look out 15 Although international travel is usually an ___16B__ and pleasant experience, travellers should take steps to ensure that their health does not suffer either ____17__C____ their time ________ the air or _________ their time abroad.Before you go, check with your doctor or local travel clinic ____18_C__ injections are necessary for the areas you are travelling ___19__C_.Allow sufficient time to have these injections before you ____20_C__ because they may take time to become effective.Be sure that the information on health is up-to-date.Check on the Internet if you are not sure.Don‘t go to bed late the day ____21_D___ you fly.Your body has a natural daily sleep pattern.It takes time to adjust to a new time one.There are many different ____22__A_ of jet lag: you may not be able to sleep, you may not want to eat or you may feel sick and tired.You may not be able to concentrate for some days after you arrive.There are several things you can do to ___23___D___ the effects of jet lag:---Do your __24__C__ to relax during the flight---Sleep as much as you can on the flight.Use a mild sleeping pill if necessary.---Drink as much water as you can.---Don‘t drink alcohol and caffeine.---Take mild sleeping pills ___25__D___ the first few days in the new thime zone if you need them.16.A.excited B.exciting
C.excitted
D.excitting 17.A.of, on, of
B.of, in, of
C.from, in, from
D.from, on, from 18.A.where 19.A.---
B.---B.in
C.which C.to
D.that D.at 20.A.will leave
B.is leaving
21.A.after
22.A.effects 23.A.short
24.A.good
25.A.at B.in
C.leave
C.on
D.have left
D.before
B.effect
B.shorten B.better
C.affect
C.less
D.affects
D.lessen
D most
D.on
C.best
C.of
B.for
第三部分：閱讀理解（30分）
四、閱讀下列短文，從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)正確答案，并在答題紙上寫(xiě)出所選的字母符號(hào)。（每題2分，共20分）短文理解1 People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pullution.Pollution is caused either by man‘s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts.In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste.Food comes wrapped up three of four times in packages that all have to be disposed of;drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which can‘t be reused.This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metal and paper.Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy.Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess use and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.26.The main cause of pollution is ____A__.A.the release of artificial or natural substances into the environment B.the production of new industrial goods C.increased amounts of a natural substance D.our ever-increasing population 27.Much of the pollution could be controlled if only _C____.A.people would pay more attention to the problem B.governments would take effective measures C.all sides concerned would make more efforts D.farmers would use less artificial fertilizers 28.Food packages, bottles and tins for drinks can cause ___B______.A.air and water pollution B.both a litter problem and a waste of resources C.to pay for the service D.to produce the receipt 29.Which of the following can not help solving the problem of pollution?
B A.Cutting out unnecessary buying B.Eating C.Reduce excess use D.Carefully dispose our daily products 30.What does the underlined word ? litter‖ mean in paragraph 2?
C A.not many B.serious problem C.bits of waste things D.industrial pollution 短文理解2 Benjamin Disraeli, the famous nineteenth century prime minister, said, ―London is not a city, it it a nation.‖ Today this is an understatement;London, with its vast range of different ethnic groups, is a world.Certainly, London is the most culturally diverse city in the world.The city was founded by the Romans and since then new arrivals have constantly added to its character and prosperity.Within 10 years 40% of Londoners will be from ethnic origin, but most of them will have been born in Britain.Children of Caribbean—Chinese marriages will go to school with children of Russian—Irish couples.None of them will be English but all of them will be Londoners.Most of Britain‘s ethnic minority residents live in the capital, speaking over 300 languages.Nearly all of the African population and many of the Caribbean population of Britain live in London(83% and 58% respectively);39% of the Chinese population of Britain and 36% of the Asian population of London.There are an estimated 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers living in London, with most recent arrivals coming from Eastern Europe, North Africa and Kurdistan.Young people, in particular, are skilled at dealing with a large number of different and hybrid cultures.They themselves often have several different ethnic identities since their parents and grandparents may come from several different backgrounds and their friends and partners do also.They are ― skilled cross-cultural travellers‘ without leaving their home-town.31.Why does the writer think that Bejamin Disraeli‘s statement is an understatement?___D____ A.part of the world B.even larger than some coutries in the world C.not a nation at all D.a miniature world thanks to its great cultural diversity 32.London is regarded as the most culturally diverse city in the world due to the following facts EXCEPT that ____D___.A.within 10 years 40% Londoners will be from ethnic minority groups B.most of Britain‘s ethnic minority groups live in London speaking over 300 languages.C.London accommodates about 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers from many other countries D.many young people are immigrants from different baqckgrounds 33.Ethnic minority groups will make up ____B__ of the London population in the future.A.36% B.40% C.39% D.36% 34.The last paragraph mainlu tells us in London _____D_____.A.young people are from different backgrounds B.young people are raised in a multicultural environment C.young people find it hard to adapt themselves to hybrid cultures D.young people feel at ease with a large number of diversified cultures 35.The passage mainly deals with ____C______.A.the advantage of hybrid cultures in London B.the composition of the population in London C.the cultural diversity in London D.the contribution make by the new arrivals to London
五、閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷其后的句子是正確（T），錯(cuò)誤（F），還是文字中沒(méi)有涉及相關(guān)信息（NG）。（每題2分，共10分）短文理解3 Joan Evans was born in Liverpool, England in 1928, but she didn‘t live there very long.Her father was a soldier and was sent by the government to India.He took all his family with him, and they lived in Calcutta(加爾各答), in a house which the army gave them.Joan liked living in India.She liked the food and the warm weather.As a child, she would go to school in the morning, but in the afternoon, she used to go out riding on her horse.When she was 20, the British left India and family returned to Liverpool.Joan didn‘t want to returen with them, so she decided to get a job and stay in India.In the 1940‘s in India there were not many jobs that an English woman could do, so she decided to study to become a nurse and work in a hospital there.Joan finished her studies in 1950 and started working in a large hospital caring for sich children.She was a very good nurse because she was very kind and worked very hard.When she was working at the hospital, she met a doctor named Gupta.Joan and Gupta started going to restaurants and the cinema together, and soon decided to get married.Joan‘s family returned to India for the wedding.After two more years working in the hospital with Gupta, Joan decided that she wanted to be more to help the sick children in the city.She knew that the hospital only helped the children whose parents could pay for the medicine the children needed.Joan decided to start a charity(慈善團(tuán)體)to help children whose parents didn‘t have enough money.19 The charity Joan started has now become the largest children‘s charity in India.It has helped over 40,000 children since it was set up in 1955.It has grown and now helps children in other cities as well as Calcutt.In 1992 the charity built its own hospital in Calcutta.Many people who are alive today owe their life to（把……歸功于）Joan‘s dreams.36.Joan‘s father bought a house in Calcutta.(F)37.It wasn‘t easy for Joan to find a job in India.(T)38.Joan had wanted to work with children since she was a little gir.(NG)39.Joan started the charity because she wanted a better job.(F)40.The charity helps children in several cities.(T)第四部分：寫(xiě)作（20分）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the changes in your life.You should write at least 80 words and could base your writing bu using the hints given below.Be engaged in long distance education/ web-based courses / join online discussion forums/send our homework to the tutor/solve the difficulties and puzzles in tutorial
My TV University Life 20
第二篇：電大心理學(xué)形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)答案
電大2010春漢文本科專業(yè)心理學(xué)形成性考核作業(yè)3參考答案
（第7—9章）
一、名詞解釋（每題2.5分，共25分）
1．自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需要
答：自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需要是馬斯洛需要層次論中最高層次的需要，是指人有發(fā)揮自己能力與實(shí)現(xiàn)自身理想和價(jià)值的需要。
2．成就動(dòng)機(jī)
答：成就動(dòng)機(jī)是指對(duì)自認(rèn)重要或有價(jià)值的工作或活動(dòng)，個(gè)人愿意去做并力求成功的一種內(nèi)在推動(dòng)力量，是個(gè)體克服困難、力求成功的內(nèi)部動(dòng)力。
3．權(quán)力動(dòng)機(jī)
答：就是對(duì)權(quán)力的欲求，是一種強(qiáng)烈地影響別人或支配別人的欲望。
4．親和動(dòng)機(jī)
答：是指?jìng)€(gè)體愿意歸屬于一種團(tuán)體，喜歡與人交往，希望得到別人的關(guān)心、友誼、愛(ài)情、支持、合作與贊賞。
5．智力G因素與S因素
答：英國(guó)心理學(xué)家斯皮爾曼根據(jù)人們完成智力作業(yè)時(shí)成績(jī)的相關(guān)程度，提出能力由兩種因素組成：一種是普通能力或普遍因素，簡(jiǎn)稱G因素，它是人的基本心理潛能，是決定一個(gè)人能力高低的主要因素。另一種是特殊能力或特殊因素，簡(jiǎn)稱S因素，它是保證人們完成某些特定的作業(yè)或活動(dòng)所必需的。許多特殊因素與某種普遍因素結(jié)合在一起，就組成人的智力。
6．情境智力
答：有目的地適應(yīng)環(huán)境、塑造環(huán)境和選擇新環(huán)境的能力，統(tǒng)稱為情境智力。
7．智商
答：智商也叫智力商數(shù)，常用IQ表示，是根據(jù)一種智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的作業(yè)成績(jī)所計(jì)算出的分?jǐn)?shù)，它代表了個(gè)體的智力年齡與實(shí)際年齡的關(guān)系。
8．人格
答：人格是個(gè)體在對(duì)人、對(duì)己、對(duì)事反應(yīng)時(shí)所顯示出的特有模式，這個(gè)模式構(gòu)成一個(gè)人思想、情感行行為的穩(wěn)定而統(tǒng)一的心理品質(zhì)。
9．認(rèn)知風(fēng)格
答：認(rèn)知風(fēng)格是指人們?cè)趯?duì)事物、現(xiàn)象或人進(jìn)行認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程中，個(gè)人所偏愛(ài)使用的加工信息方式，也叫認(rèn)知方式。
10．氣質(zhì)與性格
答：氣質(zhì)是表現(xiàn)在心理活動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度、速度、靈活性與指向性等方面的穩(wěn)定的心理特征，即我們平常所說(shuō)的脾氣、秉性。性格是一種與社會(huì)相關(guān)最密切的人格特征，表現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)和周?chē)澜绲膽B(tài)度，并顯示在他的行為舉止中，主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)自己、對(duì)別人、對(duì)事物的態(tài)度上和所采取的言行上。
二、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題5分，共50分）
1．簡(jiǎn)述馬斯洛需要層次理論的主要觀點(diǎn)。
答：馬斯洛的動(dòng)機(jī)需要層次論認(rèn)為動(dòng)機(jī)歸納為五大類，即生理的需要、安全的需要、歸屬與愛(ài)的需要、尊重的需要和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要。生理的需要是人類生存的最基本、最原始的本能需要。安全的需要是生理需要的延伸，在生理需要得到滿足后就產(chǎn)生安全需要。歸屬與愛(ài)的需要是指感情與歸屬上的需要，體現(xiàn)了人有明確的社會(huì)需要和人際關(guān)系需要。尊重的需要包括自我尊重和受人尊重兩種需要。自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要是最高層次的需要，是指人有發(fā)揮自己能力與實(shí)現(xiàn)自身理想和價(jià)值的需要。
2．什么是動(dòng)機(jī)？動(dòng)機(jī)和需要、誘因是怎樣的關(guān)系？
答：動(dòng)機(jī)是引起和維持個(gè)體活動(dòng)，并使活動(dòng)朝向某一目標(biāo)的內(nèi)部動(dòng)力。需要是引發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的內(nèi)在條件，誘因是引發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的外在條件。
3．動(dòng)機(jī)強(qiáng)度越大，行為效果越好嗎？用耶克斯——多的森定律來(lái)說(shuō)明。
答：在一般情況下，動(dòng)機(jī)強(qiáng)度和任務(wù)表現(xiàn)之間的關(guān)系是一個(gè)倒U曲線的關(guān)系，也稱為耶克斯—多德森法則。動(dòng)機(jī)的強(qiáng)度需要有一個(gè)適宜的水平，動(dòng)機(jī)過(guò)強(qiáng)或者過(guò)弱都不利于高效率地完成任務(wù)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于中等難度的任務(wù)來(lái)說(shuō)，中等強(qiáng)度的動(dòng)機(jī)最利于任務(wù)表現(xiàn)。而當(dāng)任務(wù)非常難時(shí)，動(dòng)機(jī)水平低一些會(huì)更有利于行為表現(xiàn)。
4．簡(jiǎn)述有關(guān)能力或智力的主要理論（代表人物和主要觀點(diǎn)）。
答：（1）獨(dú)立因素說(shuō)。代表人物桑代克，認(rèn)為人的能力是由許多獨(dú)立的成分或因素構(gòu)成的，不同能力和不同因素是彼此沒(méi)有關(guān)系的，能力的發(fā)展只是單個(gè)能力獨(dú)立的發(fā)展。（2）二因素說(shuō)。英國(guó)心理學(xué)家斯皮爾曼提出能力由兩種因素組成：一種是普通能力或普遍因素，簡(jiǎn)稱G因素。另一種是特殊能力或特殊因素，簡(jiǎn)稱S因素。（3）智力多元理論。美國(guó)心理學(xué)家加德納提出，認(rèn)為智力內(nèi)涵是多元的，由7種相對(duì)獨(dú)立的智力成分所構(gòu)成。每種智力都是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的功能系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)可以相互作用，產(chǎn)生外顯的智力行為。
5．使用智力測(cè)驗(yàn)時(shí)應(yīng)注意哪些問(wèn)題？
答：在使用智力測(cè)驗(yàn)時(shí)，應(yīng)該意識(shí)到智力測(cè)驗(yàn)可能存在的局限性，避免對(duì)測(cè)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的濫用。（1）如果使用不當(dāng)，往往會(huì)給一個(gè)兒童貼上標(biāo)簽，這個(gè)標(biāo)簽半將跟隨他終身，而實(shí)際上人的智力是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展的過(guò)程。（2）使用那種只給出單一智商值的測(cè)量可能不太恰當(dāng)，因?yàn)槿说闹橇τ卸喾N成分，單一的智商值不能分別表明一個(gè)人許多方面的能力。（3）有些智力測(cè)驗(yàn)有很大的文化偏見(jiàn)，如一些題目可能更有利于城市的孩子而不利于農(nóng)村的孩子。（3）許多因素會(huì)影響智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，如健康狀況、環(huán)境氛圍、心理狀態(tài)等。
6．如何理解能力的個(gè)體差異。
答：能力的個(gè)體差異主要表現(xiàn)在：（1）能力發(fā)展水平的差異。即在智力發(fā)展水平上，不同的個(gè)體所達(dá)到的最高水平并不相同。（2）能力表現(xiàn)早晚的差異。人的能力發(fā)展過(guò)程有不同形態(tài)有人早慧，有人大器晚成。能力表現(xiàn)早晚差異有三種模式，一是穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，是大多數(shù)人的發(fā)展模式，二是早慧，年齡很小時(shí)就表現(xiàn)出才華，三是大器晚成。（3）能力結(jié)構(gòu)的差異，每個(gè)人智力的結(jié)構(gòu)總是會(huì)存在或多或少的區(qū)別。（4）能力的性別差異，主要表現(xiàn)在一些特殊能力方面。能力的個(gè)體差異是由遺傳因素、環(huán)境與教育、自身努力等先天與后天因素共同影響的結(jié)果。
7．簡(jiǎn)述人格的概念及其基本特征。
答：人格是個(gè)體對(duì)人、對(duì)己、對(duì)事反應(yīng)時(shí)所顯示出的特有模式，這個(gè)模式構(gòu)成一個(gè)人思想、情感和行為的穩(wěn)定而統(tǒng)一的心理品質(zhì)。人的基本特征主要有獨(dú)特性、穩(wěn)定性、統(tǒng)合性、功能性。
8．簡(jiǎn)述人格的自我調(diào)控系統(tǒng)的成分及其作用。
答：自我調(diào)控系統(tǒng)是人格中的內(nèi)控系統(tǒng)，它分為自我認(rèn)知、自我體驗(yàn)、自我控制三個(gè)子系統(tǒng)。其作用是對(duì)人格的各種萬(wàn)分進(jìn)行調(diào)控，保證人格的完整、統(tǒng)一與和諧。
9．簡(jiǎn)述有關(guān)人格的主要理論（代表人物和主要觀點(diǎn)）。
答：（1）人格特質(zhì)理論。主要代表人物是美國(guó)心理學(xué)家?jiàn)W爾波特和卡特爾。奧爾波特把特質(zhì)分為共性和個(gè)性兩類。共同物質(zhì)是在某一社會(huì)文化形態(tài)下，大多數(shù)人或群體所具有的共同特質(zhì)；個(gè)人特質(zhì)是指?jìng)€(gè)體身上所獨(dú)具的特質(zhì)。卡特爾提出了16種相互獨(dú)立的根源特質(zhì)。20世紀(jì)80年代末以來(lái)，人格研究者們?cè)谌烁衩枋瞿Ｊ缴线_(dá)成了比較一致的共識(shí)，提出了現(xiàn)代“五因素”特質(zhì)理論。這五種人格特質(zhì)表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)質(zhì)、外向性、開(kāi)放性、宜人性、盡責(zé)性。（2）人格類型說(shuō)。代表人物為德國(guó)心理學(xué)家施特恩。類型模式主要是用以描述一類人與另一類人之間的心理差異，他把類型概括為三種模式：?jiǎn)我恍褪?；?duì)立型模式；多元型模式。（3）人格維度說(shuō)。人格維度是將人格特征差異放在一個(gè)連續(xù)變量上進(jìn)行描述的方法。艾森克是人格維度說(shuō)的重要代表人物，他提出了兩個(gè)基本的人格維度，即外傾—內(nèi)傾、情緒穩(wěn)定性。兩個(gè)維度構(gòu)成四各人格類型：偏于內(nèi)傾又情緒穩(wěn)定的黏液質(zhì)；偏于外傾又情緒不穩(wěn)定的膽汁質(zhì)；偏于內(nèi)傾而情緒不穩(wěn)定的抑郁質(zhì)；偏于外傾而情緒穩(wěn)定的多血質(zhì)。
10．人格測(cè)量的方法有哪些？各有哪些特點(diǎn)與不足？
答：（1）測(cè)驗(yàn)法。是在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的技術(shù)條件下，對(duì)受測(cè)者的行為和內(nèi)部心理變化進(jìn)行探察和鑒別的方法。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是題目數(shù)固定，題目?jī)?nèi)容具體而清楚，施測(cè)簡(jiǎn)單，記分方便。缺點(diǎn)是因編制時(shí)缺乏客觀指標(biāo)，不容易保證有效性；而且測(cè)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容多屬于情緒、態(tài)度等方面的問(wèn)題，每個(gè)人對(duì)同一問(wèn)題常因時(shí)空的改變而選擇不同答案；還難免出現(xiàn)反應(yīng)的偏向。（2）投射法。是以人格的精神分析理論為依據(jù)，投射測(cè)驗(yàn)一般是由若干個(gè)模棱兩可的刺激所組成，被試可任加解釋，使自己的動(dòng)機(jī)、態(tài)度、感情以及性格等在不知不覺(jué)中反映出來(lái)，然后由主試將其反應(yīng)加以分析，就可以推出若干人格特征。投射法主要有羅夏克墨漬測(cè)驗(yàn)和主題統(tǒng)覺(jué)測(cè)驗(yàn)。投射測(cè)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是彈性大，可在不限制被試的狀況下，任其隨意反應(yīng)。其缺點(diǎn)有；一是評(píng)分缺乏客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)測(cè)驗(yàn)結(jié)果難以進(jìn)行解釋。二是對(duì)特定行為不能提供較好的預(yù)測(cè)。三是需要花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間。（3）情境測(cè)驗(yàn)。是將被試放在類似或模擬“真實(shí)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)情境中，通過(guò)觀察被試的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)以推測(cè)其能力、品行或人格的方法。情境測(cè)驗(yàn)多用于測(cè)查人的實(shí)際能力，以及與工作要求相匹配的人格特征。具有較強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性和可信性。
三、論述題（共25分）
1．試述主要的工作動(dòng)機(jī)理論，并結(jié)合實(shí)際談?wù)勅绾芜\(yùn)用工作動(dòng)機(jī)理論激勵(lì)員工的工作動(dòng)機(jī)。（9分）
答：工作動(dòng)機(jī)理論主要有X理論、Y理論和雙因素理論。
X理論把人看作是“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”，認(rèn)為人的工作動(dòng)機(jī)受外在刺激所驅(qū)使，人們工作是為了獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)酬。這種理論特別重視滿足職工及安全的需要，同時(shí)很重視懲罰，認(rèn)為懲罰是最有效的管理工具。
Y理論認(rèn)為，人是負(fù)責(zé)、有創(chuàng)造力的，人們工作不是為了外在的物質(zhì)刺激，而是出于一種要將工作做好的內(nèi)驅(qū)力。
雙因素理論認(rèn)為，影響職工工作積極性的因素可分為兩類：保健因素和激勵(lì)因素。保健因素是那些造成職工不滿意感的因素，它們的改善能夠解除職工的不滿意感，但不能使職工感到滿意并激發(fā)起職工的積極性。激勵(lì)因素就是那些使職工感動(dòng)滿意的因素，唯有它們的改善才能讓職工感到滿意，給職工以較高的激勵(lì)，調(diào)動(dòng)積極性，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。
根據(jù)動(dòng)機(jī)理論，員工的工作動(dòng)機(jī)受多種因素影響。激勵(lì)員工的工作動(dòng)機(jī)不能單靠物質(zhì)手段，應(yīng)當(dāng)物質(zhì)與精神手段相結(jié)合，懲罰與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)相結(jié)合，既要改善企業(yè)政策、行政管理、工資發(fā)放、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)、工作監(jiān)督、人事關(guān)系等保健因素，又要改善工作表現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)、工作本身樂(lè)趣、工作成就感、對(duì)未來(lái)發(fā)展的期望、職務(wù)上的責(zé)任感等激勵(lì)因素。
2．聯(lián)系實(shí)際論述影響能力發(fā)展的因素（8分）
答：（1）遺傳因素。能力尤其是智力，具有遺傳性，父母智力水平高，其孩子很可能智力會(huì)相對(duì)較高。（2）環(huán)境與教育的因素。環(huán)境影響人，環(huán)境塑造人，包括產(chǎn)前環(huán)境、兒童早期環(huán)境能能力都有很大影響。胎兒生活在母體的環(huán)境中，這種環(huán)境對(duì)胎兒的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及出生后智力的發(fā)展，都有重要的影響。許多研究表明，母親懷孕期間服藥、患病、大量吸煙、遭受過(guò)多的輻射、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等，能造成染色體受損或影響胎兒細(xì)胞數(shù)量，使胎兒發(fā)育受到影響，甚至直接影響出生后嬰兒的智力發(fā)展。在兒童成長(zhǎng)的整個(gè)過(guò)程中，智力的發(fā)展速度是不均衡的，往往是先快后慢。美國(guó)著名的心理學(xué)家布盧姆對(duì)近千人進(jìn)行追蹤研究后，提出這樣的假說(shuō)，即五歲前是兒童智力發(fā)展最為迅速的時(shí)期。日本學(xué)者木村久一提出了智慧發(fā)展的遞減規(guī)律，他認(rèn)為，生下來(lái)就具有100分能力的人，如果一出生就得到最恰當(dāng)?shù)慕逃?，那么就可以成為?00分能力的人；如從五歲才得到最恰當(dāng)?shù)慕逃?，那么就只能具?0分能力；若從十歲才開(kāi)始教育，就只能成為有60分能力的人?？梢?jiàn)，發(fā)展能力要重視早期環(huán)境的作用。一個(gè)人能朝什么方向發(fā)展，發(fā)展水平的高低、速度的快慢，主要取決于后天的教育條件。家庭環(huán)境、生活方式，家庭成員的職業(yè)、文化修養(yǎng)、興趣、愛(ài)好以及家長(zhǎng)對(duì)孩子的教育方法與態(tài)度，對(duì)兒童能力的形成與發(fā)展有極大的影響。如歌德小時(shí)候，歌德的父親就對(duì)他進(jìn)行有計(jì)劃多方面的教育，經(jīng)常帶他參觀城市建筑物，并講解城市的歷史，以培養(yǎng)他對(duì)美的欣賞和歷史的愛(ài)好；他的母親也常給他講故事，每講到關(guān)鍵之處便停下來(lái)，留給歌德去想象，待歌德說(shuō)出自己的想法后，母親再繼續(xù)講。歌德從小就受到良好的家庭教育，這為他能成為世界著名的大詩(shī)人打下了基礎(chǔ)。在教育條件中，學(xué)校教育在學(xué)生能力發(fā)展中則起主導(dǎo)作用。學(xué)校教育是有計(jì)劃、有組織、有目的地對(duì)學(xué)生施加影響，因此，不但可以使學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)和技能，而且在學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練的同時(shí)促進(jìn)了其能力的發(fā)展。在教育教學(xué)中發(fā)展學(xué)生的能力并不是無(wú)條件的、絕對(duì)的、自發(fā)的，而是依賴教育教學(xué)內(nèi)容的正確選擇、教學(xué)過(guò)程的合理安排、教學(xué)方法的恰當(dāng)使用等。（3）自身努力。人的能力是在實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中形成發(fā)展起來(lái)的。離開(kāi)了解實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，即使有良好的素質(zhì)和環(huán)境，能力也得不到發(fā)展。能力的提高離不開(kāi)個(gè)人的主觀努力，許多名人在總結(jié)自己的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí)都非常強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀努力的結(jié)果。在個(gè)體努力過(guò)程中，諸如動(dòng)機(jī)、勤奮、謙虛和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的毅力等都有助于能力的形成和發(fā)展。
能力是多種因素共同影響的結(jié)果。先天和后天的因素往往交織在一起，共同影響個(gè)體能力的發(fā)展過(guò)程和水平差異。
3．結(jié)合實(shí)例說(shuō)明影響人格形成與發(fā)展的因素（8分）
答：影響人格形成與發(fā)展的因素很多，生理遺傳因素、家庭因素、童年經(jīng)歷、學(xué)校教育、社會(huì)因素、自然環(huán)境等都對(duì)人格產(chǎn)生了不同程度的影響。簡(jiǎn)言之，人格是在遺傳與環(huán)境交互作用下逐漸形成的。
（1）生物遺傳因素。雙生子的研究說(shuō)明遺傳對(duì)人格具有重要影響。但遺傳因素對(duì)人格的作用程度卻因人格特征的不同而異。在個(gè)體發(fā)展中，人格是遺傳與環(huán)境交互作用的結(jié)果，遺傳因素影響人格的發(fā)展方向。
（2）家庭環(huán)境因素。社會(huì)遺傳因素主要表現(xiàn)為家庭對(duì)子女的教育作用，父母按照自己的意愿和方式教育孩子，使他們逐漸形成了某些人格特征。權(quán)威型教養(yǎng)方式下成長(zhǎng)的孩子，容易形成消極、被動(dòng)、依賴、服從、懦弱、做事缺乏主動(dòng)性，甚至不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人格特征。放縱型教養(yǎng)方式下成長(zhǎng)的孩子，多表現(xiàn)為任性、幼稚、自私、野蠻、無(wú)禮、獨(dú)立性差、唯我獨(dú)尊、蠻橫胡鬧等。民主型教養(yǎng)方式下成長(zhǎng)的孩子，容易形成比如活潑、快樂(lè)、直爽、自立、彬彬有禮、善于交往、容易合作、思想活躍等積極人格品質(zhì)。
（3）早期童年經(jīng)驗(yàn)。早期童年經(jīng)驗(yàn)是影響人格發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要因素，幸福的童年有利于兒童向健康人格發(fā)展，不幸的童年也會(huì)引發(fā)兒童不良人格的形成。但兩者之間并不存在一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。早期兒童經(jīng)驗(yàn)是否對(duì)人格造成永久性影響也因人而異。
（4）學(xué)校教育因素。教師對(duì)學(xué)生人格的發(fā)展具有指導(dǎo)定向的作用。同伴群體對(duì)學(xué)生人格也具有巨大影響。班集體是學(xué)校的基本團(tuán)體組織結(jié)構(gòu)，班集體的特點(diǎn)、要求、輿論和評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)學(xué)生人格發(fā)展具有“棄惡揚(yáng)善”的作用。
（5）社會(huì)文化因素。社會(huì)文化塑造了社會(huì)成員的人格特征，使其成員的人格結(jié)構(gòu)朝著相似性的方向發(fā)展，而這種相似性又具有維系一個(gè)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的功能。這種共同的人格特征又使個(gè)人正好穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地“嵌入”整個(gè)文化形態(tài)里。
（6）自然物理因素。生態(tài)環(huán)境、氣候條件、空間擁擠程度等物理因素都會(huì)影響人格。
綜上所述，人格是先后天的合金，是遺傳與環(huán)境交互作用的結(jié)果。在人格的培育過(guò)程中，各個(gè)因素對(duì)人格的形成與發(fā)展起到了不同的作用。遺傳決定了人格發(fā)展的可能性，環(huán)境決定了人格發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)性，其中教育起到了關(guān)鍵性作用，自我調(diào)控系統(tǒng)是人格發(fā)展的內(nèi)部決定因素。
第三篇：2011年電大英語(yǔ)形成性考核冊(cè)答案
? ? 卡號(hào)：20359263670032 密碼：628659
2010年秋開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)(2)形成性考核冊(cè)參考答案
2010年秋開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)(2)形成性考核冊(cè)參考答案
學(xué)前準(zhǔn)備 參考答案 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.C.完成下面的記錄卡1，一起Unit 19 Unit 23這五個(gè)單元里你學(xué)習(xí)到的主要語(yǔ)法/功能總結(jié)一下：
三種時(shí)態(tài)之1：一般過(guò)去式（Unit 19）
從你學(xué)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞中各找出兩個(gè)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，寫(xiě)出動(dòng)詞原形和過(guò)去式： 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：talk talked listen listened不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：go went come came 寫(xiě)出下面句子的否定句和疑問(wèn)句：
Tom went to see his parents in the country.否定句：Tom didn't go to see his parents in the country.疑問(wèn)句：Did Tom go to see his parents in the country ?
三種時(shí)態(tài)之2：用進(jìn)行時(shí)、和表示將來(lái)（Unit 21）將下面三個(gè)句子翻譯成漢語(yǔ)：
Dave's picking up the van tomorrow.戴維明天要用貨車(chē)運(yùn)貨。
I'm going to buy him a violin for his birthday.我打算買(mǎi)一把小提琴給他過(guò)生日。I'm tired.I'll take a taxi to there.我累了，我要坐出租車(chē)去那兒。舉例說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。He has lived there for ten years.I have read the book.三組近義詞的區(qū)分：（選擇正確答案）prefer和 rather（Unit 20）
----Would you like to go tk the ciema ?
-----I'd _____(rather，prefer√)to go tk the theatre.rent和hire（Unit 21）
I'm going to _____(rent√, hire)a flat.Play , do ,go與運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目搭配時(shí)的區(qū)別（Unit 22）I _____(do√，Play ,go)Kung Fu every Friday.He likes to _____(do Play√ ,go)chess in his free time.兩個(gè)句型的用法：（翻譯下面的句子）not …until…（Unit 19）
他直到10點(diǎn)才起床。He didn't get up until ten o'clock.too和not enough（Unit 23）
A：這件襯衫太小了。This shirt is too small.B：不，我覺(jué)得夠大了。No,I think it is big enough.兩個(gè)評(píng)議功能：（各編寫(xiě)一組小對(duì)話）
如何點(diǎn)餐Could we have ….? I'll have…（Unit 20）Could we have some tea ? I'll have some milk.0 提出建議How about …,Shall we …?Let's …（Unit 20）
How about seeing this one ?Why don't we go to a restaurant ? Shall we go to the theatre tonight ? 日積月累：在你的小筆記本上，積累下列語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)。
動(dòng)詞后面可以直接跟動(dòng)名詞（）作賓語(yǔ)，還有哪些動(dòng)詞/詞組用法相似呢 ？ Like，love，consid，play 你在學(xué)習(xí)了形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，積累不規(guī)則變化的形容詞。
Good→ better→ best;bad→worse →worst;many /much→more →morst
開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)作業(yè)1： 第一部分 交際用語(yǔ)
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.B 第二部分 詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)
6.C 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.C 21 B 22 A 23.C 24.B 25.C 第三部分 句 過(guò)型變換 26—30小題：根據(jù)括號(hào)里的提示或利用括號(hào)里的詞語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)下列句子。
26.Tim didn’t stay in the meeting.He left the office.（用instead of將兩個(gè)句子連成一句）
Instead of staying in the meeting, Tom left the office.27.Where is the restaurant?（用He asked 改寫(xiě)成間接特殊疑問(wèn)句）He asked where the restaurant was.28.That cinema is very nice.The tickets are quite expensive.（用but將兩句連成一句）
That cinema is very nice, but the tickets are quite expensive.29.He’s gone to Shanghai.He’s negotiating a new contract.（用動(dòng)詞不定式將兩句連成一句）
He’s gone to Shanghai to negotiate a new contract.30.He didn’t run fast.He didn’t catch the bus.（用enough… to 將兩句連成一句）He didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus.第四部分 閱讀理解
31.C 32.B 33.A 34.B 35.B 36.A 37.B 38.B 3.A.40.A第五部分 翻譯(l41.雖然這部電影非常令人愉快，但是太長(zhǎng)了。42.桑迪穿了條黑色的長(zhǎng)絲裙。43 我得在六點(diǎn)前到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)。|44.我一定是把相機(jī)丟在商店里了。p!45.帳目現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)亂，必須要在下個(gè)月清理好。: :學(xué)習(xí)記錄卡2 ::完成下面的記錄卡，一起來(lái)把到這個(gè)單元里你學(xué)習(xí)到的主要語(yǔ)法/功能總結(jié)下： 時(shí)態(tài)比較：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)VS一般過(guò)去時(shí)(Unit 26,Unit 28)選擇合適的時(shí)態(tài)完成下列句子： I spoke(speak)with Max last night.Have you ever been(be)to China ? I have already seen(see)the film.注意和時(shí)間詞last night ,ever ,already相搭配的時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)連用：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+一般過(guò)去時(shí)(Unit 29)翻譯下面兩句話：
I was driving along the motorway when my car broke down.我在高速公路上驅(qū)車(chē)前行時(shí)，車(chē)子拋錨了。
While I was having a cup of tea ,someone stole my wallet.當(dāng)我在喝茶時(shí)，有人偷了的錢(qián)包。
“兩者之一”、“兩者都”、“兩者都不”(Unit 25)“大” 從either/either of…/either…or;neither/neither of…/neither …nor…;both/bothof…/both…and…中選詞填空。The new web page can be either blue or red.新的網(wǎng)頁(yè)可以是藍(lán)色的，也可以是紅色的。Which of the two books do you like ? 兩本書(shū)你喜歡哪本？ neither of them ,thanks.兩本都不喜歡，謝謝。Both the Eiffel and the Concorde have email facilities.Eiffel和Concorde酒店都有收發(fā)電子郵件設(shè)備?！白约鹤觥边€是“讓別人做”(Unit 25)“大
翻譯下面含有have/get sth done句型的句子： I have the car serviced every three months.我每隔三個(gè)月讓人維修一次汽車(chē)。
I am getting the TV repaird tomorrow.明天我得修一下電視。寫(xiě)出所有的反身代詞：
單數(shù)：myself yoursef limself herself itself 復(fù)數(shù)：ourselves yourselves themselves 介詞用來(lái)描述地理位置（Unit 25，Unit 29）、表示移動(dòng)方向（(Unit 26）：（翻譯下面的句子）
The hotel is surrounded by fields and woods.這家旅店周?chē)翘锏睾蜆?shù)林。
My home is far from the city centre.我家離市中心很遠(yuǎn)。
He walks towards the window.他向窗戶走去。
The went down the road.他們沿著小路走下去。
Beijing is northwest of Chongqing.從天津駕車(chē)到北京一小時(shí)的路程。
Chengdu is northwest of Chongqing.成都在重慶的西北方向。
時(shí)間段和時(shí)間點(diǎn)：從by / until((Unit26)； before / after / while(Unit26)；for/ since(Unit27)中選詞填空
I'll finish my homework by 9 o'clock.I'm in a meeting until 1:00.He has lived in London for three years.We've become good friends since last summmer.Before they left ,they had a cooffe.After they landed ,they went to the conference.While they were eating ,they discussed the website.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)、惋惜(Unit26)哪句語(yǔ)句最肯定？
He could be at home.He cant be at home.He must be at home.√
下面哪句話表示了“我本該把包放在家里了”這句話的意思： I could have put the bag at home.I should have put the bag at home.√ I must have put the bag at home.功能句 除了前面學(xué)到的用How about…,Why don't…,Shaii we …,Lets…提出建議，在Unit29晤面，你學(xué)到了用If I were you,Id(I would)+動(dòng)詞原形這種委婉地提出建議的說(shuō)話。你能用這個(gè)句型造個(gè)句子嗎？ If I were you.I,d got there.開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)作業(yè)2：)S 第一部分 交際英語(yǔ)
(1.A 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.A 第二部分 詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)
6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.C 25.C 第三部分 句型變換
26—30小題：根據(jù)括號(hào)里的提示或利用括號(hào)里的詞語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)下列句子。
26.I went shopping.I needed a new pair of shoes.（用because將兩個(gè)句子連成一句）
I went shopping because I needed a new pair of shoes./ Because I needed a new pair of shoes, I went shopping.27.“Can you phone me later, Susan?” said David.（用ask, to 改寫(xiě)句子）David asked Susan to phone him later.28.I’m a teacher and she is also a teacher.（用so改寫(xiě)句子）I’m a teacher.So is she.29.She forgot about the meeting yesterday.（用What 針對(duì)the meeting改寫(xiě)句子）What did she forget about yesterday? 30.His neighbor heard them.They make a noise.（用動(dòng)詞ing 形式改寫(xiě)成一句話）His neighbor heard them making a noise.第四部分 閱讀理解;31.B 32.C 33.C 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.B 38.B 39.A 40.A 第五部分 翻譯
41.我們有足夠的錢(qián)改進(jìn)網(wǎng)站。42.你像你的母親或父親嗎？
43.我周五得從房子里搬出來(lái)，因?yàn)榉鹄矢缬终辛艘晃环靠汀?4.奧運(yùn)會(huì)是世界上規(guī)模最大的體育賽事之一。
45.到時(shí)見(jiàn)了面咱們把這些日子發(fā)生的事聊一聊，會(huì)多開(kāi)心啊。學(xué)習(xí)記錄卡3 完成下面的記錄卡,一起來(lái)把Unit31到Unit35這五個(gè)單元里你學(xué)習(xí)到的主要語(yǔ)法／功能總結(jié)一下：
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法和構(gòu)成（Unit32）把下面三個(gè)句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： Mary cleans the room every day.The room is cleaned every day by Mary.His neighbor stole the laptop.The laptop was stolen by his neighbour.They have contacted the police.The police have been contacted by them.與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)情況相反的虛擬條件句（Unit33）
根據(jù)你自己的情況，寫(xiě)一段話，用到If I …, I would… 句型。
Now I’m living in a small house.If I had enough money, I’d buy a bigger flat.間接引語(yǔ)的用法和構(gòu)成（Unit 32）把下面三個(gè)句子變成間接引語(yǔ)：
Jim said, “I like swimming.” Jim said he liked swimming.Susan asked, “How do you like the party?” Susan asked me how I liked the party.“Have you got my bag?” she asked.She asked if I had got her bag.*注意直接引語(yǔ)中的人稱代詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)以及疑問(wèn)詞在間接引語(yǔ)中的轉(zhuǎn)換。定語(yǔ)從句（非限定性和限定性）（Unit 34／Unit 35）把下面的句子翻譯成漢語(yǔ)：
He bought the trousers that I chose for him.他買(mǎi)了我給他挑選的褲子。
This is the house where she lives.這就是她住的房子。
Our designer, who joined us last year, works very hard.我們的設(shè)計(jì)師工作很努力，他是去年加入我們的。反意疑問(wèn)句（Unit 33）用反意疑問(wèn)句完成下列句子。
She looks like her mother, doesn’t she.Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? You didn’t order the cheese, did you?
看到／聽(tīng)到／感覺(jué)到…某事正在發(fā)生：see/hear/feel… sb doing sth(Unit32)試著翻譯下面的句子：
我看到她上了公共汽車(chē)。I saw her getting on the bus.動(dòng)詞－ing 形式和動(dòng)詞不定式 to do（Unit35）下面哪句對(duì)，哪句錯(cuò)？
They haven’t got enough time to design the garden.（對(duì)）I asked him giving me the accounts tomorrow.（錯(cuò)）更正：I asked him to give me the accounts tomorrow.She is not good at to repair the bicycle.(錯(cuò))更正：She is not good at repairing the bicycle.表示義務(wù)／責(zé)任／不允許／不必的have to, must和be allowed to, don’t have to的用法（Unit34）選詞填空：
I must go to bed early tonight.I’m so tired.I have to leave now.My sister is waiting for me.You mustn’t smoke here because they sell petrol.You don’t have to pay for that.It’s free.介詞詞組in spite of , apart from 和 except for（Unit 33）選詞填空：
In spite of the rain and the wind, he came on time.A part from Polly, they all frank red wine.對(duì)對(duì)方的說(shuō)法表示同感 neither, nor, not… either, so（Unit 35）把下面的句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)： 我不抽煙，他也不抽煙。I don’t smoke, neither does he.Tim丟了相機(jī)，Marry也丟了相機(jī)。Tim lost his camera, so did Mary.日積月累：在你的筆記本上積累下面的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)。開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（2）形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)3答案 第一部分 交際用語(yǔ)
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 第二部分 詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)
6.C 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.B 第三部分 句型變換 26—30小題：根據(jù)括號(hào)里的提示或利用括號(hào)里的詞語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)下列句子。26.He stole the laptop.（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The laptop was stolen(by him).27.Tim didn’t go to work the next day.He cleared up the flat.（用instead of 將兩句合成一句）
Instead of going to work the next day, Tim cleared up the flat.28.“I can’t find my notebook,” she said.（改為間接引語(yǔ)）She said she couldn’t find her notebook.29.It was a place.He wanted to go there.（用where將兩句合成一句）It was a place where he wanted to go.30.Tim has lost his camera.I have lost my camera.（用so 將兩句合成一句）Tim has lost his camera and so have I.第四部分 閱讀理解
31.A 32.B 33.C 34.B 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.A 39.A 40.A 第五部分 翻譯 41.昨天我擦了窗戶.42.他過(guò)去常在星期天打籃球.43.他們?cè)诰蹠?huì)上玩得很開(kāi)心.44.她不喜歡游泳,她妹妹也是.45.我學(xué)英語(yǔ)三年了.開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（2）形成性考核冊(cè)期末自測(cè)答案 第一部分 交際用語(yǔ)
1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 第二部分 詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)
6.A 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.C 21.A 22.A 23.C 24.A 25.A 第三部分 句型變換
26—30小題：根據(jù)括號(hào)里的提示或利用括號(hào)里的詞語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)下列句子，并將答案寫(xiě)在答題紙上。
26.I was too hot.I couldn’t open the window.（用but將兩句連成一句）I was too hot, but I couldn’t open the window.27.Although it rained, the visit was a success.（用In spite of鍵兩句連成一句）In spite of the rain, the visit was a success.28.I’m tall and thin.My mother is too.（用so將兩句連成一句）I’m tall and thin.So is my mother.29.They are going to look after the cat.（用What針對(duì) the cat改寫(xiě)句子）What are they going to look after? 30.He disturbed the burglars.（用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改寫(xiě)句子）The burglars were disturbed(by him).第四部分 閱讀理解
31.B 32.B 33.A 34。B 35.A 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.B 第五部分 翻譯
41.他在北京西區(qū)的一個(gè)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí).42.他在他朋友房子里偶然看到了一幅古老的畫(huà)作.43.她要是中了彩票,她會(huì)買(mǎi)一幢大房子.44.這間公寓有些亂.45.這兩男孩都擅長(zhǎng)唱歌.分享到搜狐微博
第四篇：電大小企業(yè)管理形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)答案
小企業(yè)管理作業(yè)
1當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)完教材第1、第2、第3章之后，完成以下兩個(gè)任務(wù)：
一、教材的第一章從三個(gè)方面論述了小企業(yè)的基本特點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)你用實(shí)例加以說(shuō)明。
要求：
1、認(rèn)真閱讀教材第一章的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，準(zhǔn)確理解小企業(yè)所具有的基本特點(diǎn)。
2、通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、報(bào)紙、雜志等各種手段，查找我國(guó)或者國(guó)外小企業(yè)的相關(guān)資料。至少選擇2個(gè)小企業(yè)的案例。
3、字?jǐn)?shù)在1000左右。
二、創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該由誰(shuí)來(lái)編制？一份好的創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該符合哪些要求？
要求：
1、通讀教材第三章的相關(guān)內(nèi)容后在回答問(wèn)題。
2、字?jǐn)?shù)在500左右。
中小企業(yè)的基本特點(diǎn)
一、小型企業(yè)的基本特點(diǎn)
1．企業(yè)數(shù)量眾多，分布面廣
小企業(yè)是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分（占1000萬(wàn)家的99%），是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。
2．體制靈活，組織精干
小型企業(yè)大都采取個(gè)人獨(dú)資或合伙式形式，生產(chǎn)決策、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷、人力資源、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、層次、管理人員等方面表現(xiàn)適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，經(jīng)營(yíng)手段靈活。
3．管理水平相對(duì)較低
從小企業(yè)總體上看，大部分小型企業(yè)缺乏有效的、完整的內(nèi)部管理制度，經(jīng)營(yíng)也不夠規(guī)范。
4．產(chǎn)出規(guī)模小，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力較弱
資本總量小，生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和資本有機(jī)構(gòu)成一般較低，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備相對(duì)落后，工藝陳舊，產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度低，技術(shù)含量和附加值較小，產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模小。
5．“家族”色彩濃
目前，占小型企業(yè)主導(dǎo)地位的是民營(yíng)企業(yè)，而民營(yíng)企業(yè)大部分為??家族??企業(yè)，“親緣”關(guān)系較重。束縛了人才的引進(jìn)和使用。
中國(guó)小企業(yè)的定義和數(shù)量
二、小企業(yè)的定義和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
小企業(yè)是相對(duì)于大企業(yè)而言的概念。小企業(yè)一般是指規(guī)模較小或處于創(chuàng)業(yè)和成長(zhǎng)階段的企業(yè)，包括規(guī)模在規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下的法人企業(yè)和自然人企業(yè)。中國(guó)過(guò)去劃分企業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要根據(jù)銷售額和資產(chǎn)總額指標(biāo)，并結(jié)合行業(yè)特點(diǎn)確定。2003年2月，新確定的小型企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)增加了企業(yè)職工人數(shù)指標(biāo)，小企業(yè)的人數(shù)在零售業(yè)為100以下，最高的建筑業(yè)為600人以下。
三、小企業(yè)案例
1、我國(guó)第一家由農(nóng)民興辦的股份合作制企業(yè)——開(kāi)弦弓絲廠
1928年,絲市沉寂,絲價(jià)疲軟,改良絲出于木制絲車(chē),手工操作,水份不勻,斷頭較多,終無(wú)法與廠絲匹敵而致 滯銷.女蠶校及開(kāi)弦弓村領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人深悟:“工欲善其事,必先利其器.”遂有建立合作社的動(dòng)議.是年底,經(jīng)女蠶校校長(zhǎng)鄭辟疆,推廣部主任費(fèi)達(dá)生及村領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人周保山,陳杏蓀等人的支持,于1929年2月成立“吳江縣震澤鎮(zhèn)開(kāi)弦弓有限責(zé)任生絲精制運(yùn)銷合作社”,報(bào)名者400余戶,共集資753股(每股20元)另外還向江蘇省農(nóng)民銀行及震澤江豐農(nóng)工銀行貸得4700元,用以籌建絲廠.4月,在村東購(gòu)得建廠用地4畝(其中桑地2.6畝,低田1.4畝).奠基以前,還請(qǐng)戲班在空地上演戲,免費(fèi)招待村民,以示慶祝,借此夯實(shí)地基, 節(jié)約工費(fèi).工期45天,建成廠房17間及樓房6間,耗建筑費(fèi)9700元.同時(shí)挑選繅絲成績(jī)優(yōu)秀的青年女子,施以2個(gè)多月的技術(shù)培訓(xùn),作好人員 準(zhǔn)備.7月進(jìn)入設(shè)備安裝及試車(chē)階段,共設(shè)坐繅車(chē)32臺(tái),復(fù)搖車(chē)16臺(tái),另有煮繭烘繭及鍋爐發(fā)電等設(shè)備,總設(shè)備費(fèi)用2.1萬(wàn)元.8月5日,汽笛長(zhǎng)鳴,一縷黑煙裊裊升起,中國(guó)第一個(gè)農(nóng)村機(jī)械絲廠誕生,全村觀呼雀躍,本村農(nóng)民絲70余人進(jìn)廠工作.開(kāi)工初時(shí),日產(chǎn)廠絲20市斤,投產(chǎn)2個(gè)月后產(chǎn)絲12擔(dān),其中一等絲10擔(dān),每擔(dān)售價(jià)1534元;二等
2擔(dān),每擔(dān)售價(jià)1425元,據(jù)費(fèi)達(dá)生女士回憶,所產(chǎn)廠絲分別售與上海緯成公司及華順綢莊.年終結(jié)算獲利10870元,社員獲得豐厚的紅利.翌年,又添置繅絲車(chē)及復(fù)搖車(chē)各5臺(tái),全廠職工增至87人.小企業(yè)管理作業(yè)二
一、認(rèn)真閱讀文字教材第五章，完成下列表中的內(nèi)容。
創(chuàng)新企業(yè)
優(yōu)勢(shì)：
1、在小企業(yè)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍、人員設(shè)置等多方面，創(chuàng)業(yè)者可以根據(jù)實(shí)際需要進(jìn)行構(gòu)建。
2、在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)或者提供服務(wù)上面，企業(yè)可以突出自己的特色，樹(shù)立自己的品牌。
3、在經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所選擇方面，創(chuàng)業(yè)者擁有主動(dòng)權(quán)。
4、在產(chǎn)品銷售方面，企業(yè)可以開(kāi)避廣闊的市場(chǎng)。
劣勢(shì)：
1、新企業(yè)、新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品，一切都是未知數(shù)，又沒(méi)有間接的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以參考，經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。融資比較困難。
2、由于沒(méi)有經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)，很難從銀行取得貸款。
3、新企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不穩(wěn)定，很能吸引人才。
4、一切從頭開(kāi)始，企業(yè)內(nèi)外各種關(guān)系都需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)業(yè)者去協(xié)調(diào)，雜志繁多，創(chuàng)業(yè)者常常被搞得疲憊不堪。必備條件：
1、擁有專利技術(shù)。
2、擁有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和一定量的客戶群。
3、獲得充足的創(chuàng)業(yè)資金。
特許經(jīng)營(yíng)
優(yōu)勢(shì)（受許人方面）：
1、加盟一家實(shí)力雄厚和信譽(yù)高的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)，投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小，并且可以得到特許人金融方面的幫助。
2、受許人可以得到特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)系統(tǒng)的管理培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)。
3、受許人可以享受特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)大規(guī)模廣告宣傳等各種促銷活動(dòng)，使公眾熟悉的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)的服務(wù)商標(biāo)、所有權(quán)、專利與外觀設(shè)計(jì)，有利于提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
4、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)集中進(jìn)貨，可隆低成本，保證貨源。
劣勢(shì)（受許人方面）：
1、經(jīng)營(yíng)方式上沒(méi)有自主權(quán)，受制于特許人，使其增長(zhǎng)受限制。
2、受許人必須支付昂貴的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)，利潤(rùn)要按協(xié)議與特許人共享。
3、受許人必須接受經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)統(tǒng)一的供貨價(jià)格。
4、一個(gè)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)加盟企業(yè)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，會(huì)連累所有企業(yè)。
特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)（特許人方面）：
1、每開(kāi)設(shè)一家特許經(jīng)營(yíng)分店都可以收取特許經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)，而且還可以收取管理費(fèi)，增加特許人的收入。
2、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有利于提高特許經(jīng)營(yíng)在當(dāng)?shù)氐闹取?/p>
3、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)可以降低經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用，集中精力提高企業(yè)的管理水平。
4、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)能經(jīng)較快的速度、以較少的資金進(jìn)行規(guī)模擴(kuò)張，且最終回購(gòu)成功的特許加盟分店的機(jī)會(huì)。缺點(diǎn)（特許人方面）：
1、對(duì)加盟企業(yè)沒(méi)有所有權(quán)，控制力度較弱。
2、一個(gè)加盟店的企業(yè)形象受損，會(huì)影響總店的信譽(yù)。
3、運(yùn)作支持費(fèi)用增加，為維持特許經(jīng)營(yíng)關(guān)系、進(jìn)行核算及一些通常的服務(wù)，在授權(quán)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)中花費(fèi)要比集權(quán)的組織花費(fèi)更多。
特許經(jīng)營(yíng)所必須具備的條件？
特許經(jīng)營(yíng)，俗稱連鎖加盟，根據(jù)當(dāng)前法律法規(guī)規(guī)定，必須具備下列條件才是合法的商業(yè)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)。
1、特許人必須是合法存續(xù)的企業(yè)，個(gè)人不得開(kāi)展商業(yè)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)。
2、特許人必須擁有注冊(cè)商標(biāo)、專利、專有技術(shù)、企業(yè)標(biāo)志等經(jīng)營(yíng)資源；
3、特許人必須擁有為被特許人提供經(jīng)營(yíng)指導(dǎo)、技術(shù)支持和業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)的等服務(wù)的能力；
4、擁有至少兩個(gè)直營(yíng)店，并且經(jīng)營(yíng)時(shí)間至少滿一年；
5、特許人應(yīng)當(dāng)在首次簽訂商業(yè)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同之日起十五日內(nèi)向省級(jí)或者國(guó)家商務(wù)部門(mén)申請(qǐng)辦理備案；
6、特許人應(yīng)當(dāng)在訂立特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同之日前至少30日，以書(shū)面形式向被特許人提供《商業(yè)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)管理?xiàng)l例》第二十二條規(guī)定的信息，并提供特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同文本。
7、特許人向被特許人提供的信息應(yīng)當(dāng)真實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、完整，不得隱瞞有關(guān)信息，或者提供虛假信息。
8、法律法規(guī)規(guī)定的其他條件。
家族企業(yè)
優(yōu)勢(shì)：
1、創(chuàng)業(yè)成本低。
2、企業(yè)內(nèi)部易于建立較高的信任度。
3、創(chuàng)業(yè)者是企業(yè)主要的管理者，對(duì)核心技術(shù)和核心業(yè)務(wù)比較熟悉。
劣勢(shì)：
1、家族企業(yè)能吸納并留住家族以外的優(yōu)秀人才。
2、家族企業(yè)在人事安排上常常因人設(shè)職。
必備條件：
1、明確家族成員的股權(quán)占有情況。
2、建立合理的董事會(huì)決策制度。
3、聘用專業(yè)化的管理隊(duì)伍。
4、逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)決策的民主化。
二、什么是差異化戰(zhàn)略？結(jié)合小企業(yè)的特點(diǎn)說(shuō)明小企業(yè)實(shí)施差異化戰(zhàn)略的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
小企業(yè)差異化戰(zhàn)略是指小企業(yè)對(duì)其生產(chǎn)或提供的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)進(jìn)行差異化以避開(kāi)直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，創(chuàng)造市場(chǎng)差別優(yōu)勢(shì)。差異化戰(zhàn)略優(yōu)點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：
1．差異化戰(zhàn)略有助于小企業(yè)形成進(jìn)入障礙。
2．差異化戰(zhàn)略有助于降低顧客的敏感程度。
3．差異化戰(zhàn)略有助于增強(qiáng)小企業(yè)的討價(jià)還價(jià)能力。
4．差異化戰(zhàn)略有助于小企業(yè)防止替代品的威脅。
小企業(yè)管理作業(yè)三
當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)完教材第7、第8、第9章之后，完成以下任務(wù)：
請(qǐng)你為一家小型快餐店選擇一個(gè)合適的地址。
現(xiàn)在開(kāi)什么店比較好呢?開(kāi)一家小型快餐加盟店是一件很好的賺錢(qián)項(xiàng)目，但是想賺錢(qián)，選址是第一步，小型快餐店加盟選址都需要什么呢?
一、了解自己和顧客
知彼知已，百戰(zhàn)不殆。一個(gè)品牌要知道哪些地方適合開(kāi)店，首先要了解自己，知道自己是誰(shuí)，清楚產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、環(huán)境和價(jià)格的組合在整個(gè)市場(chǎng)上處于什么水平，還要了解自己的目標(biāo)顧客是誰(shuí)，實(shí)際上更為哪些顧客所接受和偏愛(ài)。顧客特征中最關(guān)鍵的因素是購(gòu)買(mǎi)力，它決定了一切。其次是年齡，少年兒童、中青年和中老年的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣有很大差別。消費(fèi)偏好也很重要，北方人愛(ài)吃面，南方人愛(ài)吃飯，留過(guò)學(xué)的人更容易接受西式食品等等。已開(kāi)有店鋪的品牌可以直接從自己的顧客那里得到結(jié)論，尚未開(kāi)店的新創(chuàng)品牌就要研究產(chǎn)品和定位相同或相似的品牌以得出結(jié)論。
二、了解競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手不僅是敵對(duì)關(guān)系，是店址的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，也是選址時(shí)的參照物。要了解主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的目標(biāo)顧客有什么特征?重點(diǎn)在那些區(qū)域開(kāi)店?選址策略是什么?他們?cè)谶x址中有何成功與失敗之處?對(duì)于那些自己的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、環(huán)境和價(jià)格的組合與哪些競(jìng)爭(zhēng)品牌更為相似，與哪些競(jìng)爭(zhēng)品牌能形成互補(bǔ)關(guān)系?某一特定店址所在商圈內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的生存情況如何?
三、熟悉主要商圈
主要是研究重點(diǎn)城市的主要商圈的特征，了解商圈是以商業(yè)為主還是以商務(wù)為主，是市級(jí)商圈還是區(qū)域或社區(qū)商圈，商圈內(nèi)的主要商業(yè)形態(tài)是什么，商圈輻射能力如何，餐飲競(jìng)爭(zhēng)情況，客流的數(shù)量和特征等。結(jié)
合自身的市場(chǎng)定位，明確市場(chǎng)布局，明確哪些地方可以開(kāi)店，哪些地方不能開(kāi)店，尤其要確定應(yīng)優(yōu)先選址的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域。此外還要重點(diǎn)了解了解目標(biāo)顧客在一個(gè)城市及全國(guó)的地域分布與活動(dòng)規(guī)律，例如北京的外企白領(lǐng)主要在東三環(huán)附近的寫(xiě)字樓上班，主要在中高檔百貨商場(chǎng)及秀水街等市場(chǎng)購(gòu)物。選址就要找到目標(biāo)顧客經(jīng)常出沒(méi)的地方開(kāi)店。
四、廣泛尋找店址信息
好店址難找，相信很多人都會(huì)對(duì)此有同感。必須掌握足夠數(shù)量的優(yōu)質(zhì)備選店址，才有可能進(jìn)行優(yōu)中選優(yōu)。如果手頭只有別人挑剩下的不良店址，最后只能矮子里拔大個(gè)，不可能選到什么好店址。尋找店址信息最好是多管齊下，調(diào)動(dòng)一切力量尋找優(yōu)質(zhì)店址。
知
五、店址調(diào)查
當(dāng)找到一個(gè)看似不錯(cuò)的店址，但沒(méi)辦法確定是否真正可行，此時(shí)需要進(jìn)行選址調(diào)查。重點(diǎn)調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括：確定店鋪可能的輻射范圍，輻射區(qū)內(nèi)的人口數(shù)量與特征、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)情況，商圈環(huán)境等內(nèi)容。此外還要調(diào)查了解店址前的客流量、店址的可見(jiàn)度、便利性、攔截與互補(bǔ)等。
六、可行性分析
選址開(kāi)店是一項(xiàng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的投資，可行性分析可以重點(diǎn)從收益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)兩方面進(jìn)行。收益分析是依據(jù)店址所能帶來(lái)的客源的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量在當(dāng)前的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格與服務(wù)速度之下預(yù)測(cè)能實(shí)現(xiàn)多少營(yíng)業(yè)額，然后根據(jù)成本費(fèi)用情況對(duì)盈利進(jìn)行估算，根據(jù)投資總額測(cè)算投資回收期和回報(bào)率。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析主要是了解商圈發(fā)展、道路改造、人口數(shù)量與結(jié)構(gòu)的變遷、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)變化等因素可能對(duì)店鋪未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)產(chǎn)生的影響，評(píng)估實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期收益的可能性。
七、做出正確的決策
明確了店址未來(lái)的預(yù)期收益及實(shí)現(xiàn)收益的可能性與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，就能一個(gè)店址是否可行做出判斷。但選址決策時(shí)還要參照開(kāi)店目的、資金情況、發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略等因素，如果是為了迅速獲取利潤(rùn)，就要求店址的各方面條件都很好，投資回收期很短;如果是為了推廣品牌，要求店址可見(jiàn)度高，客流量大，對(duì)回收期要求不高;如果是搶為了占市場(chǎng)，只要店址所處的商圈和位置較好，成熟度不高也沒(méi)關(guān)系，這要求企業(yè)有充實(shí)的資金支持。有了充分的選址調(diào)查和分析，做出正確的選址決策并非是難事。
小企業(yè)管理作業(yè)4
第五篇：電大監(jiān)督學(xué)形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)答案
監(jiān)督學(xué)形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)答案
作業(yè)1
題目：香港廉政公署的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)有何借鑒意義？
香港廉政公署是世界著名的監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)，在反腐肅貪方面成效顯著，當(dāng)今香港是世界上廉潔度最高的地區(qū)之一。香港廉政公署不僅受到香港民眾的贊揚(yáng)，也受到世界許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的關(guān)注。世界上一些地方借香港的經(jīng)驗(yàn)建立相似的機(jī)構(gòu)，澳大利亞于1989年在新南威爾士州設(shè)立了廉政公署。韓國(guó)于2002年成立與廉政公署相似的反腐敗委員會(huì)。燠門(mén)廉政公署的設(shè)立也借鑒了香港的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
廉署的獨(dú)立性是其獲得成功的制度性原因。這種獨(dú)立性，具體可概括為四個(gè)方面，即機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)立、人事獨(dú)立、財(cái)政獨(dú)立和辦案獨(dú)立。
1.機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)立，指廉署不隸屬于任何一個(gè)政府部門(mén)，其最高官員“廉政專員”由香港最高行政長(zhǎng)官直接任命；
2.人事獨(dú)立，即廉署專員有完全的人事權(quán)，署內(nèi)職員采用聘用制，不是公務(wù)員，不受公務(wù)員敘用委員會(huì)管轄；
3.財(cái)政獨(dú)立，指廉署經(jīng)費(fèi)由香港最高行政首長(zhǎng)批準(zhǔn)后在政府預(yù)算中單列撥付，不受其他政府部門(mén)節(jié)制；
4.辦案獨(dú)立，指廉署有《廉政公署條例》《防止賄賂條例》《選舉(舞弊及非法行為)條例》等賦予的獨(dú)立調(diào)查權(quán)，包括搜查、扣押、拘捕、審訊等，必要時(shí)亦可使用武力，而抗拒或妨礙調(diào)查者則屬違法。
上述四個(gè)獨(dú)立性，使廉署從體制及運(yùn)行上切斷了與可能形成掣肘的各部門(mén)的聯(lián)系，從而令反貪肅貪“一查到底”成為可能。
香港廉政公署是一個(gè)建立在三權(quán)分立、法治、民主監(jiān)督社會(huì)的獨(dú)立行政機(jī)構(gòu)，并依賴司法中立以及自身的行政獨(dú)立而存在。與中國(guó)內(nèi)地的反貪污賄賂局中的內(nèi)設(shè)政黨思想機(jī)構(gòu)的模式、法院三權(quán)合作的執(zhí)法方針性質(zhì)大相徑庭，因此不能比較，不能用“類似內(nèi)地的反貪污賄賂局”來(lái)形容ICAC。就是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)內(nèi)地司法并不中立，反貪污賄賂局無(wú)法獨(dú)立于行政機(jī)構(gòu)與政黨掣肘，無(wú)民主監(jiān)督，因此無(wú)法存在各種“咨詢委員會(huì)”而受民眾監(jiān)督，案件審判時(shí)當(dāng)涉及權(quán)貴就無(wú)法公正中立不偏不倚，因此反貪污賄賂局才不能像ICAC那樣高效地執(zhí)法，把中國(guó)變成像香港一樣廉潔。
作業(yè)2
運(yùn)用監(jiān)督學(xué)的基本原理和相關(guān)知識(shí)，結(jié)合實(shí)際（包括網(wǎng)絡(luò)、報(bào)刊報(bào)道等）撰寫(xiě)一份調(diào)查報(bào)告。（1500左右）
關(guān)于黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的調(diào)查報(bào)告
黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督是指黨內(nèi)政治生活中，黨員之間、組織之間，黨員與組織之間按照黨章黨紀(jì)的有關(guān)規(guī)定，從思想、紀(jì)律等方面，對(duì)黨組織和黨員執(zhí)行黨的路線、方針、政策和黨規(guī)黨紀(jì)情況的監(jiān)督和督促。黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的重點(diǎn)對(duì)象是黨的各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部，特別是各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子主要負(fù)責(zé)人。搞好黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督，才能保證黨內(nèi)民主，從而不斷地鞏固黨的執(zhí)政地位。
黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)來(lái)是一種自覺(jué)的、主動(dòng)的過(guò)程，是在黨內(nèi)組織內(nèi)部范圍內(nèi)，依靠黨自身的力量實(shí)行的自我約束和完善，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是通過(guò)黨自身的力量解決自身的問(wèn)題。黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督就其政治含義而言，它是一種預(yù)防的機(jī)制，是保持黨的先進(jìn)性和純潔性、增強(qiáng)黨的凝聚力和戰(zhàn)斗力的重要手段。
加強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督是反腐倡廉的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。我們黨是執(zhí)政黨，執(zhí)政黨的黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督，關(guān)系到執(zhí)政權(quán)力的正確行使，人民的根本和人心向背，黨的階段基礎(chǔ)和群眾基礎(chǔ)的不斷鞏固。提高黨的執(zhí)政能力，很重要的是要通過(guò)加強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督，保持黨的先進(jìn)性和純潔性，增強(qiáng)黨的凝集力和戰(zhàn)斗力，提高黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平和執(zhí)政能力。
同時(shí)，我們也應(yīng)該看到，近幾年雖然黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的力度不斷加大，也取得了實(shí)實(shí)在在的效果。但在黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督上，還存在著一些問(wèn)題。
一是一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)缺乏黨內(nèi)平等的民主意識(shí)，自持位高權(quán)重，凌駕于黨組織之上，只許自己監(jiān)督別人，不許別人監(jiān)督自己。而腐敗現(xiàn)象又恰恰發(fā)生在這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的身上。
二是監(jiān)督不了。一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部往往是決策權(quán)、執(zhí)行權(quán)和監(jiān)督權(quán)集一身，“黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”變成“個(gè)人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”，最后的結(jié)果必然是“絕對(duì)的權(quán)力導(dǎo)致絕對(duì)的腐敗”。
三是無(wú)力監(jiān)督?，F(xiàn)行的紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)是實(shí)行雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制，作為上級(jí)監(jiān)督下級(jí)容易，而下級(jí)監(jiān)督上級(jí)就很難。就出現(xiàn)人們常說(shuō)的上級(jí)監(jiān)督下級(jí)太遠(yuǎn)，下級(jí)監(jiān)督上級(jí)太難，同級(jí)監(jiān)督太軟，法紀(jì)監(jiān)督太晚，輿論監(jiān)督太泛的現(xiàn)象。極易造成失監(jiān)、失察、失真的現(xiàn)象，甚至出現(xiàn)所謂的監(jiān)督“真空區(qū)域”。
四是監(jiān)督渠道不暢。如在一些部門(mén)辦事公開(kāi)透明度不高，權(quán)力運(yùn)作、重大事項(xiàng)決策、干部選拔等工作公開(kāi)性不強(qiáng)，公開(kāi)范圍不廣泛，干部群眾獲取信息還存在不對(duì)稱問(wèn)題，致使在行使知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、選擇權(quán)方面受到限制。
針對(duì)上述所存在的問(wèn)題，應(yīng)采取積極的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。
一是要加強(qiáng)宣傳教育，增強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督意識(shí)，努力營(yíng)造主動(dòng)監(jiān)督、樂(lè)于監(jiān)督、支持保護(hù)監(jiān)督的濃厚氛圍。
二是突出監(jiān)督重點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)化監(jiān)督的綜合效果。要突出黨的各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部，特別是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)隊(duì)伍負(fù)責(zé)人是黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的重點(diǎn)，要通過(guò)合理的分權(quán)，強(qiáng)化內(nèi)部制約，變“集權(quán)”為民主決策，杜絕少數(shù)大包大攬，個(gè)人說(shuō)了算現(xiàn)象。同時(shí)要強(qiáng)化對(duì)腐敗多發(fā)部位、環(huán)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域的監(jiān)督，積極探索、尋求規(guī)律，完善制度，防止因壟斷等而引發(fā)權(quán)力濫用問(wèn)題。要在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部權(quán)力運(yùn)行的全過(guò)程中實(shí)施監(jiān)督，把事前事中事后監(jiān)督有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)。
三是要完善監(jiān)督體制，提高監(jiān)督的內(nèi)在權(quán)威。首先積極報(bào)開(kāi)展巡視工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)巡視監(jiān)督與信訪監(jiān)督的相互結(jié)合，巡視情況與干部考察的相互勾通，巡視成果與廉政檔案的綜合利用，推進(jìn)巡視工作的規(guī)范化。其次要積極探索建立以上級(jí)紀(jì)委監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)為主，同級(jí)黨委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)為輔的體制，保證紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)相對(duì)獨(dú)立地實(shí)施監(jiān)督檢查權(quán)。同時(shí)要進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)范圍，改變紀(jì)委對(duì)科級(jí)以上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的違紀(jì)只有初核權(quán)、沒(méi)有立案權(quán)的現(xiàn)狀，真正賦予紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)違紀(jì)案件獨(dú)立的立案權(quán)，檢查權(quán)和處分權(quán)，不斷增強(qiáng)紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察工作的權(quán)威性、獨(dú)立性。
作業(yè)3
運(yùn)用監(jiān)督學(xué)的基本原理和相關(guān)知識(shí)，結(jié)合實(shí)際撰寫(xiě)一篇小論文。（1000字左右）
把群眾監(jiān)督當(dāng)作聯(lián)系群眾的橋梁
緊緊依靠人民群眾，強(qiáng)化群眾監(jiān)督，是黨的群眾路線在懲防腐敗中的重要體現(xiàn)。自2002年5月市城市管理行政執(zhí)法局成立以來(lái)，按照市紀(jì)委、監(jiān)察局、市人民政府糾風(fēng)辦等部門(mén)的有關(guān)要求，市、區(qū)兩級(jí)行政執(zhí)法局相繼建立了向社會(huì)公布開(kāi)通群眾投訴舉報(bào)熱線、設(shè)立中隊(duì)執(zhí)法政務(wù)公開(kāi)欄、聘請(qǐng)由各界群眾代表組成的行風(fēng)監(jiān)督評(píng)議員等一系列群眾監(jiān)督制度。兩年多來(lái)，在這些群眾監(jiān)督舉措的保障下，廣大行政執(zhí)法干部不斷開(kāi)拓前進(jìn)，積極改進(jìn)自身不足，克服困難，勇于奉獻(xiàn)，為維護(hù)城市良好地生產(chǎn)、生活秩序做出了貢獻(xiàn)。但是，在行政執(zhí)法工作中，如何充分發(fā)揮群眾監(jiān)督作用，把群眾監(jiān)督由被動(dòng)接受向主動(dòng)需要轉(zhuǎn)變，由單向監(jiān)
督向雙向互動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變，使群眾監(jiān)督真正成為推動(dòng)廣大行政執(zhí)法干部依法行政、文明執(zhí)法、勇于執(zhí)法的動(dòng)力，成為廣大行政執(zhí)法干部展現(xiàn)政府形象的窗口，成為行政執(zhí)法局深入宣傳城市管理法規(guī)的渠道，成為代表政府密切聯(lián)系群眾，為各族群眾排憂解難，更好地為市民服務(wù)的通途……這還有待我們進(jìn)一步實(shí)踐、思考。
一、讓群眾監(jiān)督成為提高行政執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍自身“拒腐免疫力”的內(nèi)在需要。
加強(qiáng)群眾監(jiān)督既是黨對(duì)政府職能部門(mén)廉潔、勤政的外在要求，也是我們提高自身“拒腐免疫力”的內(nèi)在需要。市行政執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍建立兩年多來(lái)，通過(guò)群眾監(jiān)督的各種渠道，我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)自身在工作中存在的各種問(wèn)題。市、區(qū)兩級(jí)行政執(zhí)法局在有關(guān)部門(mén)的配合下，對(duì)其中已經(jīng)構(gòu)成違紀(jì)、違規(guī)事實(shí)的執(zhí)法干部進(jìn)行了及時(shí)、有效地處理，對(duì)廣大執(zhí)法干部起到了很好的警示教育作用，并促使我們及時(shí)從中反思，建立健全各項(xiàng)廉政、勤政制度，加強(qiáng)隊(duì)伍思想道德和職業(yè)教育，從而提高了自身“拒腐免疫力”。試想，如果沒(méi)有群眾監(jiān)督的渠道，我們就不能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，更談不上及時(shí)糾正和改進(jìn)了。問(wèn)題積少成多，性質(zhì)積輕成重，其結(jié)果必將是嚴(yán)重的。因此，我們要自覺(jué)地把群眾監(jiān)督視為提高自身“拒腐免疫力”的內(nèi)在需要，需做是廣大人發(fā)群眾對(duì)行政執(zhí)法干部最深切的愛(ài)護(hù)，真心實(shí)意地切實(shí)加強(qiáng)群眾監(jiān)督，使群眾監(jiān)督成為促進(jìn)行政執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍健康成長(zhǎng)的重要力量。
二、把群眾監(jiān)督變?yōu)樯钊胄麄鞒鞘泄芾矸ㄒ?guī)的重要渠道。
群眾監(jiān)督的各種渠道既是群眾反映問(wèn)題、提出意見(jiàn)的渠道，也應(yīng)當(dāng)成為行政執(zhí)法部門(mén)對(duì)各族群眾宣傳城市管理各項(xiàng)法規(guī)的生動(dòng)課堂。我們?cè)诮邮苋罕姳O(jiān)督的同時(shí)，也應(yīng)充分利用這一時(shí)機(jī)，及時(shí)向群眾宣傳其所反映問(wèn)題、意見(jiàn)中涉及的城市管理行政執(zhí)法的職責(zé)、法規(guī)、程序等相關(guān)內(nèi)容，變單向監(jiān)督為雙向互動(dòng)，消除誤解，轉(zhuǎn)化矛盾，讓群眾更多地了解城市管理行政執(zhí)法這一新生事物，以點(diǎn)帶面地宣傳、教育群眾自覺(jué)維護(hù)城市管理的各項(xiàng)法規(guī)，從而提高市民群眾城管法規(guī)意識(shí)，更加理解、支持執(zhí)法干部依法行政。
三、使群眾監(jiān)督成為密切行政執(zhí)法干部與市民群眾聯(lián)系溝通感情、相互理解、相互幫助的橋梁。
群眾監(jiān)督的各種渠道是執(zhí)法干部與群眾密切聯(lián)系的重要途徑。城管執(zhí)法部門(mén)接受群眾監(jiān)督的時(shí)刻也是與市民群眾溝通感情的重要時(shí)刻。在接受群眾監(jiān)督時(shí)，每一位執(zhí)法干部的言行舉動(dòng)都是執(zhí)法形象的體現(xiàn)，它直接影響著市民群眾對(duì)城管執(zhí)法干部隊(duì)伍的思想感情。執(zhí)法干部的熱情服務(wù)、文明執(zhí)法帶來(lái)的不僅僅是群眾的交口稱贊，還有他們衷心的認(rèn)可和內(nèi)心的敬意，這種認(rèn)可和敬意的積累會(huì)不斷地轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)行政執(zhí)法工作的深深理解與熱情支持，它不僅密切了執(zhí)法干部與市民群眾之間的雨水關(guān)系，也奠定了支持維護(hù)城市管理的堅(jiān)實(shí)群眾基礎(chǔ)，從而為行政執(zhí)法工作創(chuàng)設(shè)了良好的社會(huì)氛圍。群眾監(jiān)督是座促進(jìn)高效完成城市管理行政執(zhí)法工作的“金橋”。我們應(yīng)更充分地發(fā)掘和利用這座“金橋”，不斷帶動(dòng)我市城市管理行政執(zhí)法工作再上新臺(tái)階。
作業(yè)4
一、名詞解釋
1．監(jiān)督：監(jiān)督是指為維護(hù)公共利益，法定監(jiān)督主體依法對(duì)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)及其公職人員行使公共權(quán)力的行為實(shí)施檢查、督導(dǎo)和懲戒的活動(dòng)。
2．人民主權(quán)理論：人民主權(quán)理論是指在自然法與社會(huì)契約的基礎(chǔ)上，國(guó)家是人民讓渡自己的權(quán)利交由國(guó)家統(tǒng)一行使而產(chǎn)生的，因此國(guó)家只是人民主權(quán)的委托管理者，人民擁有最高主權(quán)并通過(guò)立法權(quán)來(lái)表達(dá)“公意”，對(duì)國(guó)家管理權(quán)力的行使進(jìn)行監(jiān)督與制約。
二、填空題
1．監(jiān)督的內(nèi)容是 被監(jiān)督 對(duì)象行使公權(quán)力的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
2．監(jiān)督是一種法制監(jiān)督，以 為基礎(chǔ)而不是以監(jiān)督主體的正義感、道德感為基礎(chǔ)。
3．無(wú)論腐敗行為表現(xiàn)為何種形式，其實(shí)質(zhì)都是濫用謀求私人利益。
4、理論所提倡的一些基本原則對(duì)西方資產(chǎn)階級(jí)國(guó)家政權(quán)體系的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起了重要作用，是監(jiān)督的最直接的理論依據(jù)之一。
5、政治原罪 是指在原罪的權(quán)力和原罪的人結(jié)合之后，人在奪取權(quán)力和行使權(quán)力的過(guò)程中會(huì)生出種種罪行。
6、中國(guó)古代 諫諍 制度的確立，是對(duì)君主廉政與勤政的有限度的監(jiān)察。
7、人民代表大會(huì)的監(jiān)督亦稱國(guó)家 機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督，簡(jiǎn)稱人大監(jiān)督。
8、監(jiān)督是指人民代表大會(huì)對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)和檢察機(jī)關(guān)及其組成人員履行法定職責(zé)業(yè)績(jī)、效率、效能情況進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督。
9、人民代表大會(huì)監(jiān)督的內(nèi)容是法律監(jiān)督和 監(jiān)督。
10、為了保障監(jiān)察工作的順利開(kāi)展，瑞典法律賦予監(jiān)察專員充分的調(diào)查權(quán)、視察權(quán)、建議權(quán)和起訴權(quán)。
三、多項(xiàng)選擇題
1．人民代表大會(huì)監(jiān)督的范圍包括（A、對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督B、對(duì)司法機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督C、對(duì)本級(jí)人大常委會(huì)的監(jiān)督D、對(duì)下級(jí)人大及其常委會(huì)的監(jiān)督）。
2.根據(jù)《全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)議事規(guī)則》和《監(jiān)督法》等法律的規(guī)定，質(zhì)詢的程序包括（A、質(zhì)詢的提起C、質(zhì)詢案的提交D、質(zhì)詢案的答復(fù)）。
3．我國(guó)的權(quán)力監(jiān)督主要包括（B、人民政協(xié)的監(jiān)督C、司法機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督D、行政機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督）。
4．民主黨派監(jiān)督的內(nèi)容主要包括以下方面（A、國(guó)家憲法、法規(guī)和法規(guī)的實(shí)施情況B、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和政府重要方針、政策的制定和貫徹執(zhí)行情況C、中共黨委依法執(zhí)政方）。面的情況D、中共黨員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部履行職責(zé)、為政清廉方面的情況
5．輿論監(jiān)督的特征包括（A、人民性 B、公開(kāi)性C、及時(shí)性 D、權(quán)威性）。
四、簡(jiǎn)答題
1．簡(jiǎn)述國(guó)際間反腐合作體系的基本架構(gòu)與特點(diǎn)。
國(guó)際反腐敗合作組織的基本構(gòu)架：
（一）國(guó)際反腐敗合作組織及其相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)：（1）經(jīng)合組織，全稱為經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織。（2）透明國(guó)際，是一個(gè)非政府、非營(yíng)利、無(wú)政治傾向的國(guó)際性民間組織，以推動(dòng)國(guó)際與各國(guó)反腐敗為活動(dòng)宗旨，是一個(gè)專以反腐敗為目的的民間組織。（3）國(guó)際金融組織的反腐敗行動(dòng)，當(dāng)今金融反腐敗問(wèn)題越發(fā)突出，世界銀行、國(guó)際貨幣基金組織以及亞洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行等金融組織開(kāi)始積極探索國(guó)際金融組織的反腐敗措施。（4）聯(lián)合國(guó)及其他地區(qū)性的反腐行動(dòng)。
（二）國(guó)際反腐敗公約及相關(guān)文件；
（三）國(guó)際反腐敗會(huì)議；
（四）國(guó)際反腐敗制度建設(shè)。
特點(diǎn)：第一，加強(qiáng)反腐敗合作的組織建設(shè)和法律建設(shè)。第二，積極探索改革措施，注重預(yù)防腐敗。第三，綜合性反腐敗合作與專項(xiàng)性反腐敗合作相結(jié)合。第四，國(guó)際研討與交流成為國(guó)際反腐敗合作的交流平臺(tái)。
2．簡(jiǎn)述政府財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)。
政府財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)是財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)的一種，是指審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)依法對(duì)國(guó)務(wù)院各部門(mén)、地方各級(jí)政府、地方各級(jí)政府職能部門(mén)的會(huì)計(jì)資料及其所反映的財(cái)政（財(cái)務(wù)）收支活動(dòng)的真實(shí)性以及合法合規(guī)性所進(jìn)行的審計(jì)。政府財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)的主要方式是書(shū)面審查。被審計(jì)單位依照審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)規(guī)定的時(shí)間和要求，如實(shí)提供會(huì)計(jì)憑證、賬冊(cè)。報(bào)表及有關(guān)會(huì)計(jì)資料，由審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)派人到被審計(jì)單位審計(jì)或者由被審計(jì)單位報(bào)送審計(jì)。
3．簡(jiǎn)述違法行政行為的認(rèn)定。
第一，事實(shí)根據(jù)不合法。它包括這樣幾種情況：沒(méi)有事實(shí)根據(jù)；主要事實(shí)不真實(shí)；主要事實(shí)不完整或者不連貫；整個(gè)案件的主要事實(shí)沒(méi)有必要的證據(jù)支持，缺乏可信度；主要證據(jù)不真實(shí)；主要證據(jù)不充分；證據(jù)和案件事實(shí)之間缺乏相關(guān)性；獲取證據(jù)的方式和手段不合法。第二，適用法律錯(cuò)誤。正確地適用法律是行政行為合法的必要條件。具體的錯(cuò)誤有：應(yīng)該適用此法卻適用了彼法，該適用此條款卻適用了彼條款；適用法律或法律條款不足，指應(yīng)適用多部法律或多個(gè)條款時(shí)行政主體卻沒(méi)有完全適用；適用法律或法律條款時(shí)適用了無(wú)數(shù)的依據(jù)；適用了尚未生效的法律。
第三，程序違法。行政程序是指由行政行為的方式、步驟、時(shí)間和順序所構(gòu)成的行為過(guò)程。根據(jù)其構(gòu)成要素可以把程序違法的表現(xiàn)形式分為：步驟違法；方式違法；順序違法；期限違法。
第四，行政越權(quán)。在我國(guó)，行政越權(quán)是指行政機(jī)關(guān)實(shí)施的超越職權(quán)的行為。主要包括：行政主體擅自行使其他國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)的法定權(quán)力；行政主體擅自行使其他行政主體的法定職權(quán)，可分為縱向越權(quán)和橫向越權(quán)，但都是行政系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的越權(quán)。
第五，內(nèi)容違法。行政行為在內(nèi)容上必須合乎法律上的規(guī)定，不得與法律規(guī)定相抵觸，否則即構(gòu)成行政行為內(nèi)容上的違法。
第六，濫用職權(quán)。主要表現(xiàn)有：因受不正當(dāng)動(dòng)機(jī)和目的支配致使行為背離法定目的和利益。不合法考慮致使行為結(jié)果失去正確性；任意無(wú)常，違反同一性和同等性；強(qiáng)人所難，違背客觀性；不正當(dāng)?shù)倪t延和不作為；不正當(dāng)?shù)牟襟E或方式等。
第七，行政失職
認(rèn)定行政違法的作用主要在于審查行政行為的合法性，目的在于監(jiān)督行政機(jī)關(guān)依法行政和維護(hù)公共利益。行政違法行為的認(rèn)定與行政責(zé)任二者聯(lián)系密切，行政責(zé)任不僅有監(jiān)督作用，更主要的是為了保障公民、法人或者其他組織的合法權(quán)益，使其受到侵害的利益得以恢復(fù)或彌補(bǔ)。行政責(zé)任即行政違法責(zé)任，是對(duì)行政違法否定性評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容的組成部分，它應(yīng)始終與行政違法保持一種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，否則，行政責(zé)任的存在就沒(méi)有意義。
五、論述題
1．什么是黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督？黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督有什么特征？
黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督是指監(jiān)督主體依據(jù)《黨章》和黨的紀(jì)律在組織內(nèi)部通過(guò)檢查、督促、評(píng)價(jià)、揭露、舉報(bào)、處理等方式作用于監(jiān)督客體，以保證監(jiān)督客體的行為在任何情況下都不違背黨的紀(jì)律的一種客觀有序的活動(dòng)。
2、試述檢察機(jī)關(guān)在監(jiān)督體系中的地位與作用。
檢察機(jī)關(guān)監(jiān)督是檢察機(jī)關(guān)運(yùn)用檢察權(quán)對(duì)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)及其工作人員是否依法行使職權(quán)進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督。根據(jù)憲法的有關(guān)規(guī)定，國(guó)家明確賦予各級(jí)各類人民檢察院以國(guó)家法律監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)的職能?！吨腥A人民共和國(guó)人民檢察院組織法》第四條規(guī)定：人民檢察院通過(guò)行使檢察權(quán)，鎮(zhèn)壓一切判國(guó)的，分裂國(guó)家的和其他反革命活動(dòng)，打擊反革命分子和其他犯罪分子，維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一，維護(hù)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)專政制度，維護(hù)社會(huì)主義法制，維護(hù)社會(huì)主義秩序、生產(chǎn)秩序、工作秩序、教學(xué)科研秩序和人民群眾生活秩序，保護(hù)社會(huì)主義全民所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)和勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民私人所有的合法財(cái)產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，保衛(wèi)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的順利進(jìn)行。
檢察機(jī)關(guān)監(jiān)督的基本特征：（1）檢察機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督具有國(guó)家性和權(quán)威性；（2）檢察機(jī)關(guān)的法律監(jiān)督具有專門(mén)性和獨(dú)立性；（3）檢察機(jī)關(guān)的法律監(jiān)督具有規(guī)范性和合法性。（4）檢查機(jī)關(guān)的法律監(jiān)督具有強(qiáng)制性。
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