第一篇：2013考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo)
中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖 一．名詞 I.名詞的種類： 專有名詞 普通名詞
國(guó)名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 II.名詞的數(shù)：
1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外來(lái)詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：
英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)表示“某國(guó)人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants III.名詞的所有格：
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構(gòu)成：
單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：
１ 表示時(shí)間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價(jià)值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：
用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 目錄: 第01章 名詞性從句
第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解 第03章 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象 第04章 主謂一致 第05章
動(dòng)詞不定式 第06章
倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
第07章
定語(yǔ)從句 第08章
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感嘆句 第11章 疑問(wèn)句 第12章 名詞
第一章 名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
一． 主語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：
a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。
b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。
c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
2.用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句
It is a fact that ?
事實(shí)是?
It is an honor that
?非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that
?是常識(shí)(2)It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句
It is natural that?
很自然?
It is strange that?
奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 ＋ 從句
It seems that?
似乎?
It happened that?
碰巧?
It appears that?
似乎?(4)It ＋ 過(guò)去分詞 ＋ 從句
It is reported that?
據(jù)報(bào)道?
It has been proved that?
已證實(shí)?
It is said that?
據(jù)說(shuō)?
3.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：
（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4.what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如：
a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation
二．賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。
1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)
(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如：
I heard that be joined the army.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他參軍了。
(2)由what, whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：
a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。
b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。
(3)動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。
3.作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：
I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
4.it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)
it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。
5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。
三.表語(yǔ)從句
表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句”。可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。
1.同位語(yǔ)從句的功能
同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：
1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置
同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）
高一英語(yǔ)名詞性從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A.did the quarrel came about
B.the quarrel had come about
C.had the quarrel come about
D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything
D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there
B.in which
C.where
D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone
B.where did he go C.which place has he gone
D.where has he gone
7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that
B.which
C.of which
D.of that
8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave
B.that;should leave
C./;must leave
D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that
B.It;that
C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that
B.which
C.whether
D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?
A.that B.what C.why
D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If
D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while
B.if
C.that D.for
14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether
B.This
C.who
D.If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That
C.Whether
D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That
C.Who
D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that
C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What
B.It
C.All that
D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed
B.think
C.say
D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What
B.That
C.How
D.Where
Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解
“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：
一、It用作實(shí)詞
表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象??
二、It用作形式主語(yǔ)
替代作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。
It 作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
1.代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式，其句型為
(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…
例
It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例
It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)句型
It's no good/use doing…
It's(well)worth doing…
It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…
It's(well)worth while doing/ to do
例
It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語(yǔ)的從句常見(jiàn)句型
(1)It is + noun +從句
例
It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause
It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??
It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??
例
It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze
/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…
例
It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)
(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)
例
It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)
(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）
例
It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)
(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例
It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語(yǔ)的句型
1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事
例
It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)
2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風(fēng)格
例
It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時(shí)候了
例
It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了
例
It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)某動(dòng)作已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不發(fā)生了
例
It's 10 years that he lived here
6.It was(not)? before?過(guò)(不)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間某動(dòng)作發(fā)生了
例
It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語(yǔ)
用來(lái)替代作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。
It 作形式賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…
verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例
The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…
owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?
leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做
take it for granted that ?想當(dāng)然
keep it in mind that…
例
Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后
例
I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的介詞后面，賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）
例
I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who)? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可以用who。
在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1.請(qǐng)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問(wèn)句
例
When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句
例
It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)not ? until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上
例
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
例
It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語(yǔ)從句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1.make it
(1).在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說(shuō)定、趕上、及時(shí)到達(dá)
例
It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語(yǔ)中相當(dāng)于fix the date for,表示“約定好時(shí)間”
例
—Shall we meet next week?
—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is
(1).相當(dāng)于in fact, in reality表示“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際情況是??”
例
We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當(dāng)于方式狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“照原樣”
例
Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當(dāng)于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說(shuō)，可以說(shuō)，換句話說(shuō)”
例
He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來(lái)引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，相當(dāng)于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”
例
If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it
(1).相當(dāng)于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒(méi)有別的了”
例
You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當(dāng)于 That's right.表示“對(duì)啦”
例
— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.6.catch it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯(cuò)事而挨罵，受責(zé)備，受批評(píng)，受懲罰”
例
We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it
(1).相當(dāng)于say, insist表示“說(shuō)，主張，表明，硬說(shuō)”
例
Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當(dāng)于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”
例
I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”
例
You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當(dāng)于go on,表示“繼續(xù)做，不放棄”
例
My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞
12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)
13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)
14.As it happened, ? 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”
例
As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”
例
As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒(méi)有多大價(jià)值”
例
You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當(dāng)于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來(lái)勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔(dān)心，存住氣”
例
Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于believe me what I say.表示“請(qǐng)相信我的話，我敢擔(dān)保”
例
You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價(jià)值如何”
例
Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”
例
Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例
Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄
例
That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒(méi)有定下來(lái)”
例
—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負(fù)責(zé)，取決于??”
例
—Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that
B.while
C.in which
D.then(88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this
B.that
C.it
D.he(89)
3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this
B.that
C.its
D.it(91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that
B.until , that
C.until , that
D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it(93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while
B.which
C.that
D.since(94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It(95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until
B.that
C.then
D.so(97)
10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it
B.that
C.these
D.them(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one
B.that
C.what
D.it(2000)
12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this
B.that C.it
D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國(guó)卷)A.this B.These
C.That
D.it
14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國(guó)卷)A.it
B.One
C.Himself
D.another
15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)
A.This is B.There is C.That is
D.It is
16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)
A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea
B.It depends
C.As usual
D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out
B.turn out
C.go on
D.come up
19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends
B.It's up to you
C.All right
D.Glad to hear that
20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went
D.until midnight when he didn't go
KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA
11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC
第三章 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象
在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中，為了使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了，重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略?，F(xiàn)就英語(yǔ)中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下：
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：
a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫(xiě)作業(yè)。
d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1．狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則：
1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be，這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語(yǔ)；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過(guò)去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：
a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工 人，現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí)，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。
c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會(huì)談時(shí)，感謝中國(guó)在六方會(huì)談中起的重要作用。
e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。
f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開(kāi)嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。注意：
1)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，間或也有這樣的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過(guò)馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
2)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是 it，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒(méi)有必要，你最好不要查字典。
2．定語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1）一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：
Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）
而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：
Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見(jiàn)到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見(jiàn)到他了。
2）在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來(lái)代替，甚至還可省略。如：
a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？
3）當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時(shí)，從句不能用 how 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，應(yīng)該用that 或 in which，或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷?。如?/p>
I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3．賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1）在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。如：
a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說(shuō)《 反分裂國(guó)家法》已被通過(guò)，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語(yǔ)從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：
a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。
b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should +動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。如：
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國(guó)總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：
(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒(méi)有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。
6．在答語(yǔ)中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)？ —因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?/p>
三、簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略
1．省略主語(yǔ)
1）祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略 如：
(You)Open the door, please.請(qǐng)開(kāi)一下門(mén)。
2)其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法 如：
a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。
b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒(méi)關(guān)系。
2．省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分 如：
a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙
b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？
c)(You come)This way please.請(qǐng)這邊走。
d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？
3．省略賓語(yǔ) 如：
—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認(rèn)識(shí)他 4．省略表語(yǔ) 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分 如：
a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺(jué)得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。
b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。
四、動(dòng)詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場(chǎng)合1．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開(kāi)前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做，但當(dāng)我就要離開(kāi)的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。
2．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)
b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來(lái)，可是她父母不讓。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?
— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒(méi)關(guān)系，我很愿意。
4．不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚(yú)，但過(guò)去喜歡。
五、動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略
1．主語(yǔ)部分有to do ,系動(dòng)詞 is 或 was 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。如：
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語(yǔ)，前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，不定式通常省去to.如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說(shuō)陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外，什么也沒(méi)有做。
3．主語(yǔ)部分暗含to do，表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。如：
All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學(xué)，努力學(xué)習(xí)。
4．當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略，但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。如：
It is easier to say than to do.說(shuō)起來(lái)容易，做起來(lái)難。
5．在would rather?than? 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號(hào)常常要省略.如：
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to；why(not)do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如：
a)I saw her enter the room.我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了房間
b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢？
六．其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過(guò)的事物時(shí)，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們?cè)诂旣惣疫^(guò)的周末。
2．What和 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，常可省略主語(yǔ) it 和be動(dòng)詞 如：
a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對(duì)Tom來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)多么大的勝利呀！
b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當(dāng)作一個(gè)正常孩子對(duì)待對(duì)他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
第四章 主謂一致
主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.(一)語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng): 1.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。
2.用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:
The poet and writer has come.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
3.不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。
4.用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。
5.each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。
6.若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到
More persons than one come to help us.不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。
7.none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無(wú)完人。
None of this worries me.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。
8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。
9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國(guó)名如: the United States;報(bào)紙名如: the New Times;書(shū)名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。
(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:
1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋(píng)果都是爛的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。
4.表示時(shí)間, 金錢(qián), 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:
The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會(huì)決定解雇他。
6.the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則
1.由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？ 2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
主謂一致練習(xí)
1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is
B.are/are
C.is/are
D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years
B.are/year old
C.is/years old
D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play
B.are playing
C.plays
D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are
B.has
C.have
D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking
B.is speaking
C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his
B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's
D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are
B.is stayed
C.is
D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left
D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands
B.standing
C.which stands
D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will
B.was
C.is
D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are
B.I am
C.as I am
D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?
--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you
B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you
D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed
B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed
D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is
B.they are
C.this
D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting
B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting
D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were
B.were eaten/was
C.were eaten/were
D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her
B.is hers
C.are hers
D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have
B.are said to have
C.is said to be
D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves
B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf
D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows
B.cows cattle C.cattle cows
D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree
B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes
D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive
B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher
B.fathers are teachers
C.father are teachers
D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred
B.are occurred
C.occurs
D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or
B.The offices and
C.Both the office and
D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of
B.A great many
C.A large number of
D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out
B.are sold out
C.was sold out
D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has
B.have
C.is
D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is
B.are, are
C.are is
D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying
B.have studied
C.studies
D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are
B.is
C.will
D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been
C.All has
D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are
B.is C.has
D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching
B.were searching for
C.are searching
D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it
B.are it
C.are them
D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years
B.are years
C.is year
D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are
B.have
C.has
D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book
A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are
C.Two yuans is
D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen
B.is seen
C.see
D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting
B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted
D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room
B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room
D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is
B.are
C.have
D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something
B.has something
C.had something
D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is
B.are
C.are going
D.have
53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has
B.are have
C.is have
D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish
B.wishes
C.hope
D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work
B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles
D.Three quarter of the business
答案：
1-5 BDDDB
6-10 ABACD
11-15 ACDAB
16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA
26-30CBACA
31-35 CCADC
36-40CBCAD
41-45 BBCBD
46-50 DBDDB
51-55 BAABB
第五章
動(dòng)詞不定式不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1)動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。
2)動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3)動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意
疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying
B.lie
C.lay
D.laying
答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2)to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having invented
答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。3)to be +形容詞
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
注意
有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3.不定式作主語(yǔ)
1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意
1)其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3)當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is? to?的句型(對(duì))To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法
用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
4.不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1)目的狀語(yǔ)
To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit
B.sit on
C.be seat
D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于“形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to習(xí)慣于，be used to習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開(kāi)始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to
注意 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意
在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：
6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：
7)but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題
1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn
B.to learn
C.learned
D.learning
答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window?
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
典型例題
1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not
B.not to shut
C.to not shut
D.not shut
答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see
B.not seeing
C.to not see
D.having not seen
答案：A。pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive
B.to never driver C.never driving
D.never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to
B.not to do
C.not do it
D.do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no
B.eating not
C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。
不定式的特殊句型too?to? 1)too?to
太?以至于?
He is too excited to speak.他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。----Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為“不太”。
It's never too late to mend.(諺語(yǔ))改過(guò)不嫌晚。
3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng)
一般式
to do to be done
進(jìn)行式
to be doing
完成式
to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式
to have been doing
1)現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)到你。2)完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2)接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。
3)動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：
stop to do stop doing
forget to do forget doing
remember to do remember doing
cease to do cease doing
try to do try doing
go on to do go on doing
afraid to do
afraid doing
interested to do interested doing
mean to do mean doing
regret to do regret doing
begin/start to do begin/start doing
特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting
C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。
(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來(lái)。(to come動(dòng)作未做)
典型例題
----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off
B.turn it off
C.to turn it off
D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事
(未做)remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事
(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?
regret doing/to do regret to do
對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing
對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do
B.to be doing
C.to have done
D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選D。
cease doing/to do cease to do
長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
cease doing
短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.那個(gè)部門(mén)已不復(fù)存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^(guò)時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。
try doing/to do try to do
努力，企圖做某事。try doing
試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing
繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)
be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
be interested doing/to do interested to do
對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing
對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎?
(一種想法)
mean to doing/to do mean to do
打算、想 mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開(kāi)始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時(shí)開(kāi)始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開(kāi)始生起氣來(lái)。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開(kāi)始明白真相。4)物作主語(yǔ)時(shí) It began to melt.感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do
表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見(jiàn)他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。
典型例題
1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow
B.grew
C.was growing
D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing
B.to be playing
C.play
D.to play 答案：A.本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb.doing sth句型。
第六章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
一 全部倒裝
全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：
1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。
2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來(lái)了
3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。
2.表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：
1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。
2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：
1)Here he comes.他來(lái)了。
2)Away they went.他們走了。
二 部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：
1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。
2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。
3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。
注意：當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：
1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。
2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。
2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：
1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。
2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門(mén)時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)找她。
3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)看她。
注意：只有當(dāng)Not only? but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂(lè)。
3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí)，句子作部分倒裝。例如：
1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，我也能。
2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。
注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如：
1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。
2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。
4.only放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），全句語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請(qǐng)了三次才來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。
注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息。
三 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來(lái)都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
四 其他部分倒裝
1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng)。
2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy.望大家開(kāi)心愉快。
3.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。
第七章 定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。
被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。
定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2)whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：
不用that的情況：
a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)
(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況
①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時(shí)
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時(shí)
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí)，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開(kāi)始的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)
He is not the man that he used to be.、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：
①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?
3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的差別 由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區(qū)別：
(1)as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。
(3)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)習(xí)題精選
用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：
1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________
we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認(rèn)出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:
1.when
2.when 3.which
4.that/which
5.that 6.where
7.that/which 8.where 9.which
10.where 11.where
12.which 13.when
14.that
15.that
16.that
17.(that)
18.which
19.(that/in which)
20.that 21.that that
23.whose
24.of which
25.whose 26.whom
27.when
28.that
29.that
30.where
第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述
英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。例如：
English is spoken by many people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。
主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài)指的是動(dòng)詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)，從而是句法概念。所謂主動(dòng)句就是由主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，而被動(dòng)句則是由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子。例如：
He opened the door.他開(kāi)了門(mén)。(主動(dòng)句)
The door was opened.門(mén)被開(kāi)了。(被動(dòng)句)
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的?，F(xiàn)以teach為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋taught
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was／were＋taught
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will／shall be＋taught
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／are being＋taught
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：have／has been＋taught
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have／has been＋taught
記憶歌訣：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變，過(guò)去分詞跟后面。
注意：區(qū)分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)
be+過(guò)去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過(guò)去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過(guò)去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是主語(yǔ)；當(dāng)“be +過(guò)去分詞”表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過(guò)去分詞是表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下： 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The door is locked.門(mén)鎖著。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The door has already/just been locked.門(mén)已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The shop is opened.這家商店開(kāi)門(mén)了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。
三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。例如：
1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)
2)This book was published in 1981.這本書(shū)出版于1981年。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：
1)This book was written by him.這本書(shū)是他寫(xiě)的。
2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。
記憶歌訣：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)有必要；動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用到。
四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過(guò)去分詞)，根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主
動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式。把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。例如：
1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用。
五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。
記憶歌訣：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”，原來(lái)帶to要保留。例如：
1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once
第9講祈使句
一.祈使句的句式特征
祈使句常常是表達(dá)說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的勸告、叮囑、請(qǐng)求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，但根據(jù)其句意，實(shí)際上是省略了主語(yǔ)you。祈使句句末用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào)，朗讀時(shí)，常用降調(diào)。在表達(dá)請(qǐng)求或勸告時(shí)，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語(yǔ)氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，也不能與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！
Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個(gè)小房間里。
二.祈使句的肯定句式
祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型： 1.行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。例如：
Make sentences after the model.根據(jù)例句造句。
2.Be動(dòng)詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）。例如：
Be careful when crossing the street.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。
3.Let, ＋賓語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：
Let him go back now.讓他現(xiàn)在回去吧。
三.祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：
1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t＋行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：
Don’t say that again!別再那樣說(shuō)了！
2.在Be動(dòng)詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。
3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開(kāi)頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：
Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無(wú)論什么時(shí)候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。
4.在公共場(chǎng)合的提示語(yǔ)中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！
四.祈使句的反意問(wèn)句 祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句須按其句子結(jié)構(gòu)及講話人的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)決定其疑問(wèn)部分。通常有以下三種形式：
1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問(wèn)句表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，通常用will you；表示邀請(qǐng)、勸說(shuō)時(shí)，用won’t you。例如：
Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫(xiě)信，好嗎？
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?
今晚來(lái)和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？
2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問(wèn)句通常只用will you。例如：
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?
不要在會(huì)議室抽煙，好嗎？
3.Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句構(gòu)成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：
Let the boy go first, will you?讓個(gè)那男孩先走，好嗎？
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?
晚飯后我們?nèi)ド⒉?，好嗎?/p>
五.祈使句的回答
祈使句的動(dòng)作通常是表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以回答祈使句時(shí)，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時(shí)，要注意兩點(diǎn)：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時(shí)，要注意分析上下文語(yǔ)境中所提供的條件。例如：
---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請(qǐng)不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機(jī)場(chǎng)接我弟弟。
六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陳述句時(shí)，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞and來(lái)連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞or來(lái)連接。例如：
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒(méi)有辦法。
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點(diǎn)，否則我們要遲到了。
七.祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連用
祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句連用時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：
Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來(lái)這兒的話，叫他給我來(lái)個(gè)電話。
八.祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式
祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動(dòng)詞Do（Do在句中無(wú)意義）。例如：
Do shut up!快住口！
九.特殊形式的祈使句
在英語(yǔ)中，有些祈使句不是以動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)引起一個(gè)祈使句，而是以一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)，且后接一個(gè)帶有并列連接詞的分句。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)充當(dāng)祈使句的名詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹(shù)多澆點(diǎn)水，他們就不會(huì)死了。
十.運(yùn)用祈使句的誤區(qū)
祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語(yǔ)從句相混淆。在平時(shí)的練習(xí)或測(cè)試中，如果稍不留神，就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。因此，要認(rèn)真審題，認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，作出正確判斷。例如：
___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check
C.If you checkD.To check
析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項(xiàng)，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒(méi)有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項(xiàng)（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語(yǔ)some spelling mistakes又不能執(zhí)行這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故均不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，只有C項(xiàng)（條件狀語(yǔ)從句）符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意。
第十章感嘆句。
感嘆句：一般是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語(yǔ)感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導(dǎo)，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
感嘆詞 修飾對(duì)象 感嘆部分 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)+其他！
How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!
修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動(dòng)詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!
What（形容詞）修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!
修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數(shù)名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!
感嘆句的特殊形式
感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句，甚至一個(gè)詞組及單詞構(gòu)成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!
The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!
第十一章疑問(wèn)句
疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentence）：
定義：表達(dá)疑問(wèn)（亦即發(fā)問(wèn)）或請(qǐng)求的句子叫做疑問(wèn)句。例：
Is he a friend of your brother's?
（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發(fā)問(wèn)）
Can you do this for me?
（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請(qǐng)求）
疑問(wèn)句的句末必須使用問(wèn)號(hào)（Question mark）“？”來(lái)標(biāo)示問(wèn)句的結(jié)束。
疑問(wèn)句：可分為一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句和否定疑問(wèn)句。
種類 特征 語(yǔ)調(diào) 舉例 回答
一般疑問(wèn)句 系+主+表+？
助動(dòng)詞+主+動(dòng)+？ 升調(diào) Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答
特殊疑問(wèn)句 疑問(wèn)詞+系+表+？ 疑問(wèn)詞+助+主+動(dòng)+？ 降調(diào) How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 選擇疑問(wèn)句 一般問(wèn)句：系+主+表+?or?？
助+主+動(dòng)+?or?？ Or前升調(diào)。Or后降調(diào) Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問(wèn)句中一個(gè)，不用yes, no 特殊問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+系+主+?or?？ 第一部分用降調(diào)，第二部分or 前升調(diào)，or后降調(diào) Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個(gè)答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問(wèn)句 陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？ 陳述部分用降調(diào)，一問(wèn)部分用升調(diào) It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時(shí)用yes，否定時(shí)用no
陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？ 如對(duì)陳述肯定，可用降調(diào) It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問(wèn)句 系+not+主+表？
助+not+主+動(dòng)+？ 表示驚異用升調(diào)。贊嘆、責(zé)難用降調(diào) Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?
第十二章 名詞
在英語(yǔ)中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級(jí)各類考試的熱點(diǎn)之一，主要測(cè)試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨(dú)待的所有格形式。
1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 構(gòu)成方法
讀音 例詞
一般情況
加-s
1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞
加-es 讀 /iz/
bus-buses
watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/
license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞
變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies
2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1)以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。
如： two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys
holiday---holidays
比較： 層樓：storey---storeys
story---stories
2)以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a.加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3)以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes
gulf---gulfs；
b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3.不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)的表示方法 1）物質(zhì)名詞
a.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數(shù))
b.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)。
This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))
We need various steels.(可數(shù))
c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。
Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。
我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。
2）抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。
如： a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一條建議
4.定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有例外。
1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)
students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌
the foreign languages school外語(yǔ)學(xué)校
2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。
如：men workers
women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。
如：goods train(貨車)
arms produce 武器生產(chǎn) 4)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。
如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋）
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù)
a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
5.不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)
名稱 總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))一個(gè)人
兩個(gè)人
中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss
a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人 the Australians
an
Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian
two Italians
希臘人
the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國(guó)人
the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人
the Japanese a Japanese
two Japanese
美國(guó)人
the Americans an American two Americans
加拿大人
the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人
the Indians an Indian two Indians
英國(guó)人
the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人
the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國(guó)人
the Germans a Germans two Germans
6.名詞的格
在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加“'s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1）單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“'s”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包，men's room 男廁所。
2）若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the 二．冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法： 指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法： 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于樂(lè)器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前 He is the taller of the two children.用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法： 專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess.6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí) husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前 Horses are useful animals.三．代詞：
I.代詞可以分為以下七大類： 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑問(wèn)代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關(guān)系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
第二篇：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)方法指導(dǎo)
分享：
我們?cè)诮虒W(xué)中注重多種教學(xué)方法的有機(jī)融合：
1．課堂講解：教師在課堂上的講解決不是照本宣讀，而是抓重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)，總結(jié)規(guī)律，深入淺出，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思考。
使用目的：語(yǔ)法課的特殊性決定了脫離教師講解過(guò)分追求學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)是不切實(shí)際的，所以我們?nèi)匀蛔⒅貍鹘y(tǒng)的課堂講解，以使學(xué)生牢固系統(tǒng)地掌握語(yǔ)法知識(shí)體系。
實(shí)施過(guò)程：每節(jié)課使用一半的時(shí)間由教師就所涉及章節(jié)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的闡述和解釋。
實(shí)施效果：通過(guò)老師的講解，學(xué)生能夠深入地了解原本抽象而且不容易理解的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，避免了學(xué)習(xí)的盲目性。
2．實(shí)踐練習(xí)：課堂上除講解以外的另一半時(shí)間用于學(xué)生進(jìn)行各種題型的練習(xí)，包括填空、改錯(cuò)、翻譯、寫(xiě)作等。
使用目的：適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)可以使學(xué)生理解和消化所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，并且學(xué)會(huì)把語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和實(shí)際應(yīng)用相結(jié)合，啟發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主觀能動(dòng)性。也可以使教師發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的疑難問(wèn)題，及時(shí)作出解答。
實(shí)施過(guò)程：練習(xí)講解中我們一反傳統(tǒng)的“對(duì)答案”的單調(diào)模式，而是鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生先就同學(xué)們提供的不同答案進(jìn)行解釋和辯論，教師最后根據(jù)學(xué)生的討論作總結(jié)和解釋。
實(shí)施效果：這種方法極大地調(diào)動(dòng)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，開(kāi)拓了學(xué)生的思路。課堂上講練習(xí)時(shí)再也看不到學(xué)生打瞌睡的局面，取而代之的是學(xué)生熱烈的討論和活躍的課堂氣氛。同時(shí)，也給予了教師更多的教學(xué)靈感。
3．互動(dòng)研討：針對(duì)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)具有理論性和實(shí)踐性相結(jié)合的特點(diǎn)，我們鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生就某些課題進(jìn)行研究，并組織討論，寫(xiě)出書(shū)面論文。
使用目的：?jiǎn)l(fā)學(xué)生思維，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)研究習(xí)慣，激發(fā)學(xué)生進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究的積極性，增強(qiáng)課程的互動(dòng)性。
實(shí)施過(guò)程：在學(xué)期開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，由教師確定一系列和語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的研究題目，學(xué)生選擇其中一個(gè)題目，以小組為單位進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究，寫(xiě)出書(shū)面論文，提交給任課老師。老師進(jìn)行閱讀修改后進(jìn)行評(píng)分和反饋。
實(shí)施效果：這種做法極大地激發(fā)了學(xué)生對(duì)于語(yǔ)法的興趣，讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)法不再是僵硬的條條框框，而是活生生存在在我們每天的生活中的東西。同時(shí)培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生寫(xiě)作論文的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)治學(xué)習(xí)慣。
4．溝通和互動(dòng)：
使用目的：保證學(xué)生和教師的充分溝通，啟發(fā)教師的靈感，推動(dòng)教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)。
實(shí)施過(guò)程：在課堂內(nèi)外留出充足的時(shí)間給學(xué)生提問(wèn)，對(duì)于不習(xí)慣在課堂上提問(wèn)的學(xué)生我們?cè)黾恿穗娮余]件等現(xiàn)代化通訊手段進(jìn)行交流。
實(shí)施效果：教師能夠及時(shí)了解學(xué)生的想法，學(xué)生也能夠及時(shí)解決疑難問(wèn)題，極大地促進(jìn)了教和學(xué)。
第三篇：考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析
無(wú)憂考網(wǎng)004km.cne tomorrow who will teach you German.明天，新（男）老師將來(lái)較你德語(yǔ)。
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的區(qū)別】
（１）besides與except 前者表示＂除．．．以外，還有．．．＂；后者表示＂從整體中除去．．．＂ 這個(gè)大家都知道，就不舉例子了．
（２）except與except for a．除去的和非除去的是同類事物，用except eg：
All the essays are well written except Nelson's.Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同類事物，所以用except． b．除去的和非除去的不是同類事物，用except for，并且從語(yǔ)氣上通常表示遺憾．
無(wú)憂考網(wǎng)004km.cn here every day,always excepting the youngest.（５）but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如everything，anywhere，nobody等詞以后及all，none之后 eg：
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.They are all gone but me.You can get the book anywhere but here.There is no one but me.Who but George would do such a thing? 【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)之too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】（連載中）【too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】
我們知道too...to結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示否定含義,意為“太...以致于不能” eg:He is too old to work.無(wú)憂考網(wǎng)www.51Test.net 但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義: ⑴當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí).eg:English is not too difficult to learn.英語(yǔ)并不太難學(xué).He is too wise not to see that.他很聰明,不會(huì)不懂這一點(diǎn).⑵當(dāng)too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí).eg:They are too anxious to leave.他們急于離開(kāi).He is too ready to help others.他總是樂(lè)于助人.與這些詞連用時(shí),too前還常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副詞,意思不變,因?yàn)檫@些詞加上too后與very同義.eg:I'm only too glad to see you.見(jiàn)到你非常高興.They are but too pleased to hear the news.他們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,非常高興.⑶與cannot連用時(shí).eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough)to do your homework.你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好(=無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過(guò)分).⑷當(dāng)不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)或真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí).eg:There are too many problems to be solved.有很多問(wèn)題有待解決.It is too much to say that he is a fool.【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
無(wú)憂考網(wǎng)www.51Test.net ⑴"every other+單數(shù)名詞” 意思是“每隔一。?！?/p>
如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵樹(shù)
⑵“every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞” 意思是“每隔。?！保ㄝ^英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞少一個(gè)）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔兩天（或者譯為每三天）因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者譯為每?jī)商欤?/p>
⑶“every few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞” 意思是“每隔幾。?！?/p>
如：every few days（每隔幾天）
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之a(chǎn)live、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活潑的、快活的、生動(dòng)的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定語(yǔ)或標(biāo)語(yǔ)；但它沒(méi)有“活著的”意思，而其他三個(gè)都有。如：
Young children are usually lively.小孩子們通常是活潑的。He told a very lively story.他講了一個(gè)生動(dòng)的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，與dead意義相反。但live通常只作前置定語(yǔ)，且一般用于動(dòng)物；alive、living不僅可作定語(yǔ)（alive只能置于名詞后；living一般置于名詞前，也可置于名詞后），也可以作表語(yǔ)。如：
This is a live(=living)fish.(=This is a fish alive.)這是一條活魚(yú)。（指動(dòng)物，且作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，三者均可用）Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)? 誰(shuí)是當(dāng)今最偉大的人物？（指人，不能用live）The fish is still alive(=living)那條魚(yú)還活著。（指動(dòng)物作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用live）。
無(wú)憂考網(wǎng)www.51Test.net ⑶living主要指在某個(gè)時(shí)候是活著的，而alive指本來(lái)有死的可能，但仍活著的。而且，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用alive；作比喻義（如“活像。。”、“活生生的”等）解時(shí)，要用living。如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）那位敵方軍官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）He is the living image of his father.(比喻義，不用alive）他活象他父親。
第四篇：Cfrzbu考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)(完美版)
生活需要游戲，但不能游戲人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生夢(mèng)死；生活需要藝術(shù)，但不能投機(jī)取巧；生活需要勇氣，但不能魯莽蠻干；生活需要重復(fù)，但不能重蹈覆轍。
-----無(wú)名
考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（完美版）從2002年起，研究生英語(yǔ)考試取消了語(yǔ)法、詞匯等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的考查，將此部分改考為聽(tīng)力。但取消了此部分知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查并不意味著英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的不重要。根據(jù)以往英語(yǔ)取得高分同學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和海文英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)名師的建議，他們都一致認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語(yǔ)的重要基礎(chǔ)，其實(shí)完形填空是對(duì)語(yǔ)法、詞匯的綜合考查，但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解，有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的句式，這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解，而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢，寫(xiě)好作文。
（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 一．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的1．表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。
1）must have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“（昨天）一定……”。如：
My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be（答案為C）2）can’t / couldn’t have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為“（昨天）一定沒(méi)……”。如： Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received（答案為A）
3）may / might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如： At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2．表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
1)needn’t have + 過(guò)去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于”didn’t need to do”,譯為“其實(shí)沒(méi)必要……”。如： You needn’t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up(沒(méi)有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說(shuō)話者的建議，實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D)2）should have +過(guò)去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該……”should not + have過(guò)去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了，譯為“本不應(yīng)該……”。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來(lái)應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實(shí)際上作者還是沒(méi)有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒(méi)有完成。
3)ought to have +過(guò)去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如： Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4)could have +過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have +過(guò)去分詞用法相似。如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/ might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“（那樣）也許會(huì)……”。如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二．幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫停?1)．may/might(just)as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近；
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。2)．cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot…over….如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時(shí)候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be over emphasized.3)．usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to(do)的否定式。
4）．should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.我無(wú)法想象他竟然這樣做。三．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法
1． want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。Your hair wants cutting
The book is worth reading The floor requires washing.2．need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing，兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.（二）形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí) 一．形容詞的修飾與位置 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，從構(gòu)詞法角度來(lái)看，后綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“l(fā)y’結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點(diǎn)要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語(yǔ)和只能做前置定語(yǔ)；這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納： 1 以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞： costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨(dú)的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長(zhǎng)得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 塵世的 2 只作以“a”開(kāi)頭的很多形容詞只能做表語(yǔ)：
afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒著的 alone 單獨(dú)的，惟一的 alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡著的 aware 意識(shí)到的、察覺(jué)到的 well 健康的 content 滿意的 unable
無(wú)能的 3 只作前置定語(yǔ)的形容詞 earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長(zhǎng)的 woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只不過(guò) only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的 4．下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語(yǔ)：
remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。
如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二．形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí) 1． 考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握：
1）形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說(shuō)比較要具有可比性。如： The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’
（前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對(duì)比，答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置
原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為….若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+as…as…,或倍數(shù)詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后，即 “as+原級(jí)＋again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案為B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice
(答案為B)My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列詞和短語(yǔ)不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：
inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial（答案為A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)5）“比較級(jí)＋and +比較級(jí)”或“more and more/less and less +原級(jí)”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞＋比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來(lái)越……”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get ,become等。
前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修飾語(yǔ)用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“更加”的意思。如
Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型： A): not so much…as…與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical are.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣撸€不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來(lái)的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B B)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……
The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more（心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than
（答案為D）C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……，……也……（用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is（答案為C）
2．最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題： 1）最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of …,不說(shuō)among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái) 如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B] 2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用： any other +單數(shù)名詞 the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說(shuō)：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同。
3）most可以用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants，要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級(jí)＋of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language
三．不用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞： 1）表示顏色的有：white, black 2）表示
形態(tài)的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy
4)表示狀態(tài)作表語(yǔ)的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有絕對(duì)概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四．平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對(duì)比：and;but；or；both… and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1．注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。如：
It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案為D)Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say（答案為B）2）如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同，一般說(shuō)來(lái)第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如： At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.（三）代詞及其指代一致 一．代詞的指代 1．that的指代作用
that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如： A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為[C] 3．do的替代作用。do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but t
hat the public believe that it does.二．代詞指代一致問(wèn)題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律：
1．鄰近和靠近原則 由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink 2．當(dāng)no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語(yǔ)法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it? 3．當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如： They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4．由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù) 如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
（三）主謂一致問(wèn)題 主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問(wèn)題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則： 語(yǔ)法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則 很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來(lái)處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定。總結(jié)如下： 一．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況 1．動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如： Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2．表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3．一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A。4．表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式
Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5．有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6．用and 連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)情況 1． 由and, both …and, 連接的并列主語(yǔ)，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語(yǔ)后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2．集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3．當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) The rich are not always selfish 5．不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況 1． 就近一致原則 這種情況下，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能： 1）由連詞 either…or…;neither…nor…;whether… or…;not only…but(also);or 等連接的并列主語(yǔ) Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong 2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致 Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili 2． 主語(yǔ)帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語(yǔ)保持一致
Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研題)3．關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.4．一些表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)與名詞連用時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語(yǔ)包括：a lot of /lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten, twenty…)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等 Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5．集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audien
ce, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop.Crowd, firm, family 等等 The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6．某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：
第一組： a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
第二組； the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
第三組； more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
第四組； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of
謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致 第五組；(n)either…(n)or….not only…..but also …… not …..but …… 謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分）一致.注意比較： More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book
（四）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語(yǔ)在前、謂語(yǔ)在后的正常語(yǔ)序排列，而是將謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分移到主語(yǔ)之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝?？忌鷳?yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對(duì)倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來(lái)，避免做題時(shí)候的盲目和迷茫。一． 用全部倒裝的情況 全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語(yǔ)序顛倒過(guò)來(lái)，把謂語(yǔ)移到主語(yǔ)前面： 1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如： Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane 2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如： Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for you There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here，there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝 “ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are.There he comes.3)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二． 采用部分倒裝情況 部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語(yǔ)的一部分（主要是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞）放到句子主語(yǔ)前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(yǔ)（包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）都放在主語(yǔ)前 1．下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝： never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：
Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題)注：1)如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如： Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研題）2）考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如： Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips;not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2．以only修飾狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)從句）開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝： only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如： Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can 3．以下列副詞或短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如： So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A]became the children [B]become the children [C]had the children become [D]do the children become(2001年考研題，答案為D)4．比較從句的倒裝： as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是名詞短語(yǔ)且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)（不倒裝也可以）。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如： Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.5．用于前面所說(shuō)的情況也適用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝 1）肯定重復(fù)倒裝用：so They have got up, and so has jack 2)否定重復(fù)倒裝用：nor, neither, no more If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they 6．“not only..but also”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but(also)句子后面不倒裝 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.三． 特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 特殊形式的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指句子雖然是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要，把強(qiáng)調(diào)部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現(xiàn)這樣的情況有以下幾種可能： 1．讓步從句的倒裝。1）as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight 2）．出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語(yǔ)+其他，come what may中。如： While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was(答案為B)3)no matter how(wh
o…);however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如： No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.語(yǔ)法測(cè)試 1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.A.makes B.made C.have made D had made 2.“What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.“ “Oh, nothing much.As a matter of fact, I my friends back home.” A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought 3.She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.A.will be working B.worked C.has been working D.will have worked 4.The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.A.has investigated B.investigates C.will have investigated D.investigated 5.Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.A.must have looked after B.would have to look after C.had to look after D.should have looked after 6.four years since John left school.A.They have been B.It is C.It was D.Those are 7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.A.has gone B.has not gone C will be going D.has been going 8.By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying 9.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced 10.The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead.A.is to meet B.was to meet C.has been to meet D.was to have met
語(yǔ)法測(cè)題答案與詳解 1．(D)根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則，間接引語(yǔ)(或賓語(yǔ)從句)的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。該句中said是過(guò)去時(shí)所以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中也要用過(guò)去的某一種時(shí)態(tài)，而從句中since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表明其應(yīng)為完 成時(shí)態(tài)，故應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。2．(C)通過(guò)上下文可以判定Ali看起來(lái)很難受很傷心，是因?yàn)閯偛旁谶M(jìn)行的事情所導(dǎo)致的，所以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)較好，故(C)是正確答案。3．(C)根據(jù)句意和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for twenty minutes，可以判斷這里應(yīng)填入現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，并且選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，所以(C)是正確答案。4．(A)句意表明委員會(huì)是在調(diào)查事件之后才會(huì)做出決定，調(diào)查應(yīng)發(fā)生在決定之前，所以應(yīng)用將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)，但是在英語(yǔ)中，時(shí)間條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)是由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)表示的，所以正確答案是(A)。5．(C)從上下文的邏輯意義看，(C)項(xiàng)是唯一的正確答案。Carey沒(méi)有參加晚會(huì)，原因是給她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情根據(jù)客觀情況作出主觀推斷：(A)作“準(zhǔn)是看孩子了”講；(D)作 “本應(yīng)該看孩子”講，都不對(duì)，而(B)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的將來(lái)，也不對(duì)，所以只有(C)正確。6．（B）這是一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)(或句型)。本句也可說(shuō)在“Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1．’’ 7．(C)until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的意思，主句因此必須用一般將來(lái)時(shí)與之
呼應(yīng)，口語(yǔ)中常用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示預(yù)料即將發(fā)生或肯定發(fā)生的事，也可表示某件事已經(jīng)決定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正確答案是(C)。? 8．(C)by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則主句要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)；若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，則主句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，有時(shí)也可以用過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)。這樣，本道題目的正確答案是(C)。9．(D)有具體表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事件的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，句子應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。10．(B)由第一個(gè)句子中的but引導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)折句中所用的過(guò)去時(shí)，可以判斷總統(tǒng)本要在機(jī)場(chǎng)接見(jiàn)代表團(tuán)，表示計(jì)劃要做某事在英語(yǔ)中可以用be+動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)表達(dá)，故正確答案是B)。, so-font-kerning: 0pt;mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial”>比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說(shuō)比較要具有可比性。如：
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s（前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對(duì)比，答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置 原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為….若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+as…as…,或倍數(shù)詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后，即 “as+原級(jí)＋again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times
(答案為B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案為B)My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列詞和短語(yǔ)不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：
inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial（答案為A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)5）“比較級(jí)＋and +比較級(jí)”或“more and more/less and less +原級(jí)”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞＋比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來(lái)越……”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse
The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修飾語(yǔ)用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“更加”的意思。如
Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型： A): not so much…as…與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rs as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣?，還不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來(lái)的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B B)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……
The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more（心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than（答案為D）C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……，……也……（用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is（答案為C）2．最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題： 1）最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of …,不說(shuō)among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)
如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B] 2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：
any other +單數(shù)名詞 the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說(shuō)：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同。3）most可以用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants，要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級(jí)＋of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices
They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三．不用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞： 1）表示顏色的有：white, black 2）表示形態(tài)的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3)表示性質(zhì)和
特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy
4)表示狀態(tài)作表語(yǔ)的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final
6)表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有絕對(duì)概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四．平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)
平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對(duì)比：and;but；or；both… and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1．注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。如：
It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案為D)
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如：
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為A
For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say（答案為B）
2）如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同，一般說(shuō)來(lái)第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.（三）代詞及其指代一致
一．代詞的指代
1．that的指代作用
that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用
one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為[C]
3．do的替代作用。
do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二．代詞指代一致問(wèn)題
代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。
It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。
代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律：
1．鄰近和靠近原則
由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink
2．當(dāng)no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語(yǔ)法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：
Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?
Everything is ready, isn’t it?
3．當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
They each have two coats
we are each responsible for his own family 4．由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)
如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
（三）主謂一致問(wèn)題
主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問(wèn)題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：
語(yǔ)法一致原則
意義一致原則
就近一致原則
很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來(lái)處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下：
一．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況
1．動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：
Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)
To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2．表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
Two weeks was too long
Five times five makes twenty five
3．一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)：
law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水
a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉
the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索
horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月
bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落
如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A。
4．表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式
Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5．有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)
The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us
A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6．用and 連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式
Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)情況
1． 由and, both …and, 連接的并列主語(yǔ)，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語(yǔ)后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2．集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞
The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine
3．當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
The Japanese were once very aggressive
4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)
The rich are not always selfish
5．不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)
Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況
1． 就近一致原則
這種情況下，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：
1）由連詞 either…or…;neither…nor…;whether… or…;not only…but(also);or 等連接的并列主語(yǔ)
Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong
2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致
Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili
2． 主語(yǔ)帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語(yǔ)保持一致
Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研題)
3．關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.（1996年考研題）
There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.（1990年考研題）
4．一些表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)與名詞連用時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語(yǔ)包括：a lot of /lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten, twenty…)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等
Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire
5．集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop.Crowd, firm, family 等等
The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous
The audience were greatly moved at the words 6．某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：
第一組：
a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
第二組；
the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
第三組；
more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
第四組；
the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of
謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致
第五組；
(n)either…(n)or….not only…..but also …… not …..but ……
謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分）一致.注意比較：
More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book
（四）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語(yǔ)在前、謂語(yǔ)在后的正常語(yǔ)序排列，而是將謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分移到主語(yǔ)之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝?？忌鷳?yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對(duì)倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來(lái)，避免做題時(shí)候的盲目和迷茫。
一． 用全部倒裝的情況
全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語(yǔ)序顛倒過(guò)來(lái)，把謂語(yǔ)移到主語(yǔ)前面：
1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：
Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane
2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：
Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for you
There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here，there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝
“ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are.There he comes.3)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二． 采用部分倒裝情況
部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語(yǔ)的一部分（主要是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞）放到句子主語(yǔ)前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(yǔ)（包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）都放在主語(yǔ)前
1．下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, no
where, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：
Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題)注：1)如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如：
Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研題）
2）考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：
Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips;not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2．以only修飾狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)從句）開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：
Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can
3．以下列副詞或短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如：
So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A]became the children [B]become the children
[C]had the children become [D]do the children become(2001年考研題，答案為D)4．比較從句的倒裝：
as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是名詞短語(yǔ)且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)（不倒裝也可以）。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：
Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.5．用于前面所說(shuō)的情況也適用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝
1）肯定重復(fù)倒裝用：so
They have got up, and so has jack
2)否定重復(fù)倒裝用：nor, neither, no more
If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they
6．“not only..but also”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but(also)句子后面不倒裝
Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.三． 特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
特殊形式的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指句子雖然是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要，把強(qiáng)調(diào)部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現(xiàn)這樣的情況有以下幾種可能：
1．讓步從句的倒裝。
1）as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight
2）．出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語(yǔ)+其他，come what may中。如：
While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was(答案為B)
3)no matter how(who…);however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：
No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.語(yǔ)法測(cè)試
1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.A.makes B.made C.have made D had made
2.“What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.“ “Oh, nothing much.As a matter of fact, I my friends back home.”
A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought
3.She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.A.will be working B.worked C.has been working D.will have worked
4.The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.A.has investigated B.investigates C.will have investigated D.investigated 5.Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.A.must have looked after B.would have to look after C.had to look after D.should have looked after
6.four years since John left school.A.They have been B.It is C.It was D.Those are
7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.A.has gone B.has not gone C will be going D.has been going 8.By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying 9.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced
10.The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead.A.is to meet B.was to meet C.has been to meet D.was to have met
語(yǔ)法測(cè)題答案與詳解
1．(D)根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則，間接引語(yǔ)(或賓語(yǔ)從句)的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。該句中said是過(guò)去時(shí)所以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中也要用過(guò)去的某一種時(shí)態(tài)，而從句中since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表明其應(yīng)為完 成時(shí)態(tài)，故應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。
2．(C)通過(guò)上下文可以判定Ali看起來(lái)很難受很傷心，是因?yàn)閯偛旁谶M(jìn)行的事情所導(dǎo)致的，所以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)較好，故(C)是正確答案。
3．(C)根據(jù)句意和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for twenty minutes，可以判斷這里應(yīng)填入現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，并且選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，所以(C)是正確答案。
4．(A)句意表明委員會(huì)是在調(diào)查事件之后才會(huì)做出決定，調(diào)查應(yīng)發(fā)生在決定之前，所以應(yīng)用將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)，但是在英語(yǔ)中，時(shí)間條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)是由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)表示的，所以正確答案是(A)。
5．(C)從上下文的邏輯意義看，(C)項(xiàng)是唯一的正確答案。Carey沒(méi)有參加晚會(huì)，原因是給她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情根據(jù)客觀情況作出主觀推斷：(A)作“準(zhǔn)是看孩子了”講；(D)作 “本應(yīng)該看孩子”講，都不對(duì)，而(B)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的將來(lái)，也不對(duì)，所以只有(C)正確。
6．（B）這是一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)(或句型)。本句也可說(shuō)在"Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1．’’ 7．(C)until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的意思，主句因此必須用一般將來(lái)時(shí)與之呼應(yīng)，口語(yǔ)中常用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示預(yù)料即將發(fā)生或肯定發(fā)生的事，也可表示某件事已經(jīng)決定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正確答案是(C)。?
8．(C)by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則主句要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)；若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，則主句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，有時(shí)也可以用過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)。這樣，本道題目的正確答案是(C)。
9．(D)有具體表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事件的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，句子應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
10．(B)由第一個(gè)句子中的but引導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)折句中所用的過(guò)去時(shí)，可以判斷總統(tǒng)本要在機(jī)場(chǎng)接見(jiàn)代表團(tuán)，表示計(jì)劃要做某事在英語(yǔ)中可以用be+動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)表達(dá)，故正確答案是b
第五篇：考研復(fù)試指導(dǎo)
考研復(fù)試指導(dǎo)
研究生考試初試過(guò)后，就是復(fù)試。復(fù)試一般分為筆試、面試、英語(yǔ)能力測(cè)試三部分。筆試主要測(cè)試大家的專業(yè)課知識(shí)，面試是報(bào)考學(xué)校的考官們對(duì)考生提一些專業(yè)問(wèn)題，而英語(yǔ)能力測(cè)試一般包括聽(tīng)力或口語(yǔ)。
如何準(zhǔn)備復(fù)試，如何在同樣優(yōu)秀的學(xué)子中脫穎而出？在同樣激烈的復(fù)試競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，毋庸置疑，考生的專業(yè)實(shí)力需要經(jīng)得起考驗(yàn)，但復(fù)試技巧也是不容忽視。
今日在此跟大家分享一下復(fù)試指導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，探討復(fù)試技巧，旨在幫助大家有效準(zhǔn)備復(fù)試。
首先為廣大考生介紹一下復(fù)試考試的基本流程和考核內(nèi)容。
一、復(fù)試的流程
一般而言，復(fù)試第一天一般是資格審查，然后第二天體檢，第三天專業(yè)筆試+英語(yǔ)測(cè)試，第四天進(jìn)行面試，面試完一般第二天就能出結(jié)果。
二、復(fù)試考核內(nèi)容
復(fù)試主要內(nèi)容包括英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)、專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課，還有專業(yè)技能的考核，以及心理素質(zhì)。其中影響考生比較大的是英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)和專業(yè)方面的考核。
了解了復(fù)試考核內(nèi)容，那么考生又該如何準(zhǔn)備復(fù)試呢？接下來(lái)，跟大家分享一下一些復(fù)試準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)該注意的地方。
首先，考生的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)肯定是考查的重點(diǎn)，因此初試復(fù)習(xí)期間的知識(shí)不能忘。大家不能丟棄初試用的幾本專業(yè)參考書(shū)，復(fù)試的準(zhǔn)備需要建立在初試的基礎(chǔ)之上?？忌鷮⒊踉嚂r(shí)復(fù)習(xí)的專業(yè)知識(shí)進(jìn)行鞏固。同時(shí)大家要看一些和目標(biāo)院校、目標(biāo)老師相關(guān)的論文以及參考教材，以及本專業(yè)的核心期刊等等。
另外，可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等途徑跟學(xué)姐或?qū)W長(zhǎng)了解報(bào)考學(xué)校復(fù)試的流程、考查內(nèi)容、注意點(diǎn)等信息。復(fù)試成功的一個(gè)重要條件就是需要有充足的信息?？忌惨私庖幌聦?dǎo)師的信息。
第三，英語(yǔ)口試鍛煉?，F(xiàn)在所有的學(xué)校都非常重視學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)水平，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)水平是直接關(guān)系到你以后接觸學(xué)術(shù)前沿著作的一個(gè)能力，所以需要大家在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候，把英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的訓(xùn)練提到日程上來(lái)。大家要提前準(zhǔn)備一段2分鐘左右的英語(yǔ)自我介紹，并熟記一下相關(guān)專業(yè)的常用專業(yè)詞匯以及英語(yǔ)表達(dá)。
第四，復(fù)試需要的硬件要準(zhǔn)備齊全。針對(duì)于你的目標(biāo)院校，對(duì)于復(fù)試的硬件要求一定要帶好了。比如身份證、準(zhǔn)考證、學(xué)生證等，而且這些證件至少要帶兩份復(fù)印件，以免到時(shí)候就手忙腳亂。
經(jīng)過(guò)細(xì)致的復(fù)試準(zhǔn)備，考生終于迎來(lái)的復(fù)試的日子。這里，還需要提醒廣大考生復(fù)試時(shí)（主要是面試時(shí)）需要注意的地方：
第一，著裝和儀態(tài)?？忌?dāng)日要穿著得體、整潔、干凈、大方。提前到達(dá)面試考場(chǎng)，切勿遲到。自如地走進(jìn)考場(chǎng)，并且一定要面帶微笑。輕輕敲門(mén)，推門(mén)進(jìn)去，一定要向在座的所有考官進(jìn)行問(wèn)好，比如“各位老師好”、“下午好”等等，進(jìn)行行禮等等，然后開(kāi)始面試。結(jié)束面試，走出考場(chǎng)時(shí)，也要向考官示意。良好的禮儀是成功的復(fù)試的開(kāi)端。
第二，回答問(wèn)題時(shí)要邏輯清晰，切勿自亂陣腳?？忌诨卮饘I(yè)課老師問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，可以從以下兩個(gè)方面著手。第一方面，找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題所回答的角度，比如一個(gè)問(wèn)題拿過(guò)來(lái)以后，把這個(gè)問(wèn)題拆成正面的，反面的角度，進(jìn)行全方位的論述。另外，在每個(gè)角度下大家應(yīng)該分好層次，比如第一點(diǎn)是什么，第二點(diǎn)是什么，第三點(diǎn)又是什么，給大家一個(gè)邏輯清楚、思維清晰的印象，有層次，有角度地回答問(wèn)題。
近年來(lái)，許多院校都增加了復(fù)試的權(quán)重，因此，考生千萬(wàn)不可小覷復(fù)試而造成在復(fù)試中功虧一簣。提前做好復(fù)試的充足準(zhǔn)備才是助廣大考生獲取最后的勝利的秘訣。
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