第一篇：考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法代詞解析(一) 中公考研

給人改變未來(lái)的力量

一、人稱代詞

(一)人稱代詞的主格、賓格

人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，賓格作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)，主格和賓格不可混用。

例句： When school was over，Jack and me went home together.分析： me應(yīng)改為I，因?yàn)樗幵谥髡Z(yǔ)的位置上。

例句： Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.(1996年第14題)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語(yǔ)從句，he指代前面的a person。

譯文： 一個(gè)人吸的每一支煙都對(duì)他的身體有害，最終他將因吸煙患上一種嚴(yán)重的疾病。

(二)it的用法

1.代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個(gè)詞、詞組或句子)。

例句： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.(2000年第19題)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中he composes是省略了關(guān)系代詞which/that的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語(yǔ)修飾enjoys。

譯文： 理想的聽眾是當(dāng)音樂奏響時(shí)既能置身其中又可超然其外的人，并且?guī)缀蹩梢韵褡髑以趧?chuàng)作音樂時(shí)那樣享受音樂。

例句： You have saved my life and I will never forget it.分析： it指you have saved my life。

譯文： 你曾經(jīng)挽救過我的生命，我決不會(huì)忘記這件事。

2.表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣等自然現(xiàn)象。

例句： It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.譯文： 現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候告訴美國(guó)人他們走錯(cuò)路了。

例句： She didn’t come back until it was 12:00.中公考研 http://004km.cn

給人改變未來(lái)的力量

譯文： 直到12點(diǎn)她才回來(lái)。

例句： It is about 50 miles to school.譯文： 到學(xué)校大概50英里。

3.作形式主語(yǔ)(真正的主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞、不定式或主語(yǔ)從句)

例句： But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.(選自2011年Text 4)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。其中it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是to wonder if the images aren’t contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing parenthood是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the images;介詞短語(yǔ)in some small，subconscious way作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式。

譯文： 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無(wú)壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細(xì)微的、潛意識(shí)的方式加劇我們對(duì)現(xiàn)行生活體驗(yàn)的不滿呢?這很有意思。

例句： In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.(2007年第49題)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句who do not have a clear grasp...Constitution修飾journalists，can do是賓語(yǔ)從句how...的謂語(yǔ)部分。

譯文： 事實(shí)上，很難想象那些對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本要點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解的新聞?dòng)浾吣軇偃握涡侣劦膱?bào)道工作。

4.作形式賓語(yǔ)

例句： The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.(選自2011年Text 2)

分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one，more acceptable作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

中公考研 http://004km.cn

給人改變未來(lái)的力量

譯文： 金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)使得等待工作機(jī)會(huì)或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。

例句： There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does.(1998年第7題)

分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示讓步，分詞短語(yǔ)making...作over 100 night schools的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

譯文： 這個(gè)城市有100多所夜校，這使得專業(yè)人員無(wú)論從事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。

5.引出強(qiáng)調(diào)句(強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)以外的其他成分)

用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型： It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常為主語(yǔ)(從句)、賓語(yǔ)(從句)、狀語(yǔ)(從句)，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用when或where，要用that，翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常用“是”、“正是”等來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)含義。判斷是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”，如果余下部分是一個(gè)完整的句子，說(shuō)明原句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則就是一個(gè)由it作形式主語(yǔ)的句子。

例句： It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane.(選自2002年Use of English)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。分詞短語(yǔ)beginning with...作主語(yǔ)the communications revolution的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，該強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)during the same time。

譯文： 與此同時(shí)，通訊革命也在加速發(fā)展，從交通運(yùn)輸、鐵路開始，發(fā)展到電報(bào)、電話、無(wú)線電和電影再到20世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。

例句： Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.(選自1998年Text 1)

分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。句子主干為humankind’s long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語(yǔ)at the mercy of...意為“聽?wèi){??擺布，完全受??支配”。

中公考研 http://004km.cn

給人改變未來(lái)的力量

譯文： 也許正是由于人類長(zhǎng)期聽任旱澇之災(zāi)的擺布，才使得讓洪水聽從人類的調(diào)遣這種理想令人如此癡迷。

二、物主代詞

(一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞，而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組，即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。

例句： All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families.(1998年第35題)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

譯文： 海洋石油勘探隊(duì)員們讀情深意濃的家書時(shí)個(gè)個(gè)情緒高漲。

例句： He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.分析： 該句是并列句。第一部分是個(gè)復(fù)合句，出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

譯文： 他因?yàn)樵愀獾陌l(fā)音而不夠資格當(dāng)英文老師，但她的發(fā)音卻非常好。

(二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞

如：不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，男性物主代詞置于女性物主代詞前。

例句： Who do you like best，his or her friends?

譯文： 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?

(三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配，構(gòu)成雙重所有格

a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。

如：

a book of mine

no fault of hers

that pen of his 中公考研 http://004km.cn

給人改變未來(lái)的力量

例句： In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems.(選自2006年P(guān)art B)

分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。got和wrote是兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

譯文： 1998年3月，威廉姆斯的一個(gè)朋友把他強(qiáng)行送入一家戒賭治療中心，并寫信通知賭場(chǎng)有關(guān)威廉姆斯的賭博問題。

三、反身代詞

反身代詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，使用時(shí)注意反身代詞與其指代對(duì)象在人稱、數(shù)和性上保持一致。

例句： According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it.(2001年第3題)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。

譯文： 按照一種觀點(diǎn)，真理若想眾人皆知，真理就應(yīng)該顯而易見，所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。

例句： Prof.White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English.(1999年第35題)

分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機(jī)會(huì)等)”。

譯文： 我敬愛的導(dǎo)師懷特教授經(jīng)常提醒我抓住每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)提高英語(yǔ)水平。

例句： The house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語(yǔ))

You yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語(yǔ))

四、相互代詞

相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種，通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關(guān)系，后者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關(guān)系。

例句： Language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought，but they are inseparable in fact.(1996年第31題)

分析： 該句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。

中公考研 http://004km.cn

給人改變未來(lái)的力量

譯文： 在意識(shí)形態(tài)中，語(yǔ)言、文化和個(gè)性可能被認(rèn)為是相互獨(dú)立的，但事實(shí)上它們是不可分割的。

例句： In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年第47題)

分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干為multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語(yǔ)從句which bring together...修飾groups，其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語(yǔ)，即bring...together, 另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個(gè)名詞。

譯文： 在歐洲，像在其他地方一樣，傳媒集團(tuán)擴(kuò)張?jiān)絹?lái)越成功，這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

注意： 相互代詞的所有格形式為each other’s，one another’s，其后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，不能接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

中公考研 http://004km.cn

第二篇：2013考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo)

中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖 一．名詞 I.名詞的種類： 專有名詞 普通名詞

國(guó)名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞

個(gè)體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 II.名詞的數(shù)：

1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：

名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外來(lái)詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：

英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)表示“某國(guó)人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants III.名詞的所有格：

名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構(gòu)成：

單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father

表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：

１ 表示時(shí)間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價(jià)值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：

用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 目錄: 第01章 名詞性從句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解 第03章 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象 第04章 主謂一致 第05章

動(dòng)詞不定式 第06章

倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

第07章

定語(yǔ)從句 第08章

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感嘆句 第11章 疑問句 第12章 名詞

第一章 名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。

一． 主語(yǔ)從句

主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較

It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）

2.用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句

It is a fact that ?

事實(shí)是?

It is an honor that

?非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that

?是常識(shí)(2)It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句

It is natural that?

很自然?

It is strange that?

奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 ＋ 從句

It seems that?

似乎?

It happened that?

碰巧?

It appears that?

似乎?(4)It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句

It is reported that?

據(jù)報(bào)道?

It has been proved that?

已證實(shí)?

It is said that?

據(jù)說(shuō)?

3.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：

（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．賓語(yǔ)從句

賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。

1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)

(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我聽說(shuō)他參軍了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。

(3)動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。

2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。

3.作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。

注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

4.it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)

it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。

5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞

有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。

三.表語(yǔ)從句

表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句”?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語(yǔ)從句

同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。

1.同位語(yǔ)從句的功能

同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置

同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。

(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英語(yǔ)名詞性從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：

一、It用作實(shí)詞

表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象??

二、It用作形式主語(yǔ)

替代作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式主語(yǔ)的常見句型：

1.代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式，其句型為

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞的常見句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語(yǔ)的從句常見句型

(1)It is + noun +從句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??

It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語(yǔ)的句型

1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風(fēng)格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時(shí)候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)某動(dòng)作已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不發(fā)生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)? before?過(不)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間某動(dòng)作發(fā)生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語(yǔ)

用來(lái)替代作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式賓語(yǔ)的常見句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?

leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做

take it for granted that ?想當(dāng)然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的介詞后面，賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who)? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可以用who。

在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.請(qǐng)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)not ? until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語(yǔ)從句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說(shuō)定、趕上、及時(shí)到達(dá)

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語(yǔ)中相當(dāng)于fix the date for,表示“約定好時(shí)間”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相當(dāng)于in fact, in reality表示“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際情況是??”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當(dāng)于方式狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“照原樣”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當(dāng)于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說(shuō)，可以說(shuō)，換句話說(shuō)”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來(lái)引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，相當(dāng)于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相當(dāng)于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒有別的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當(dāng)于 That's right.表示“對(duì)啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯(cuò)事而挨罵，受責(zé)備，受批評(píng)，受懲罰”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相當(dāng)于say, insist表示“說(shuō)，主張，表明，硬說(shuō)”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當(dāng)于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當(dāng)于go on,表示“繼續(xù)做，不放棄”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, ? 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價(jià)值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當(dāng)于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來(lái)勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔(dān)心，存住氣”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于believe me what I say.表示“請(qǐng)相信我的話，我敢擔(dān)?！?/p>

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價(jià)值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來(lái)”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負(fù)責(zé)，取決于??”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國(guó)卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國(guó)卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象

在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中，為了使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了，重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略?，F(xiàn)就英語(yǔ)中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下：

一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略

在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略

1．狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則：

1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be，這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語(yǔ)；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工 人，現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí)，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會(huì)談時(shí)，感謝中國(guó)在六方會(huì)談中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。注意：

1)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，間或也有這樣的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。

2)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是 it，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定語(yǔ)從句中的省略

1）一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見到他了。

2）在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來(lái)代替，甚至還可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？

3）當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時(shí)，從句不能用 how 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，應(yīng)該用that 或 in which，或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷?。如?/p>

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3．賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略

1）在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說(shuō)《 反分裂國(guó)家法》已被通過，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語(yǔ)從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should +動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國(guó)總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。

6．在答語(yǔ)中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒有上學(xué)？ —因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?/p>

三、簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略

1．省略主語(yǔ)

1）祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.請(qǐng)開一下門。

2)其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒關(guān)系。

2．省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙

b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？

c)(You come)This way please.請(qǐng)這邊走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？

3．省略賓語(yǔ) 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認(rèn)識(shí)他 4．省略表語(yǔ) 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。

四、動(dòng)詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場(chǎng)合1．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她?！冶敬蛩氵@么做，但當(dāng)我就要離開的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。

2．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來(lái)，可是她父母不讓。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒關(guān)系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見結(jié)構(gòu)如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚，但過去喜歡。

五、動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略

1．主語(yǔ)部分有to do ,系動(dòng)詞 is 或 was 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。

2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語(yǔ)，前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說(shuō)陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外，什么也沒有做。

3．主語(yǔ)部分暗含to do，表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學(xué)，努力學(xué)習(xí)。

4．當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略，但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.說(shuō)起來(lái)容易，做起來(lái)難。

5．在would rather?than? 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號(hào)常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to；why(not)do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看見她進(jìn)入了房間

b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢？

六．其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)

1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時(shí)，常?？梢允÷?。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們?cè)诂旣惣疫^的周末。

2．What和 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，常可省略主語(yǔ) it 和be動(dòng)詞 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對(duì)Tom來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)多么大的勝利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當(dāng)作一個(gè)正常孩子對(duì)待對(duì)他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主謂一致

主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.(一)語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng): 1.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。

2.用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:

The poet and writer has come.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

3.不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。

4.用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。

5.each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。

6.若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。

7.none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無(wú)完人。

None of this worries me.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。

8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。

9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國(guó)名如: the United States;報(bào)紙名如: the New Times;書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。

(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:

1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。

3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。

4.表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。

5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會(huì)決定解雇他。

6.the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則

1.由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？ 2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。

注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。

The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。

主謂一致練習(xí)

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

動(dòng)詞不定式不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1)動(dòng)詞+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3)動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意

疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。

2.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

1)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。

2)to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。3)to be +形容詞

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。

3.不定式作主語(yǔ)

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。

注意

1)其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

3)當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is? to?的句型(對(duì))To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法

用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)

4.不定式作表語(yǔ)

不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語(yǔ)

不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1)目的狀語(yǔ)

To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于“形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。

用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to習(xí)慣于，be used to習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式

1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：

3)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。

注意

在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：

6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。

動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window?

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too?to? 1)too?to

太?以至于?

He is too excited to speak.他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。----Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。

2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(諺語(yǔ))改過不嫌晚。

3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?

不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)

主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)

一般式

to do to be done

進(jìn)行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成進(jìn)行式

to have been doing

1)現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動(dòng)名詞與不定式

1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：

動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2)接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。

3)動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來(lái)。(to come動(dòng)作未做)

典型例題

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 記得做過某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?

regret doing/to do regret to do

對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing

對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。

cease doing

短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那個(gè)部門已不復(fù)存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企圖做某事。try doing

試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing

繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；

be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?

(一種想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味著

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。

begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時(shí)開始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開始生起氣來(lái)。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開始明白真相。4)物作主語(yǔ)時(shí) It began to melt.感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。

典型例題

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過程，而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

一 全部倒裝

全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來(lái)了

3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。

2.表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：

1)Here he comes.他來(lái)了。

2)Away they went.他們走了。

二 部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒看過這樣的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問題的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

注意：當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒看過這樣的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語(yǔ)有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)看她。

注意：只有當(dāng)Not only? but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí)，句子作部分倒裝。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。

4.only放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），全句語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請(qǐng)了三次才來(lái)開會(huì)。

注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息。

三 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來(lái)都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

四 其他部分倒裝

1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng)。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家開心愉快。

3.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。

第七章 定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。

被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。

關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。

定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。

定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2)whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))

關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：

不用that的情況：

a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)

(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況

①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時(shí)

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時(shí)

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí)，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)

He is not the man that he used to be.、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的差別 由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區(qū)別：

(1)as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。

(3)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)習(xí)題精選

用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認(rèn)出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述

英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。

主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài)指的是動(dòng)詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)，從而是句法概念。所謂主動(dòng)句就是由主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，而被動(dòng)句則是由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他開了門。(主動(dòng)句)

The door was opened.門被開了。(被動(dòng)句)

二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的?，F(xiàn)以teach為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋taught

一般過去時(shí)：was／were＋taught

一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will／shall be＋taught

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／are being＋taught

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：have／has been＋taught

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have／has been＋taught

記憶歌訣：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變，過去分詞跟后面。

注意：區(qū)分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是主語(yǔ)；當(dāng)“be +過去分詞”表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下： 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The door has already/just been locked.門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The shop is opened.這家商店開門了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開門。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。

三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 不知道或沒有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。

記憶歌訣：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒有必要；動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用到。

四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過去分詞)，根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主

動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式。把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后“過分”來(lái)使用。

五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。

記憶歌訣：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過分”，原來(lái)帶to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9講祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表達(dá)說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的勸告、叮囑、請(qǐng)求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒有主語(yǔ)，但根據(jù)其句意，實(shí)際上是省略了主語(yǔ)you。祈使句句末用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào)，朗讀時(shí)，常用降調(diào)。在表達(dá)請(qǐng)求或勸告時(shí)，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語(yǔ)氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，也不能與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個(gè)小房間里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型： 1.行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根據(jù)例句造句。

2.Be動(dòng)詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時(shí)要小心。

3.Let, ＋賓語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.讓他現(xiàn)在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t＋行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!別再那樣說(shuō)了！

2.在Be動(dòng)詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無(wú)論什么時(shí)候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。

4.在公共場(chǎng)合的提示語(yǔ)中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意問句 祈使句的反意疑問句須按其句子結(jié)構(gòu)及講話人的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)決定其疑問部分。通常有以下三種形式：

1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問句表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，通常用will you；表示邀請(qǐng)、勸說(shuō)時(shí)，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚來(lái)和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？

2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在會(huì)議室抽煙，好嗎？

3.Let開頭的祈使句構(gòu)成反意疑問句時(shí)，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?讓個(gè)那男孩先走，好嗎？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚飯后我們?nèi)ド⒉?，好嗎?/p>

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的動(dòng)作通常是表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以回答祈使句時(shí)，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時(shí)，要注意兩點(diǎn)：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時(shí)，要注意分析上下文語(yǔ)境中所提供的條件。例如：

---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請(qǐng)不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機(jī)場(chǎng)接我弟弟。

六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陳述句時(shí)，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞and來(lái)連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞or來(lái)連接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒有辦法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點(diǎn)，否則我們要遲到了。

七.祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連用

祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句連用時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來(lái)這兒的話，叫他給我來(lái)個(gè)電話。

八.祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式

祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動(dòng)詞Do（Do在句中無(wú)意義）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英語(yǔ)中，有些祈使句不是以動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)引起一個(gè)祈使句，而是以一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)，且后接一個(gè)帶有并列連接詞的分句。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)充當(dāng)祈使句的名詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹多澆點(diǎn)水，他們就不會(huì)死了。

十.運(yùn)用祈使句的誤區(qū)

祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語(yǔ)從句相混淆。在平時(shí)的練習(xí)或測(cè)試中，如果稍不留神，就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。因此，要認(rèn)真審題，認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，作出正確判斷。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項(xiàng)，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項(xiàng)（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語(yǔ)some spelling mistakes又不能執(zhí)行這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故均不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，只有C項(xiàng)（條件狀語(yǔ)從句）符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意。

第十章感嘆句。

感嘆句：一般是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語(yǔ)感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導(dǎo)，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語(yǔ)序。

感嘆詞 修飾對(duì)象 感嘆部分 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)+其他！

How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動(dòng)詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容詞）修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數(shù)名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感嘆句的特殊形式

感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問句、祈使句，甚至一個(gè)詞組及單詞構(gòu)成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑問句

疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定義：表達(dá)疑問（亦即發(fā)問）或請(qǐng)求的句子叫做疑問句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發(fā)問）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請(qǐng)求）

疑問句的句末必須使用問號(hào)（Question mark）“？”來(lái)標(biāo)示問句的結(jié)束。

疑問句：可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句和否定疑問句。

種類 特征 語(yǔ)調(diào) 舉例 回答

一般疑問句 系+主+表+？

助動(dòng)詞+主+動(dòng)+？ 升調(diào) Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑問句 疑問詞+系+表+？ 疑問詞+助+主+動(dòng)+？ 降調(diào) How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 選擇疑問句 一般問句：系+主+表+?or?？

助+主+動(dòng)+?or?？ Or前升調(diào)。Or后降調(diào) Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問句中一個(gè)，不用yes, no 特殊問句：疑問詞+系+主+?or?？ 第一部分用降調(diào)，第二部分or 前升調(diào)，or后降調(diào) Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個(gè)答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問句 陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？ 陳述部分用降調(diào)，一問部分用升調(diào) It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時(shí)用yes，否定時(shí)用no

陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？ 如對(duì)陳述肯定，可用降調(diào) It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問句 系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+動(dòng)+？ 表示驚異用升調(diào)。贊嘆、責(zé)難用降調(diào) Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名詞

在英語(yǔ)中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級(jí)各類考試的熱點(diǎn)之一，主要測(cè)試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨(dú)待的所有格形式。

1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化

情況 構(gòu)成方法

讀音 例詞

一般情況

加-s

1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞

加-es 讀 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/

license-licenses

以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞

變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies

2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化

1)以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比較： 層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)的表示方法 1）物質(zhì)名詞

a.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。

比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數(shù))

b.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)。

This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))

We need various steels.(可數(shù))

c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。

我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。

2）抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化

物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一條建議

4.定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)

名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有例外。

1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。如：

sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)

students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室

talks table 談判桌

the foreign languages school外語(yǔ)學(xué)校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。

如：goods train(貨車)

arms produce 武器生產(chǎn) 4)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃

5.不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)

名稱 總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))一個(gè)人

兩個(gè)人

中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亞人 the Australians

an

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希臘人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國(guó)人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美國(guó)人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英國(guó)人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國(guó)人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名詞的格

在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加“'s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：

1）單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“'s”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。

2）若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the 二．冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法： 指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法： 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前 He is the taller of the two children.用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法： 專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess.6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí) husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前 Horses are useful animals.三．代詞：

I.代詞可以分為以下七大類： 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑問代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關(guān)系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

第三篇：公衛(wèi)考研文檔

專業(yè)代碼、名稱及研究方向 人數(shù) 考試科目 備注

042 公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(83272578)

100401 流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)

01 傳染病流行病學(xué)

02 慢性非傳染病流行病學(xué)

03 生物統(tǒng)計(jì)方法及其在醫(yī)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語(yǔ)一③724 預(yù)防基礎(chǔ)綜合④--無(wú)

復(fù)試科目:5h9 預(yù)防專業(yè)綜合100402 勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)

01 環(huán)境與健康

02 環(huán)境污染防治新技術(shù)

03 分子環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)

04 環(huán)境流行病學(xué)

05 職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)病

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語(yǔ)一③724 預(yù)防基礎(chǔ)綜合④--無(wú)

復(fù)試科目:5h9 預(yù)防專業(yè)綜合100403 營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學(xué)

01 營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康

02

03

04

05 食品安全與食品功效 社區(qū)營(yíng)養(yǎng) 食品與藥物分析 衛(wèi)生檢測(cè)新技術(shù)

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語(yǔ)一③724 預(yù)防基礎(chǔ)綜合④--無(wú)

復(fù)試科目:5f3 衛(wèi)生分析化學(xué)綜合 或 5h9 預(yù)防專業(yè)綜合100405 衛(wèi)生毒理學(xué)

01 納米毒理學(xué)

02 分子毒理學(xué)與遺傳毒理學(xué)

03 化學(xué)物質(zhì)毒性及危險(xiǎn)度評(píng)價(jià)

04 環(huán)境與職業(yè)毒理學(xué)

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語(yǔ)一③724 預(yù)防基礎(chǔ)綜合④--無(wú)

復(fù)試科目:5h9 預(yù)防專業(yè)綜合105300 公共衛(wèi)生碩士

01 衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理

02 疾病預(yù)防與控制

03 環(huán)境與健康

04 社區(qū)衛(wèi)生與健康促進(jìn)

05 衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督與檢驗(yàn)

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語(yǔ)一③353 衛(wèi)生綜合④--無(wú) 授予公共衛(wèi)生碩士 專業(yè)學(xué)位；復(fù)試：綜合面試

120404 社會(huì)保障

01 醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)精算與統(tǒng)計(jì)研究

02 醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)與管理研究

03 醫(yī)療保障制度研究

04 社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)與衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語(yǔ)一③723 公共管理基礎(chǔ)④997 社會(huì)保障

復(fù)試科目:5k3 醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)學(xué)

導(dǎo)師信息(注:導(dǎo)師以姓氏拼音的首字母為序)

專業(yè)代碼 專業(yè)名稱 導(dǎo)師姓名

100401 流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) 劉沛,王蓓,衛(wèi)平民,閔捷,陳炳為,胡曉抒(兼),汪華(兼),武鳴(兼),羊海濤(兼),張徐軍,朱鳳才(兼)等

100402 勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué) 浦躍樸,尹立紅,沈孝兵,吳巍,田宏邇,楊紅,陳曉東(兼),李云暉,梁戈玉,劉冉,向全永(兼),朱寶立(兼)等

100403 營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學(xué) 孫桂菊,王燦楠,張小強(qiáng),許茜,袁寶君(兼)等

100405 衛(wèi)生毒理學(xué) 唐萌,薛玉英,顧寧,王民生(兼)等

120404 社會(huì)保障 張開金,張曉,巢健茜,曹乾等

參考書目

科目代碼 科目名稱 參考書目

353 衛(wèi)生綜合 《流行病學(xué)》李立明主編，第6版，人民衛(wèi)生出版社；《流行病學(xué)》姜慶五主編，教育部十五規(guī)劃教材，第1版，科學(xué)出版社；《社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)》龔幼龍主編，第1版，復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社。

723 公共管理基礎(chǔ) 《衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理》李魯、郭巖主編，中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社；《統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)》（第三版），賈俊平、何曉勇、金勇主編，中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社；《公共經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》楊志勇、張聲主編，清華大學(xué)出版社

724 預(yù)防基礎(chǔ)綜合 流行病學(xué)：《流行病學(xué)》(第六版)李立明主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社；衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)：《衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)》（第五版）方積乾主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社；衛(wèi)生毒理學(xué)：《基礎(chǔ)毒理學(xué)》（第一版）周志俊主編，復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社。

997 社會(huì)保障 《社會(huì)保障學(xué)》（第一版）鄭功成主編，中國(guó)勞動(dòng)社會(huì)保障出版社。5f3 衛(wèi)生分析化學(xué)綜合 《分析化學(xué)》鄒學(xué)賢主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社，第一版。

5h9 預(yù)防專業(yè)綜合 環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)：《環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)》（第六版）楊克敵主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社；勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生學(xué)：《職業(yè)衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)》（第六版）孫貴范、金泰廙主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社；營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學(xué)：《營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學(xué)》（第六版）孫長(zhǎng)顥主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社；兒童少年衛(wèi)生學(xué)：《兒童少年衛(wèi)生學(xué)》（第六版）季成葉主編，人民衛(wèi)生出版社

5k3 醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)學(xué) 《社會(huì)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)概論》（第一版）張曉主編，中國(guó)勞動(dòng)社會(huì)保障出版社；《商業(yè)健康保險(xiǎn)》（第一版）張曉主編，中國(guó)勞動(dòng)保障出版社。

三、報(bào)名

報(bào)名包括網(wǎng)上報(bào)名和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)確認(rèn)兩個(gè)階段。

（一）網(wǎng)上報(bào)名：報(bào)考2010年碩士生一律采取網(wǎng)上報(bào)名方式。

1.網(wǎng)上報(bào)名日期：2009年10月16日—31日每天9：00-22:00（逾期不再補(bǔ)報(bào)，也不得再修改報(bào)名信息）。

預(yù)報(bào)名時(shí)間為2009年10月10日至10月14日（每天9：00-22:00）。

2.考生自行登錄“中國(guó)研究生招生信息網(wǎng)”（公網(wǎng)網(wǎng)址：http：//yz.chsi.com.cn，教育網(wǎng)址：http://yz.chsi.cn）瀏覽報(bào)考須知，按教育部、本人所在地省級(jí)教育招生考試管理機(jī)構(gòu)、報(bào)考點(diǎn)以及報(bào)考招生單位的網(wǎng)上公告要求報(bào)名，凡不按公告要求報(bào)名、網(wǎng)報(bào)信息誤填、錯(cuò)填或填報(bào)虛假信息而造成不能考試或復(fù)試的，后果由考生本人承擔(dān)。在上述報(bào)名日期內(nèi)，考生可自行修改網(wǎng)報(bào)信息。

3.網(wǎng)上報(bào)名填寫報(bào)考信息時(shí)注意事項(xiàng)：

（1）考生只填報(bào)一個(gè)招生單位的一個(gè)專業(yè)。待考試結(jié)束，教育部公布進(jìn)入復(fù)試基本分?jǐn)?shù)要求后，考生可通過“中國(guó)研究生招生信息網(wǎng)”調(diào)劑服務(wù)系統(tǒng)了解招生單位的生源缺額信息并根據(jù)自己的成績(jī)?cè)偬顖?bào)調(diào)劑志愿。

（2）應(yīng)試的外國(guó)語(yǔ)語(yǔ)種按招生單位的規(guī)定任選一種。

（3）同等學(xué)力的報(bào)考人員，應(yīng)按招生單位要求如實(shí)填寫學(xué)習(xí)情況和提供真實(shí)材料。

4.國(guó)家按照一區(qū)、二區(qū)、三區(qū)確定考生參加復(fù)試基本分?jǐn)?shù)要求，一區(qū)包括北京、天津、上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、山東、河南、湖北、湖南、廣東等11省（市）；二區(qū)包括河北、山西、遼寧、吉林、黑龍江、安徽、江西、重慶、四川、陜西等10?。ㄊ校?；三區(qū)包括內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、海南、貴州、云南、西藏、甘肅、青海、寧夏、新疆等10?。▍^(qū)）。

報(bào)考地處二、三區(qū)招生單位且畢業(yè)后在國(guó)務(wù)院公布的民族區(qū)域自治地方（以下簡(jiǎn)稱民族區(qū)域自治地方，見附1）就業(yè)的少數(shù)民族普通高校應(yīng)屆本科畢業(yè)生，或者工作單位在民族區(qū)域自治地方范圍的少數(shù)民族在職人員考生（在網(wǎng)上報(bào)名時(shí)須如實(shí)填寫少數(shù)民族身份，且申請(qǐng)為少數(shù)民族地區(qū)的定向或委托培養(yǎng)方式），方可按規(guī)定享受少數(shù)民族照顧政策。

少數(shù)民族高層次骨干計(jì)劃以報(bào)名時(shí)填報(bào)的信息為準(zhǔn)，不得更改。

5.已被招生單位接收的推免生，不得再報(bào)名參加統(tǒng)考。否則，將取消推免生資格，列為統(tǒng)考生。

6.現(xiàn)役軍人報(bào)考地方或軍隊(duì)招生單位，以及地方考生報(bào)考軍隊(duì)招生單位，應(yīng)事先認(rèn)真閱讀了解有關(guān)報(bào)考規(guī)定，遵守保密規(guī)定，按照有關(guān)規(guī)定填報(bào)報(bào)考信息。不明之處應(yīng)事先與招生單位聯(lián)系。

（二）所有考生(含推免生、農(nóng)村教育碩士生)均須到報(bào)考點(diǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)確認(rèn)網(wǎng)報(bào)信息，并繳費(fèi)和照相。

1.報(bào)考點(diǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)確認(rèn)時(shí)間

2009年11月10日至11月14日。逾期不再補(bǔ)辦。

2.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)確認(rèn)地點(diǎn)

報(bào)考單獨(dú)考試及工商管理碩士、公共管理碩士的考生必須到招生單位所在地省級(jí)教育招生考試管理機(jī)構(gòu)公告指定的報(bào)考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行確認(rèn)報(bào)名。其他考生到本人所在地省級(jí)教育招生考試管理機(jī)構(gòu)公告指定的報(bào)考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行確認(rèn)報(bào)名。

3.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)確認(rèn)程序

（1）考生持本人有效身份證件（限“居民身份證”、“軍官證”、“文職干部證”、“軍校學(xué)員證”）、學(xué)歷證書（普通高校和成人高校應(yīng)屆本科畢業(yè)生持學(xué)生證）和網(wǎng)上報(bào)名編號(hào)，由報(bào)考點(diǎn)工作人員核對(duì)，考生確認(rèn)本人網(wǎng)報(bào)信息。

（2）考生按規(guī)定繳納報(bào)考費(fèi)（考生辦理報(bào)考手續(xù)繳納報(bào)考費(fèi)后，不再退還）。

（3）報(bào)考點(diǎn)按規(guī)定采集考生本人圖像信息。

第四篇：2014考研數(shù)學(xué)專題解析

好學(xué)教育渭南學(xué)習(xí)中心：渭南師范學(xué)院校內(nèi)

2014考研數(shù)學(xué)專題解析

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? ·2013年考研大綱數(shù)學(xué)命題方向與趨勢(shì) 2013.09.11·2014考研數(shù)學(xué)線性代數(shù)解題的八種思維定勢(shì) 2013.09.10·2014考研數(shù)學(xué)做題謹(jǐn)防“鉆牛角尖” 2013.09.10·2014考研數(shù)學(xué)：如何提高效率 2013.09.10·考研數(shù)學(xué)指導(dǎo)：泊松分布幾何分布的選用 2013.09.10·考研數(shù)學(xué)：連續(xù)型隨機(jī)變量的函數(shù)分布求解方法 2013.09.10? ·2014

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考研數(shù)學(xué)：各階段備考詳細(xì)計(jì)劃 2013.09.10考研數(shù)學(xué)：從一點(diǎn)一滴發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的不足 2013.09.10考研數(shù)學(xué)：選擇有針對(duì)性的教材 2013.09.10考研數(shù)學(xué)：考研教材及練習(xí)題推薦 2013.09.102014考研數(shù)學(xué)備考：避開數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)四大誤區(qū) 2013.08.152014考研數(shù)學(xué)備考：以錯(cuò)補(bǔ)錯(cuò)降低做題出錯(cuò)率 2013.08.08考研數(shù)學(xué)：高數(shù)解題的四種思維定勢(shì) 2013.08.06考研數(shù)學(xué)：如何高效提升做題水準(zhǔn) 2013.08.05年考研數(shù)學(xué)如何用好真題 2013.08.05考研數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)寶典 高分必知 2013.07.09年考研數(shù)學(xué)指導(dǎo)：各階段備考詳細(xì)計(jì)劃參考 2013.05.30年考研數(shù)學(xué)指導(dǎo)：做題不要“鉆牛角尖” 2013.05.30年考研數(shù)學(xué)指導(dǎo)：如何提高效率 2013.05.30年考研數(shù)學(xué)備考：高分思維 2013.05.22年考研數(shù)學(xué)備考：合理利用真題 2013.05.20年考研數(shù)學(xué)備考：不要“無(wú)厘頭”復(fù)習(xí)2013.05.20年考研數(shù)學(xué)輔導(dǎo)：選擇有針對(duì)性的教材 2013.05.20年考研數(shù)學(xué)：夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建知識(shí)體系 2013.05.20年考研數(shù)學(xué)輔導(dǎo)：在細(xì)微處發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的不足 2013.05.20

好學(xué)教育網(wǎng)址：

第五篇：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法---名詞、代詞和冠詞

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法---冠詞 冠詞基本用法 【速記口訣】

名詞是禿子，常要戴帽子，可數(shù)名詞單，須用a或an，輔音前用a，an在元音前，若為特指時(shí)，則須用定冠，復(fù)數(shù)不可數(shù)，泛指the不見，碰到代詞時(shí)，冠詞均不現(xiàn)?！久钫Z(yǔ)詮釋】

冠詞是中考必考的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)之一，也是中考考查的主要對(duì)象。以上口訣包括的意思有：①名詞在一般情況下不單用，常常要和冠詞連用;②表示不確指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前要用不定冠詞a或an，確指時(shí)要用定冠詞the;③如復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示泛指，名詞前有this，these，my，some等時(shí)就不用冠詞。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法---名詞

(一）可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成 A.規(guī)則變化 1.單詞后加S 2.單詞后加ES(以CH等結(jié)尾的單詞)3.以F或FE結(jié)尾，變?yōu)閂E加S B.不規(guī)則變化

1.單復(fù)同形

deer sheep

fish

Chinese

Japanese

means 2.只有復(fù)數(shù)形式

people

police

cattl

clothes

trousers，glasses 3.不規(guī)則變化

man----men

woman----women

foot-----feet

tooth-----teeth mouse------mice

child-----children

German------Germans 4.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 1)將后一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)

Englishman---Englishmen gentleman---gentlemen policewoman----policewomen 2)將主要成分變成復(fù)數(shù)

looker-on----lookers-on

son-in-law----sons-in-law

3)如果前一詞是man, woman，將兩部分都變成復(fù)數(shù) men doctors

women 小結(jié)

grown-up----grown-ups

名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則 【速記口訣】

單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，規(guī)則要記住，一般加s，特殊有幾處： 【妙語(yǔ)詮釋】

①大部分單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)要加s，也就是單詞如果以ch，sh，s，x等結(jié)尾)，則一般加es;②以o結(jié)尾的單詞除了兩人(negro，hero)兩菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s;③以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞一般是把f，fe變?yōu)関e再加s;④英語(yǔ)中還有些單詞沒有規(guī)則，需要特殊記憶，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox— oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。

（二）名詞所有格

1.表示有生命的東西的名詞，所有格在名詞后加’s Mr Li’s house

The cat’s food

James’ dog

The dogs’ food 2.表示無(wú)生命的東西的名詞，用of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示 The leg of the desk

the cover of the magazine 3.在時(shí)間，距離，度量，價(jià)值等名詞后，可用名詞所有格。Two months’ time

Today’s newspaper

fifty pounds’ weight 4.表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí)，常在所有格后省去shop, home.The doctor’s

the tailor’s

my uncle’s

the barber’s 5.名詞前有冠詞，數(shù)詞，不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí)，用of詞組+所有格表示 a friend of John’s

that bike of Tom’s 6.某樣?xùn)|西為兩人或多人共有，在后一個(gè)名詞尾+’s.Jane and Fred’s mother

Jane’s and Fred’s mother Tom and Tim’s car

Tom’s and Tim’s car 小結(jié)

名詞所有格用法 【速記口訣】

名詞所有格，表物是“誰(shuí)的”，若為生命詞，加“’s”即可行，詞尾有s，僅把逗號(hào)擇;并列名詞后，各自和共有，前者分別加，后者最后加;若為無(wú)生命詞，of所有格，前后須倒置，此是硬規(guī)則?！久钫Z(yǔ)詮釋】

①有生命的名詞所有格一般加s，但如果名詞以s結(jié)尾，則只加“’”;②并列名詞所有格表示各自所有時(shí)，分別加“’s”，如果是共有，則只在最后名詞加 “’s”;③如果是無(wú)生命的名詞則用of表示所有格，這里需要注意它們的順序與漢語(yǔ)不同，A of B要翻譯為B的A(三)主謂一致

主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。He is a student.We are students.1

and 連接兩個(gè)名詞，看有無(wú)the.The professor and writer is going to give us a lecture of writing.The professor and the writer are going to our school.2

主語(yǔ)單數(shù)+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語(yǔ)單數(shù)

主語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù) A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.3.有些名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式作為一個(gè)整體，(如度量，距離，金額，時(shí)間，書名等）其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Two weeks ___(be)not enough to finish the work.1000 dollars ___(be)a large amount of money.4.There be 句型就近原則。

There ____ a pair of glasses on the desk.There ____ two patients and a nurse in the hospital.5.某些集體名詞，如family ,team 等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若當(dāng)一個(gè)整體看，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，若就其中一個(gè)一個(gè)成員來(lái)看，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)，class , club, audience ,committee , crowd , government , party, public , team 等。其中population 的用法也類似

His family _____(be)a happy family.All the world ________(be)waiting for the good news.6.成雙成對(duì)構(gòu)成的東西，如glasses, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但與a pair一起構(gòu)成作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

7．each , every+名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

Each boy and girl ________(want)to serve the people in the future.8．以 either …or , neither …nor , not only … but also，not…but…等連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)按照就近原則。

Either you or he ______(be)to go.Not only he but also I ______(be)wrong.9.…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞單數(shù) + 謂語(yǔ)單數(shù)

…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞復(fù)數(shù) + 謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù) Three-fifths of money _____(have)been used up.10.…one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)

…the only/the very one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +謂語(yǔ)單數(shù) He is one of the boys that have passed the maths test.