第一篇：考研英語(一)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)資料：歷年漫畫作文真題素材匯總

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

考研英語(一)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)資料：歷年漫畫

作文真題素材匯總

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

凱程考研：

凱程考研成立于2005年，具有悠久的考研輔導(dǎo)歷史，國內(nèi)首家全日制集訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)考研，一直從事高端全日制輔導(dǎo)，由李海洋教授、張鑫教授、盧營教授、王洋教授、楊武金教授、張釋然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高級(jí)考研教研隊(duì)伍組成，為學(xué)員全程高質(zhì)量授課、答疑、測試、督導(dǎo)、報(bào)考指導(dǎo)、方法指導(dǎo)、聯(lián)系導(dǎo)師、復(fù)試等全方位的考研服務(wù)。凱程考研的宗旨：讓學(xué)習(xí)成為一種習(xí)慣； 凱程考研的價(jià)值觀：凱旋歸來，前程萬里； 信念：讓每個(gè)學(xué)員都有好最好的歸宿；

使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中國最專業(yè)的考研輔導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)； 激情：永不言棄，樂觀向上；

敬業(yè)：以專業(yè)的態(tài)度做非凡的事業(yè)；

服務(wù)：以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作，為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

特別說明：凱程學(xué)員經(jīng)驗(yàn)談視頻在凱程官方網(wǎng)站有公布，同學(xué)們和家長可以查看。扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的輔導(dǎo)，真真實(shí)實(shí)的案例，凱程考研的價(jià)值觀：凱旋歸來，前程萬里。

如何選擇考研輔導(dǎo)班：

在考研準(zhǔn)備的過程中，會(huì)遇到不少困難，尤其對(duì)于跨專業(yè)考生的專業(yè)課來說，通過報(bào)輔導(dǎo)班來彌補(bǔ)自己復(fù)習(xí)的不足，可以大大提高復(fù)習(xí)效率，節(jié)省復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間，大家可以通過以下幾個(gè)方面來考察輔導(dǎo)班，或許能幫你找到適合你的輔導(dǎo)班。

師資力量：師資力量是考察輔導(dǎo)班的首要因素，考生可以針對(duì)輔導(dǎo)名師的輔導(dǎo)年限、輔導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、歷年輔導(dǎo)效果、學(xué)員評(píng)價(jià)等因素進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)，詢問往屆學(xué)長然后選擇。判斷師資力量關(guān)鍵在于綜合實(shí)力，因?yàn)槿魏我婚T課程，都不是由

一、兩個(gè)教師包到底的，是一批教師配合的結(jié)果。還要深入了解教師的學(xué)術(shù)背景、資料著述成就、輔導(dǎo)成就等。凱程考研名師云集，李海洋、張鑫教授、方浩教授、盧營教授、孫浩教授等一大批名師在凱程授課。而有的機(jī)構(gòu)只是很普通的老師授課，對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)把握和命題方向，欠缺火候。

對(duì)該專業(yè)有輔導(dǎo)歷史：必須對(duì)該專業(yè)深刻理解，才能深入輔導(dǎo)學(xué)員考取該校。在考研輔導(dǎo)班中，從來見過如此輝煌的成績：凱程教育拿下2015五道口金融學(xué)院狀元，考取五道口15人，清華經(jīng)管金融碩士10人，人大金融碩士15個(gè)，中財(cái)和貿(mào)大金融碩士合計(jì)20人，北師大教育學(xué)7人，會(huì)計(jì)碩士保錄班考取30人，翻譯碩士接近20人，中傳狀元王園璐、鄭家威都是來自凱程，法學(xué)方面，凱程在人大、北大、貿(mào)大、政法、武漢大學(xué)、公安大學(xué)等院校斬獲多個(gè)法學(xué)和法碩狀元，更多專業(yè)成績請(qǐng)查看凱程網(wǎng)站。在凱程官方網(wǎng)站的光榮榜，成功學(xué)員經(jīng)驗(yàn)談視頻特別多，都是凱程戰(zhàn)績的最好證明。對(duì)于如此高的成績，凱程集訓(xùn)營班主任邢凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

老師說，凱程如此優(yōu)異的成績，是與我們凱程嚴(yán)格的管理，全方位的輔導(dǎo)是分不開的，很多學(xué)生本科都不是名校，某些學(xué)生來自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，還有很多是工作了多年才回來考的，大多數(shù)是跨專業(yè)考研，他們的難度大，競爭激烈，沒有嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練和同學(xué)們的刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，是很難達(dá)到優(yōu)異的成績。最好的辦法是直接和凱程老師詳細(xì)溝通一下就清楚了。

凱程考研歷年戰(zhàn)績輝煌，成就顯著！

在考研輔導(dǎo)班中，從來見過如此輝煌的成績：凱程教育拿下國內(nèi)最高學(xué)府清華大學(xué)五道口金融學(xué)院金融碩士29人，占五道口金融學(xué)院錄取總?cè)藬?shù)的約50%，五道口金融學(xué)院歷年?duì)钤鲎詣P程.例如，2014年?duì)钤湫?2013年?duì)钤钌偃A，2012年?duì)钤R佳偉，2011年?duì)钤愑褓?考入北大經(jīng)院、人大、中財(cái)、外經(jīng)貿(mào)、復(fù)旦、上財(cái)、上交、社科院、中科院金融碩士的同學(xué)更是喜報(bào)連連，總計(jì)達(dá)到150人以上，此外，還有考入北大清華人大法碩的張博等10人，北大法學(xué)考研王少棠，北大法學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)法狀元王yuheng等5人成功考入北大法學(xué)院，另外有數(shù)10人考入人大貿(mào)大政法公安大學(xué)等名校法學(xué)院。北師大教育學(xué)和全日制教育碩士輔導(dǎo)班學(xué)員考入15人，創(chuàng)造了歷年最高成績。會(huì)計(jì)碩士保錄班考取30多人，中傳鄭家威勇奪中傳新聞傳播碩士狀元，王園璐勇奪中傳全日制藝術(shù)碩士狀元，（他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)談視頻在凱程官方網(wǎng)站有公布，隨時(shí)可以查看播放。）對(duì)于如此優(yōu)異的成績，凱程輔導(dǎo)班班主任邢老師說，凱程如此優(yōu)異的成績，是與我們凱程嚴(yán)格的管理，全方位的輔導(dǎo)是分不開的，很多學(xué)生本科都不是名校，某些學(xué)生來自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，還有很多是工作了多年才回來考的，大多數(shù)是跨專業(yè)考研，他們的難度大，競爭激烈，沒有嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練和同學(xué)們的刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，是很難達(dá)到優(yōu)異的成績。

考研路上，拼搏和堅(jiān)持，是我們成功的必備要素。

王少棠

本科學(xué)校：南開大學(xué)法學(xué)

錄取學(xué)校：北大法學(xué)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法方向第一名 總分：380+ 在來到凱程輔導(dǎo)之前，王少棠已經(jīng)決定了要拼搏北大法學(xué)院，他有自己的理想，對(duì)法學(xué)的癡迷的追求，決定到最高學(xué)府北大進(jìn)行深造，他的北大的夢(mèng)想一直激勵(lì)著他前進(jìn)，在凱程輔導(dǎo)班的每一刻，他都認(rèn)真聽課、與老師溝通，每一個(gè)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)都不放過，對(duì)于少棠來說，無疑是無比高興的是，圓夢(mèng)北大法學(xué)院。在復(fù)試之后，王少棠與凱程老師進(jìn)行了深入溝通，講解了自己的考研經(jīng)驗(yàn)，與廣大考北大法學(xué)，人大法學(xué)、貿(mào)大法學(xué)等同學(xué)們進(jìn)行了交流，錄制為經(jīng)驗(yàn)談，在凱程官方網(wǎng)站能夠看到。

王少棠參加的是凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，回憶自己的輔導(dǎo)班的經(jīng)歷，他說：“這是我一輩子也許學(xué)習(xí)最投入、最踏實(shí)的地方，我有明確的復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)，有老師制定的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃、有生活老師、班主任、授課老師的管理，每天6點(diǎn)半就起床了，然后是吃早餐，進(jìn)教室里早讀，8點(diǎn)開始凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

單詞與長難句測試，9點(diǎn)開始上課，中午半小時(shí)吃飯，然后又回到教室里學(xué)習(xí)了，夏天比較困了就在桌子上睡一會(huì)，下午接著上課，晚上自習(xí)、測試、答疑之類，晚上11點(diǎn)30熄燈睡覺?！?/p>

這樣的生活，貫穿了我在輔導(dǎo)班的整個(gè)過程，王少棠對(duì)他的北大夢(mèng)想是如此的堅(jiān)持，無疑，讓他忘記了在考研路上的辛苦，只有堅(jiān)持的信念，只有對(duì)夢(mèng)想的勇敢追求。

龔輝堂

本科西北工業(yè)大學(xué)物理

考入:五道口金融學(xué)院金融碩士(原中國人民銀行研究生部)作為跨地區(qū)跨?？鐚I(yè)的三跨考生,在凱程輔導(dǎo)班里經(jīng)常遇到的,五道口金融學(xué)院本身公平的的傳統(tǒng),讓他對(duì)五道口充滿了向往,所以他來到了凱程輔導(dǎo)班,在這里嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練,近乎嚴(yán)苛的要求,使他一個(gè)跨專業(yè)的學(xué)生,成功考入金融界的黃埔軍校,成為五道口金融學(xué)院一名優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生,實(shí)現(xiàn)了人生的重大轉(zhuǎn)折。

在凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，雖然學(xué)習(xí)很辛苦，但是每天他都能感覺到自己在進(jìn)步，改變了自己以往在大學(xué)期間散漫的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，進(jìn)入了高強(qiáng)度學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。在這里很多課程讓他收獲巨大，例如公司理財(cái)老師，推理演算，非常純熟到位，也是每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣，公司理財(cái)老師帶過很多學(xué)生，考的非常好。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，拿下了這塊知識(shí)，去食堂午餐時(shí)候加一塊雞翅，經(jīng)常用小小的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)激勵(lì)自己，尋找學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣。在輔導(dǎo)班里，學(xué)習(xí)成績顯著上升。

在暑期，輔導(dǎo)班的課程排得非常滿，公共課、專業(yè)課、晚自習(xí)、答疑、測試，一天至少12個(gè)小時(shí)及以上。但是他們?nèi)匀惶貏e認(rèn)真，在這個(gè)沒有任何干擾的考研氛圍里，充實(shí)地學(xué)習(xí)。

在經(jīng)過暑期嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練之后，龔對(duì)自己考入五道口更有信心了。在與老師溝通之后，最終確定了五道口金融學(xué)院作為自己最后的抉擇，決定之后，讓他更加發(fā)奮努力。

五道口成績公布，龔輝堂成功了。這個(gè)封閉的考研集訓(xùn)，優(yōu)秀的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，讓他感覺有質(zhì)的飛躍，成功的喜悅四處飛揚(yáng)。

另外，在去年，石繼華，本科安徽大學(xué)，成功考入五道口金融學(xué)院，也就是說，我們只要努力，方向正確，就能取得優(yōu)異的成績。師弟師妹們加油，五道口、人大、中財(cái)、貿(mào)大這些名校等著你來。

黃同學(xué)(女生)本科院校：中國青年政治學(xué)院 報(bào)考院校：中國人民大學(xué)金融碩士 總分：跨專業(yè)380+ 初試成績非常理想，離不開老師的辛勤輔導(dǎo)，離不開班主任的鼓勵(lì)，離不開她的努力，離不開所有關(guān)心她的人，圓夢(mèng)人大金融碩士，實(shí)現(xiàn)了跨專業(yè)跨校的金融夢(mèng)。

黃同學(xué)是一個(gè)非常靦腆的女孩子，英語基礎(chǔ)算是中等，專業(yè)課是0基礎(chǔ)開始復(fù)習(xí)，剛剛開始有點(diǎn)吃力，但是隨著課程的展開，完全能夠跟上了節(jié)奏。

初試成績公布下來，雖然考的不錯(cuò)，班主任老師沒有放松對(duì)復(fù)試的輔導(dǎo)，確保萬無一失，拿到錄取通知書才是最終的塵埃落地，開始了緊張的復(fù)試指導(dǎo)，反復(fù)的模擬訓(xùn)練，常見問題、凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

凱程考研 http://004km.cn 歷史悠久，專注考研，科學(xué)應(yīng)試，嚴(yán)格管理，成就學(xué)員！

禮儀訓(xùn)練，專業(yè)知識(shí)訓(xùn)練，每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都訓(xùn)練好之后，班主任終于放心地讓她去復(fù)試，果然，她以高分順利通過復(fù)試，拿到了錄取通知書。這是所有凱程輔導(dǎo)班班主任、授課老師、生活老師的成功。

張博，從山東理工大學(xué)考入北京大學(xué)法律碩士，我復(fù)習(xí)的比較晚，很慶幸選擇了凱程，法碩老師講的很到位，我復(fù)習(xí)起來減輕了不少負(fù)擔(dān)。愿大家在考研中馬到成功，也祝愿凱程越辦越好。

張亞婷，海南師范大學(xué)小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)，考入了北京師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)部課程與教學(xué)論方向，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的北師大夢(mèng)想。特別感謝凱程的徐影老師全方面的指導(dǎo)。

孫川川，西南大學(xué)考入中國傳媒大學(xué)藝術(shù)碩士，播音主持專業(yè)。在考研輔導(dǎo)班，進(jìn)步飛快，不受其他打擾，能夠全心全意投入到學(xué)習(xí)中。凱程老師也很負(fù)責(zé)，真的很感謝他們。

在凱程考研輔導(dǎo)班，他們?cè)谝黄饎?chuàng)造了一個(gè)又一個(gè)奇跡。從河南理工大學(xué)考入人大會(huì)計(jì)碩士的李夢(mèng)說：考取人大，是我的夢(mèng)想，我一直努力，肯定能夠成功的，只要我們不放棄，不拋棄，并且一直在努力前進(jìn)創(chuàng)造成功的條件，每個(gè)人都能夠成功。正確的方法+不懈的努力+良好的環(huán)境+嚴(yán)格的管理=成功。我相信，每個(gè)人都能夠成功。

凱程考研，考研機(jī)構(gòu)，10年高質(zhì)量輔導(dǎo)，值得信賴！以學(xué)員的前途為已任，為學(xué)員提供高效、專業(yè)的服務(wù)，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)員引路。

第二篇：考研英語歷年真題1989

1989年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

Section I Close Test

For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10 points)

①One day drought may be a thing of the past at least in coastal cities.②Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first timeand provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows.③By the end of this century this may not be mere2.④Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.⑤In these regions there are vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fallen over the past 50,000 years.⑥Layerlayer of deep snow means that, when melted, the snow water would be pure, not salty as sea-ice would be.⑦There is so muchpure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland.⑧And what useful packages it would come in!⑨It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and

11They are always transport it!⑩Alternatively perhaps a passing iceberg could be.○

breaking away from the main caps and floating around, pushed by currents, until they eventually melt and are wasted.12Many icebergs are, of course, far too small to be toweddistance, and would melt ○

13It would be necessary to locate one before they reached a country that needed them anywhere.○

14that wasand that was big enough to provide a good supply of ice when it reached us.○

Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could be

15Even then they would cover only transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker!○the iceberg was at its destination, more that 7,000 twenty miles every day.○

17That would probably be more than million cubic metres of water could be taken from it!○

18But no doubt a use could be enough for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summer!○

19○20found for it.○

21This is The larger the iceberg, the slower it melts, even if it is towed through the tropics.○

because when the sun has a bigger area to warm , less heat actually gets into the iceberg.22The vast frozen centre would be unaffected.[394 words] ○

1.［A］ come to life［B］ come into existence

［C］ come into activity［D］ come round

2.［A］ speculation ［B］ imagination［C］ computation［D］ expectation

3.［A］ above［B］ of［C］ upon［D］ over

4.［A］ essential［B］ potential［C］ claimable［D］ obtainable

5.［A］ seized［B］ snatched［C］ grabbed［D］ captured

6.［A］ much［B］ any［C］ some［D］ certain

7.［A］ manageable ［B］ manipulative ［C］ operable［D］ controllable

8.［A］ after［B］ while［C］ since［D］ once

9.［A］ Apparently ［B］ Noticeably［C］ Distinctly［D］ Notably

10.［A］ round［B］ over［C］ up［D］ through

第三篇：歷年考研英語一閱讀真題翻譯(2004-2014)

2014年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? 為了“讓生活變得更美好”以及減少“依賴”，英國財(cái)政大臣喬治?奧斯本引入了“求職預(yù)付金”計(jì)劃。只有當(dāng)失業(yè)者帶著簡歷到就業(yè)中心，注冊(cè)在線求職并開始找工作，才有資格獲得補(bǔ)助金——然后他們應(yīng)該每周而非每兩周報(bào)告一次。有什么比這更合理呢？

More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.更加明顯的合理性如下。現(xiàn)在領(lǐng)取求職者補(bǔ)貼要等待七天。“這前幾天應(yīng)該用來找工作，而不是辦理失業(yè)登記（以獲得救濟(jì)金）。”他說，“我們這樣做是因?yàn)槲覀冎溃@樣會(huì)幫助人們擺脫補(bǔ)助并讓依賴補(bǔ)助的人盡快就業(yè)?！睅椭?？真的嗎？乍一聽，這是位關(guān)心社會(huì)的大臣，他努力改善人們的生活，包括對(duì)一個(gè)明顯放縱的體系的“改革”，這個(gè)體系不要求新失業(yè)者付出多少努力去找工作，為其懶惰埋單。我們將會(huì)知道，激勵(lì)他的是他對(duì)“基本的公正”的熱誠——保護(hù)納稅人，控制花費(fèi)以及確保只有最值得幫助的申請(qǐng)者才能得到補(bǔ)助金。

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.失業(yè)是痛苦的：你不會(huì)內(nèi)心歌唱并跳躍著到就業(yè)中心去，為從這個(gè)慷慨國度得到加倍收入的前景而欣喜。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上它令人生畏，在心理感到難堪，并且你還知道那種扶持的微薄和非常難以得到。現(xiàn)在沒人需要你；你現(xiàn)在被排除在工作環(huán)境之外，那里會(huì)給予你人生的目標(biāo)和體制。更糟糕的是，失去了用以養(yǎng)家糊口和支付賬單的至關(guān)重要的收入。問任何新失業(yè)者他們想要什么，答案永遠(yuǎn)是：一份工作。

But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase ‘jobseeker’s allowance’invented in 1996-is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.但是在奧斯本之國，你的第一反應(yīng)就是墜入依賴——永遠(yuǎn)的依賴，如果你能得到的話——它由一個(gè)非常樂意放任你弄虛作假的國家所支持。好像這二十年一直嚴(yán)厲的求職和補(bǔ)助金管理系統(tǒng)的改革從未發(fā)生過。英國福利的原則不再是如果發(fā)生災(zāi)難，你能為自己投保失業(yè)險(xiǎn)和得到無條件賠付。甚至正是“求職者補(bǔ)貼”這個(gè)詞語，在將失業(yè)者重新定義為“求職者”，他人通過繳納國民保險(xiǎn)金可享有補(bǔ)助，而求職者則沒有這個(gè)基本權(quán)利。作為替代，申請(qǐng)者得到的是一周71.70 英鎊的限時(shí)“補(bǔ)貼”，條件是積極地找工作：沒有津貼也沒有保險(xiǎn)，在歐盟這也是最小氣之一了。

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.Dur-ing the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reform-ing the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to imple-ment them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawy-er, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but oppo-nents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.在全世界，律師比任何其他職業(yè)的人都更招憎恨——新聞業(yè)可能是個(gè)例外。但是沒有多少地方能比美國更讓客戶有更多的理由抱怨。

在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)之前的十年間，美國法律服務(wù)費(fèi)用的增長速度是通貨膨脹的兩倍。最好的律師賺得盆滿缽滿，吸引著更多的學(xué)生爭相進(jìn)入法學(xué)院。但是大部分法學(xué)畢業(yè)生從未獲得一份大律所的工作。他們中的許多人轉(zhuǎn)而成為那種妨害行為訴訟的提交者，這使得侵權(quán)制度成了一場昂貴的噩夢(mèng)。

這里面有很多原因。其一是法律教育的費(fèi)用過高。在美國大部分州只有一條成為律師的途徑；在某個(gè)無關(guān)的專業(yè)讀四年取得本科學(xué)位，然后在美國律師協(xié)會(huì)授權(quán)的200 所法學(xué)院之一讀三年取得法律學(xué)位，并為準(zhǔn)備律師資格考試花費(fèi)不菲。這給現(xiàn)在這些普通的法學(xué)院畢業(yè)生留下在本科債務(wù)之外10 萬美元的債務(wù)。法學(xué)院債務(wù)意味著他們不得不拼命地努力工作。

改革這一體系會(huì)對(duì)律師和他們的客戶都有所幫助。明智的想法已經(jīng)存在了好長時(shí)間，但是管理該職業(yè)的州級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)實(shí)施它們太保守了。一個(gè)想法是準(zhǔn)許人們讀本科學(xué)位時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)法律。另外一個(gè)是，讓學(xué)生在法學(xué)院只讀兩年之后就參加律師資格考試。如果這一考試對(duì)于一名準(zhǔn)律師來說確實(shí)是足夠嚴(yán)格的測試，那么就應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)許那些有能力提早參加的學(xué)生們參加。不需要額外培訓(xùn)的學(xué)生就可以削減他們債務(wù)大山的三分之一。

費(fèi)用如此之高的另外一個(gè)原因是該行業(yè)限制性的同業(yè)公會(huì)式的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)。除哥倫比亞特區(qū)外，非律師人員不得持有律所的任何股份。這使得費(fèi)用居高不下而創(chuàng)新腳步緩慢。在行業(yè)內(nèi)部存在要求變革的壓力，但是監(jiān)管部門中的反對(duì)變革者堅(jiān)稱，將局外人排除在律所之外，可以讓律師與賺錢的壓力隔離而合乎職業(yè)道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地為客戶服務(wù)。

實(shí)際上，準(zhǔn)許非律師人員參股，通過鼓勵(lì)律所采用新技術(shù)和聘請(qǐng)職業(yè)經(jīng)理人來致力于提高律所效率，可以降低成本并改善對(duì)顧客的服務(wù)。畢竟，其它國家如澳大利亞和英國都已開始使其法律行業(yè)自由化。美國應(yīng)該效仿。

Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polya-kov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collabora-tive nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and ques-tion the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.300 萬美元的基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的確是一個(gè)有趣的嘗試，正如亞歷山大?帕里雅科夫三月份領(lǐng)取今年獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)時(shí)所言。而且該類獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)遠(yuǎn)非僅此一例。按照《自然》雜志新聞特寫欄目一篇文章所討論的，近年來一系列獎(jiǎng)金豐厚的研究獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)已經(jīng)加入諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的行列。許多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)（如基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)）來自于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)家的資助，其銀行賬戶是電話號(hào)碼數(shù)量級(jí)的。據(jù)稱，這些慈善家在各自從事的領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)獲得成功，想用自己的財(cái)富去讓那些有科學(xué)成就的人士受到關(guān)注。

這有什么讓人不喜歡的呢？據(jù)新聞特寫欄目中援引一小部分科學(xué)家所言，非常之多。古語云，有錢買不到社會(huì)地位，這些暴富的企業(yè)家并不能為他們的獎(jiǎng)金買來諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的聲望。科學(xué)家稱，新設(shè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)是那些幕后人自抬身價(jià)的一種舉動(dòng)。它們會(huì)扭曲基于成就并由同行評(píng)議引導(dǎo)的研究體系。它們會(huì)鞏固同行評(píng)議研究的現(xiàn)狀。它們并不資助同行評(píng)議研究。它們延續(xù)了孤獨(dú)天才的神話。

正如《自然》雜志以前已經(jīng)指出的那樣，對(duì)于科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)——新設(shè)的和原有的——如何分配，存在某些憂慮是合理的。今年推出的“生命科學(xué)突破獎(jiǎng)”，對(duì)生命科學(xué)的范疇所持觀點(diǎn)并不具代表性。但是諾貝爾基金會(huì)對(duì)每一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)只能由三名仍在世者獲得的限制，由于現(xiàn)代科學(xué)研究的協(xié)作特性而早已不再適宜——這將由當(dāng)論及確認(rèn)希格斯波色子的發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，對(duì)于誰可忽略而引起不可避免的爭論這一情況來證實(shí)。當(dāng)然，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)本身就是由一位富豪個(gè)人設(shè)立的，他決定了用自己的金錢去做他想要做的事。賦予諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)合理性的是時(shí)間，而非設(shè)立的初衷。

有些科學(xué)家常常會(huì)抱怨新的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，有兩件事卻是顯而易見。第一，如果被授予這樣的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，大部分研究人員會(huì)接受它。第二，金錢和

關(guān)注度投向科學(xué)而不是其它地方，這無疑是好事。批評(píng)和質(zhì)疑這種機(jī)制是公平合理的——畢竟這是做研究的文化——但它是獎(jiǎng)金提供者按

照自己的意愿處置的金錢。以感謝的心情和優(yōu)雅的風(fēng)度接受這樣的禮物是明智的。

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identi-fy actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educa-tors, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientif-ic scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presi-dents, scholars,lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presuppos-es an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digit-al technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advo-cates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunate-ly, despite 2? years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ig-nores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthu-siasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院剛發(fā)布的報(bào)告《問題的核心》，因肯定了人文和社會(huì)科學(xué)對(duì)美國自由民主的繁榮和安全的重要性而值得贊揚(yáng)。然而，遺憾的是該報(bào)告沒有論及通才教育所面臨危機(jī)的真正本質(zhì)，這可能造成弊大于利的結(jié)果。

2010 年，首要的國會(huì)民主黨人和共和黨人致函美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院，要求其確定可由“聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府、大學(xué)、基金會(huì)、教育工作者、個(gè)人捐助者和其他人”采取的措施，以“保持國家在人文和社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)和教育方面的優(yōu)勢”。作為回應(yīng)，美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院成立了人文和社會(huì)科學(xué)委員會(huì)。該委員會(huì)51 名成員中有頂級(jí)大學(xué)的校長、學(xué)者、律師、法官和公司執(zhí)行總裁，也有來自外交、電影、音樂和新聞界的杰出人物。

這份報(bào)告中確立的目標(biāo)大體上是值得稱贊的。因?yàn)榇h制政府的前提是公民知情，該報(bào)告支持全面的文化素養(yǎng)；強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)歷史和政治，特別是美國歷史和美國政治；以及鼓勵(lì)使用新的數(shù)字技術(shù)。為了鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新和競爭，報(bào)告呼吁增加研究投資，對(duì)緊密結(jié)合的課程要精益求精

（它們會(huì)提高學(xué)生在21 世紀(jì)有效地解決問題和交流溝通的能力），增加對(duì)教師的資助和鼓勵(lì)學(xué)者轉(zhuǎn)化所學(xué)知識(shí)以面對(duì)當(dāng)今的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。報(bào)告還主張加強(qiáng)對(duì)外語、國際事務(wù)的學(xué)習(xí)和擴(kuò)展留學(xué)計(jì)劃。

不幸的是，盡管撰寫報(bào)告用了兩年半的時(shí)間，《問題的核心》卻從未觸及到問題的核心：我們一流院校的通才教育本質(zhì)上是狹隘的。委員會(huì)忽視了幾十年來美國各院校輸送的畢業(yè)生不明白通才教育的內(nèi)容和特點(diǎn)，因而喪失了它的益處。令人痛心的是，國內(nèi)校園內(nèi)曾有的探索精神，已經(jīng)被利用人文和社會(huì)科學(xué)作為宣揚(yáng)“進(jìn)步的”或左翼民主的宣傳工具所代替。

如今，教授們通常將進(jìn)步的歷史觀和公共政策視為正統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)科目，而將保守的或古典自由主義的觀點(diǎn)——例如：自由市場和自力更生——描述為逾越了常規(guī)、合理事物和理性調(diào)研的界限。

2013年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year

indictment of “fast fashion”.In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Unable to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit.Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollen’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues.Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.To-wards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beau-mont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes——and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environ-ment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainabili-ty, be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.Text 1 在2006年電影版的《時(shí)尚女魔頭》中，梅麗爾?斯特里普扮演的米蘭達(dá)?普雷斯麗責(zé)備她其貌不揚(yáng)的女助手，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為高端時(shí)尚并不能影響到自己。普雷斯麗說明了她助手的深藍(lán)色毛衣如何在數(shù)年間從時(shí)尚秀場降到百貨商店，又淪為便宜貨。毫無疑問，這個(gè)貧窮的女孩肯定就是從便宜貨里淘的衣服。

這種自上而下的時(shí)尚商業(yè)觀早已過時(shí)了，也和伊麗莎白?克萊因在《過度穿著》中描寫的狂熱世界不一致?！哆^度穿著》是伊麗莎白?克萊因花了三年時(shí)間寫成的對(duì) “快時(shí)尚”的控訴作品。在過去十年左右的時(shí)間，技術(shù)的進(jìn)步已經(jīng)使得諸如Zara、H&M、優(yōu)衣庫之類的大眾市場品牌能夠?qū)α餍汹厔莘磻?yīng)得更快，并能更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)料到消費(fèi)者的需求。更快的轉(zhuǎn)變意味著更少的存貨浪費(fèi)、更頻繁的發(fā)布新品、更高的利潤。這些品牌鼓勵(lì)對(duì)時(shí)尚敏感的消費(fèi)者把衣服當(dāng)成是一次性用品——洗過一兩次后就不再穿了，盡管他們沒在廣告上明說——然后每幾周就更新衣櫥?？巳R因說，這些品牌通過以極其低廉的價(jià)格銷售時(shí)髦的商品，已經(jīng)把持了時(shí)尚的周期，動(dòng)搖了一個(gè)習(xí)慣以季節(jié)為周期的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

當(dāng)然，這場變革的受害者，不僅僅是設(shè)計(jì)師們。為了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的價(jià)格出售超短裙，H&M必須依賴低工資的海外勞動(dòng)力、大批量采購原材料導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重危害自然資源、并大量使用有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

《過度穿著》就仿佛是時(shí)尚界交給像邁克爾?波倫的《雜食者的困境》一樣的消費(fèi)者維權(quán)暢銷書的答案?！按笈可a(chǎn)的服裝，就好像快餐一樣，充滿著渴望和需求，卻既不耐用也不經(jīng)濟(jì)”，克萊因說到。她發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國人每年要買大約200億件服裝——平均每人64件——無論他們捐贈(zèng)多少，這種無節(jié)制的購買行為都導(dǎo)致浪費(fèi)。

在《過度穿著》的結(jié)尾，克萊因介紹了她的理想典范，一個(gè)叫薩拉?凱特?博蒙特的布魯克林女人，她從2008年起就自己做所有的衣服，而且做得相當(dāng)漂亮。不過正如克萊因是第一個(gè)注意到的那樣，博蒙特花了幾十年完善自己的手藝，她的事例不能輕易復(fù)制。

盡管包括H&M在內(nèi)的幾家快時(shí)尚公司已經(jīng)努力控制其對(duì)勞動(dòng)力和環(huán)境的影響，引入了綠色環(huán)保自覺生產(chǎn)線，克萊因相信只有消費(fèi)者才能促成持久的變革。她展示了對(duì)于無論在食物還是在能源方面都提倡可持續(xù)性的人而言共同的理想主義。虛榮是常態(tài)，人們只有在付不起錢的時(shí)候才會(huì)開始以更加可持續(xù)的方式購物。

Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half.In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained informa-tion: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be fol-lowed.Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row.It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertis-ers are horrified.Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off.Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Associa-tion of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect informa-tion about their preferences.People will not get fewer ads, he says.“They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone real-ly objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Al-so unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comp-ly with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google, which relies al-most wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by de-fault will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count be-fore.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple? 有句老話說的好，一半的廣告預(yù)算都浪費(fèi)了——麻煩的是，沒人知道哪一半浪費(fèi)了。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代，至少在理論上，可以大大減少這種浪費(fèi)。通過觀察人們搜索什么、點(diǎn)擊什么、在網(wǎng)上說些什么，公司可以鎖定目標(biāo)，將“行為”廣告（即，“有作為的”或“有用的”廣告）投放給最有可能的購買產(chǎn)品的人。

在過去幾周，三次交易和一次爭論已經(jīng)向廣告商（以及他們的軟件提供商）展示了這種經(jīng)過精細(xì)處理的信息的價(jià)值：廣告商應(yīng)該假設(shè)人們喜歡被跟蹤，并發(fā)送行為廣告嗎？還是他們應(yīng)該先得到明確的許可才行？

在2010年12月，美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)提出，應(yīng)該在網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器上添加“拒絕跟蹤”（DNT）選項(xiàng)，這樣一來，用戶就可以告訴廣告商他們不想被追蹤。微軟公司的IE瀏覽器和蘋果公司的Safari瀏覽器都提供拒絕跟蹤；谷歌公司的Chrome瀏覽器今年也即將要提供類似功能。在二月份，聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)和數(shù)字廣告聯(lián)盟達(dá)成一致，瀏覽器開發(fā)業(yè)要繼續(xù)努力，以應(yīng)對(duì)拒絕跟蹤的要求。

5月31日，微軟公司率先采取行動(dòng)：該公司發(fā)布公告稱，在該公司的新操作系統(tǒng)windows8中的IE10瀏覽器上，將會(huì)默認(rèn)附帶拒絕跟蹤選項(xiàng)。

廣告商們誠惶誠恐。人性使然，人們總是習(xí)慣保持默認(rèn)的設(shè)置。現(xiàn)在幾乎沒人打開“拒絕跟蹤”按鈕，可如果跟蹤處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)，就會(huì)一直是關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。鮑勃?利奧狄斯是數(shù)字廣告聯(lián)盟的成員組織之一——全國廣告協(xié)會(huì)——的首席執(zhí)行官。他說如果軟件業(yè)無法收集到關(guān)于消費(fèi)者喜好的信息，那消費(fèi)者只能境況更糟。人們不會(huì)少收到廣告，他說，“他們會(huì)收到更沒意義更沒針對(duì)性的廣告?！?/p>

現(xiàn)在還不清楚廣告商們會(huì)怎樣采取行動(dòng)。拒絕跟蹤信號(hào)并不會(huì)強(qiáng)制任何人停止跟蹤，盡管有些公司（包括推特公司在內(nèi)）已經(jīng)承諾收到拒絕跟蹤信號(hào)就會(huì)停止跟蹤。由于無法辨認(rèn)人們是真正反對(duì)行為廣告，還是他們只是沒有改動(dòng)微軟的默認(rèn)設(shè)置，有些公司可能會(huì)忽視拒絕跟蹤信號(hào)，依然強(qiáng)行跟蹤。

同樣不清楚的是，微軟為什么要孤軍奮戰(zhàn)。畢竟，微軟自己也有廣告業(yè)務(wù)，卻聲稱自己的廣告業(yè)務(wù)也要遵守拒絕跟蹤要求，不過它也還在尋求解決辦法。如果微軟試圖激怒幾乎完全依賴廣告業(yè)務(wù)的谷歌，那么它就已經(jīng)選擇了一個(gè)間接的方法：并不能保證默認(rèn)拒絕跟蹤模式會(huì)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范例。雖然公司以前還拿自己的其他幾個(gè)產(chǎn)品同谷歌的產(chǎn)品在這方面做過比較，但拒絕跟蹤也不像是windows8的巨大賣點(diǎn)。微軟首席隱私官布蘭登?林奇在博客中寫到：“我們相信用戶應(yīng)該有更多的操控權(quán)限?！闭媸悄敲春唵螁?？

Text 3

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Con-cern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now think-ing seriously about that question.For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Per-haps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure, the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to re-duce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.Text 3

直到幾十年前，我們對(duì)未來的想象雖千奇百怪，卻大都很積極樂觀?？茖W(xué)和技術(shù)可以治愈人類所有的疾病，讓人們過上滿足的生活，讓人人都有機(jī)會(huì)。

現(xiàn)如今這種空想的美好社會(huì)已經(jīng)過時(shí)了，我們對(duì)面臨的威脅范圍有了更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)，從行星撞擊到流行感冒到氣候變化。你可能忍不住會(huì)想，人類都沒有什么未來值得盼望了。

但是這種沮喪的情緒也不應(yīng)該。化石資料表明很多物種存活了幾百萬年——那么我們?cè)趺淳筒荒芑钅敲淳媚?？眼光放寬一點(diǎn)，想想我們這個(gè)物種在宇宙中的位置，就很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)，哪怕不能活上幾十萬年，我們也很可能活上幾萬年。查閱一下國際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟發(fā)布的瀕危物種紅名單上對(duì)我們?nèi)祟悾ㄖ侨耍┑拿枋?，你?huì)讀到：非危物種，因?yàn)樵撐锓N分布很廣，適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，目前數(shù)量呈上升趨勢，且沒有造成其總體數(shù)量下降的主要威脅。

那么，我們的未來究竟承載著什么呢？越來越多的研究者和機(jī)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在正在仔細(xì)思考這個(gè)問題。比如，今日永存基金會(huì)的首要項(xiàng)目就是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)今后幾千年仍然可以度量時(shí)間的醫(yī)療時(shí)鐘。

思考這么大跨度的時(shí)間概念可能本來就比琢磨眼下的將來更容易許多。今日的技術(shù)如何演變，以及由此帶來的社會(huì)影響，實(shí)在紛繁復(fù)雜，讓人炫目。最好還是讓科幻作家和未來學(xué)家去設(shè)想那些諸多可能發(fā)生的事情吧。這也是我們?yōu)槭裁窗l(fā)行Arc的原因之一。Arc是致力于研究近期未來的全新出版物。

但是眼光放長遠(yuǎn)些，我們能確信的事情就數(shù)量驚人了。過去是未來的關(guān)鍵：我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道星球以及我們?nèi)祟惖臍v史怎樣經(jīng)歷長時(shí)間的變化，那么我們就能以此為依據(jù)，預(yù)知后世子孫未來身處的境地。

這種長遠(yuǎn)角度使得悲觀的前景預(yù)期看似更為過時(shí)。的確，未來不都那么美好。但是我們現(xiàn)在有足夠的知識(shí)可以減少曾威脅人類早期生存的同類威脅，并改善未

Text 4

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitution-al principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Jus-tice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.Howev-er, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitution-al logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the WhiteHouse claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the bor-ders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.Text 4

周一，最高法院以5比3的投票結(jié)果否決了亞利桑那州移民法的大部分內(nèi)容——這是奧巴馬政府所采取政策的一次不大不小的勝利。但是在更重要的（事關(guān)國之根本這個(gè)）國家憲法的大問題上，投票結(jié)果卻是8比0。這個(gè)決定意味著聯(lián)邦政府打破聯(lián)邦政府和各州政府權(quán)力平衡的努力徹底失敗了。

在這場亞利桑那州政府和美國政府的對(duì)峙中，最高法院以多數(shù)票通過推翻了亞利桑那州飽受爭議的計(jì)劃中四項(xiàng)有爭議條款中的三項(xiàng)。亞利桑那州本計(jì)劃讓州警察和地方警察實(shí)施聯(lián)邦移民法。憲法規(guī)定華盛頓自身有權(quán)力“制定統(tǒng)一的移民規(guī)則”，這和聯(lián)邦法律優(yōu)先于州法律的規(guī)定并不矛盾。亞利桑那州企圖改變?cè)撝莠F(xiàn)行的與聯(lián)邦法律一致的政策。

安東尼?肯尼迪大法官同約翰?羅伯特首席大法官和法庭的自由派們一起裁定州政府的做法不對(duì)。關(guān)于被推翻的條款，大多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)是，州議會(huì)已經(jīng)故意“占領(lǐng)地盤”了，也就是說亞利桑那州侵犯了聯(lián)邦的特權(quán)。

然而，大法官們說，亞利桑那州警察有權(quán)力在執(zhí)法過程中核實(shí)人們的法律身份。因?yàn)閲鴷?huì)一直期待能聯(lián)合聯(lián)邦和各州的力量處理移民問題，并公開鼓勵(lì)州警官和聯(lián)邦警官共享信息，相互合作。

三名持反對(duì)意見的大法官中，有兩人——塞繆爾?阿利托和克拉倫斯?托馬斯贊同憲法的邏輯思路，卻不同意亞利桑那州的規(guī)定違反聯(lián)邦法規(guī)的說法。唯一主要的反對(duì)意見來自安東寧?斯卡利亞大法官，他強(qiáng)烈維護(hù)州的權(quán)益不受聯(lián)邦干預(yù)，甚至提到了客籍法和鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂法。

用大法官塞繆爾?阿利托在他的反對(duì)意見中的話說，以8比0否決奧巴馬的判決源自“一項(xiàng)驚人的維護(hù)聯(lián)邦行政權(quán)的主張”。白宮聲稱，亞利桑那州的法律與其執(zhí)法優(yōu)先權(quán)相沖突，即使州法律嚴(yán)格遵守了聯(lián)邦法律。實(shí)際上，白宮就是在聲明，它將作廢任何聯(lián)邦不贊成的合法的州級(jí)法律。

有些權(quán)力確實(shí)歸聯(lián)邦政府獨(dú)有，控制國籍和國界就是如此。但是如果國會(huì)想阻止各州使用自己的資源查看移民身份的話，國會(huì)是可以這么做的?？蓢鴷?huì)從沒有這么做過。美國政府事實(shí)上就是在宣稱，因?yàn)樗幌雽?shí)現(xiàn)國會(huì)的移民主張，哪一個(gè)州也不可以這么做。每一位大法官都端正的反對(duì)了這樣的主張。

2012年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1

Come on –Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and offi-cials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of

exam-ple of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a serious-ly flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the soci-al cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imi-tate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.趕快，每個(gè)人都在做!當(dāng)我們聽到“來自同輩的壓力”這個(gè)短語時(shí)，大部分人都會(huì)想到這個(gè)廣為流傳的，半是邀請(qǐng)、半是強(qiáng)迫的信息。一般來講指的都不是好事—酗酒，吸毒，隨意的性行為。但是Tina Rosenberg在新書JointheClub中辯護(hù)到，通過社會(huì)治療這一方式，來自同輩的壓力也可以成為正面積極的力量。在這個(gè)社會(huì)治療中，各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)和行政人員利用團(tuán)隊(duì)力量幫助個(gè)人改善他們的生活，這樣還有可能改善整個(gè)世界。普利策獎(jiǎng)獲得者Rosenberg提供了大量正在進(jìn)行中的社會(huì)治療的例子：在南卡羅來納，州資助的反對(duì)吸煙活動(dòng)名叫RageAgainsttheHaze，它打算讓吸煙不再流行。在南非，名為Love Life的預(yù)防HIV感染的活動(dòng)招募年輕人在他們的同齡人中提倡安全性行為。這一想法似乎充滿希望，Rosenberg是個(gè)有洞察力的觀察著。她準(zhǔn)確地批評(píng)了很多公共衛(wèi)生活動(dòng)的不完善：這些活動(dòng)沒有動(dòng)員同齡人形成健康的習(xí)慣，對(duì)青少年心理的理解有嚴(yán)重誤區(qū)。其中一個(gè)廣告牌活動(dòng)致力于在青少年中減少抽煙量，上面寫著：“勇于特立獨(dú)行，請(qǐng)不要抽煙!”—而青少年，渴望的就是和他人保持一致。Rosenberg爭論到，公共衛(wèi)生提倡者應(yīng)該向廣告商學(xué)習(xí)，他們能如此熟練地運(yùn)用來自同輩的壓力。這一論點(diǎn)很具說服力。但是在社會(huì)治療的整體效力上，Rosenberg并不太具說服力。JointheClub里面有太多毫不相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)，促使來自同輩的壓力如此強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)、生物因素卻剖析地不夠。正如現(xiàn)在所呈現(xiàn)的，社會(huì)治療最引人注目的缺陷是：如果持續(xù)時(shí)間很久，它的效果并不好。一旦州砍掉資金，RageAgainsttheHaze就失敗了。證據(jù)顯示，Love Life項(xiàng)目所產(chǎn)生的長遠(yuǎn)變化是有限的，而且混雜其他因素。同齡人給我們的行為帶來了巨大的影響，這是毫無疑問的。大量剛剛出爐的研究表明，正面積極的健康習(xí)慣——還有負(fù)面消極的——通過社會(huì)交流在朋友網(wǎng)中流傳。這是來自同輩的壓力更為微妙的形式：我們無意識(shí)地模仿每天看到的行為。專家和政府人員該如何成功地選擇同齡人團(tuán)隊(duì)并引導(dǎo)他們的行為朝著有德行的方向發(fā)展，這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能確定。這就像老師把后排制造麻煩的學(xué)生和表現(xiàn)良好的學(xué)生放在一起，以此來解散麻煩制造者團(tuán)隊(duì)，這樣的技巧從不真正起作用。從外部因素出發(fā)策劃的社會(huì)治療也有這一問題：在真實(shí)世界中，就像在學(xué)校，我們堅(jiān)持選擇自己的朋友。Text2

Text 2

A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.In-stead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionali-ty of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuc-lear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those

commit-ments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especial-ly after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legisla-tion, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulato-ry authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regula-tions that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, includ-ing Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.承諾就是承諾—很明顯，當(dāng)Entergy公司牽涉在內(nèi)的話就除外。這個(gè)公司是新英格蘭主要的能源供應(yīng)商，它曾承諾要一直遵守嚴(yán)格的核能源規(guī)范條例，但上周它宣布要違背這個(gè)承諾，理所當(dāng)然地，它激起了佛蒙特州的義憤。這個(gè)公司確實(shí)已做了它曾承諾的永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)做的事情：在聯(lián)邦法庭上挑戰(zhàn)佛蒙特州條例的合憲性，拼命努力來保證佛蒙特州美國核能源工廠的正常運(yùn)行。這一舉動(dòng)令人震驚。2002年公司購買了佛蒙特州唯一的核能源工廠，即位于弗農(nóng)古老的核反應(yīng)堆。自此，沖突開始浮出水面。公司同意2012年之后都會(huì)尋求本州調(diào)整者的許可，作為接受本州同意銷售的條件。2006年，佛蒙特更進(jìn)一步，要求延長這一核工廠的許可證必須得到佛蒙特州立法機(jī)關(guān)的許可。公司也同意了。Entergy可能不想真正地遵守這些承諾，或者簡單來說它并沒有預(yù)見將要發(fā)生的事情。一系列事故，如207冷卻塔部分坍塌，發(fā)現(xiàn)地下管道系統(tǒng)漏泄，這些都引發(fā)了關(guān)于佛蒙特州美國人的安全及Entergy公司經(jīng)營等方面的嚴(yán)重問題—尤其在公司關(guān)于管道問題做了令人誤解的聲明之后。因Entergy的所作所為而震怒，去年佛蒙特州參議院以26:4的選票結(jié)果，反對(duì)允許延長它的許可證?，F(xiàn)在公司突然宣布，因2006法規(guī)2002協(xié)議無效，只有聯(lián)邦政府才有權(quán)調(diào)控核事件。這一案例中的法律問題模糊不清：最高法院曾宣布各州確實(shí)對(duì)核能源有調(diào)控權(quán)力，但法律學(xué)者認(rèn)為佛蒙特案件將驗(yàn)證這些權(quán)力到底有多大。當(dāng)然，如果每一個(gè)州都設(shè)定自己的法律條例，由此而導(dǎo)致的混亂確實(shí)能引起合理的關(guān)注。但是如果Entergy信守諾言，那這場爭論就偏離主題了。公司似乎下了這樣的論斷：它在佛蒙特的聲望已被損害，即使與佛蒙特州作戰(zhàn)也沒什么好失去的。但是這有一定的后果。允許經(jīng)營核工廠體現(xiàn)了公眾的信任。在美國Entergy還經(jīng)營了其他11個(gè)反應(yīng)堆，包括普利茅斯的Pilgrim核電站。公司承諾安全經(jīng)營Pilgrim，已向聯(lián)邦提出申請(qǐng)，要求再經(jīng)營20年。但是當(dāng)核管理委員會(huì)審查了公司的申請(qǐng)時(shí)，應(yīng)該記住Entergy的承諾能有什么樣的價(jià)值。

Text3

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as

protos-cience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scruti-ny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility pro-cess, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social struc-ture of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekee-pers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purpos-es;and finally, the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompany-ing technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confronta-tion between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompa-nies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 在科學(xué)研究的理想狀態(tài)下，關(guān)于世界的事實(shí)正在等待著那些客觀的研究者來觀察和搜集，研究者們會(huì)用科學(xué)的方法來進(jìn)行他們的工作。但是在每天的科學(xué)實(shí)踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)通常遵循一條模糊和復(fù)雜的路徑。我們的目標(biāo)是做到客觀，但是我們卻不能逃離我們所處的獨(dú)特的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的環(huán)境。之前的知識(shí)和興趣會(huì)影響我們所經(jīng)歷的，會(huì)影響我們對(duì)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)意義的思考，以及我們會(huì)采取的隨后的行動(dòng)。這里充滿著誤讀，錯(cuò)誤和自我欺騙的機(jī)會(huì)。所以，對(duì)于發(fā)現(xiàn)的申明應(yīng)該被當(dāng)做是科學(xué)的原型。這與新近開發(fā)的采礦資源比較類似，他們都充滿著可能性。但是將發(fā)現(xiàn)的申明變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)成熟的發(fā)現(xiàn)是需要集體的審查和集體的接受。這個(gè)過程就配稱之為“信用的過程”，通過這個(gè)過程一個(gè)單個(gè)研究者的“我”在這里就變成了這個(gè)社區(qū)中的任何人，任何地方和任何時(shí)間?？陀^的知識(shí)不應(yīng)該是起點(diǎn)而是目標(biāo)。一旦一個(gè)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)變成公開的，那么發(fā)現(xiàn)者就獲得了知識(shí)的認(rèn)可。但是和采礦權(quán)不一樣的是，科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)將控制接下來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。在復(fù)雜的科研機(jī)構(gòu)的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)中，研究者去做出發(fā)現(xiàn)；編輯和審稿者通過控制出版過程扮演著看門人的角色；其他的科學(xué)家使用新的發(fā)現(xiàn)來滿足他們自己的目標(biāo)；最后，公眾（也包括其他科學(xué)家）接受到新的發(fā)現(xiàn)和可能相伴隨的技術(shù)。當(dāng)一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的聲明最終通過了機(jī)構(gòu)的審查，在有關(guān)所涉及到的共享的和抵觸的信念之間的互動(dòng)和沖突將把一個(gè)人的發(fā)現(xiàn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)在整個(gè)信任的過程中存在著兩個(gè)悖論，第一：科學(xué)工作傾向于關(guān)注一些流行科學(xué)的某些方面，而這些方面又是被認(rèn)為是不完全和不正確的。去復(fù)制和確認(rèn)已經(jīng)被人所知和所信的東西不會(huì)有多少回報(bào)?？茖W(xué)要做的是去探究新的東西而不是再次探究。不足為奇的是，新發(fā)表的重要的，有說服力發(fā)現(xiàn)和可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)將會(huì)被后來的研究者質(zhì)疑，并帶來潛在的修改甚至駁斥。第二個(gè)悖論是：新穎的東西本身就經(jīng)常會(huì)招致懷疑。諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者，生理學(xué)家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾經(jīng)將發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為：“觀察每個(gè)人觀察的，思考沒有人想到的?！钡撬伎计渌藳]有想到的并且告訴其他人他們所遺漏的可能并不會(huì)改變這些人的觀點(diǎn)。有時(shí)候，真正新穎的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)被人們所接受和認(rèn)可將會(huì)花好多年的時(shí)間。最后，一個(gè)科學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得了信任，這個(gè)過程是與哲學(xué)家AnnetteBaier所描述的心靈的共性的觀點(diǎn)是一致的?！拔覀児餐ネ评?，去質(zhì)疑，其修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。Text4

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Insti-tute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sec-tor pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civ-il services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工會(huì)會(huì)員Jimmy Hoffa今天還活著，他也許會(huì)是公務(wù)員的代表。1960年Hoffa的組織Teamsters處于全盛時(shí)期，美國政府工作人員中只有十分之一的人屬于某一個(gè)公會(huì);現(xiàn)在這個(gè)比率是36%。2009年任職于美國公共部門的工會(huì)會(huì)員人數(shù)超過了任職于私營部門的工會(huì)會(huì)員人數(shù)。在英國，在公共部門的工作人員中半數(shù)以上參加了工會(huì);而私營部門的工作人員只有大約15%的人參加了工會(huì)組織。公共部門工會(huì)如此盛行的原因有三個(gè)。第一，他們能夠脫身，而不用承擔(dān)太多后果。第二，他們中間大部分人聰明，受過良好教育。美國公共部門的工作人員中四分之一的人有大學(xué)學(xué)位。第三，他們現(xiàn)在在政治中的左翼力量中占主導(dǎo)地位。其中有些關(guān)系有很長的歷史。正如其名，英國工黨和工會(huì)組織的關(guān)系由來已久。其現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)Miliband把自己得到的位置歸功于來自公共部門工會(huì)組織的投票。從州范圍來看，他們的影響更為嚇人。加利福尼亞州公共政策研究院的MarkBaldassare指出，本州大部分預(yù)算都由工會(huì)來檢查。教師工會(huì)關(guān)注學(xué)校，加利福尼亞感化治安官協(xié)會(huì)關(guān)心監(jiān)獄，各型各色的勞工團(tuán)體關(guān)注衛(wèi)生保健。在很多富裕國家，公共部門的平均工資要高于私營部門的平均工資。但是真正的收入來源于利潤和工作表現(xiàn)。政客已不停地加強(qiáng)公共部門的工資待遇，工資漲幅不大，但卻加長本來就不少的假期，特別是增加本來就很多的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)金。對(duì)于變革的反對(duì)一直都很強(qiáng)烈，在教育方面最為驚人。在教育方面，契約學(xué)校、?？茖W(xué)校、績效獎(jiǎng)都面臨著持久戰(zhàn)。盡管有大量證據(jù)表明教師的質(zhì)量是最重要的變量，但教師工會(huì)反對(duì)解雇不好的教師，提升好教師。

對(duì)其他每個(gè)人的支出變得更為清晰，政客開始強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。在威斯康辛州，工會(huì)集結(jié)了成千上萬的支持者，反對(duì)走強(qiáng)硬路線的州長，即共和黨人ScottWalker。但很多任職于公共部門的工作人員也在目前的體制下受罪。

哈佛肯尼迪學(xué)院的John Donahue指出，西方公務(wù)員系統(tǒng)的文化準(zhǔn)則適合這些想留在原地過安逸生活的人們，但并不適合那些表現(xiàn)好的人們。任職于美國公共部門的工作人員中，只有大學(xué)體育教練和美國總統(tǒng)每年的收入遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于250,000美元。銀行的高收入招致了很多批評(píng)，但對(duì)于美國來講，在公共部門體制中，沒有給表現(xiàn)好的工作人員足夠的回報(bào)可能會(huì)成為更為嚴(yán)重的問題。

2011 年考研英語閱讀真題

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.―Hooray!At last!wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparative-ly little known.Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times, calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.De-voted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There record-ings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances;moreover, they can be ―consumed at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‘s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.譯文：

紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)決定聘請(qǐng)Alan Gilbert作為下一任的音樂總監(jiān)，這從2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音樂界引起了熱議.別的不說，大部分人的反應(yīng)是積極的.―好啊，終于好了！Anthony Thomasine寫道，他可是一個(gè)以嚴(yán)肅著稱的古典音樂評(píng)論家.但是，這個(gè)任命之所以一起人們驚訝的原因卻是Gilbert相對(duì)而言并不是很有名.甚至在時(shí)代雜志上發(fā)文支持Gilbert任命的Thomasine都稱其為：低調(diào)的音樂家，在他身上找不到那種飛揚(yáng)跋扈的指揮家的氣質(zhì).紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)迄今為止都是由像Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫?馬勒)和Pierre Boulez布列茲那樣的音樂家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的.這樣去描述這個(gè)樂團(tuán)的下一位指揮，至少對(duì)于時(shí)代的讀者而言，這是一種蒼白的表揚(yáng).就我看來，我不知道Gilbert是否是一個(gè)偉大的指揮家或者是一個(gè)好的指揮.但是我能確定的是，他能表現(xiàn)出很多有趣的樂章，但是我卻應(yīng)該不會(huì)去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去聽一場有趣的交響樂演出.我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打開的我的電腦從ITUNES上下載更多的唱片.Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision, McGee says.Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn‘t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey :―I can‘t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of Pep-siCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambi-tions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.―The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are, but that‘s been fundamentally inverted, says one headhunter.―The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who‘ve stayed too long.譯文：

當(dāng)八月份，Liam McGee以總裁的身份從美國銀行離職的時(shí)候，他的解釋出人意料的直白.他沒有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由來遮掩他的離開，他很坦誠的講他離開就是為了去追求他經(jīng)營一家公司的目標(biāo).McGee說宣揚(yáng)自己的目標(biāo)就是自己的決定.兩周后，他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事會(huì)第一次會(huì)談，這家公司在9月29日提名他為董事會(huì)主席和CEO.他說在離開的時(shí)候并沒有找好后面的職位(下家)，使他有時(shí)間去反思他到底想去經(jīng)營一家什么樣的公司.這同時(shí)也就他的激情和決心，給了外界一個(gè)清晰的信號(hào).這樣做的并不只是McGee一個(gè)人.最近幾周，Avon and American Express的一些高級(jí)經(jīng)理離職并解釋說想需找一個(gè)CEO的職位.當(dāng)董事會(huì)迫于股東的壓力對(duì)一系列的計(jì)劃進(jìn)行審查的時(shí)候，那些計(jì)劃被否定掉的經(jīng)理們也會(huì)想離開.激烈的商業(yè)環(huán)境同樣使得高級(jí)經(jīng)理很小心，模糊的表態(tài)可能會(huì)破壞他們的聲譽(yù).當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的標(biāo)志開始確定的時(shí)候，二把手們可能更愿意在沒有網(wǎng)(新的工作)情況下?lián)Q工作.第三季度，根據(jù)Liberum的調(diào)查，CEO的更迭和一年前相比減少了23%，這是由于緊張的董事會(huì)緊盯著他們的CEO們.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇和好轉(zhuǎn)，對(duì)有理想的頭兒們，機(jī)會(huì)是很多的.離開高管的職位去尋找一個(gè)更好的職位，并不是傳統(tǒng)的做法.多年以來，經(jīng)理們和獵頭們都認(rèn)同這樣一個(gè)原則：最有吸引力的CEO的競爭是那些需要去挖來的人.Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey說道：我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事會(huì)都要求我從那些在任的CEO中尋找人選.那些沒有找到工作就離開的人并不是很快就能找到頂級(jí)的職位.10年前，Tropicana被PepsiCo(PEP)收購了，她以經(jīng)理的身份離職了，她說他想當(dāng)CEO.但是花了一年的時(shí)間她才成為一家小型互聯(lián)網(wǎng)交換公司的頭.2005年Robert Willumstad帶著想成為CEO的夢(mèng)想離開了Citigroup.可是三年后他才成為了一家主要的金融機(jī)構(gòu)的CEO.很多招聘的人都說對(duì)于高管而言，過去認(rèn)為的丟臉的感覺(沒有工作)已經(jīng)慢慢消失了.金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)使得跳槽，離開一個(gè)不好的工作變得更加可以接受了.一個(gè)獵頭就說到： ―傳統(tǒng)的規(guī)則是待在你原來的地方會(huì)更加安全，但是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)徹底改變了.那些受傷最厲害的就是那里在一個(gè)地方待太久的人.‖

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional ―paid‖ media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Con-sumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.In fact，the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses.But in some cases, one marketer‘s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.滬江考研

http://kaoyan.hjenglish.com/

譯文：

過去，市場營銷的成功訣竅簡而言之就是一分錢一分貨.然而時(shí)過境遷.雖然傳統(tǒng)的―付費(fèi)‖(paid)媒介，比如電視和廣播廣告、平面廣告和路邊廣告牌等，仍然扮演著重要角色，但企業(yè)如今還可以利用許多其他形式的媒介.比如，癡迷于某種產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)者，可能會(huì)樂意將之推薦給朋友，從而為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造因產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)帶來的―無償‖(earned)媒介.企業(yè)還可以利用―自有‖(owned)媒介，通過郵件向其網(wǎng)站的注冊(cè)用戶發(fā)送產(chǎn)品和銷售提示.事實(shí)上，如今消費(fèi)者作出購買決定的方式，意味著市場營銷的影響力來自于傳統(tǒng)付費(fèi)媒介之外的廣泛因素.營銷人員通過付費(fèi)和自有媒介推銷其產(chǎn)品，而在―無償‖媒介方面，營銷人員就像是觸發(fā)用戶響應(yīng)的初始催化劑.在某些情況下，某營銷者的自有媒介會(huì)成為另一個(gè)營銷者的付費(fèi)媒介.比如，當(dāng)某電子商務(wù)零售商出售其網(wǎng)站的廣告空間時(shí)，我們就將這種―售出‖媒介定義為擁有巨大流量、以致其他機(jī)構(gòu)紛紛前來投放內(nèi)容或電子商務(wù)引擎的自有媒介.我們認(rèn)為，這種趨勢已蓬勃發(fā)端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供應(yīng)商，雖然還處于初始階段，但無疑可以走得更遠(yuǎn).比如，強(qiáng)生公司創(chuàng)建了著名網(wǎng)站BabyCenter，借以推廣互補(bǔ)性乃至競爭性產(chǎn)品，而其他營銷者的出現(xiàn)不僅帶來了收入，還令該網(wǎng)站看起來公正客觀，并且使企業(yè)有機(jī)會(huì)從其他公司的營銷活動(dòng)中獲得可貴的信息，最后還有助于擴(kuò)大所有相關(guān)企業(yè)的用戶流量.劇烈的技術(shù)變革使?fàn)I銷人員獲得了數(shù)量更多、種類更廣的溝通選擇，但同時(shí)也帶來了更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榧?dòng)的消費(fèi)者能夠以更迅速、更明顯、更有害的方式來表達(dá)他們的意見.這就是與―無償‖媒介相對(duì)的―劫持‖媒介：某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)或活動(dòng)變成了對(duì)某個(gè)品牌或產(chǎn)品不滿的消費(fèi)者、其他股東或積極分子的劫持物.比如，社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶正領(lǐng)悟到，他們可以通過―劫持‖媒介來對(duì)最初創(chuàng)建該媒介的企業(yè)施加壓力.如果那種事情發(fā)生，激動(dòng)的消費(fèi)者試圖勸服其他人共同抵制兩家公司的產(chǎn)品，從而危及企業(yè)聲譽(yù).當(dāng)這種事情發(fā)生的時(shí)候，如果企業(yè)的回應(yīng)不夠快或不夠好，那么就可能釀成悲劇.比如，在今年較早前發(fā)生的召回危機(jī)中，豐田汽車公司采取了較快且較有序的社交媒體回應(yīng)行動(dòng)，包括在Twitter和社會(huì)新聞網(wǎng)站Digg等網(wǎng)站上與客戶進(jìn)行直接交流，從而挽回了部分損失.Text 4

It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, ―I love My Children, I Hate My Life,‖ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.‖

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive – and new-ly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnant‖ news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‘t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that 譯文：

毫無疑問，Jennifer Senior在有煸動(dòng)意味的的雜志封面故事中表達(dá)了她的獨(dú)到見解，―我愛我的孩子們，我討厭我的生活‖——這喚起了人們的談興.人們一談到養(yǎng)孩子就會(huì)覺得這是一件完全令人愉悅、生活充實(shí)的事情.Jennifer Senior沒有指出養(yǎng)孩子到底是使得父母快樂呢還是痛苦呢，她倒是認(rèn)為，我們需要重新定義幸福：幸福不應(yīng)該是一個(gè)個(gè)瞬間的快樂組合的可以被衡量的東西；我們應(yīng)該把幸福視為一種過去式的狀態(tài).盡管撫養(yǎng)孩子的日子漫長難熬，令人筋疲力盡，但是Jennifer Senior認(rèn)為，正是那些心緒沉重的時(shí)刻，日后卻成為我們歡樂的源泉.雜志封面上一位給力的母親抱著一個(gè)可愛的嬰兒，這種圣母與圣子(麥當(dāng)娜和孩子)的圖畫這周在雜志上多次出現(xiàn).例如雜志上講到最近剛收養(yǎng)孩子的母親——有時(shí)是剛變成單身母親——桑德拉布魯克，以及那種很常見的―詹尼弗阿尼斯頓懷孕了‖的新聞.實(shí)際上，每周都有至少一位名人母親、或者準(zhǔn)母親在雜志上笑迎讀者.在一個(gè)不斷地慶祝生育的社會(huì)中，承認(rèn)自己后悔生育孩子就相當(dāng)于承認(rèn)自己支持殺小貓，這難道不值得反思嗎？把父母的后悔與孩子的后悔相比較，這顯然并不合理.沒有人會(huì)去讓不情愿養(yǎng)孩子的父母去反思自己是否不該養(yǎng)孩子，但是那不幸福的沒有孩子的人卻為類似這樣的信息所困擾：―孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的東西‖，顯然，你們的不幸必須通過生兒育女才能得以消除.當(dāng)然，像美國周刊與人物這樣的雜志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切實(shí)際的.特別是像Bullock這樣的單身母親時(shí)更是如此.多項(xiàng)研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比沒有孩子的夫婦更快樂，而單親家庭是最不快樂的.這并不奇怪，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人養(yǎng)一個(gè)孩子實(shí)在太麻煩了，沒有人可以依靠.然而，你聽聽Sandra和Britney說的話：自己―一個(gè)人‖養(yǎng)孩子，其實(shí)非常簡單.(她們當(dāng)然覺得簡單了，因?yàn)樗齻兪窃谥車幸粠腿巳旌畹暮钪?)

很難想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真因?yàn)镽eese和Angelina這種名流使這種行為變的很光鮮，——多數(shù)成年人其實(shí)理解：養(yǎng)孩子可不是剪頭發(fā)那樣簡單.但這確實(shí)有趣：反思一下我們每周看到的無憂無慮，幸福誘人的為人父母的生活會(huì)不會(huì)從一種微小的，無意識(shí)的方面加劇我們對(duì)于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的不滿.這種方式就好像：我們有那種想成為― the Rachel‖(老友記中的單身媽媽)的心理，這種心理，使得我們看上去有點(diǎn)像詹尼弗安尼斯頓(Rachel 的扮演者).2010年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quar-ter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and se-riousness of their arts coverage.在過去的25年英語報(bào)紙所發(fā)生的變化中，影響最深遠(yuǎn)的可能就是它們對(duì)藝術(shù)方面的報(bào)道在范圍上毫無疑問的縮小了，而且這些報(bào)道的嚴(yán)肅程度也絕對(duì)降低了。

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.對(duì)于年齡低于 40歲的普通讀者來講，讓他們想象一下當(dāng)年可以在許多大城市報(bào)紙上讀到精品的文藝評(píng)論簡直幾乎是天方夜譚。

Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.然而，在20世紀(jì)出版的最重要的文藝評(píng)論集中，人們讀到的大部分評(píng)論文章都是從報(bào)紙上收集而來。

To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.現(xiàn)在，如果讀到這些集子，人們肯定會(huì)驚詫，當(dāng)年這般淵博深?yuàn)W的內(nèi)容竟然被認(rèn)為適合發(fā)表在大眾日?qǐng)?bào)中。

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England be-tween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.從 20世紀(jì)早期到二戰(zhàn)以前，當(dāng)時(shí)的英國報(bào)紙上的評(píng)論主題廣泛，包羅萬象，我們現(xiàn)在離此類報(bào)紙?jiān)u論越來越遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)時(shí)的報(bào)紙極其便宜，人們把高雅時(shí)尚的文藝批評(píng)當(dāng)作是所刊登報(bào)紙的一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)。

In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in de-tail and at length about the events they covered.在那些遙遠(yuǎn)的年代，各大報(bào)刊的評(píng)論家們都會(huì)不遺余力地詳盡報(bào)道他們所報(bào)道的事情，這在當(dāng)時(shí)被視為是理所當(dāng)然的事情。

Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.他們的寫作是件嚴(yán)肅的事情，人們相信：甚至那些博學(xué)低調(diào)不喜歡炫耀的評(píng)論家，比如 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。

These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.這些批評(píng)家們相信報(bào)刊評(píng)論是一項(xiàng)職業(yè)，并且對(duì)于他們的文章能夠在報(bào)紙 上發(fā)表感到很自豪。

“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in jour-nalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.'” Newman 曾寫道，“鑒于幾乎沒有作家能擁有足夠的智慧或文學(xué)天賦以保證他們?cè)谛侣剤?bào)紙寫作中站穩(wěn)腳跟，我傾向于把'新聞寫作'定義為不受讀者歡迎的作家用來嘲諷受讀者歡迎的作家的一個(gè) '輕蔑之詞' ” Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.不幸的是，這些批評(píng)家們現(xiàn)在實(shí)際上已被人們遺忘。

Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.從 1917 年開始一直到 1975 年去世不久前還在為曼徹斯特《衛(wèi)報(bào)》寫文章的 Neville Cardus，如今僅僅作為一個(gè)撰寫關(guān)于板球比賽文章的作家被人們所知。

During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.但是，在他的一生當(dāng)中，他也是英國首屈一指的古典音樂評(píng)論家之一。他也是一位深受讀者青睞的文體家，所以 1947 年他的《自傳》一書就成為熱銷讀物。

He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.1967年他被授予爵士稱號(hào)，也是第一位獲此殊榮的音樂評(píng)論家。

Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.然而，他的書現(xiàn)在只有一本可以在市面上買到。他大量的音樂批評(píng)，除了專門研究音樂評(píng)論的人以外，已鮮為人知。

Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? Cardus 的評(píng)論有沒有機(jī)會(huì)重新流行？

The prospect seems remote.前景似乎渺茫。

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.在他去世之前，新聞業(yè)的品味早已改變很長時(shí)間了，而且他所擅長的措詞華麗的維多利亞愛德華時(shí)期的散文風(fēng)格對(duì)后現(xiàn)代的讀者沒有什么用處。

Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.何況，由業(yè)余愛好者作音樂批評(píng)的傳統(tǒng)早已經(jīng)成為昨日黃花了。Text 2 閱讀2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.在過去的十年中，成千上萬的商業(yè)方法被授予了專利權(quán)。Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system.亞馬遜網(wǎng)站獲得的專利是在線“單擊”付費(fèi)系統(tǒng)。

Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.美林公司的資產(chǎn)分配方案得到了法律保護(hù)。

One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.某位發(fā)明者的提箱技巧也獲得了專利。

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.現(xiàn)在，該國最高專利法院似乎完全準(zhǔn)備好要縮減商業(yè)方法專利，因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)方法專利自從十年前第一次批準(zhǔn)授予以來一直有爭議。

In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.在一項(xiàng)使得知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)律師們議論紛紛的提議中，美國聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院聲稱它將利用某個(gè)具體案件來對(duì)商業(yè)方法專利進(jìn)行廣泛的復(fù)審。

In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.密蘇里大學(xué)法學(xué)院 Dennis D.Crouch 說，“正如人們所知道的那樣，Bilski案例是一 件非常大的事情” It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 它“可能將消除整個(gè)專利類別”。

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.對(duì)于商業(yè)方法訴求的限制是個(gè)戲劇性的徹底變化，因?yàn)檎锹?lián)邦巡回法院自己引進(jìn)了這種專利。那是在 1998 年，對(duì)于所謂的美國道富銀行的案件中，聯(lián)邦巡回法院做出了判決，批準(zhǔn)了籌集共同基金資產(chǎn)的方法具有專利權(quán)。

That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging in-ternet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.這一裁決使得商業(yè)方法專利文件以幾何數(shù)級(jí)增加，起初只是一些新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司對(duì)于某些特定類型的在線交易系統(tǒng)試圖爭取獨(dú)家專有權(quán)。

Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.后來，更多的知名公司競相添加這樣的專利權(quán)，希望這樣的防御性的行為可以先下手為強(qiáng)。

In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method pa-tents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.2005 年，IBM公司在一份法院報(bào)告中聲稱：盡管懷疑這種專利授權(quán)的法律基礎(chǔ)，但它已經(jīng)申請(qǐng)了300 多份商業(yè)方法專利。

Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial prod-ucts, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.同樣，當(dāng)一些華爾街投資公司出席某些反對(duì)其金融產(chǎn)品的法庭案件時(shí)，他們會(huì)給其各類金融產(chǎn)品申請(qǐng)專利來作為自己的維權(quán)武器。

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.前面提到的 Bilski 案例牽扯到一份已申請(qǐng)的方法專利，即關(guān)于能源市場的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避方法（注：也可譯為“套期保值或?qū)_風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”）。

The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, 美國聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院罕見地裁定，該案件將不由三位法官聽審，而是由全部十二名法官共同進(jìn)行。and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.另外，上訴法院還宣布，它想探討的另一件事情是是否應(yīng)該“重審”道富銀行的裁決。

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.聯(lián)邦巡回法院的這一裁決效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判決，縮小了專利持有者的受保范圍。

Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “in-ventions” that are obvious.例如，去年四月，法官們認(rèn)定太多的專利授予了一些顯而易見的“發(fā)明”。

The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C.Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.喬治華盛頓大學(xué)法律學(xué)院的專利法律師 Harold C.Wegner 教授表示，“聯(lián)邦巡回法院的法官們正在對(duì)最高法院的反專利動(dòng)態(tài)做出反應(yīng)”。Text 3 閱讀3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the action of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are un-usually informed, persuasive, or well-connected.在《引爆流行》這本書中，作者 Malcolm Gladwell 認(rèn)為社會(huì)流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊個(gè)體的行為引起的。這些人就是人們常說的影響者。他們異乎尋常的博聞多識(shí)，能言善辯，人脈廣泛。

The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.從直覺上講Malcolm Gladwell的理論似乎很有說服力，但是它沒有解釋流行觀念的實(shí)際傳播過程。

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.人們之所以認(rèn)為影響者很重要，是源于“兩級(jí)傳播”理論。即信息先從媒體流向影響者，然后再從影響者流向其他人。這一理論看似合理，但未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證。

Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.營銷人員接受兩級(jí)傳播理論是因?yàn)樵摾碚撜J(rèn)為如果能夠找到影響者，并對(duì)他們施加影響。這些精英們就會(huì)替他們完成大部分的營銷傳播工作。

The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.這一理論似乎還可以解釋某些裝扮、品牌或社區(qū)為何會(huì)突然受到出乎意料的追捧。

In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.對(duì)于許多諸如此類的情況，如果只是走馬觀花地尋找原因，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)總是有一小群人開風(fēng)氣之先，率先穿上、宣傳和開發(fā)人們此前從未留意的東西。

Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends 這種事實(shí)證據(jù)與該觀點(diǎn)正好一拍即合--只有一些特別的人才能引領(lǐng)潮流。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.但是在最近的研究中，一些研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，影響者對(duì)社會(huì)流行潮流的影響力遠(yuǎn)比人們認(rèn)為的要小。

In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.事實(shí)上，他們似乎根本就是無關(guān)緊要。

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the ex-ception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.研究者的觀點(diǎn)源于對(duì)社會(huì)影響力的簡單觀察：除了少數(shù)像 Oprah Winfrey這樣的名人之外（她強(qiáng)大的人氣影響力主要來自媒體影響力，而非她與觀眾互動(dòng)的人際影響力），即使人群中最有影響力的人也無法與那么多的“其他人”互動(dòng)，從而引領(lǐng)潮流。

Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.然而根據(jù)兩級(jí)傳播理論，正是這些非名人影響者直接影響了他們的朋友和同事，從而推動(dòng)了社會(huì)流行潮流。

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on;但是，要讓一種社會(huì)流行潮流真正發(fā)生，每個(gè)受影響的人還必須影響他的熟人，而他的熟人又必須影響其他熟人，and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.依此類推；但是會(huì)有多少人去關(guān)注這些熟人中的每個(gè)人，與最初的影響者幾乎沒有關(guān)系。

If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.舉個(gè)例子來說，在這個(gè)人際影響的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，如果第一個(gè)影響者受到兩次抵制，那么他的連鎖影響范圍就不會(huì)繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大，或者說影響的人不會(huì)很多。

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.基于這一人際影響力的基本事實(shí)，研究者們研究了社會(huì)影響的動(dòng)力機(jī)制。我們對(duì)不同人群進(jìn)行了成千上萬次計(jì)算機(jī)模擬，不斷調(diào)整人們影響他人和受他人影響的各種變量。

They found that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networksthe more in-herently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.事實(shí)上，我們對(duì)新事物嘗試得越多，就會(huì)走出自己的舒適地帶越遠(yuǎn)。在職場和個(gè)人生活中變得越有創(chuàng)造性。

But don't bother trying to kill off old habits;但是，不要麻煩地去試圖戒掉舊習(xí)慣;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay.一旦這些慣有程序融進(jìn)腦部，它們就會(huì)留在那里。

Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.相反，我們有意使之根深蒂固的新習(xí)慣會(huì)創(chuàng)建平行路徑，它們可以繞過原來那些路徑。

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, ” says Dawna Markova, au-thor of “The Open Mind” 《開放思想》一書的作者達(dá)瓦納?馬克瓦說：“革新所需要的第一樣?xùn)|西就是對(duì)好奇的著迷。

”But we are taught instead to 'decide, ' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' “ 然而我們被教導(dǎo)去做'決定'，就像我們的總裁稱呼自己為'決策者'那樣。

She adds, however, that ”to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.她接著說，“但是，決定意味著除了一種可能性外，其他的都被扼殺了。

A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 優(yōu)秀的具有革新精神的思想家總是在探尋著許多其他的可能性?！? All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.她說，我們都是通過一些自己沒有意識(shí)到的方法解決問題的。

Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach chal-lenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively)and innova-tively.研究人員在 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代末發(fā)現(xiàn)人類天生主要用四種方法應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)：分析法，程序法，相關(guān)法(或合作法)和創(chuàng)新法。

At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.但是在青春期結(jié)束，大腦關(guān)閉一半的能力，僅僅保留了那些大約在生命最開始的十幾年時(shí)間里似乎是最為寶貴的思維方式。

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試目前主要強(qiáng)調(diào)分析法和程序法這兩種方式。也就是說，我們中很少有人會(huì)本能地使用創(chuàng)新和合作的思維方式。

”This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemor at least confirm that he's the kid's dad.俗話說，賢父知己子，但是如今男人可以提升自己做父親的智慧，或者至少可以確認(rèn)自己是孩子的父親了。

All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstoreand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why com-mercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to itespecially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generationsnotably, protein5'9″ for men, 5'4″ for womenhaving extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.所以要請(qǐng)牙醫(yī)給他移植九顆牙齒—而這些牙齒是從他的奴隸口中拔來的。

That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.這跟很多人在歷史書上讀到過的那個(gè)砍櫻桃樹的華盛頓有點(diǎn)大相徑庭。

But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.但是最近開始，歷史學(xué)家開始越來越關(guān)注奴隸制在美國開國一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。

They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.他們多半是受了 1998 年 DNA 事件的影響。那個(gè)事件證明托馬斯?杰弗遜至少和他的奴隸薩利?赫明思生過一個(gè)孩子。

And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.學(xué)者們從頭至尾地研究歷史還是近三十年的事情。

Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy.一些歷史學(xué)家揭示了早期開國者們的道德妥協(xié)和早期國家的不穩(wěn)定性。

More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrongthough not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.然而，杰弗遜還是解放了赫明思的孩子們，雖然沒有同樣解放赫明思和其他150名奴隸。

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.華盛頓在目睹了美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭中黑人士兵的英勇之后開始相信人人生就平等。于是，不顧親屬的反對(duì)，他解放了自己所有的努力。

Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.而僅僅在十年前，解放奴隸的法案才在弗吉尼亞得以批準(zhǔn)。Part C : C部分：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.閱讀下面的文章，并將畫線部分翻譯成中文。將你的翻譯答案寫在答題紙第2頁上。

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary mod-esty.在自傳中，達(dá)爾文極其謙遜地評(píng)價(jià)了自己的智力。

He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and con-cisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forc-ing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.他在想要簡明地表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，總會(huì)遇到很大的困難，但是他認(rèn)為，正是這種困難起了彌補(bǔ)作用，使他長時(shí)間專注地思考每個(gè)句子，從而能在推理和親自觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的錯(cuò)誤。

He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distin-guished Huxley.他承認(rèn)自己不具備像著名的赫胥黎那樣的快速理解能力。

He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他還認(rèn)為，在深入理解冗長且完全抽象的一系列觀點(diǎn)方面，自己的能力非常有限；因此，他曾深信自己在數(shù)學(xué)方面本來就不該獲得成功。

His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy.他還說他的記憶雜亂而模糊，So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.在某個(gè)方面甚至很糟糕，即使記下了某個(gè)日子或者一行詩歌，幾天后就能忘記。

On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.另一方面，一些批評(píng)家指責(zé)說，盡管他善于觀察，但卻不能推理，他對(duì)此既不接，認(rèn)為毫無根據(jù)。

This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men.他認(rèn)為這種批評(píng)是不正確的，因?yàn)椤段锓N起源》這本書從頭到尾都是長篇大論，而且還說服了很多有才華的人。

No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.他說，如果不具備推理能力，沒有人能夠?qū)懗鲞@樣的書。

He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judg-ment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” 他愿意這樣評(píng)價(jià)自己：“正如每一位成功的律師和醫(yī)生一樣，我具有一定的發(fā)現(xiàn)能力和常識(shí)判斷力；但是，我認(rèn)為自己的水平不高?！? He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” 他謙虛地補(bǔ)充說，或許他“和普通人相比，更能注意到他們?nèi)菀缀雎缘募?xì)節(jié)，更能對(duì)這些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)觀察”。

Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.在去世的最后一年，他寫道在過去的二三十年中，他的思想發(fā)生了變化。

Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.到三十多歲的時(shí)候，詩歌給他帶來極大的快樂。

Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight.以前，繪畫給他帶來了極高的興致，音樂給他帶來了無窮的樂趣。

In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.然而在1881年，他說：“這幾年來，讀一行詩，我就受不了。

I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” 我對(duì)音樂和繪畫的品味也幾乎快要喪失了。” Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not a loss of happiness, but might possi-bly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.達(dá)爾文認(rèn)為，失去對(duì)音樂和繪畫方面的興趣，不是失去了幸福，但可能損傷智力，甚至更可能敗壞道德。2007年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tourna-ment, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: 如果你打算在 2006 年世界杯錦標(biāo)賽上調(diào)查所有足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的出生證明，那么你很有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)引人注目的巧合：

elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.優(yōu)秀足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員更可能出生于每年的前幾個(gè)月而不是后幾個(gè)月。

If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and profes-sional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.如果你接著調(diào)查世界杯和職業(yè)比賽的歐洲國家青年隊(duì)的話，那么你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象甚至更明顯。

What might account for this strange phenomenon? 什么可以解釋這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象呢？

Here are a few guesses: a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;下面是一些猜測：a）某種占星術(shù)征兆使人具備更高的足球技能；

b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;b）冬季出生的嬰兒往往具有更高的供氧能力，這增加了踢足球的持久力；

c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;c）熱愛足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂熱的鼎盛時(shí)期）懷孕；

d)none of the above.d）以上各項(xiàng)都不是。

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” 58歲的安德斯?埃里克森是佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)的一名心理學(xué)教授，他堅(jiān)信“以上各項(xiàng)都不是”這一猜測。

Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.在瑞典長大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他認(rèn)識(shí)到，如果他轉(zhuǎn)向心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，他將會(huì)有更多機(jī)會(huì)從事自己的研究。

His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: 他的首次試驗(yàn)是在大約30年以前進(jìn)行的，與記憶相關(guān)： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.訓(xùn)練一個(gè)人先聽一組任意挑選的數(shù)字，然后復(fù)述這些數(shù)字。

“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.“在經(jīng)過大約 20小時(shí)的訓(xùn)練之后，第一個(gè)試驗(yàn)對(duì)象（復(fù)述）的數(shù)字跨度從 7個(gè)上升到 20個(gè)，” 埃里克森回憶說。

“He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.” “該試驗(yàn)對(duì)象不斷進(jìn)步，在接受大約 200個(gè)小時(shí)的訓(xùn)練后，他復(fù)述的數(shù)字已經(jīng)達(dá)到 80多個(gè)?！? This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically deter-mined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.這一成功，連同后來證明的記憶本身不是遺傳決定的研究，使得埃里克森得出結(jié)論，即記憶過程是一種認(rèn)知練習(xí)，而不是一種本能練習(xí)。

In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memor-ize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.換句話說，無論兩個(gè)人在記憶力能力上可能存在怎樣的天生差異，這些差異都會(huì)被每個(gè)人如何恰當(dāng)?shù)亍敖庾x”所記的信息所掩蓋。

And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.埃里克森確信，了解如何有目的地解讀信息的最佳方法就是一個(gè)為人所知的有意練習(xí)過程。

Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.有意練習(xí)需要的不僅僅是簡單地重復(fù)一個(gè)任務(wù)。

Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.相反，它包括確定明確的目標(biāo)、獲得即時(shí)的反饋以及技術(shù)與結(jié)果的濃縮。

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer.因此，埃里克森和他的同事開始研究包括足球領(lǐng)域在內(nèi)的廣泛領(lǐng)域中專業(yè)執(zhí)行者。

They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.他們收集了能夠收集的所有資料，不只是表現(xiàn)方面的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和傳記詳細(xì)資料，還包括他們自己對(duì)取得很高成就的人員進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。

Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly over-rated.他們的研究得出了一個(gè)非常令人驚奇的結(jié)論--我們通常稱為天分的特征被高估了。

Or, put another way, expert performersare nearly always made, not born.或者，換句話說，專業(yè)執(zhí)行者――無論是在記憶還是手術(shù)方面，在芭蕾還是計(jì)算機(jī)編程領(lǐng)域――幾乎總是培養(yǎng)的，而不是天生的。Text 2 閱讀2 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” 在過去的幾年，《星期日?qǐng)?bào)》的增刊《漫步》開設(shè)了一個(gè)名為《詢問瑪麗琳》的專欄。

People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;人們被邀請(qǐng)去詢問瑪麗琳?沃斯?薩文特?，旣惲?沃斯?薩文特在10歲時(shí)測試的智力水平達(dá)到別人 23 歲時(shí)的水平，that gave her an IQ of 228that is, it pre-dicted the opposite.但是，在壓力大狀況下，智商測試所得的結(jié)果與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能的關(guān)系是否定的，也就是說，它預(yù)測的結(jié)果是相反的。

Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.任何經(jīng)歷過學(xué)術(shù)能力檢測的人都會(huì)認(rèn)為，應(yīng)試能力也很重要，無論是知道何時(shí)應(yīng)該進(jìn)行推測，還是知道應(yīng)該忽略什么問題。Text 3 閱讀3 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在過去的十幾年里，美國那些曾經(jīng)可以依靠辛勤勞動(dòng)和公平條件維持穩(wěn)定收入的中產(chǎn)階層家庭的生活被經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新現(xiàn)實(shí)改變了。

Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.如今，一份解雇通知書、一個(gè)不利的診斷結(jié)果或者配偶的去世都可能在幾個(gè)月之內(nèi)將一個(gè)家庭從穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)階層家庭降格成為一個(gè)新貧困家庭。

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family eco-nomics.在僅僅一代人的時(shí)間里，數(shù)百萬母親出去工作，改善家庭的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。

Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.學(xué)者、決策者以及各類批評(píng)人士對(duì)這些變化的社會(huì)意義爭論不休，但是，很少有人關(guān)注這些變化的副作用：家庭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了。

Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.如今的家庭根據(jù)其新的雙收入限度安排開支。

As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbackand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.衛(wèi)生保健和家庭承擔(dān)份額的絕對(duì)成本都上漲了——而且，最近實(shí)施的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃正在從立法機(jī)關(guān)擴(kuò)展到沃爾瑪員工，包含大量更高的減免，并且給家庭未來的衛(wèi)生保健帶來許多新投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parenthave jumped eightfold in just one generation.甚至人口統(tǒng)計(jì)狀況也對(duì)中產(chǎn)階層家庭不利，因?yàn)橛幸粋€(gè)體弱、年邁的父母——以及由此而產(chǎn) 生的所有物資和經(jīng)濟(jì)援助——就在僅僅一代人的時(shí)間里增長了8倍。

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening ac-celeration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.從中產(chǎn)階層家庭的角度來看，大多數(shù)情況是可以理解的，這根本不像一種發(fā)揮更多支付能力的機(jī)會(huì)，而是像一種將經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)向那些已經(jīng)負(fù)擔(dān)過重的家庭的令人恐懼的加速行為。

The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.經(jīng)濟(jì)副作用已經(jīng)開始，政治副作用可能也將開始。Text 4 閱讀4 It never rains but it pours.不鳴則易，一鳴驚人

Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn themthe sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.正當(dāng)老板和董事長終于解決了最糟糕的財(cái)務(wù)和規(guī)章問題并加強(qiáng)其公司的薄弱管理之后，數(shù)據(jù)安全這個(gè)新問題又威脅到他們。該問題以讓人厭惡的方式出現(xiàn)在頭版頭條新聞中（尤其在美國)，進(jìn)而不可避免地導(dǎo)致管理層的走馬換任。

Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.在這之前，信息保護(hù)通常還只是臨時(shí)的、低層次的值息技術(shù)員的工作，并且只被諸如銀行、電信、航空公司等數(shù)據(jù)量大的行業(yè)重視，可現(xiàn)在這個(gè)問題被放在了各行各業(yè)老板的議亊日程的重要位置。

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this yearhave left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.今年發(fā)生了多起消費(fèi)者和員工信息的重大泄密事件。這些泄密事件發(fā)生在時(shí)代華納、美國國防部承包的科學(xué)應(yīng)用國際公司以及加州大學(xué)伯克利分校這樣的不同機(jī)構(gòu)。這使得管理人員匆忙檢查那些復(fù)雜的信息系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)程序，以便尋找潛在隱患。

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school.斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院的海姆?門德爾森認(rèn)為“信息正在成為一種需要像保護(hù)其他財(cái)產(chǎn)一樣而保護(hù)的財(cái)產(chǎn)”。

“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” “保護(hù)消費(fèi)者信息的能力是市場價(jià)值的關(guān)鍵因素，這是董事會(huì)應(yīng)該為了股東的利益而承擔(dān)的責(zé)任”。

Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School.紐約哥倫比亞商學(xué)院的埃尼?諾姆暗示，事實(shí)上正如存在公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)原則的觀念一樣，或許可能應(yīng)該是采取公認(rèn)安全措施的時(shí)候了。

“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one, ” he says.他表示“為安全、備份以及恢復(fù)確定適當(dāng)?shù)耐顿Y標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個(gè)管理問題，不是技術(shù)問題。”。

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.其神秘在于，對(duì)任何老板來說，這可能是一個(gè)意外。

Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restorethough not justified-by the lack of legal penalty(in America, but not Europe)for data leakage.這類事情的現(xiàn)狀可能受到缺乏有關(guān)信息泄露的法律處罰（在美國，不是在歐洲）的激勵(lì)，盡管還沒有的到證實(shí)。

Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.直到加利福尼亞最近通過了一項(xiàng)法律，美國的公司不必告知任何人信息何時(shí)泄露，甚至包括受害人。

That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C.這種情況可能迅速改變：如今，許多被提議的信息保護(hù)立法正在華盛頓特區(qū)討論。

Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.同時(shí)，6 月 17 日有關(guān)偷竊約 4000 萬信用卡賬戶信息事件的披露給此前一天美國商務(wù)委員會(huì)的一個(gè)重要決定蒙上陰影，該決定的內(nèi)容是：如果公司沒有提供適當(dāng)?shù)男畔踩Ｗo(hù)措施，那么監(jiān)管人員就會(huì)采取行動(dòng)。

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，有關(guān)法律的研究一直被看成是歐洲各國大學(xué)的一門基本的知識(shí)學(xué)科。

However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.不過，只是在最近幾年有關(guān)法律的研究才成為加拿大大學(xué)教育的一門學(xué)科。

Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of law-yers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.傳統(tǒng)上在加拿大的高等學(xué)府里，學(xué)習(xí)法律一直被看作是律師的專門工作，而不是一個(gè)受過良好教育的人所必須具備的知識(shí)素養(yǎng)。

Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.幸運(yùn)的是，加拿大的許多大學(xué)正在樹立法律教育更傳統(tǒng)、更具有大陸特性的觀念，有些甚至已經(jīng)開始授予法律學(xué)士學(xué)位.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.如果有關(guān)法律的研究正在開始成為普通教育一個(gè)不可缺少的學(xué)科的話，那么它的目的和方法應(yīng)該會(huì)即刻吸引新聞學(xué)教育家。

Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.法律是一門學(xué)科，這門學(xué)科鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)行有責(zé)任的判斷。

On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.一方面，它分析提供了分析如公正、民主以及自由概念的機(jī)會(huì)。

On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.另一方面，法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實(shí)際聯(lián)系在一起，其方式就如同新聞工作者在報(bào)道和評(píng)論新聞事件時(shí)，以日常生活為基礎(chǔ)，使這些觀念與實(shí)際情況相結(jié)合一樣。

For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.比如，有關(guān)證據(jù)和事實(shí)、基本權(quán)利和公眾利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞制作過程中起作用，就像在法庭上一樣。

Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journal-ist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.通過學(xué)習(xí)并且反省法律來強(qiáng)化判斷是一名新聞?dòng)浾邽槠涫聵I(yè)進(jìn)行知識(shí)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)渴望實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citi-zen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.但是，新聞工作者對(duì)于法律的理解應(yīng)該比普通公民更加深刻，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是建立在對(duì)新聞媒體的既定規(guī)范和特殊的社會(huì)責(zé)任有深刻認(rèn)識(shí)之上的。

Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists.政治，或者更廣泛一點(diǎn)，國家的職能，是新聞?dòng)浾邎?bào)道的一個(gè)主要方面。

The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.他們對(duì)國家運(yùn)作的方式了解越多，他們的報(bào)道就越優(yōu)秀。

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.實(shí)際上，很難想象那些對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本特點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解的新聞工作者能夠勝任政治新聞報(bào)道的工作。

Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.此外，法律體系以及其中發(fā)生的事件是新聞?dòng)浾邎?bào)道的主題。

While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.雖然與法律有關(guān)的新聞報(bào)道的性質(zhì)差別很大，但是，許多新聞?dòng)浾哌^分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.律師的評(píng)論和反應(yīng)當(dāng)然能夠提升新聞報(bào)道的價(jià)值，但是記者們最好還是依靠自己對(duì)于事件重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)來做出判斷。

These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.只能通過對(duì)法律體系的深刻了解才能得出。2006年考研英語閱讀真題 Text 1 閱讀1 In spite of “endless talk of difference, ” American society is an amazing machine for homo-genizing people.不管我們?nèi)绾梧┼┎恍莸卣務(wù)摬顒e，美國社會(huì)實(shí)際上是一臺(tái)同化人們的神奇的機(jī)器。

There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.這就是民主化的著裝和言談，并且還有種隨意和缺乏尊重感，這些構(gòu)成了通俗文化的特性。

People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, ” 人們被一種消費(fèi)文化所吸引了，這種文化是由十九世紀(jì)在高雅的氛圍中陳列著琳瑯滿目的商品的百貨商店所開始的，不是為了迎合有知識(shí)的精英們而開設(shè)的專門商店，these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.而是創(chuàng)建了“不分階層和背景人人都可以進(jìn)入”的大眾商店。

This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” 這使得購物成為一種大眾的、民主的行為。

The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.大眾傳媒、廣告和體育也是協(xié)助人們均質(zhì)化的推動(dòng)力。

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.盡管這種文化并不算高雅，但也算不上有害，移民們很快就融入了這種共同文化。

Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.Gregory Rodriguez 為美國移民研討會(huì)撰文指出，今天的移民既不是處于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。

In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population;in 1900, 13.6 percent.在 1998 年，移民占全國人口的 9.8%；在 1900 年為 13.6%。

In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1, 000 residents;在 1990年以前的十年之中，在每千位居民當(dāng)中，有千分之 3.1的新來的移民；

in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000.而在 1890 年以前的十年之中，每千位居民當(dāng)中就有千分之 9.2 的移民。

Now, consider three indices of assimilation--language, home ownership and intermarriage.現(xiàn)在，讓我們來看一下三個(gè)同化指標(biāo)——語言、擁有產(chǎn)權(quán)住房和異族結(jié)婚情況。

The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most com-mon countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence.” 1990年的人口普查透露：“來自十五個(gè)移民數(shù)量最多的國家的移民在到美國十年后英語說得‘好’或‘很好’?！? The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.移民的子女幾乎都說兩種語言，且精通英語。

“By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” “到了第三代，在大多數(shù)移民家庭，他們的母語就消失了?！?/p>

Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages.因此，有人就把美國描 述成了“語言的墳場”。

By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.到了 1996 年，出生于國外的、在 1970 年以前到達(dá)美國的移民有 75.6%購置了自己的住房，這個(gè)數(shù)字高出土生土長的美國人的擁有自己所有權(quán)住房的百分比——69.8%。

Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” 在國外出生的亞裔和西班牙裔移民“與美國本土白人和黑人相比，與異族通婚的比率要高?！?/p>

By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, 到了第三代，有三分之一的西班牙裔女性與非西班牙裔男性結(jié)婚，and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.而有41%亞裔美國婦女與非亞裔男性結(jié)婚。

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, 羅得里格斯寫道，即使那些住 在世界各地偏僻村莊的的孩子們都是諸如阿諾?施瓦辛格和加思?布魯克斯等明星的星迷，yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power.” 然而“一些美國人卻害怕住在美國的移民不知怎樣才能免受美國的同化力量影響”。

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed.在美國是否存在不和以及潛在的不安？答案是肯定的，It is big enough to have a bit of everything.因?yàn)檫@個(gè)國家足夠大以至于什么現(xiàn)象都存在。

But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.但是與美國動(dòng)蕩狂暴的過去相比，如今的社會(huì)基本不能說明美國的社會(huì)環(huán)境正在惡化，變得黑暗。Text 2 閱讀2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry--William Shakespeare--but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.眾所周知 Stratford-on-Avon 只有一個(gè)特色，那就是威廉?莎士比亞，但這兒卻有兩個(gè)相互獨(dú)立的部門，他們隨著時(shí)間的變化而日益變得敵對(duì)。

There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.這兒有皇家莎士比亞公司（RSC），它在 Avon 的莎士比亞紀(jì)念劇院里將很多優(yōu)秀的戲劇作品呈現(xiàn)給大家。

And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.這兒的居民大部分是靠掙來游玩的游客的錢來維持生計(jì)，這些游客并不是來看戲劇的，而是來看 Anne Hathaway的莊園。這是莎士比亞的出生地和其他的景色。

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.Strat-ford 的當(dāng)?shù)剜l(xiāng)紳們都質(zhì)疑劇院有沒有為當(dāng)?shù)氐亩愂帐杖胱鲆稽c(diǎn)貢獻(xiàn)。

They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noi-siness.他們直言討厭 RSC的演員，這些演員留著長頭發(fā)，長胡須，拖著涼鞋，吵吵嚷嚷。

It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor(with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.這真是一種絕妙的諷刺，當(dāng)你想到作為他們搖錢樹的莎士比亞，自己也是個(gè)演員，留著胡子，一起大吵大鬧。

The tourist streams are not entirely separate.游客群并不是完全分開的。

The sightseers who come by bus--and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side--游覽者乘公車來，經(jīng)常會(huì)去游覽 Warwick城堡和Blenheim 宮殿，don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.通常不會(huì)去看戲，并且他們中的一些人甚至?xí)?duì)在 Stratford 能找到劇院感到驚訝。

However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.然而，看戲者只花少量的時(shí)間在觀光上，也就是在戲劇演出時(shí)順便看看。

It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.RSC主張，是看戲者給城鎮(zhèn)帶來大量的稅收，因?yàn)樗麄兺ǔ；ㄕ砩蠒r(shí)間（有些是四到五個(gè)晚上）在旅館或飯店里大量消費(fèi)。

The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.然而游覽者在當(dāng)天的黃昏前就能把所有事情做完了，然后離開小鎮(zhèn)。

The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫⒉贿@么認(rèn)為，地方政府也直接沒有給予RSC補(bǔ)貼。

Stratford cries poor traditionally.Stratford 一向都會(huì)哭窮。

Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.然而城鎮(zhèn)上每一家旅館似乎都增加了新的部門或是雞尾酒酒吧。

Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.希爾頓也在這兒建了一座自己的酒店，這里肯定可以能看到被裝飾一新的哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，Lear 休息室，宴會(huì)廳等等。進(jìn)一步說，這里消費(fèi)將很貴。

Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.總之，居民不明白為什么 RSC 需要補(bǔ)貼。

(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.（劇院已經(jīng)打破了連續(xù)三年以來的就座率紀(jì)錄。

Last year its 1, 431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.)去年整年的 1431 個(gè)座位的就坐率達(dá)到了94%，今年將會(huì)更高。）

The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.當(dāng)然，原因是，演戲的花費(fèi)高了，然而票價(jià)仍然很低。

It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele.大幅增加票價(jià)是一件很為難的事情，因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)把 Stratford 的最有魅力的顧客－年輕人趕走。

They come entirely for the plays, not the sights.他們完全是為了戲而來，不是為風(fēng)景。

They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)--lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, 他們看起來都一個(gè)樣（雖然他們從各個(gè)地方而來）——消瘦、率直、專注的臉龐，穿著牛仔褲和便鞋，eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box

第四篇：2013年中英對(duì)照--考研英語作文歷年真題

1.建議信 例1

Dear editor, 親愛的編輯，I am delighted to learn that the free use of plastic bags is banned in our country.2 However, in my opinion, people in some regions are still using plastic bags as the used to.3 On the one hand, many local residents think plastic bags are cheap and convenient.4 One the other hand,to attract their regular customers, many businesses are still providing plastic bags.1我很高興地得知，免費(fèi)使用塑料袋是禁止在我國。2然而，在我看來，人們?cè)谝恍┑貐^(qū)仍在使用塑料袋的使用。3另一方面，許多當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裾J(rèn)為塑料袋便宜又方便。4另一方面，吸引他們的客戶，許多企業(yè)仍然提供塑料袋。As to the low cost and convenience of plastic bags ,I suggest that more possible alternatives, such as paper or cloth bags should be made.6 If the substitute is cheaper and has more advantages, people will stop using plastic bags.7 In addition, the mass media should help to enhance people,s awareness about the negative effect of the “whit pollution” 8 I am sure these suggestions will work.5的低成本和方便的塑料袋，我建議，更可能的替代品，如紙或布袋應(yīng)作出。6如果替代品更便宜，更具有優(yōu)越性，人們將停止使用塑料袋。7此外，媒體應(yīng)該增強(qiáng)人們的意識(shí)，負(fù)面影響的“白色污染”8我相信這些建議將工作。Please inform me if my suggestions are accepted.10 I am looking forward to hearing your good news.9請(qǐng)告訴我，如果我的建議被接受。10我盼望著聽到你的好消息

Sincerely yours,LiMing

2.道歉信 Dear Bob,1.I am excessively sorry to tell you the I forgot to return to your music CD I borrowed form you the other day.2 Now , I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.1。我是過分抱歉告訴你我忘了回你的音樂CD，我借了你的一天。2現(xiàn)在，我寫這封信，道歉，表示深深的遺憾。I hope you will understand me and excuse me for forgetting to return the CD to you.4 The reason for my negligence was that I was busy returning hometown.5.I had no time because a successing of things before departure drove me so crazy.6 I sincerely hope my mistake didnt cause too much inconvenience.3我希望你能夠理解我，原諒我忘記回報(bào)CD給你。4個(gè)原因是我的過失，我正忙著返回家鄉(xiāng)。5。我沒有時(shí)間，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)成功的東西，出發(fā)前讓我如此瘋狂。6我希望我的錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)造成太大的不便。For making up, I want to mail it to you via air before it is too late.8 Or else, I will sent you some money to buy a new one.9 Again, I beg your pardon.8 Best regards to you and your wife.7制作了，我想把它通過空氣在為時(shí)太晚之前。8不然，我會(huì)給你一些錢去買個(gè)新的。9次，我請(qǐng)求你的原諒。8個(gè)誠摯的問候給你和你的妻子。

Sincerely yours,LiMing

3.請(qǐng)求信

Dear Sir or Madam,I am a network engineer in Beiing.2 I want to aid a poor child to continue his/her educating.3.I am writing to seek for your assistance to find a needy child who comes from an elementary school in the less developed areas of Western China.I am going to offer the candidate all necessary fees until he/she completes his/her university educating.我是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程師在北京。2我想幫助貧窮的孩子繼續(xù)他/她的教育。3。我寫信向你尋求幫助，找到一個(gè)貧困的孩子誰來自一所小學(xué)在欠發(fā)達(dá)的中國西部地區(qū)。我要提供候選人都必要的費(fèi)用，直到他/她完成他

/她的大學(xué)教育。Here are some reasons why I want to help a needy child.5 For one thing, I think it is everybody,s duty to do something to change the educating situation in the remote areas.6 For another, I was also helped by others when I was in college and now it is my turn to give something back.7 Therefore, I write this letter here to ask for your help.4，這里有一些原因，我想幫助一個(gè)需要幫助的孩子。5因?yàn)橐患?，我認(rèn)為這是每個(gè)人的責(zé)任，去做些什么來改變現(xiàn)狀的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的教育。6另一方面，我也被別人幫助我在大學(xué)的時(shí)候，現(xiàn)在是輪到我給的東西回來。7因此，我寫這封信來尋求你的幫助。8 I shall be grateful if you will be so king as to help me.9 Thanks for your consideration.10 I am looking forward to your reply.8我將很感激如果你將國王的幫助我。9，謝謝你的關(guān)心。10我期待你的回信

Sincerely yours,LiMing

4.辭職信 Dear Mr.Wang,I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position.2 I plant to leave my job here in a month.1我寫信告訴你有關(guān)我決定辭掉現(xiàn)在的位置。2我廠離開我這里的工作一個(gè)月。There are several resons for my resignation.4 First of all, the salary has proved to be much lower than you promised.5 In addition, the office is far from where I live and each day I have to spend hours on the way.6 Most importantly, I feel my work tasks here have not allowed me to take full advantage of the specialized knowledge gained during my graduate studies.7 Therefore, I would like to resign.3有幾個(gè)原因，我辭職。4首先，薪酬已被證明是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于你的承諾。5此外，該辦公室離我住的地方，每一天我都要花上幾個(gè)小時(shí)的路。6最重要的是，我覺

得我的工作任務(wù)，在這里就不讓我充分利用專業(yè)知識(shí)獲得了在我的研究生。7因此，我要辭職。Please let me take this chance to thank you for the rewarding experience I ve enjoyed during my employment.9 I am sorry for any inconvenience caused to you!10 Best wishes for the company,s btter growth!

8請(qǐng)讓我借此機(jī)會(huì)謝謝你的有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我喜歡在我的工作。9我很抱歉給您帶來的不便！10最好的祝福給公司，是更好的成長！

Sincerely yours,LiMing

5.求學(xué)信 Dear Professor,1 I have read for annual prospectus of your school and found that it has the best graduate program of English literature.2 I hope that I could finish my Master,s degree in your school.1我已閱讀招股說明書的學(xué)校和發(fā)現(xiàn)它的最佳研究生英語文學(xué)。2我希望我能完成我的碩士學(xué)位，在你的學(xué)校。I am working in a college in Beijing.4 I graduated from Shangdong University in 2006.5.At university , I took many fundamental courses in English language as well as English culture.5 And I have been working in a language school teaching English literature ,which deepens my knowledge in this subject.3我在北京一所大學(xué)工作。4畢業(yè)于山東大學(xué)2006。5。在大學(xué)，我學(xué)了許多基本課程，在英語語言以及英語文化。5我一直在一家語言學(xué)校英語教學(xué)文學(xué)，我的知識(shí)在這一主題的深化。The headmaster of the school where I am teaching has written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter.8 I would be very grateful if you could send me information and the forms related to my application.9 Thanks you for your consideration.10 I am looking forward to learning form you

7學(xué)校的校長，我教寫的推薦信，隨信附上我，為。8我將非常感激，如果你能寄給我的信息和相關(guān)表格的應(yīng)用。9謝謝你的考慮。10我希望了解你

Sincerely yours,LiMing

6.求職信

Dear Sir or Madam,1.I,ve learnt form Talent Journal that your company is recruiting marketing researchers and I would like to apply for the position.2 I have attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.3 I believe my qualification are ideal match of your requirements.1。我，會(huì)形成人才雜志，貴公司正在招聘銷售人員，我想申請(qǐng)這個(gè)職位。2我已附上我的簡歷供您參考。3我相信我的資格是理想伴侶的要求。I graduated form Shanghai University of Finance and Economics in 2006,majoring in Economics.5 In addition to the required courses of my major, I have studied Marketing and Punlic Relation as my third major.6 I also have some experience in Market Analysis.7 I believe my education and experience will enable me to perform better than other candidates who lack working experience.4畢業(yè)于上海財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)2006，主修經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。5除了必修課程的主要，我研究了營銷和公開關(guān)系作為我的第三專業(yè)。6我也有一些市場分析方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。7我相信我的教育和經(jīng)驗(yàn)將使我能更好的表現(xiàn)比其他候選人誰缺乏工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。If there is any additional information you require, please contact me at 223344.9 I would welcome an opportunity to meet you for a personal interview.8 Thank you for your time and consideration.8如果你還需更多的信息，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我223344。9我希望有機(jī)會(huì)見到你面談。8感謝你的時(shí)間和考慮

Sincerely yours,LiMing

7.推薦信

Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing with much pleasure to recommend

John Smith, one of my former colleagues to you.2 As his direct leader in A.N.Y.Company.I found him a most reliable and efficient member of the sales team.1我寫信非常高興推薦約翰史密斯，我以前的一個(gè)同事給你。2他直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，a.n.y.company。我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)最可靠的和高效的銷售團(tuán)隊(duì)成員。

3.His performance at work was outstanding.4 Firstly, he was professional and efficient in his approach to work and showed great talents in sales.5 Secondly, he has developed a strong team spirit and never stops one the way of self-improvement.6 In addition, he has a very pleasant personality, and working with him is always pleasing and encouraging.7 Therefore , I can state that he has all the qualities of an excellent salesman.3。他的工作表現(xiàn)突出。4首先，他在他的專業(yè)和高效的工作方式和表現(xiàn)出極大的人才，銷售。5其次，他擁有了較強(qiáng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)精神和永不停止的一個(gè)自強(qiáng)路。6此外，他有一個(gè)非常愉快的個(gè)性，并與他一起工作總是令人高興和鼓舞。7因此，我可以說他完全具備一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的推銷員。I here recommend him to you with all my heart.9 I am sure that his future conduct will prove worthy of your confidence.10 If further information about him is needed, please fell free to contact me.8我在這里向你推薦他與所有我的心。9我確信他將來的行為，不會(huì)辜負(fù)你的信任。10如果需要關(guān)于他的進(jìn)一步信息，請(qǐng)和我聯(lián)系

Sincerely yours,LiMing

8.介紹信

Dear Sir or Madam,1，This is introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Bob.2 He is our new marketing specialist who is going to attend the conference on product promotion held by your company.1，這是介紹持信人的這封信，鮑勃。2，他是我們的新營銷專家誰去參加這個(gè)會(huì)議由貴公司產(chǎn)品的推廣。3 Bob has been working in our company for 3months.4 In his work, he shows great talent and responsibility.5 In addition, he has a very fine reputation amomg the colleagues.6 Bsdides, in terms of personality , I find him honest , easygoing,and cooperative.7 I am sure that you will fing him desrve your confidence

3他已經(jīng)在公司工作3個(gè)月。4在他的作品中，他顯示出巨大的人才和責(zé)任。5此外，他有一個(gè)非常好的聲譽(yù)的同事。6bsdides，在性格方面，我覺得他誠實(shí)，隨和，和合作。7我確信你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他desrve你的信心 8 We shall appreciate any help you can give to Bob and will always be happy to reciprocate.9 Thanks you for your kindness.10 Wish you a successful conference.8我們應(yīng)當(dāng)感激任何幫助，你可以給寶寶，將永遠(yuǎn)是快樂的回報(bào)。9謝謝你的好意。10祝你成功的會(huì)議。

Sincerely yours,LiMing

9.抱怨信

Dear Mr.President,1.I am Li Ming, a junior from the Civil Engineering School.2 I venture to write you a letter to complain about the canteen service om campus.1。我是李明，一個(gè)從土木工程學(xué)校。2我冒昧給你寫信抱怨在校園食堂的服務(wù)。

3.The focus of the complaint is the poor quality and high price of the food.4 For one thing, the rice is always overcooked.5 For another, the price of the food is si high that many students consider it a heavy burden to eat on campus.6 Honestly speaking, we feel extremely had about the canteen.3。重點(diǎn)的投訴是低劣的質(zhì)量和價(jià)格高的食物。4首先，飯總是煮。5另外，食物的價(jià)格非常高，許多學(xué)生認(rèn)為這是一種沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，在校園里吃。6說實(shí)話，我們覺得非常有食堂。

7.I appreciate it very much if you could urge the canteen to improve the service.8 And I do hope the cooking will be done more carefully and the price of the food will be lowered.9 Thank

you for your time and kind consideration.10 I will be looking forward to your good news.7。我非常感激如果你能促使食堂改善服務(wù)。8我希望烹飪將更加仔細(xì)和食物的價(jià)格將下降。9謝謝你的親切關(guān)懷。10我將期待你的好消息

10咨詢信

Dear sales manager,I am the manager of a tailor's shop selling ladies wear.2 I have just seen in a magazine that you are promoting a series of new products and the women's knitted sweaters caught my attention.3 Therefore, I am writing for the information about the sweaters.1我是一家裁縫店賣女裝。2我剛才在雜志上看到你所推動(dòng)的一系列新產(chǎn)品和婦女的針織毛衣引起了我的注意。3因此，我寫作的信息的毛衣。The following information is essential for me , 5 Firstly, how many colors does the sweater have? 6 Secondly, what are the sizes of the sweater? 7 Thirdly, could you send me any samples?

4以下的信息是必不可少的我，5，有多少種顏色的毛衣嗎？6其次，什么是大小的毛衣嗎？7第三，你能給我什么樣？I would be grateful if you'll be so kind as to send me the above information as well as the samples.9 Thank you for taking time.10, I am waiting for your prompt reply.8我會(huì)很感激如果你能寄給我的上述資料以及樣品。9謝謝你抽出時(shí)間。10，我等待您的及時(shí)答復(fù)。

11.祝賀信 Dear Sb,1I have learned with delight that your son has been admitted to the famous Tsinghua University.2 I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulation on his enrollment.3 I feel very happy for you.4 And it is really good news to your family and friends as well as all your students.5You must be very happy with this good news.6 I know this is surely owing to your son's talent and diligence.7 It is also a reward you richly deserve for your years of tireless teaching and guidance.8With his gift and assiduity, I'm sure that he'll make greater achievement in university.9 I hope I can express my sincere congratulation to you and your son in person.10 Again, please accept my sincere congratulation and best wishes for the whole family.12感謝信 Dear SbI am now writing these few lines to express my sincerely gratitude for your last Friday's parcel, with reference books on English writing in it.2 I would like you to know how much your books mean to me.3 Had it not been for these book, I would have failed my English test.4 I shall ever remember your help as the symbol of our friendship.1我現(xiàn)在寫的這幾行表達(dá)我衷心感謝您上星期五的包裹，和參考書的英語寫作中。2我想你知道你的書是我的。3如果沒有這本書，我會(huì)失敗的英語考試。4我要永遠(yuǎn)記住你的幫助，象征著我們的友誼。I hope to have the opportunity of reciprocating.6 As far as I know , you are a big fan of Jay Chou and I happen to have to tickets of his concerts on this Saturday.7 I will feel much honored and pleased if I can invite you to go with me.8 I am looking forward to seeing you.5我希望有回報(bào)的機(jī)會(huì)。6據(jù)我所知，你是周杰倫的粉絲，我碰巧有張他的演唱會(huì)在這個(gè)星期六。7我將感到非常榮幸和高興，如果我可以邀請(qǐng)你和我一起去。8我很期待見到你。

13邀請(qǐng)信 Dear Sb,Recently we have the renovation of our newly bought house done, and therefore we would like to hold a house-warning party on Jan.20.2009.2 It would be a great pleasure to invite you to the party and have dinner together.1最近我們改造我新買的房子，所以我們要舉行一個(gè)聚會(huì)jan.20.2009house-warning。2很高興邀請(qǐng)你參加聚會(huì)，一起吃晚飯。

3.I am sure that you will find the party satisfactory.4 First, I remember that both of you are seafood lovers, so I will prepare lobsters and fishes as the main course.5 Second, I also reserved bottles of Italian premium white wine for us enjoy at that moment.6 Enclosed is other arrangements of the party.7 We do hope you can come because the party would not be complete without you!3。我肯定你會(huì)找到滿意的方。4第一，我記得你們都是海鮮愛好者，所以我會(huì)準(zhǔn)備龍蝦和魚作為主菜。5次，我也保留瓶意大利優(yōu)質(zhì)白葡萄酒我們享受那一刻。6個(gè)封閉的其他安排的聚會(huì)。7我們希望你能來，因?yàn)辄h將是不完整的沒有你！The party will begin at 7:00 pm and we hope you can make it.9 If not, please drop us a line before Jan.20.2009.10 Best wishes for both of you 8黨將開始在下午七時(shí)，我們希望你能做到。9如果不是，請(qǐng)我們的下降線jan.20.2009之前。10為你祝福.Sincerely yours,LiMing挽拒信

Dear Sir or Madam,Thank you very much for offering me the Sales Associate position in your company.2 To be honest, I am very pleased and honored to accept the offer.3 However, the current situation doesn't allow me to do so.1謝謝你給我的銷售助理職位。2說實(shí)話，我非常高興和榮幸地接受。3然而，目前的情況不允許我這么做。4 This has been a difficult decision for me ,but I have to do so.5 On the one hand , I have accepted another job opportunity that is more in line with my skills and career goals.6 On the other hand , two hours' commute to your building is really a burden on me.7 On account of all these, I regret to say that I am unable to accept your offer.4這是一個(gè)困難的決定對(duì)我，但我必須這樣做。5另一方面，我已經(jīng)接受了另一份工作的機(jī)會(huì)，更符合我的技能和職業(yè)目標(biāo)。6另一方面，兩個(gè)小時(shí)到達(dá)你的建筑真的是我的一個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)。7因?yàn)檫@一切，我很遺憾，我不能接受你的提議。I fell sorry for disapointing you.9 Anyway, I do appreciate your kingness to discuss the details of the position with me and I wish that your company would find a more suitable talent as soon as possible..10 Best wishes!

8我感到抱歉對(duì)不愉快的你。9無論如何，我很感謝你的kingness討論這個(gè)職位的細(xì)節(jié)與我，我希望你的公司能找到一個(gè)更合適的人才，盡快。10最好的祝福！

Sincerely yours,LiMing倡議書 Dear Sb,1I am writing this letter to call on all the students and teaching staff in our university to do something for Lucy.2 As some of you may know ,Lucy ,a lovely girl form Class Two, Grade One, is seriously ill.3 In fact, she has been suffering form hepatitis, which is very dangerous.我寫這封信是給所有的學(xué)生和教學(xué)人員在我們的大學(xué)為露西做點(diǎn)什么。2你們當(dāng)中有些人可能知道，露西，一個(gè)可愛的女孩，形成二班，一年級(jí)，病得很嚴(yán)重。3事實(shí)上，她一直患有肝炎，這是非常危險(xiǎn)的。

It is necessary for us to show our love and offer our help to her now.5 For one thing, Lucy is in great need of care and money to have her liver transplanted.6 For another, it is beyond the means of Lucy's parents to afford the medical expenses.7 So, it is time that we did something to help Lucy.8 Firstly, we can raise money for hei.8 Secondly, we can encourage her to fight the disease with courage by extending our love and care to her.我們有必要來展示我們的愛和給予我們幫助她。5因?yàn)橐患?，露西非常需要照顧和金錢有她的肝臟移植。6另一方面，它在對(duì)露西的父母負(fù)擔(dān)不起醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。7所以，我們應(yīng)該做些事情去幫助露西。8首先，我們可以籌集資金，嘿嘿。8其次，我們可以鼓勵(lì)她戰(zhàn)勝疾病的勇氣通過擴(kuò)展我們的愛和關(guān)懷她。Join us in the action and I believe the our mutual efforts can conquer all dificulties.10加入我們的行動(dòng)，我相信我們共同的努力，可以戰(zhàn)勝一切困難。Thank you!謝謝！

Sincerely yours,LiMing

16慰問信 Dear Sb,I was sorry to learn that you were in a car accident.2 I am writing at once to express my deep sympathy in your injury.1我很遺憾得知你出了車禍。2我立刻寫信表達(dá)我深切的同情在你受傷。

3.It is understandable that you may now feel it is unfair for you.4 For one thing ,it was not your fault to have caused the accident.5.For another, the offender has been a hit-and-run driver so far and the police are still looking for the clues.6 However, we should believe the justice has long arms.7 Therefore, I do hope you can cheer up and take good care of yourself.3。這是可以理解的，你現(xiàn)在可以感覺到它對(duì)你是不公平的。4因?yàn)橐患拢@不是你的過錯(cuò)造成的事故。5。另一方面，罪犯已經(jīng)逃逸司機(jī)到目前為止，警方仍在尋找線索。6然而，我們應(yīng)該相信正義的手臂很長。7所以，我真的希望你能振作起來，好好照顧自己。I shall go to see you as soon as I come back form my bussiness trip.9 Again, sorry for your misfortune, and I am anticipating your speedy recovery.10 With my heartfelt concern and best wishes!

8我要去見你，只要我一回來我出差。9再次，對(duì)不起，你的不幸，我期待著你的早日康復(fù)。10我的關(guān)心和祝福！

Sincerely yours,LiMing

17.通知

1.The student's Union will organize a volunteer team to help the poor children in rural areas during the summer holiday.2 In such case, 50 volunteers are needed to give computer and English lesson.1。學(xué)生會(huì)將組織志愿者服務(wù)隊(duì)，幫助貧困兒童在農(nóng)村地區(qū)在夏季假期。2在這種情況下，50個(gè)志愿者需要提供計(jì)算機(jī)和英語課。

3.The arrangements are as follows.4 The activity is arranged to last 20 days or so and it is planned to begin on July 10.5 Before starting off,the team members will be assigned to different country primary schools.6 And the main task is to teach children how to use a computer and learn English as well.3。安排如下。4活動(dòng)安排后20天左右，這是計(jì)劃于七月十日開始。5在出發(fā)前，這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員將被分配到不同的國小學(xué)。

6、主要任務(wù)是教孩子如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)和英語學(xué)習(xí)好。Anyone who is good at English or computer is welcomed warmly.8 Please email us at StudentUnion@163..com.9 We are looking forward to your active participation.7的人誰是良好的英語或計(jì)算機(jī)的熱烈歡迎。8請(qǐng)電郵我們studentunion@163?！?。9我們期待你的積極參與。

Student's Union

第五篇：復(fù)旦大學(xué)歷年考研真題

復(fù)旦大學(xué)新聞學(xué)研究生考試歷年真題(-)714新聞基礎(chǔ)

一、名詞解釋（8'*3）

1新聞要素

2信息娛樂（infotainment）

3《二十世紀(jì)之支那》

二、簡答（12'*3）

1《傳媒的四種理論》

2群體具有很大的作用，其影響傳播過程的手段和方式。

3北洋軍閥統(tǒng)治時(shí)期新聞法制的特點(diǎn)

三、論述（30'*3）

1什么是“軟實(shí)力”和“國家形象”？結(jié)合近年我國國際傳播的實(shí)際，說明??（才過一天我就忘了麼）

2什么是媒介間議程設(shè)置？新媒體環(huán)境下，我國媒介議程設(shè)置有何特點(diǎn)？

3鄒韜奮的生涯

820新聞實(shí)務(wù)

一、簡答（10'*4）

1新聞價(jià)值和新聞?wù)叩年P(guān)系

2網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體對(duì)傳統(tǒng)媒體新聞的加工有哪些手段

3新聞?dòng)浾邞?yīng)該如何妥善運(yùn)用自己的實(shí)名微博

4采寫批評(píng)性報(bào)道的注意事項(xiàng)

二、論述（25'*2）

1我國報(bào)紙應(yīng)該如何報(bào)道十八屆三中全會(huì)《中共中央關(guān)于全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》

2結(jié)合實(shí)例或?qū)嶋H，論述新聞敏感的內(nèi)容和培養(yǎng)途徑

三、操作（30'*2）

1將通訊改寫成消息，500字以內(nèi)，制作主體類標(biāo)題。給出的材料是中央巡視組巡視之后的反饋，一首一尾外加主體是十個(gè)組分別的反饋情況。

2根據(jù)給出材料寫500左右的評(píng)論，需要有評(píng)論標(biāo)題。

材料如下：

大學(xué)新生到校先交免責(zé)協(xié)議

東莞理工城市學(xué)院：協(xié)議是宿舍文明約定

南方日?qǐng)?bào)訊（見習(xí)記者/靳延明記者/吳少敏）昨日，東莞理工學(xué)院城市學(xué)院5000多名新生完成報(bào)到，他們踏入校園的第一件事，就是與校方簽訂《學(xué)生管理與學(xué)生自律協(xié)議書》。協(xié)議書明確：“學(xué)生本人對(duì)自殺、自傷引起的后果承擔(dān)責(zé)任”。

進(jìn)校園先交協(xié)議書

一個(gè)月前，來自潮州的李軍收到錄取通知書，發(fā)現(xiàn)一同寄來的還有《學(xué)生管理與學(xué)生自律協(xié)議書》。協(xié)議書第三章第二十七條共列舉了5種由學(xué)生承擔(dān)責(zé)任的情況，其中第5項(xiàng)協(xié)議規(guī)定，學(xué)生本人對(duì)自殺、自傷引起的后果承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

這位大一新生很反感：“這個(gè)就相當(dāng)于學(xué)校給你提供吃、住的場所，但不顧你是否健康成長。我們?cè)趯W(xué)校出事了，學(xué)校難道沒有一點(diǎn)責(zé)任？”在14日和昨日開學(xué)報(bào)到的兩天里，5000多名新生同時(shí)把這份由學(xué)生與家長簽訂好的協(xié)議書交給校方。

條款引起學(xué)生熱議

不久前，在東莞理工學(xué)院城市學(xué)院，一名男生因求愛不成而在宿舍里刀捅女生。為此，協(xié)議書引起了新生的議論。一名新生說，“我覺得怪怪的，覺得學(xué)校缺乏人文關(guān)懷，只會(huì)用冷冰冰的協(xié)議來推卸責(zé)任?！币幻律议L對(duì)這項(xiàng)規(guī)定表示不滿，他說，自己把孩子送到這里，是希望學(xué)校有個(gè)安全的環(huán)境，讓家長放心，放手讓孩子成長，“如果孩子在學(xué)校出事了，我們第一反應(yīng)會(huì)找學(xué)校要說法，畢竟我們信任這個(gè)學(xué)校，才將孩子送到這里。”

不過，也有學(xué)生表示理解，因?yàn)榇髮W(xué)生自殺和自傷可以由很多因素造成，例如感情問題、家庭問題、人際問題等，這些因素不一定全是學(xué)校造成的。大學(xué)生過了18周歲就成年了，有對(duì)自己負(fù)責(zé)的義務(wù)。大部分學(xué)校會(huì)提供心理健康咨詢，但有些同學(xué)有自閉傾向，不愿咨詢。這些同學(xué)如果有自殺、自傷行為，就應(yīng)該自己負(fù)責(zé)。

校方稱簽協(xié)議早存在

記者就此事采訪了校方相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人。該負(fù)責(zé)人告訴記者，協(xié)議的意義類似“溫馨提示”，是對(duì)學(xué)生的文明約定，目的是告知新生在宿舍需要注意的事項(xiàng)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)要求自律的目的。例如，學(xué)生不遵守宿舍紀(jì)律，攀爬陽臺(tái)而掉到樓下受傷，那就要自負(fù)責(zé)任了。

該負(fù)責(zé)人表示，這份協(xié)議書的條款存在多年了，并非針對(duì)不久前發(fā)生的“情傷事件”。事實(shí)上，沒有這樣一份協(xié)議書，學(xué)生違反了紀(jì)律，也會(huì)受到相應(yīng)處罰，而學(xué)校要負(fù)起的責(zé)任，也不會(huì)因?yàn)檫@份協(xié)議書隨意地推卸。

此類條款是無效的

21世紀(jì)教育研究院副院長熊丙奇告訴記者，這樣的條款并非東莞理工學(xué)院城市學(xué)院一家獨(dú)有，很多高校都存在類似的“自殺免責(zé)”條款，而實(shí)際上此類條款是無效的。

熊丙奇說，“簽訂協(xié)議書被認(rèn)為是一種安全教育方式，可見對(duì)學(xué)生教育的方式多么簡單、粗暴，這與家長讓孩子簽訂不犯錯(cuò)誤協(xié)議書，有何差別呢？”

2007年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（5分*8）

1.新聞本源 2．“第四種權(quán)利” 3.受眾 4.新聞體制 5.創(chuàng)新擴(kuò)散理論 6.《知新報(bào) 》 7.《修正報(bào)紙條例》 8.《大眾生活》

二、簡答題（15分*3）

1、新聞傳媒與社會(huì)輿論之關(guān)系

2、什么是客觀性報(bào)道及所體現(xiàn)的客觀性報(bào)道原則？說說它對(duì)目前中國新聞實(shí)踐有什么意義？

3、簡述1956年《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》改版的三個(gè)重點(diǎn)。

三、論述題（第一道30分，第二道35分）

1、簡要敘述《申報(bào)》的發(fā)展史，并評(píng)述它在新聞史上的地位？

2、什么是新聞事業(yè)的雙重屬性？說說新聞傳媒業(yè)的資本運(yùn)作對(duì)中國新聞事業(yè)的影響？

2006年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（4題×5分，共20分）

1、《欽定報(bào)律》

2、新聞選擇

3、傳播模式

4、奧斯邦

二、簡答題（3題×20分，共60分）

1、簡述我國新聞媒介的運(yùn)行模式及其理論依據(jù)。

2、試論美國“議程設(shè)置”和我國“輿論導(dǎo)向”之不同。

3、簡述二十世紀(jì)四十年代確立的中共黨報(bào)理論的基本內(nèi)容。

三、論述題（2題×35分，共70分）

1、“食品安全”是近年來的報(bào)道熱點(diǎn)，比如金華毒火腿事件、阜陽嬰兒奶粉事件、“蘇丹紅”事件、啤酒甲醛事件等等。請(qǐng)選擇其中兩個(gè)（或兩個(gè)以上）個(gè)案，運(yùn)用新聞傳播學(xué)理論對(duì)媒介報(bào)道做對(duì)比分析，并闡述你對(duì)大眾媒介的社會(huì)角色、社會(huì)責(zé)任的認(rèn)識(shí)。

2、試述中國近代報(bào)業(yè)（自1815年至1911年）發(fā)展的基本脈絡(luò)，并舉出各個(gè)發(fā)展階段具有代表性的重要報(bào)刊。

2005年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋（每題6分，共30分）

1、信息

2、輿論

3、《大清報(bào)律》

4、《中國報(bào)學(xué)史》

5、《我們關(guān)于新聞學(xué)的基本觀點(diǎn)》

二、簡答題（每題10分，共30分）

1、談?wù)勀銓?duì)新聞娛樂化的理解。

2、分析新聞傳播的社會(huì)控制。

3、寫出5份中共中央機(jī)關(guān)報(bào)的名稱，并簡述之。

三、論述題（每題30分，共90分）

1、論作為社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的新聞。

2、閱讀以下材料，以《論媒體》為題作文。我國首次全國國民閱讀傾向調(diào)查顯示，從閑暇時(shí)間對(duì)媒介的利用看，人數(shù)最多的是電視，其次是報(bào)紙、雜志、圖書和廣播，對(duì)錄音制品、錄像制品及計(jì)算機(jī)的利用，也有相當(dāng)多的人。休息日人們對(duì)各種媒介的接觸機(jī)會(huì)小于工作日，但長時(shí)間利用媒介的人增多。雖然上網(wǎng)的人數(shù)不多，但是上網(wǎng)的時(shí)間卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于對(duì)書報(bào)刊的使用時(shí)間。絕大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，在當(dāng)代社會(huì)中，讀書的作用對(duì)于個(gè)人的生存和發(fā)展越來越重要。從讀書的目的看，男性偏重實(shí)用性和開闊眼界、滿足興趣愛好，女性偏重提高個(gè)人修養(yǎng)、滿足與人交往和應(yīng)付考試。此次調(diào)查的內(nèi)容涉及各階層人員對(duì)各種媒體的購買、使用情況和趨勢。

3、試述梁啟超對(duì)中國新聞事業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)。

2004年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題

一、名詞解釋

1、媒介公共性

2、新聞法規(guī)

3、大眾傳播

4、文化工業(yè)

5、《報(bào)紙條例》

6、《每周評(píng)論》

二、簡答題

1、技術(shù)在新聞傳播媒介形態(tài)的變化中有什么樣的作用?

2、簡要介紹傳播學(xué)四大奠基人和側(cè)重研究方向。3、1945-46年間《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》和《大公報(bào)》就和戰(zhàn)問題的兩次交鋒？

三、論述題

1、論述效果研究的三大階段。2、1942年整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)后，《解放日?qǐng)?bào)》做了哪些改革？

3、閱讀下面的材料，以“論新聞”為題作文。

材料一是《南周》原來報(bào)道過的 “金元寶”事件，2000年山西一地區(qū)金礦爆炸，負(fù)責(zé)人為防事情暴露，給記者行賄，從而導(dǎo)致11名記者被處分，四名新華社記者，為此，新華社著重強(qiáng)調(diào)記者職業(yè)道德。

材料二是今年5月《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的4個(gè)版的因?yàn)樘摷傩侣劦牡狼?，一記者在四年任期?nèi)造30多篇假新聞，《時(shí)報(bào)》聲譽(yù)降至歷史最低點(diǎn)，從而導(dǎo)致正負(fù)總編同時(shí)辭職。

根據(jù)材料寫一篇“論新聞”的評(píng)論。

2004新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題（單考生）

一、名詞解釋（每題6分，共30分）

1、硬新聞

2、新聞法規(guī)

3、廉價(jià)報(bào)

4、傳播學(xué)的三大分支

5、《中國報(bào)學(xué)史》

二、簡答題（每題15分，共30分）

1、新聞傳媒的社會(huì)功能有哪些？

2、什么是議程設(shè)置？

三、論述題（每題45分，共90分）

1、結(jié)合中國新聞傳媒發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，闡述競爭對(duì)新聞傳媒業(yè)發(fā)展的意義和影響。

2、經(jīng)過1942-1945年的黨報(bào)整風(fēng)與改革，中共確立了黨報(bào)工作的優(yōu)良作風(fēng)是什么？請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際談?wù)勗诋?dāng)今的歷史條件下如何發(fā)揚(yáng)光大這些優(yōu)良作風(fēng)。

2003年新聞傳播學(xué)基礎(chǔ)試題 一.名詞解釋（7個(gè)×5分）

1.媒介即訊息 2.弱效果理論 3.黃遠(yuǎn)生的四能 4.熱血日?qǐng)?bào) 5.勞動(dòng)界 6.新聞?wù)鎸?shí)性

二.簡答（4個(gè)×10分）

1.某航空公司一飛機(jī)失事，若你是《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》；《申江服務(wù)導(dǎo)報(bào)》；《南方周末》記者，你將怎樣組織報(bào)道重點(diǎn)且說出原因。

2.傳播的線性模式，控制論模式，社會(huì)系統(tǒng)模式的異同？以及由此看出傳播學(xué)研究的發(fā)展？

3.清末的重要新聞法規(guī)？ 4.輿論在民主社會(huì)的功能。三.論述（3個(gè)×25分）

1.利用新聞媒體的社會(huì)角色和運(yùn)行機(jī)制分析香港《東周刊》刊登女星裸照事件并發(fā)表看法。

2.論述新聞把關(guān)人理論。材料提供俄國家杜馬禁止發(fā)表有關(guān)車臣戰(zhàn)爭等反恐新聞和莫斯科人質(zhì)劫持事件的新聞。

3.論述五四時(shí)期《新青年》的發(fā)展過程。

2002年新聞與傳播理論試題

一、填空（10 分）

1.輿論的特點(diǎn)是。2.信息的特點(diǎn)是。3.傳播學(xué)的三大分支是。

4.關(guān)于傳播結(jié)構(gòu)（過程）研究的主要模式有。

5.20 世紀(jì) 70 年代以來，關(guān)于傳播效果研究的主要理論有。

二、名詞解釋（20 分）、硬新聞 2、新聞體制 3、宣傳 4、媒介即訊息 5、實(shí)地調(diào)查法

三、簡答（20 分）、怎樣理解新聞媒介的雙重屬性？ 2、何謂“兩個(gè)環(huán)境”理論？試概述其要點(diǎn)。

四、論述（50 分）、何謂受眾的細(xì)分？當(dāng)前我國的新聞媒介該如何應(yīng)對(duì)受眾的分層化趨向？ 2、關(guān)于信息流程的研究有哪些主要成果？試聯(lián)系新聞媒介工作實(shí)際，簡述其啟迪意義。

2002年中外新聞事業(yè)史試題

一、名詞解釋（30分）

1、《遐邇貫珍》

2、《大清報(bào)律》

3、奧斯邦

4、北巖爵士

5、哈瓦斯通訊社

6、KDKA電臺(tái)

二、簡答題（30分）

1、鄒韜奮主編過哪七個(gè)報(bào)刊？請(qǐng)簡介之。

2、1956年《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》改版的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容有哪幾個(gè)方面？

3、為什么發(fā)展中國家要開展?fàn)幦〗⑹澜鐐鞑バ轮刃虻亩窢帲?/p>

三、論述題（40分）

1、試論中國同盟會(huì)機(jī)關(guān)報(bào)《民報(bào)》在輿論宣傳上的歷史功績。

2、試論新民主主義革命時(shí)期中共中央機(jī)關(guān)報(bào)刊的衍變過程。

2001年新聞傳播理論試題

一、填空（10分）

大致有受眾的特征、宣傳的三要素、傳播學(xué)里的四中調(diào)查方法等

二、名詞解釋（20分）

1、把關(guān)人

2、接近權(quán)

3、新聞選擇

4、輿論

5、硬新聞

三、簡答（20分）

1、簡述新聞事業(yè)的雙重屬性

2、簡述傳播學(xué)中的議題設(shè)置理論及其在媒體中的運(yùn)用

四、論述（50分）

1、新聞媒介如何營造一個(gè)良好的輿論環(huán)境，媒介在影響輿論中的作用

2、試述因特網(wǎng)的興起對(duì)傳統(tǒng)傳播學(xué)理論的沖擊和影響，如何面對(duì)因此帶來的一系列變化。

2000年新聞傳播理論試題

一、填空

二、名詞解釋（20分）

1、軟新聞和硬新聞

2、合理想象

3、沉默的螺旋

4、議題設(shè)置

5、新聞學(xué)

三、簡答（20分）

1、非語言傳播的特點(diǎn)是什么？

2、生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展對(duì)新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展有什么影響？

四、論述（50分）

1、現(xiàn)代報(bào)紙進(jìn)入市場展開競爭，對(duì)新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了影響，有無積極意義和消極意義，如果有，是什么？

2、論述從自由主義傳播理論發(fā)展到社會(huì)責(zé)任理論的過程，這一過程對(duì)我國新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展有無積極意義？如果有，請(qǐng)說明。

2000年中外新聞事業(yè)史

一、填充題（每空格1分，共30分）

1、出下列論著的作者:《新聞學(xué)大意》____________，《實(shí)際應(yīng)用新聞學(xué)》_________，《敬告我同業(yè)諸君》_________，《韜園文錄外編》_________，《塞上行》___________，《燕山夜話》________，《黨的組織與黨的出版物》_________，《論出版自由》_______，《紅星照耀中國》_______,《長征--前所未聞的故事》_________。

2、上?！渡陥?bào)》創(chuàng)刊于_______年，1932年起進(jìn)行改革，由______主編的副刊_________，發(fā)表了魯迅的許多作品。1934年11月，該報(bào)總經(jīng)理_______被國民黨特務(wù)殺害。

3、新記《大公報(bào)》的“四不”方針是:__________ __________ ____________ __________ 4、1931年，中國共產(chǎn)黨在江西瑞金創(chuàng)辦了__________通訊社和__________報(bào)，1937年1月它們分別改名為_________ __________

5、寫出以下國家現(xiàn)有的主要通訊社名稱；俄羅斯__________，古巴___________，印度_________，印度尼西亞_______，埃及________，朝鮮_________，日本_________，西班牙____________。

二、簡答題（每題6分，共30分）

1、《大江了》案

2、“豎三民”

3、《火星報(bào)》（俄國）

4、李普曼

5、有線電視網(wǎng)（美國）

三、論述題（每題20分，共40分）

1、“建立國際新聞新秩序”的口號(hào)怎樣提出來的？它有何重要意義？發(fā)展中國家為此進(jìn)行了哪些斗爭？

2、在延安整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)中，黨報(bào)理論有哪些重要發(fā)展？

1999年新聞與傳播理論試題 一：填充（每格一分）新聞事業(yè)的發(fā)展水平主要是由_____決定的 2 以辦報(bào)方針分，報(bào)紙可分為_____、_____、_____ 3 新聞選擇的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是_____、_____、_____、_____ 4 大眾傳播的四大社會(huì)功能是_____、_____、_____、_____ 5 受眾接觸信息、通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生選擇性的_____、_____、_____ 二：名詞解釋（每題4分）輿論 2 新聞體制 拉斯韋爾的5 W模式 4 兩級(jí)傳播（二段流程）三：簡答題：（每題6分）1 新聞與宣傳有何關(guān)系？ 2 如何理解新聞的真實(shí)性原則？ 3 媒介社會(huì)責(zé)任理論的要點(diǎn)是什么？ 4 麥克魯漢理論要點(diǎn)是什么？ 四：論述題（每題15分）簡述人類社會(huì)新聞傳播媒介的演變過程，闡明現(xiàn)在新聞事業(yè)產(chǎn)生的重大意義 2 結(jié)合中國當(dāng)前社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，論述受眾在新聞事業(yè)中的地位與作用 美國有關(guān)傳播效果的研究經(jīng)歷了哪幾個(gè)階段？舉例說明其主要成果對(duì)中國當(dāng)前大眾傳媒時(shí)間的啟迪意義.1999年中外新聞事業(yè)史試題

一、名詞解釋(每題6分，共30分)

1、《論出版自由》

2、時(shí)務(wù)體

3、《新萊茵報(bào)》

4、《熱血日?qǐng)?bào)》

5、“新華軍”

二、簡答題(每題10分，共30分)

1、試述《察世俗每月統(tǒng)記傳》與《東西洋每月統(tǒng)記傳》的異同。

2、簡介美國的四大廣播電視網(wǎng)

3、建立世界新聞傳播新秩序問題是何時(shí)提出的？

三、論述題(每題20分，共40分)

1、試述五四時(shí)期《新青年》的發(fā)展歷程。

2、評(píng)論1956年新聞工作改革的經(jīng)過，重點(diǎn)和收獲。