第一篇：教育英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)選讀部分文章翻譯

一、Y: 楊銳中央電視臺(tái)英語(yǔ)頻道“對(duì)話”節(jié)目主持人

H: 何其莘教授北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)副校長(zhǎng)

D: Donald Holder 北大附中外籍教師

Y: What do Eastern and Western family education share in shaping a child's mind and character? Y:東方和西方家庭教育分享在塑造孩子的人的心靈和品格? H: Parental guidance is probably the first thing.Both the east and west emphasize the quality of family life.Usually parents are the first teachers for a child.A child very often imitates the parents and he is likely to regard whatever the parents do as positive.H:父母的指導(dǎo)可能是第一件事。東方和西方都強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭生活的質(zhì)量。通常父母為孩子的第一任老師。一個(gè)孩子經(jīng)常模仿父母和他可能認(rèn)為不管父母做積極的。

D: I agree with Prof.He.It seems that in both families whether it's east or west, the child is the center and becomes the focus of the parents' hopes and dreams.And on both sides we also have this idea of putting pressure on the child.Especially in China, that pressure becomes even more apparent.Americans...sometimes it's a little more subtle in this side.But both sides share that a child is

醫(yī)生:我同意教授他。看來(lái)在這兩個(gè)家庭無(wú)論是東方還是西方,孩子是中心,成為關(guān)注的父母的希望和夢(mèng)想。和在雙方我們也有這個(gè)想法的孩子施壓。尤其是在中國(guó),這種壓力變得更加明顯。美國(guó)人?有時(shí)候這是一個(gè)小更微妙的在這一邊。但雙方分享這一個(gè)孩子

what carries the family to next generation and is the base for the improvement of a family.什么攜帶家人下一代的基礎(chǔ),是提高一個(gè)家庭。

Y: Parents sometimes have moments of embarrassment with their children, for example, what do you think is the most reasonable way of answering children's questions such as how they were born and why their parents sleep together while putting them in their own rooms?

Y:父母有時(shí)有尷尬的時(shí)刻與他們的孩子,例如,你認(rèn)為什么是最合理的方式回答孩子的問(wèn)題,比如他們?nèi)绾纬錾蜑槭裁此麄兊母改杆谝黄鸲顾麄冊(cè)谒麄冏约旱姆块g嗎? D: In America because we have so many different religions and cultures that at present everybody has their own taboos and about what to do.Every family and culture has its own definition of “sexual morality”.Some parents are very frank, they'll tell the child from a very early age when they start questioning about sex.D:在美國(guó),因?yàn)槲覀冇羞@么多不同的宗教和文化,目前每個(gè)人都有他們自己的禁忌和對(duì)要做什么。每個(gè)家庭和文化都有自己的定義“性道德”。一些父母非常坦率,他們會(huì)告訴孩子們從很小的時(shí)候當(dāng)他們開始詢問(wèn)關(guān)于性。

Y: How is sex education conducted in a typical American school?

Y:性教育進(jìn)行了在一個(gè)典型的美國(guó)學(xué)校嗎? D: In primary school education we leave the parents to handle that.By the time of junior high school when their bodies are changing, they have the health classes or PE classes1.You have the boys and girls over and they are going to talk about the physical changes.And by the time they go to high school, they have a health class, which talks about sex, sexual problems and diseases.D:在小學(xué)教育我們離開父母來(lái)處理這樣的。到初中當(dāng)他們的身體正在改變,他們有健康類或PE classes1。你有男孩和女孩在和他們要談的是物理變化。和當(dāng)他們?nèi)ジ咧?他們有一個(gè)健康類,它談?wù)撔?、性?wèn)題和疾病。

Y: As a parent and teacher of English, did you ever talk to your child or students explicitly about sex? Y:作為家長(zhǎng)和老師的英語(yǔ),你有沒(méi)有跟你的孩子或者學(xué)生明確的關(guān)于性? H: Well, sex is a more sensitive topic in China especially in families and schools.In most families,sex is regarded as a rigid taboo so teachers would avoid talking about it and parents would not talk about sex at home either.If I were asked by a little boy of five or four why Mom and Dad sleep together I would probably say Mom and Dad love each other and we need talk when you get into bed, something like that.H:嗯,性是一個(gè)更加敏感的話題在中國(guó)尤其在家庭和學(xué)校。在大多數(shù)家庭,性被視為剛性禁忌,教師會(huì)避免談?wù)撍透改覆粫?huì)談?wù)撔栽诩依镆?。如果我?wèn)一個(gè)小男孩的五個(gè)或四個(gè)為什么媽媽和爸爸一起睡,我大概會(huì)說(shuō)媽媽和爸爸愛彼此,我們需要談話當(dāng)你上床,這樣的東西。Y: Okay, let's say, if the parents know clearly that sex will inevitably happen between their sons and their girlfriends when they go camping during the summer holiday, what do American parents usually do in this case?

Y:好吧,讓我們說(shuō),如果父母很清楚,性將不可避免地發(fā)生在他們的兒子和他們的女朋友當(dāng)他們?nèi)ヂ稜I(yíng)暑假期間,美國(guó)的父母通常在這種情況下嗎? D: Well, this is back to parental education.The parents are resigning themselves sometimes to the fact that their teenager children in high school might have sex with his or her girlfriend or bo yfriend.We can't stop this from happening, but can teach them to be careful and responsible.維:嗯,這是回到父母的教育。父母都是辭職自己有時(shí)這樣的事實(shí),即他們?cè)诟咧猩倌陜和赡苄耘c他或她的女朋友或bo yfriend。我們不能阻止這種情況的發(fā)生,但是可以教導(dǎo)他們要謹(jǐn)慎和負(fù)責(zé)任的。

Y: Prof.He, you have said that another main difference between Eastern and Western education is that the Asian teaching method is much more test-oriented.A student's future may be determined by the result of one test after he or she graduated from high school.So are you questioning the current national entrance exam2 for entering universities?

Y:教授,你曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),他的另一個(gè)主要區(qū)別東方和西方的教育是,亞洲教學(xué)方法更以考試為目的。一個(gè)學(xué)生的未來(lái)也可能取決于一個(gè)試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果后,他或她從高中畢業(yè)。所以你要質(zhì)疑當(dāng)前高考進(jìn)入大學(xué)exam2嗎? H: This is what's in my mind.I understand the difficulty of conducting national entrance exams more than once in such a large country like China, but I think we probably should learn from our American colleagues, especially in their SAT3 system, to provide more chances for children to take part in the exams.H:這是什么在我的頭腦。我理解的困難進(jìn)行不止一次的國(guó)家入學(xué)考試在這樣一個(gè)幅員遼闊的國(guó)家像中國(guó)一樣,但我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該從我們的美國(guó)同事學(xué)習(xí),特別是在他們的SAT3系統(tǒng),提供更多的機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)孩子參加考試。

Y: How many national tests do you have or do you have any national tests for entering universities?

Y:有多少國(guó)家測(cè)試你或你有任何國(guó)家測(cè)試進(jìn)入大學(xué)嗎? D: There are two national exams for entering college: the SAT and the ACT.4 But we have to emphasize here that these exams are optional.They are not required by every school in America, and in fact most state schools5 don't require them at all if you live in the United States.So when you're at your last year of high school, the question is not whether you like to enter a college or the exams will let you enter a college, the question is “Do you want to go to college? ” And that takes a lot of pressure off the child and gives more room to the child to grow as a learner, knowing that the exams are important but they don't decide who you are and what kind of student you are.I think this is one of the biggest differences between Chinese education and American education.D:有兩個(gè)國(guó)家考試:SAT和進(jìn)入大學(xué)的行為。4但我們必須強(qiáng)調(diào)在這里,這些考試是可選的。他們并不要求每一所學(xué)校在美國(guó),事實(shí)上,大多數(shù)國(guó)家schools5不要求他們?nèi)绻阕≡诿绹?guó)。所以當(dāng)你在你的高中的最后一年,問(wèn)題不在于你是否喜歡進(jìn)入大學(xué)或考試會(huì)讓你進(jìn)入大學(xué),問(wèn)題是“你想去上大學(xué)?“,這需要很大的壓力下的孩子,提供更大的空間來(lái)孩子成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)者,知道考試是很重要的,但是他們并不決定你是誰(shuí),你是什么樣的學(xué)生。我認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)區(qū)別最大的中國(guó)教育和美國(guó)教育。

Y: Asian students usually score the highest in math and science in the world.What comments do you have on this?

Y:亞洲學(xué)生通常得分最高的數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)的世界。你有什么評(píng)論嗎? H: This reminds me of one TV program, a special report on Asian students in American universities by NBC6 in 1996.After citing a few examples to illustrate the excellent performance of Asian students in American universities, the anchorman7 concluded by saying:“There has been a saying in many top American universities lately, if you see so many Asian faces in your class on the

H:這讓我想起了一個(gè)電視節(jié)目,一個(gè)特殊的報(bào)告在美國(guó)大學(xué)的亞洲學(xué)生在1996年NBC6。在舉出一些例子來(lái)說(shuō)明性能優(yōu)良的亞洲學(xué)生在美國(guó)的大學(xué),anchorman7得出結(jié)論說(shuō)“:已經(jīng)有了許多美國(guó)頂尖大學(xué)說(shuō)在最近,如果你看到這么多亞洲面孔在你的類

first day of the semester, drop it out.”8 I think in a way this is a good summary of the excellent academic performance of Asian students.But at the same time, we have to admit that Asian students do not do an equally good job in their laboratories.I think this is partly because too much emphasis has been placed on test result instead of their ability of using their hands.So I think if we start giving more emphasis on the ability of doing things, I think they can probably do a better job not only in tests but also in their abilities.新學(xué)期的第一天,掉出來(lái)?！拔艺J(rèn)為在某種程度上8這是一個(gè)很好的概括的亞洲學(xué)生優(yōu)異的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)。但同時(shí),我們必須承認(rèn)亞洲學(xué)生不做一個(gè)同樣好工作在他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。我認(rèn)為部分原因是由于太多的重點(diǎn)是要測(cè)試的結(jié)果,而不是他們使用他們的手的能力。所以我認(rèn)為如果我們開始給予更多強(qiáng)調(diào)的做事的能力,我認(rèn)為他們可以做一個(gè)更好的工作不僅在測(cè)試中,也在自己的能力。

D: The problem is that if you don't balance that by taking knowledge from head and putting it on hands and use it, I won't need that person for a job market.This person will be a scholar and will know much, but he can't do anything.Let me be very honest with you.We praise our Asian students in our colleges, but in fact they never ever get to the top.They are always the best assistants, the best researchers if I give them a task, but they are never the team leaders and they are never the managers.They are always the workers.I think that reflects the exam-memorization side of the education system.They know how to memorize and learn it, but they don't know how to creatively take it out of their heads and do things on their own.That is something that needs to be looked at carefully in the education system here.D:問(wèn)題是,如果你不平衡,以知識(shí)并把它從頭部和手使用它,我不需要那人對(duì)就業(yè)市場(chǎng)。這個(gè)人會(huì)成為一個(gè)學(xué)者,就會(huì)知道太多,但他不能做任何事情。讓我很誠(chéng)實(shí)地告訴你。我們贊美我們的亞洲學(xué)生在我們的大學(xué),但事實(shí)上他們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)到達(dá)山頂。他們總是最好的助手,最好的研究人員如果我給他們一個(gè)任務(wù),但他們從不團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和他們永遠(yuǎn)是經(jīng)理。他們總是工人。我認(rèn)為這反映了考試識(shí)記一邊的教育系統(tǒng)。他們知道如何記憶和學(xué)習(xí)它,但他們不知道如何創(chuàng)造性地把它從他們的頭和做自己的事情。這是需要仔細(xì)的在這里的教育體系。

Y: Now more and more Chinese parents are sending their children abroad for secondary schooling.9 Do you think they do so simply to let their children to have a taste of Western life and education? Or is it because of a very practical concern, Prof.He?

Y:現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)家長(zhǎng)把孩子送到國(guó)外中學(xué)教育。9你認(rèn)為他們這么做只是為了讓他們的孩子有品味的西方生活和教育?或者是因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)非?，F(xiàn)實(shí)的擔(dān)憂,教授嗎? H: The reasons behind that vary.Some of the parents are thinking of providing a proper college education for the child, because the competition of entering a Chinese college is still fierce at this moment.And some are thinking of providing a well paying job for their children in the future.And some are probably thinking of sending their children abroad as the first step of immigrating into a foreign country themselves.H:變化的背后的原因。一些父母都想提供一個(gè)合適的大學(xué)教育孩子,因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)入中國(guó)的大學(xué)仍然是激烈的這一刻。和一些正考慮提供好工作為孩子支付在未來(lái)。和一些可能考慮把子女送到國(guó)外作為第一步的移民到國(guó)外自己。

Y: But how do we look at this, many Asian Ph.D.students are roaming the streets of Singapore,Hong Kong and Taiwan even looking for Jobs?

Y:但是我們?cè)趺纯催@,許多亞洲人漫步街頭,博士生的新加坡、香港和臺(tái)灣甚至找工作嗎? D: Well, the Ph.D.only tells me you have studied.If I want to be a university professor or a science researcher, definitely Ph.D.is important because I need to be in the top of my field of research.But if I were the president of the company and I need to hire creative work staff, I'm going to look what you've done and I don't care how much you've studied.維:嗯,博士學(xué)位只告訴我你研究過(guò)。如果我想成為一個(gè)大學(xué)教授或科學(xué)研究員,絕對(duì)博士是很重要的,因?yàn)槲倚枰谖业难芯款I(lǐng)域的頂部。但如果我是這家公司的董事長(zhǎng)和我需要雇傭有創(chuàng)造性的工作人員,我要看看你都做了什么,我不在乎你是多么的研究。

Y: Now a question for each of you before we end this interview.What should we as parents and teachers do to let children be more creative and innovative?

Y:現(xiàn)在一個(gè)問(wèn)題對(duì)每個(gè)你在我們結(jié)束這個(gè)采訪。我們應(yīng)該為家長(zhǎng)和教師都讓孩子們更有創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新? D: I would encourage them to question and always be supportive to them.You should take the time to make the child be interested in the world around them and question everything they know and to seek their own truth as well.So be there as a listener, but at the same time, be a guide that can show them how to find the answers themselves.D:我會(huì)鼓勵(lì)他們的問(wèn)題和永遠(yuǎn)支持他們。你應(yīng)該花時(shí)間使孩子有興趣在他們周圍的世界,并質(zhì)疑一切他們知道和尋求自己的真理一樣。所以在那里作為一個(gè)監(jiān)聽器,但同時(shí),是一個(gè)指南,可以向他們顯示如何找到答案。

H: I think we should have more discussion classes, both at the primary and secondary levels.The debates in the classes will encourage the students to think more creatively.And they will become thinkers instead of followers of the instructions of teachers.H:我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該有更多的討論類,無(wú)論是在初級(jí)和中級(jí)水平。在類的辯論將會(huì)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生更富創(chuàng)造性的思考。他們將成為思想家,而不是老師的指示的追隨者。1.體育課。PE: Physical Education.2.高考。3.SATscholastic aptitude test學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測(cè)驗(yàn)。4.ACTAmerican College Test美國(guó)大學(xué)測(cè)驗(yàn)。

5.公立學(xué)校。6.NBCNational Broadcasting Company美國(guó)全國(guó)廣播公司。7.節(jié)目主持人。8.別上這個(gè)班。9.上中學(xué)。__

二、Let's Put the Heat on Campus Cheats 讓我們把熱量在校園騙子 The scandal of college cheating.該丑聞的大學(xué)作弊。By Stephen Barr 斯蒂芬·巴爾 Declining Morals 道德滑坡

James Karge-Taylor was astonished at the rampant cheating taking place in his jazz-history class at the University of Arizona.Students looked over each other's shoulders, devised coughing codes to communicate to friends, and flashed answers on the backs of their hands while pretending to stretch.詹姆斯Karge-Taylor感到驚訝猖獗的作弊發(fā)生在他的修讀爵士歷史類的亞利桑那大學(xué)。學(xué)生看著彼此的肩膀,設(shè)計(jì)了咳嗽編碼與朋友交流,和閃爍的答案背后的手而假裝伸展。

He once caught one student using his cell phone to send answers to a friend's pager.The code “54*2,” for instance, meant the answer to question 54 was B.Karge-Taylor kicked them out of his classroom and gave both an F.他曾抓住一個(gè)學(xué)生用他的手機(jī)發(fā)送一個(gè)朋友的尋呼機(jī)的答案。代碼“54 * 2,“例如,意味著題的答案是B 54。Karge-Taylor踢他們離開自己的教室,并送了一個(gè)F。

At small Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa, philosophy professor Heather Reid discovered cheating in, of all places, her introductory ethics class.Two students turned in homework assignments that were almost identical.Reid reported the incident to the academic dean, leading to an investigation.One student was suspended and given an F for the course.在小晨邊學(xué)院愛荷華州蘇城,哲學(xué)教授希瑟·里德發(fā)現(xiàn)作弊,所有的地方,她的介紹性的倫理類。兩個(gè)學(xué)生在作業(yè)了,幾乎是相同的。Reid報(bào)道此事的教務(wù)長(zhǎng),導(dǎo)致一個(gè)調(diào)查。一個(gè)學(xué)生被停職,給定一個(gè)F的課程。

Incidents such as these are all too common.In recent years many colleges and universities have reported a surge in plagiarism, unauthorized collusion on assignments and cheating on tests.諸如此類的事件都太常見。近年來(lái)許多學(xué)院和大學(xué)報(bào)道激增的剽竊,未經(jīng)授權(quán)的勾結(jié)的作業(yè)和考試作弊。

In research conducted at 31 schools over the past decade, Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe has found that nearly 70 percent of students admit to cheating at some point during college, with over 15 percent reporting that they were, in McCabe's words, “serious, repetitive cheaters.”

在研究31學(xué)校在過(guò)去的十年中,羅格斯大學(xué)教授唐納德麥凱布已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),近70%的學(xué)生承認(rèn)作弊在某種程度上,大學(xué)期間超過(guò)15%報(bào)告說(shuō),他們?cè)贛cCabe的話說(shuō)“嚴(yán)重的、,重復(fù)的騙子?！?While this surge has been blamed on many factors, including a declining emphasis on moral values in the home and school, without question it's never been easier to cheat.With the Internet, students have access to a treasure-trove of information they can pinch without proper attribution.“There's a cowboy feeling about the Internet that the information is out there for everybody to use as they see fit,” says

雖然這個(gè)激增歸咎于許多因素,包括一個(gè)下降的強(qiáng)調(diào)道德價(jià)值觀在學(xué)校和家里,毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)從未如此的容易作弊。有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng),學(xué)生獲得珍貴的信息他們可以捏沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)膶傩?。“有一個(gè)牛仔感覺(jué)關(guān)于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的信息是拿出來(lái)給大家使用在他們認(rèn)為合適的地方,”說(shuō)

Michele Goldfarb, director of the Office of Student Conduct at the University of Pennsylvania.米歇爾·戈德法布辦公室的主任,學(xué)生行為在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。

In a composition class, University of Texas instructor Sharan Daniel asked students to write an evaluative argument, which could include reviewing a contemporary film.在一篇作文類,德克薩斯大學(xué)講師夏朗丹尼爾要求學(xué)生寫下一個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù),其中可能包括回顧當(dāng)代電影。

One student chose a Bruce Willis movie.一個(gè)學(xué)生選擇一個(gè)布魯斯·威利斯的電影。

Daniel suspected plagiarism when the paper turned in was different in style from the 丹尼爾涉嫌剽竊論文的時(shí)候把在不同的風(fēng)格

student's previous work.She did a search on the Internet and found the review the 學(xué)生以前的工作。她做了一個(gè)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上搜索,發(fā)現(xiàn)了審查 student had lifted in its entirety.學(xué)生在其全部解除。

There are hundreds of websites, with names like schoolsucks.com and 有成百上千的網(wǎng)站,像schoolsucks.com和名稱

CollegeTermPapers.com, which offer ready-made essays on topics ranging from

CollegeTermPapers.com,它提供現(xiàn)成的文章主題從

anthropology to zoology.Some sites are free, as long as you contribute a paper of 人類學(xué)生態(tài)。有些網(wǎng)站是免費(fèi)的,只要你貢獻(xiàn)的一篇論文

your own, while others charge anything from a modest membership fee to over 你自己的,而其他的收費(fèi)從一個(gè)適度的會(huì)費(fèi)超過(guò) $100 a paper.100美元一紙。

Students also get papers directly from their peers.As the semester-end approaches, 學(xué)生可以直接從他們的同齡人的論文。隨著學(xué)期結(jié)束的臨近, the online message boards and chat rooms on many websites fill with requests for 在線留言板和聊天室在許多網(wǎng)站充滿請(qǐng)求 papers from desperate students.論文從絕望的學(xué)生。

The website of the Evil House of Cheat boasts 2000 daily visitors.There you can pick 該網(wǎng)站的邪惡的房子的欺騙擁有每天接待2000名參觀者。在那里你可以選擇

up tips on how to cheat on exams and read comments from people described as satisfied users, like one student who said he had raised his grade-point average from a D-to a B+ after he paid his $9.95 annual membership fee.小技巧如何在考試中作弊和閱讀評(píng)論人描述為滿足用戶,像一個(gè)學(xué)生說(shuō)他舉起他的平均分從DHe was unmoved.′′You are smart enough.You′ll see a change!′′Nothing.然而,在那之后,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。史蒂夫依然不想′t做他的家庭作業(yè)?！洹湓囋囁?一個(gè)星期!′′——他無(wú)動(dòng)于衷?！洹淠阕銐蚵斆鳌Ｄ銜?huì)看到一個(gè)變化′!′′——沒(méi)有什么感到他。′′給自己一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。唐′t放棄你的生活!′′——沒(méi)有什么。

′′Steve, please!I care about you!′′ Wow!Suddenly Steve got it.Someone cared about him? Someone totally unattainable and perfect, caredhim ?

′′史蒂夫,謝謝!我在乎你!′′哇!突然史蒂夫得到它了。有人關(guān)心他?有人完全高不可攀和完美,關(guān)心——他——大約? Steve went home from school, thoughtful that afternoon.He could not bear the overpowering stench in his house.He quickly gathered up his camping gear: a jar of peanut butter, a loaf of bread, a bottle of water, and this time his school books.Grim-faced and determined, he headed for the woods.史蒂夫從學(xué)?；丶?深思熟慮的那個(gè)下午。他不能忍受這些刺鼻的臭味在他的房子。他迅速收拾起他的野營(yíng)裝備:一罐花生醬,一塊面包,一瓶水,這一次他的學(xué)校的書。冷面和決心,他又去了樹林。

The following Monday Miss White gave a quiz on the weekend homework.Steve hurried through the test and was first to hand in his paper.With a look of surprise Miss White took his paper.Obviously puzzled, she began to look it over.在接下來(lái)的星期一懷特小姐給對(duì)周末的家庭作業(yè)進(jìn)行測(cè)驗(yàn)。史蒂夫匆匆完成測(cè)試,是第一個(gè)手在他的論文。用一下驚奇懷特小姐把他的論文。顯然很困惑,她開始看仔細(xì)了。

Miss White′s face was in total shock.She glanced up at Steve, then down then up.Suddenly her face broke into a radiance of smile.The smartest boy in the 7th grade had just passed his first test.懷特小姐′s臉上總沖擊。她瞟了一眼史蒂夫,然后下來(lái)然后起來(lái)。突然她的臉闖入一個(gè)光輝的微笑。最聰明的男孩在七年級(jí)剛剛通過(guò)了第一個(gè)測(cè)試。

From that moment nothing was the same for Steve.Steve began to excel.And he continued this course throughout his school life.After high school Steve enlisted in the Navy, and he had a successful military career.Steve began a second career after the Navy, and he continued to inspire others, as astral professor in a nearby college.Miss White left great legecy3年高等教育改革

The

former SEdC have established 216 teaching reform pilots for short 2-3 years higher education nationally, and the establishments of pilot colleges are progressing successfully and a number of disciplines and colleges with short higher education characteristics are also taking shape.Recently, with the condition of education provision of those colleges greatly improved and their pace of basic construction speed up, the overall capacity of education provision of them has remarkably strengthened and important achievements have been made in the field of teaching reform.The experience and achievements gained in the reform of short 2-3 years higher education provied important experience for the development of higher vocational education.The state policy of energetically developing higher vocational education in return provides new opportunity for the development of short 2-3 years higher education, which has shown up its great vitality.上次更新216年前建立了教學(xué)改革飛行員短23年高等教育加上重要經(jīng)驗(yàn),為發(fā)展高等職業(yè)教育。國(guó)家政策的大力發(fā)展高等職業(yè)教育作為回報(bào)提供了新的機(jī)會(huì)為發(fā)展高等教育只有2-3年,它顯示了強(qiáng)大的生命力。

7The establishment of macro management system on quality of higher education made stable progress

7建立宏觀管理系統(tǒng)在高等教育質(zhì)量,使之穩(wěn)定進(jìn)展

In

1993, the Department of Higher Education of former SEdC began to research the assessment plan and the practice of teaching assessment.Aimed at helping the HEIs consistently identify their schooling directive ideology, improving the schooling conditions, enhancing the basic construction of teaching, deepening teaching reform, increasing management level and gradually setting up and perfecting the system of self-development and self-restrain so as to continuously improve education quality and increase schooling efficiency, the assessment of undergraduate teaching adheres to the principle of “promoting reform and establishment through assessment, combining assessment and establishment together with the emphasis laying on establishment”.There are three forms of assessment: the first is the pass level teaching assessment to the universities with comparatively weak basis and short history of undergraduate education￡? the second is the excellent level assessment to the universities with good basis, high teaching level and a comparatively long history of undergraduate education;and the last one is the random level assessment to the universities between pass level and excellent level.Since 1994, 146 HEIs with weak basis and short history of undergraduate education have undertook the pass level assessment step by step and 10 key universities have undertook the excellent level assessment.The development of teaching assessment evoked intense repercussions among educational administrative departments and HEIs and played an important role in promoting the improvement of higher education quality.在1993年,高等教育部門的前上次開始研究評(píng)估計(jì)劃與實(shí)踐教學(xué)評(píng)估。旨在幫助他實(shí)現(xiàn)識(shí)別他們的學(xué)校教育指導(dǎo)思想、改善教育狀況,加強(qiáng)教學(xué)基本建設(shè),深化教學(xué)改革,提高管理水平,逐步建立和完善系統(tǒng)的自我發(fā)展和自我約束,以不斷提高教育質(zhì)量和提高教育效率、評(píng)估本科教學(xué)堅(jiān)持原則的“促進(jìn)改革和機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)評(píng)估,結(jié)合評(píng)估和建立重點(diǎn)一起躺在機(jī)構(gòu)”。有三種形式的評(píng)估:第一個(gè)是通過(guò)水平的高校教學(xué)評(píng)估與相對(duì)較弱的基礎(chǔ)和短暫歷史的本科教育￡?第二個(gè)是優(yōu)秀的水平評(píng)估的高校有良好的基礎(chǔ),高教學(xué)水平和相對(duì)歷史悠久的大學(xué)本科教育;最后一個(gè)是隨機(jī)水平評(píng)估的高校之間通過(guò)水平和優(yōu)秀的水平。自1994年以來(lái),146年他與基礎(chǔ)薄弱和短暫歷史的本科教育已經(jīng)承擔(dān)了通過(guò)水平評(píng)估一步一步和10個(gè)主要大學(xué)的高超水平進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。教學(xué)評(píng)估的發(fā)展引發(fā)強(qiáng)烈反響教育行政部門和高校,發(fā)揮著重要作用,推動(dòng)高等教育質(zhì)量的提高。

8The importance attached to the research of higher education theory and directing teaching reform with scientific theory

8的重視高等教育研究的理論和教學(xué)改革以科學(xué)的理論指導(dǎo)

In

early l993, with other three departments, the Department of Higher Education of former SEdC jointly sponsored and organized research team for the task of “On the research of theory for socialistic higher education with Chinese characteristics”.With the keys on what is the socialistic higher education with Chinese characteristics and how to establish such higher education, the team carried out their theoretical research.Supported by educational administrative departments at various levels, after four years' endeavour, a number of important research achievements like “the Theory keys of Higher Education with Chinese Characteristics” have been made and aroused great influence in the higher education circle.After this research, in the light of development of our socialistic modernization construction and higher education reform and the historic opportunity of entering anew millenium for our human beings, MoE organized the research team for the task of “ Chinese Higher Education in 21st Century ” to continue the theoretical research on socialistic higher education with Chinese characteristics.在早期的基本法草案,與其他三個(gè)部門,該部門的高等教育的共同發(fā)起和前上次研究小組的任務(wù)”的理論研究高等教育具有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義”。用鑰匙在什么是中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的高等教育,以及如何建立這樣的高等教育,研究小組進(jìn)行了理論研究。支持各級(jí)教育行政部門,經(jīng)過(guò)四年的努力,許多重要的研究成果就像“高等教育理論鍵具有中國(guó)特色的“已經(jīng)和引起極大的影響的高等教育圈。在這之后的研究,針對(duì)我們的社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的發(fā)展和高等教育改革和歷史性的機(jī)遇重新進(jìn)入年對(duì)于我們?nèi)祟?MoE組織研究小組的任務(wù)是“中國(guó)高等教育在21世紀(jì)的“繼續(xù)理論研究具有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義的高等教育。9

The track of managing higher education through laws 9的軌道高等教育管理通過(guò)法律

OnAugust, 1998, the 4th conference of the 9th standing committee of National Congress passed the “Higher Education Law of People's Republic of China” which is implemented from 1 Jan, 1 999.Higher Education Law is the first complete higher education legal document in term of legislature.It is a law, which standardizes the internal and external complicated social re1ationship of higher education and its own activities.It is a basic law promulgated under the direction of the constitute and Education Law which laying the important foundation for the establishment of a systematic and perfect higher education legal system led by the Higher Education Law.8月29日,1998年,第四屆會(huì)議第九屆全國(guó)代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)通過(guò)了“高等教育法律中華人民共和國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)從999年1月,1。高等教育法律是第一個(gè)完成高等教育法律文件在術(shù)語(yǔ)的立法機(jī)構(gòu)。這是一個(gè)法律,規(guī)范了內(nèi)部和外部的復(fù)雜的社會(huì)re1ationship高等教育和自己的活動(dòng)。這是一個(gè)基本的法律頒布指導(dǎo)下構(gòu)成和教育法律,奠定了重要基礎(chǔ),建立一個(gè)系統(tǒng)和完善高等教育法律體系高等教育領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的法律。

The assurance of further deepened reform through further improvement of schooling conditions

10的保證進(jìn)一步深化改革通過(guò)進(jìn)一步改善教育狀況

With

the deepening of teaching reform, inadequate input in it has been an obstacle.In order to solve the problem, educational administrative departments at various levels and HEIs have actively explored the measures and ways to increase educational expenditure and improve schooling conditions.At present, the World Bank Loan Project, which is being carried out, will all together input $70 million to improve the experiment conditions for the basic courses in HEIs.Local governments at various levels have also take a serious of measures to expand the input to locaI HEIs to enhance the construction of disciplines, bases, curriculum, laboratory and library for HEIs, greatly improving the material

與深化教學(xué)改革,在它已經(jīng)不足輸入一個(gè)障礙。為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,各級(jí)教育行政部門和高校有積極探索的措施和方法來(lái)增加教育經(jīng)費(fèi),提高教育條件。目前,世界銀行貸款項(xiàng)目,這是貫徹執(zhí)行,將一起輸入7000萬(wàn)美元用于改善實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的基本課程在高校。地方各級(jí)政府也采取了一系列措施來(lái)擴(kuò)大的輸入locaI高校加強(qiáng)學(xué)科建設(shè),基地,課程,為高校實(shí)驗(yàn)室和圖書館,大大提高了材料

conditions of these HEIs.這些高校的條件。

The Construction Of Teaching Contingent

教師隊(duì)伍的建設(shè)

From

the end of l980's to the early l990's, the problems of aging, lacking young teachers and low qualification have obviously shown up concerning the teaching contingent in HEIs.To change the situation, educational administrative departments at various levels and HEIs made different policies and took all kinds of measures, After l0 years unremitting efforts, all those problems have been solved primarily.從l980年底的早期l990的,問(wèn)題的老化,缺少年輕教師和低資格已經(jīng)明顯出現(xiàn)有關(guān)教學(xué)在高校隊(duì)伍。為改變此現(xiàn)狀,各級(jí)教育行政部門和高校讓不同的政策,把各種各樣的措施,在10年不懈努力,所有這些問(wèn)題已經(jīng)解決主要。

1With many young teachers replenished, the age structure of teachers' contingent has been adjusted.A number of middle-aged and young teachers have gradually developed themselves and become the backbone teams in teaching and research.1和許多青年教師補(bǔ)充,年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的教師隊(duì)伍已經(jīng)被調(diào)整。大量的中青年教師已逐漸發(fā)展了自己和成為骨干團(tuán)隊(duì)在教學(xué)和研究。

2The policies relative to position promotion have been made and the position structure of teaching contingent has been adjusted.這個(gè)政策相對(duì)位置推廣已經(jīng)和位置的結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)調(diào)整教師隊(duì)伍。

3The proportion of Ph.Ds and masters to be selected and remained in HEIs has been increased and the degree structure of teachers has been adjusted.Ds的比例和碩士博士被選中和仍在增加,高校教師的學(xué)歷結(jié)構(gòu)得到調(diào)整。

4The knowledge structural of teachers has been adjusted through in-service training, offering in-service degree education, selecting teachers to go aboard for advanced studies and carrying out cooperative research.The teachers contingent is replenished and the development of new disciplines is promoted by recruiting the returning overseas students.4知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)的教師已經(jīng)調(diào)整通過(guò)在職培訓(xùn),提供在職學(xué)位教育,選擇教師上船高級(jí)研究和開展合作研究。教師隊(duì)伍是補(bǔ)充和發(fā)展新學(xué)科是被招募返回的海外學(xué)生。

The Industry, Teaching And Research In HEIs 這個(gè)行業(yè),在高校教學(xué)和科研

In

recently years, taking full advantage of their talents, knowledge, science and technology, the HEIs emphasized the practical research and development in the light of economic construction of our country and made great effort to serve the central task of economic construction while at the same time strengthening the basic research.In addition, HEIs have taken part in the construction of science parks, establish high-tech enterprises run by HEIs and combine industry, teaching and research together to turn the scientific and research fruits into real productivity and spread them to the whole society.For example, with its own advantage of talents and technology, the Fourder Group run by Peking University not only revolutionized the printing industry of China, but also occupied 90% of the market of Chinese newspapers at home and aboard.The Group has its own master and doctoral training pilots, post-doctor mobilizing departments, national key laboratories and research centers for national projects, thus the integration of industry, teaching and research into reality.在最近幾年,充分利用他們的才能、知識(shí)、科學(xué)和技術(shù),他強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際研究和開發(fā)針對(duì)我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)做出了巨大的努力,為經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的核心任務(wù),同時(shí)加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)研究。此外,他參與了建設(shè)科學(xué)公園,建立高新技術(shù)企業(yè)由他和結(jié)合工業(yè)、教學(xué)和研究在一起把科學(xué)和研究成果為真正的生產(chǎn)力和傳播到整個(gè)社會(huì)。例如,利用自身優(yōu)勢(shì)的人才和技術(shù),Fourder集團(tuán)由北京大學(xué)不僅徹底改變了中國(guó)的印刷行業(yè),但也占據(jù)了90%的市場(chǎng)份額的中國(guó)報(bào)紙國(guó)內(nèi)外。該集團(tuán)有自己的碩士和博士訓(xùn)練飛行員、與工程從事博士后研究動(dòng)員部門,國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和研究中心為國(guó)家項(xiàng)目,因此一體化的產(chǎn)業(yè)、教學(xué)和研究變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。

Chinese government attaches great importance to the international cooperation and exchanges of higher education.Since the reform and opening up to the outside world in 1978, international cooperation and exchanges of higher education have become more and more active and achieved fruitful results.In the past 20 years, China has established educational cooperative and exchanges relationship with 154 countries and areas, sent 300, 000 students to go aboard for study to more than l00 countries and areas, received 210, 000 foreign students from 160 countries and areas, sent 1800 teachers and experts to teach aboard and employed 40, 000 foreign teachers and experts.Recently, through the reform of sending and management of overseas students, Chinese government adopted the policy of “supporting overseas studies, encouraging overseas students to come back after they complete their studies and guaranteeing their freedom of coming and go” to encourage the overseas students to come back and serve the country in various forms after they finish their studies.By opening to the outside world, we broadly learn the useful foreign experience, promote the reform and development of our higher education and enhance mutual understanding and friendship between China and other countries.中國(guó)政府高度重視國(guó)際合作與交流的高等教育。改革開放以來(lái)外部世界在1978年,國(guó)際合作與交流的高等教育已成為越來(lái)越多的活動(dòng),取得了豐碩的成果。在過(guò)去的20年中,中國(guó)已經(jīng)建立了教育合作與交流關(guān)系,與154個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)派出300學(xué)生出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)到超過(guò)l00國(guó)家和地區(qū),收到了210的外國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)自160個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū),派出1800名教師和專家教登上和雇傭了40 000外籍教師和專家。最近,從改革發(fā)送和管理的海外學(xué)生,中國(guó)政府采取的政策,”支持海外研究,鼓勵(lì)海外學(xué)生回來(lái)之后他們完成學(xué)業(yè),保證他們的自由的未來(lái),去“鼓勵(lì)海外學(xué)生回來(lái)、為國(guó)服務(wù)以各種形式在他們完成他們的學(xué)業(yè)。通過(guò)打開到外面的世界,我們廣泛學(xué)習(xí)有用的國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn),促進(jìn)改革和發(fā)展我國(guó)高等教育和增進(jìn)相互了解和友誼中國(guó)和其他國(guó)家。

第二篇：英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)翻譯

文章1: 題目：

集成的人機(jī)交互的發(fā)展到系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期的方法

Abstract：

將人機(jī)交互（HCI）的角度來(lái)看，系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期（SDLC）是必要的信息系統(tǒng)（IS）的成功，反過(guò)來(lái)，企業(yè)的成功。然而，現(xiàn)代的軟件開發(fā)生命周期模型是基于組織的需求比人類的需要。信息系統(tǒng)的人機(jī)交互方面通常被認(rèn)為是太?。ㄖ挥衅聊唤缑妫?，在太晚的發(fā)展過(guò)程（僅在設(shè)計(jì)階段）。因此，往往一個(gè)缺口的表達(dá)。moreists滿足組織的需求和支持和豐富人類用戶之間的。這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以通過(guò)仔細(xì)整合人機(jī)交互的發(fā)展為軟件開發(fā)生命周期過(guò)程中實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的以人為本的開發(fā)方法。本文探討了人機(jī)交互系統(tǒng)開發(fā)中的作用，證明考慮人機(jī)交互貫穿整個(gè)軟件開發(fā)生命周期的重要性，提出了一種方法，以人為中心的發(fā)展，并演示了如何應(yīng)用這種方法來(lái)發(fā)展以人為中心的信息系統(tǒng)。

Keyword：系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期（SDLC）；信息系統(tǒng)；信息系統(tǒng)中人的因素（發(fā)布）；人機(jī)交互（HCI）；信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)方法；以用戶為中心的設(shè)計(jì)；以人為中心的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)

文章2： 題目

對(duì)影響敏感的多人–計(jì)算機(jī)相互作用

要認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)人的情感狀態(tài)是COM的溝通與情緒智力的核心能力。情感intelligenceisafacetofhumanintelligencethathasbeenarguedtobe不可缺少的也許是最重要的成功的跨-個(gè)人的社會(huì)互動(dòng)。本文認(rèn)為，新一代人機(jī)交互（HCI）的設(shè)計(jì)需要包括情商來(lái)識(shí)別用戶的情感狀態(tài)，為了更加哼……能力的本質(zhì)morean一樣，更多的有效性，并更有效。情感的激發(fā)調(diào)節(jié)所有非言語(yǔ)communicativecues（面部表情，架，和聲樂(lè)生理反應(yīng)）。在面對(duì)面的互動(dòng)，人類探測(cè)和解釋這些互動(dòng)的信號(hào)有很少或沒(méi)有努力，他們的溝通。然而，一個(gè)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)，完成這些任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)是比較困難的。本文調(diào)查了過(guò)去的工作由計(jì)算機(jī)在解決這些問(wèn)題，并提供了一系列建議，為開發(fā)智能多模態(tài)人機(jī)交互的用戶的非語(yǔ)言情感反饋個(gè)性化自動(dòng)分析儀的第一部分。

Keyword：

情感計(jì)算；人機(jī)交互（HCI）；情感狀態(tài)；非言語(yǔ)交際線索的自動(dòng)分析；多模態(tài)人機(jī)交互的個(gè)性化人機(jī)交互。

文章3：

題目：人機(jī)交互：跨學(xué)科的根和趨勢(shì)

Abstract：方法，理論，在人機(jī)交互（HCI）領(lǐng)域的實(shí)踐都產(chǎn)生互動(dòng)的軟件，可以用來(lái)操作，能有效，安全目標(biāo)，并滿意。人機(jī)交互是跨學(xué)科和多學(xué)科的行為在其根。人機(jī)交互的核心概念是可用性，使用加有用緩解。實(shí)現(xiàn)了良好的可用性，需要注意兩個(gè)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，特別是對(duì)用戶的交互設(shè)計(jì)，應(yīng)服務(wù)……莫里作為用戶界面的軟件組件的要求。本文回顧了一些建模支持人機(jī)交互的實(shí)踐理論，開發(fā)生命周期的活動(dòng)，和很多的實(shí)踐，構(gòu)成` `可用性工程”。興趣在HCI的未來(lái)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括新的交互方式，虛擬環(huán)境，萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)，信息可視化，和可穿戴計(jì)算。

Keyword：

發(fā)展的過(guò)程；用戶交互；萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)；互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；理論與實(shí)踐；人為因素；應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域；軟件構(gòu)件；弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)；可用性工程；認(rèn)知心理學(xué)；交互方式；人類±計(jì)算機(jī)；良好的可用性

文章4：

題目：人機(jī)交互的方法訓(xùn)練的交通控制 Abstract：

在瑞典，列車已經(jīng)在過(guò)去的幾年中增加和今天的任何時(shí)候都高。同時(shí)為提高正點(diǎn)率和更好的可預(yù)測(cè)性要求越來(lái)越高。是否有可能提高準(zhǔn)時(shí)，從而可能利用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施資源更優(yōu)化的控制列車交通提供改進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，這將是一個(gè)非常有效的方法提高列車。本文研究的一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)，對(duì)我morenvestigate如何，從人機(jī)交互的角度，系統(tǒng)可以被設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)更好的支持人的能力和能力的一個(gè)有效途徑火車交通控制。對(duì)復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的控制人類早期的研究有助于這方面的工作。本研究的一個(gè)重要組成部分，是獲取知識(shí)的邊緣有火車調(diào)度執(zhí)行他們今天的工作和困難的關(guān)系。研究了以用戶為中心的方法。在密切合作運(yùn)行的火車交通專業(yè)人士探討和發(fā)展的解決和改善情況自項(xiàng)目開始于1996建議的控制新策略，解決這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)已被開發(fā)和一定程度的評(píng)價(jià)。瑞典國(guó)家鐵路管理局（國(guó)家鐵路局）正計(jì)劃建立基于控制的策略和思路從這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目的操作控制系統(tǒng)。

Keyword：同一時(shí)間；人機(jī)交互；交通控制；烏普薩拉大學(xué)；人機(jī)交互劃分；部門；列車控制；有效途徑；列車控制；控制復(fù)雜；列車調(diào)度員 文章5：

題目:在人機(jī)交互說(shuō)話口頭語(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)

Abstract：本研究的特點(diǎn)自然說(shuō)話disfluencies典型的人機(jī)交互，并給出了其發(fā)生的一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)模型會(huì)計(jì)。數(shù)據(jù)在三個(gè)實(shí)證研究中人們說(shuō)或者寫一個(gè)高度互動(dòng)的模擬系統(tǒng)為他們完成業(yè)務(wù)交易的收集。研究涉及的學(xué)科內(nèi)的析因設(shè)計(jì)的輸入方式和格式是不同的?？谡Z(yǔ)不流利的人機(jī)接口速率在……moreraction被證明是大大低于率通常觀察到的類似人類的演講中。兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的因素，增加與規(guī)劃的要求，是高等disifuency率顯著相關(guān)：（我）長(zhǎng)度的話語(yǔ)；和（2）在演示文稿格式缺乏結(jié)構(gòu)?；貧w技術(shù)證明了線性模型基于簡(jiǎn)單的發(fā)音長(zhǎng)度占了在說(shuō)話disfluencies 77%變異。因此，設(shè)計(jì)方法，能夠指導(dǎo)用戶講話簡(jiǎn)短的句子要消除說(shuō)話disfluencies大多數(shù)潛在的。在這項(xiàng)研究中，例如，一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的表示格式成功地消除了6O 70%的不流利的講話。本研究的長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)是提供強(qiáng)大的語(yǔ)言技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的指導(dǎo)。Keyword：工程俄勒岡；人機(jī)交互；呈現(xiàn)方式；預(yù)測(cè)說(shuō)話disfluencies；工藝盒 文章6：

題目：教學(xué)交互：第一次的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

Abstract：人機(jī)交互是在哥斯達(dá)黎加大學(xué)最近的紀(jì)律。在本文中，我們提出的第一個(gè)學(xué)年關(guān)于人類-計(jì)算機(jī)交互的先修課程的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，本科和碩士課程，設(shè)計(jì)和教。HCI課程介紹戰(zhàn)略包括兩個(gè)步驟：1）啟動(dòng)一個(gè)專門的本科課程在第一學(xué)期，和2）啟動(dòng)一個(gè)專門的碩士課程中的第二個(gè)任期，同時(shí)發(fā)展。moreaught與本科課程。課程大綱都分享。然而，由于差異的本科生和研究生的學(xué)生在本科和碩士課程的差異，評(píng)價(jià)方法的實(shí)施，導(dǎo)致更多的任務(wù)和研究生水平較高的緊迫性。在教室里的工作是為每個(gè)不同的課程，因?yàn)檠芯可梢越⒆约旱闹R(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上以前的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思想的交流與其他學(xué)生。在本科和碩士課程，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是實(shí)踐的理論支持。

Keyword

人機(jī)交互；人機(jī)互動(dòng)教學(xué)

文章7：

題目：人機(jī)交互

Abstract：人機(jī)交互是通過(guò)物理或心理互動(dòng)確立人與計(jì)算機(jī)之間的關(guān)系的過(guò)程。在這里，我們總結(jié)了人機(jī)交互的基礎(chǔ)上，與歷史的互動(dòng)形式與產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)。后來(lái)的人機(jī)交互的不同方面進(jìn)行了應(yīng)用，如人機(jī)交互通過(guò)逼真的人臉模型，人臉識(shí)別技術(shù)的人機(jī)交互界面，遠(yuǎn)程教育和人機(jī)交互。USI……moreng人工智能系統(tǒng)，我們可以把所有這些方面，提供了一個(gè)先進(jìn)的人機(jī)交互，計(jì)算機(jī)或機(jī)器人能夠識(shí)別人臉的學(xué)習(xí)和掌握自己的情緒反應(yīng)，通過(guò)面部模型，連接到不同的世界大學(xué)通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)程教育和幫助社會(huì)中通過(guò)學(xué)生福利改進(jìn)盡可能的。

Keyword：人機(jī)交互；人臉模型；人機(jī)交互；遠(yuǎn)程教育；產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)；智能

文章8：

題目：提供用戶模型直接訪問(wèn)接口：一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的界面和交互影響的HRI的探索性研究 Abstract：

用戶模型的方式來(lái)理解和提高計(jì)算機(jī)接口的可用性。我們?cè)谶@里提出的ACT-R認(rèn)知建模語(yǔ)言的一個(gè)公開的駕駛模擬一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的模擬機(jī)器人接口交互模型。該模型通過(guò)將位圖的解析的新用途未修改的Java接口進(jìn)行交互。該模型的結(jié)構(gòu)開始描述知識(shí)的人為操作的機(jī)器人必須具備的。該模型還表明某些方面……更多的任務(wù)將為運(yùn)營(yíng)商很難。例如，該模型的性能進(jìn)行定量的預(yù)測(cè)機(jī)器人的速度會(huì)如何影響導(dǎo)航的質(zhì)量，以及相關(guān)的人的行為。而模型并不能涵蓋所有的人機(jī)交互方面，它說(shuō)明了如何提供用戶模型通過(guò)位圖訪問(wèn)接口可以導(dǎo)致更準(zhǔn)確和更廣泛的適用模型的用戶。

Keyword：圖形用戶界面；人機(jī)交互；圖像處理；人機(jī)交互；遙操作；用戶建模；用戶接口的人為因素

文章9：

題目：公共服務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Abstract：

本文的重點(diǎn)是對(duì)公共服務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)的列表的可用性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)估的IT系統(tǒng)支持。傳統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在人機(jī)交互領(lǐng)域內(nèi)被認(rèn)為是太有限，擴(kuò)大鑒于通信和業(yè)務(wù)過(guò)程提出。這擴(kuò)展的視野內(nèi)，現(xiàn)有的可用性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被認(rèn)為是重要的但不是充分的?；谶@一要求，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也支持系統(tǒng)提出了moreation和企業(yè)的行動(dòng)…。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是關(guān)于發(fā)展的實(shí)證研究產(chǎn)生的電子服務(wù)。這種服務(wù)的目的是支持企業(yè)之間的溝通和市當(dāng)公司將獲得經(jīng)營(yíng)許可。分析在這種情況下，通信的需要已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生的設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，為特定利益互補(bǔ)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成的例子有：用戶成為有良好的條件（感知，理解和信息支持），區(qū)分信息和表演之間的部分，提供元信息（目的和內(nèi)容）。

Keyword：可用性；人機(jī)交互；電子政務(wù)；電子商務(wù)；電子政務(wù)；電子商務(wù)；人機(jī)交互（HCI）；可用性

文章10：

題目：人機(jī)交互作為一門工程學(xué)科：是或不是！？

Abstract：在新興的跨學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的人機(jī)交互的主要挑戰(zhàn)之一（HCI）是一個(gè)研究的線，可以使驗(yàn)證設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)交互系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，預(yù)測(cè)能力發(fā)展的規(guī)范?；谌N不同的元素交互系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法：（1）人（的），（2）技術(shù)人工制品（S），和（3）的情況下使用，不同的學(xué)科有不同的研究范式，這……更多新領(lǐng)域：具有強(qiáng)烈的社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法科學(xué)，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和交互設(shè)計(jì)與藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的高度重視，和工程學(xué)科具有較強(qiáng)的技術(shù)和正式的AP的方法。本項(xiàng)目提出了建議，并結(jié)合不同的研究和基于三角網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)范式的優(yōu)勢(shì)的一種可能的方式，我們認(rèn)為人機(jī)交互作為一門工程學(xué)科。

Keyword：

人機(jī)交互；研究議程的設(shè)計(jì)范式；三角剖分；

第三篇：最新英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊選讀部分翻譯

第二單元(passage2)榜樣作用:奧巴馬從里根身上學(xué)到了什么

奧巴馬去年5月曾邀請(qǐng)一些研究總統(tǒng)執(zhí)政的史學(xué)家到白宮共進(jìn)工作晚餐。這是他入主白宮以來(lái)第二次邀請(qǐng)同一批史學(xué)家共進(jìn)晚餐。奧巴馬在晚宴上敦請(qǐng)學(xué)者們能給出一些前任總統(tǒng)執(zhí)政期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。隨著賓客交流漸進(jìn)佳境，一些史學(xué)家逐漸感到奧巴馬似乎對(duì)談?wù)摿挚系墓ぷ靼嗟?，肯尼迪的智?kù)興致不高，而對(duì)令人感到親近的保守人士、前總統(tǒng)里根所做出的成就更感興趣，而正是他在30年前入主白宮后便引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)革命。實(shí)際上除了毫無(wú)先期制約外，奧巴馬和里根還有若干相同的才干。然而，奧巴馬顯然對(duì)里根讓民眾能改變對(duì)政府態(tài)度的辦法印象深刻。有出席晚宴的史學(xué)家事后表示，這位第44屆總統(tǒng)已把第40屆總統(tǒng)看作是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的參考基準(zhǔn)。讓負(fù)責(zé)編纂里根日記、并兩次出席晚宴的Douglas Brinkley留下最深刻的印象是，奧巴馬已找到了行為榜樣。他稱，榜樣因素會(huì)影響到許多政策，而榜樣的作用各不相同。奧巴馬在以里根式的方法履行著責(zé)任。

當(dāng)奧巴馬在國(guó)會(huì)、內(nèi)閣和民眾前發(fā)表第二次國(guó)情咨文演講時(shí)，里根的榜樣和政策已體現(xiàn)在其中。他在演講中提議凍結(jié)可自由支配開支和聯(lián)邦政府雇員工資，推動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)化稅法和削減成百億美元的國(guó)防預(yù)算，同時(shí)，他還呼吁兩黨共同努力改革社會(huì)保障體制。以上每一條建議都是由身處第三年任期，在高失業(yè)率期內(nèi)遭遇中期選舉失敗的總統(tǒng)所提出。里根曾在1983年的國(guó)情咨文演講中表示，在未來(lái)兩年內(nèi)，兩黨各派人士和各種政治勢(shì)力要重視政府在今后長(zhǎng)期的，和兩黨共同承擔(dān)的責(zé)任，而不應(yīng)由短期的黨派政策所左右。

人們最初難以想象這位畢業(yè)于常春藤聯(lián)合會(huì)院校，以前是夏威夷律師的總統(tǒng)，會(huì)與里根有任何共同之處，前者支持更大規(guī)模的聯(lián)邦政府投資、更廣的社保覆蓋面，以及要求對(duì)華爾街和石油業(yè)提高監(jiān)管力度。但實(shí)際情況是，奧巴馬越來(lái)越借重這位前任總統(tǒng)的思路，把他當(dāng)成對(duì)自己有益的模板是清晰無(wú)誤的。自去年11月中期選舉以來(lái)，奧巴馬常把企業(yè)高管邀請(qǐng)到白宮座談，造訪美國(guó)商會(huì)，并在自己的政治理念做出妥協(xié)。在討教了里根政府的前白宮辦公廳主任Ken Duberstein有關(guān)里根處理嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)后，奧巴馬簽署了會(huì)讓里根都感到喜極而泣的、令人驚訝的8580億美元減稅法案。白宮新聞發(fā)言人吉布斯(Robert Gibbs)圣誕假期內(nèi)在Tweeter中稱，奧巴馬在閱讀里根傳記，并確認(rèn)了這種關(guān)聯(lián)。奧巴馬近期在為《今日美國(guó)(USA Today)》報(bào)紙撰寫的一篇對(duì)里根表示敬意的文章中寫道，“里根意識(shí)到了民眾對(duì)責(zé)任和變革的強(qiáng)烈愿望”，并把里根看成自己最珍視的兩項(xiàng)政治動(dòng)力。

每位進(jìn)入橢圓形辦公室者都會(huì)因前任的成功和失敗而倍受折磨。他們會(huì)很自然地自問(wèn)，自己如何才能與之相提并論；歷史會(huì)怎樣評(píng)價(jià)自己；自己是否真正具有像華盛頓、杰佛遜和其他前任那樣的才干而來(lái)到此地。約翰遜一直對(duì)艾森豪威爾的看法感到焦慮；里根也常以富蘭克林-羅斯福的風(fēng)格來(lái)塑造自己；布什(George H.W.Bush)經(jīng)常自問(wèn)，自己是否能成為另一位西奧多-羅斯福(Theodore Roosevelt)。當(dāng)喬治-沃克-布什(George W.Bush)在首屆總統(tǒng)任期后曾被人問(wèn)及，是否或多或少地考慮過(guò)前任對(duì)自己的影響。他稱自進(jìn)入白宮后就一直思考著所有前任的影響。

奧巴馬對(duì)里根政治風(fēng)格的偏愛有著清晰的自利目的。白宮助手們天真地專注于里根的任期，他們因此祈禱著奧巴馬也能反映出類似風(fēng)格。兩人入主白宮時(shí)都處在政治中心發(fā)生歷史性轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)期，在首屆任期內(nèi)都面對(duì)著伴隨著高失業(yè)率的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退形勢(shì)，以及兩人在選舉中都充分調(diào)用了演講術(shù)的力量。

歷史學(xué)家們注意到，奧巴馬當(dāng)前境遇有著與里根時(shí)代的黑暗階段的相似性：反對(duì)者的陣營(yíng)在分化。民主黨在1980年代早期一分為二，一派是勞工支持的左翼，另一派是想要把政黨轉(zhuǎn)向中間道路的溫和派。奧巴馬今天面對(duì)的是一個(gè)想要努力把黨的傳統(tǒng)、對(duì)工商業(yè)友善和無(wú)耐心的暴發(fā)戶、茶黨(Tea Party)派別進(jìn)行調(diào)和的共和黨。這種分裂開始讓共和黨走向混亂。在奧巴馬發(fā)表了國(guó)情咨文演講后，共和黨出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)反饋，一個(gè)來(lái)自該黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層，另一個(gè)是來(lái)自聚集在茶黨旗幟下的，來(lái)自明尼蘇達(dá)州的新國(guó)會(huì)女議員Michele Bachmann。她自稱無(wú)意對(duì)抗共和黨的正式表態(tài)，但卻實(shí)際上起到了如此效果。曾為共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人麥凱恩的高級(jí)顧問(wèn)Mark McKinnon稱，她的做法無(wú)疑會(huì)讓共和黨出問(wèn)題，讓外人感到莫名其妙。

里根思想最堅(jiān)定的保衛(wèi)者自然懷疑奧巴馬與里根有相同淵源的說(shuō)法，其中有人稱，這是奧巴馬在嘗試梳理里根代表的各種思想。里根的榜樣行為不是奧巴馬真正可以讓不穩(wěn)定的左翼值得夸耀的東西。奧巴馬將不會(huì)出席3月初在加州Simi Valley舉行的紀(jì)念里根誕辰100周年的紀(jì)念活動(dòng)，雖然他可能會(huì)在春季末在華盛頓舉行的同類正式活動(dòng)中發(fā)表演講。

奧巴馬19個(gè)月前在簽署成立紀(jì)念里根誕辰百年委員會(huì)法律文件之時(shí)，曾邀請(qǐng)里根夫人南希訪問(wèn)白宮。兩人會(huì)面表現(xiàn)的熱情、大方。南希和奧巴馬夫人共進(jìn)午餐。盡管已是90高齡，仍保持著豐富的幽默感南希，從不錯(cuò)過(guò)點(diǎn)明奧巴馬和丈夫之間差別的機(jī)會(huì)。在看到奧巴馬用左手簽署紀(jì)念委員會(huì)的法律文件時(shí)，南希調(diào)侃道，奧巴馬是左派(lefty，也有左撇子之意)。

奧巴馬承認(rèn)自己是左撇子。然而，他想成為像里根一樣的值得人們回憶的左派。(皖東)

政治掮客穆罕默德·穆爾西

如果你需要證明阿拉伯之春轉(zhuǎn)中東顛倒，停留一刻的諷刺穆罕默德?穆爾西，埃及的伊斯蘭總統(tǒng)，設(shè)法把美國(guó)和以色列的自在，即使他已經(jīng)充滿了他的許多同胞的恐懼.成為埃及首位民選領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人六月 30，穆爾西在內(nèi)閣中納入非伊斯蘭教徒，忽視宗教極端分子呼吁世俗自由的限制，限制了軍事力量和克制的民粹主義經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。他甚至放棄自己的會(huì)員在穆斯林兄弟會(huì)加強(qiáng)他聲稱代表所有埃及人。在國(guó)外，他保持著33歲的以色列與埃及的和平條約，并試圖說(shuō)服敘利亞暴君巴沙爾阿薩德下臺(tái)。十一月，他利用兄弟會(huì)的長(zhǎng)期關(guān)系與哈馬斯的經(jīng)紀(jì)人巴勒斯坦和以色列之間的停火，在這一過(guò)程中贏得國(guó)際贊譽(yù)。

當(dāng)天在加沙停火生效，然而，穆爾西引發(fā)了大規(guī)模的抗議活動(dòng)在埃及時(shí)，他宣布了一項(xiàng)急救法令賦予自己更多的權(quán)力。他推翻了前總統(tǒng)穆巴拉克立即指責(zé)穆爾西回收獨(dú)裁者的權(quán)力埃及革命者。一些隨后變成了致命的抗議。穆爾西把急救法令，但堅(jiān)持一個(gè)匆匆寫的憲法草案進(jìn)行全民公投。最有爭(zhēng)議的部分定義，在模棱兩可的條款，在一定程度上，埃及將受伊斯蘭教法，或伊斯蘭法。

他在家里所有的煩惱，穆爾西仍然是中東地區(qū)最有影響力的人物。他有能力讓哈馬斯在?；饏f(xié)議線；具有撮合交易，他現(xiàn)在有責(zé)任確保巴勒斯坦集團(tuán)沒(méi)有向以色列發(fā)射火箭彈。隨

著埃及，土耳其，繼續(xù)敦促敘利亞結(jié)束屠殺和塑造將任何后阿薩德過(guò)渡中發(fā)揮重要作用。更加自信的埃及也可以穩(wěn)定抗衡伊朗在該地區(qū)的野心。與穆爾西處理他的國(guó)家的憲法危機(jī)將提供所有的其他阿拉伯國(guó)家分，任何想加入他們的行列-伊斯蘭民主的前景。

一個(gè)自焚的突尼斯水果小販掀起抗議活動(dòng)，就會(huì)變成革命的兩年后，國(guó)家在舊的秩序被推翻了，像埃及，努力走出自己的新情況創(chuàng)造秩序。在大多數(shù)地方，伊斯蘭政黨是民主進(jìn)程比自由主義革命者更好的準(zhǔn)備和輕松贏得選舉；但管理-管理經(jīng)濟(jì)，企業(yè)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)，打擊腐敗，消除舊政權(quán)的殘余被證明更加困難。

最難的任務(wù)嗎？的性質(zhì)和新的民主國(guó)家的法律界定。像埃及，其他阿拉伯國(guó)家希望新憲法，和突尼斯一樣，埃及的自由主義者要求的過(guò)程中，一個(gè)特大的聲音。在利比亞和也門，其他兩個(gè)阿拉伯國(guó)家的新政府，這是誰(shuí)鼓動(dòng)大說(shuō)伊斯蘭教徒。在所有這些國(guó)家，雙方有很大的分歧，有時(shí)在伊斯蘭法律必須發(fā)揮治理作用。

到目前為止，埃及是一個(gè)警世故事，如何不去寫一個(gè)新的憲法研究。穆爾西的自由派反對(duì)者并不是完全無(wú)辜的：他們?cè)诜磳?duì)任何國(guó)家的穆斯林身份表達(dá)了強(qiáng)硬，經(jīng)常歇斯底里。但總統(tǒng)的伊斯蘭兄弟，誰(shuí)主導(dǎo)了制憲會(huì)議，不遵循自由主義者的憂慮和國(guó)家的少數(shù)民族，因?yàn)樗麄兒ε潞戏ǖ钠群ΑＷ允贾两K，穆爾西已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出不愿遏制他的前同事和消除對(duì)方的疑慮。他的行動(dòng)引發(fā)了不可避免的問(wèn)題：這只是一個(gè)不完美的人或伊斯蘭早期的獨(dú)裁者？

第三單元

Round Up the Guns!Or Don’t 槍支回收爭(zhēng)議猶存

REST easy, gun-owners of Cherokee County, Georgia: your sheriff is on your side.Roger Garrison, who won election last year to a sixth term as Cherokee County's sheriff despite questionable taste in Halloween costumes, is “a strong supporter of the Second Amendment”, and has vowed not to “enforce any laws or regulations that negate the constitutional rights of the citizens of Cherokee County.” In a letter he accuses the president, vice-president and “many members of Congress” of “exploiting the deaths of innocent victims by attempting to enact laws, restrictions;and, even through the use of executive orders, prevent law-abiding American citizens from possessing certain firearms and ammunition magazines.” Even through executive orders!喬治亞州切羅基縣的持槍者可以高枕無(wú)憂：你們的司法長(zhǎng)官支持你們。盡管有人質(zhì)疑羅杰.加里森的萬(wàn)圣節(jié)服裝品味但是他還是當(dāng)選了去年第六屆切羅基縣的司法長(zhǎng)官。羅杰.加里森是第二修正案的堅(jiān)定支持者，他發(fā)誓不執(zhí)行任何法律或法規(guī)，以否定切羅基縣公民的憲法權(quán)利。在一封信中，他指控總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)的很多成員利用無(wú)辜受害者的死試圖通過(guò)法律、限制甚至使用行政命令，阻止守法的美國(guó)公民擁有武器和槍支彈藥。甚至通過(guò)行政命令。Mr Garrison is not alone: the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers' Association(CSPOA)boasts “a growing list of sheriffs saying no to Obama gun control”.The sheriff of Gilmer County, Georgia, says that she “would not be a part of going door-to-door and rounding up weapons”, which is quite a relief.That precisely nobody in Mr Obama's administration—or indeed anyone outside the perfervid and overworked imaginations of the paranoid fringe right—has proposed doing such a thing seems to have passed unnoticed.In that vein, I wonder what the Gilmer County's sheriff's positions are on making Ashanti America's official language, or selling unicorn steaks without a permit.無(wú)獨(dú)有偶：憲法司法長(zhǎng)官和和平警察協(xié)會(huì)夸耀說(shuō)“越來(lái)越多的行政長(zhǎng)官對(duì)奧巴馬槍支管制說(shuō)

不”。吉爾默縣的行政長(zhǎng)官格魯吉亞說(shuō)她“將不會(huì)是挨家挨戶收繳武器的那類人”這是一件輕松的事情。在奧巴馬執(zhí)政時(shí)期，確切的說(shuō)沒(méi)人或者實(shí)際上是除了十分熱情而接近類似偏執(zhí)狂邊緣的過(guò)度想象力的之外的人，已經(jīng)打算做這件事似乎已經(jīng)被忽略了。本著這種精神，我懷疑吉爾默縣的治安官的職位可以將阿散蒂語(yǔ)變成美國(guó)的官方語(yǔ)言或者無(wú)許可售賣獨(dú)角獸肉排。

It may dismay Mr Garrison, but issuing executive orders is not an impeachable offense.Presidents do it all the time.And it may surprise Mr Garrison, but the executive orders Mr Obama has issued are in fact rather anodyne.They do not ban or attempt to ban any guns, accessories or magazines of any kind;in fact, by providing more money for “school resource officers”(armed police officers assigned to schools), they may well increase the number of regularly-armed Americans.這可能讓加里森先生沮喪了，但是發(fā)布的行政命令不構(gòu)成彈劾的行為?？偨y(tǒng)一直都在這樣做。這可能讓加里森先生吃驚了，但是奧巴馬先生行政命令的發(fā)布已成事實(shí)而不是止痛而已。他們沒(méi)有禁止或者嘗試禁止任何槍支、配件或任何相關(guān)彈藥庫(kù)；事實(shí)上政府為“學(xué)校資源警官”提供了更多的資金（武裝警察進(jìn)駐學(xué)校），他們可能更好的提高常規(guī)武裝的美國(guó)的數(shù)量。Now, Mr Obama also has among his legislative goals a strengthened assault-weapons ban, as well as bans on armour-piercing bullets and magazines that hold more than ten bullets, but those will have to pass Congress, just like any other law.It may both surprise and dismay Mr Garrison that in fact nothing Mr Obama has proposed runs afoul of the constitution.In 2008 the Supreme Court held in District of Columbia v Heller that the second amendment allows private gun-ownership, and that total bans on handguns, like the one at issue in Heller, are therefore unconstitutional.But the court also held that “the Second Amendment right is not unlimited.It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose”.By the way, that was written by Antonin Scalia.現(xiàn)在，奧巴馬在他的立法目標(biāo)也有一個(gè)加強(qiáng)突擊武器的禁令，以及對(duì)穿甲子彈和容納超過(guò)10發(fā)子彈彈倉(cāng)的禁令，但這些禁令必須通過(guò)國(guó)會(huì)，就像任何其他的法律。這可能會(huì)讓加里森先生沮喪和吃驚，但事實(shí)是奧巴馬先生的建議沒(méi)有與憲法相違背。2008年最高法院裁決了哥倫比亞特區(qū)訴海勒案。在這一案的判決中，以憲法第二條修正案為據(jù)，宣稱個(gè)人有權(quán)在家中擁有強(qiáng)制武器，并稱絕對(duì)禁止槍支像海勒案中的問(wèn)題，是不符合美國(guó)憲法規(guī)定的。但是法庭也支持“第二條修正案的權(quán)利是有限制的。法案規(guī)定不管以何種方式和因?yàn)楹畏N目的都沒(méi)有權(quán)利存有和持有武器?！表槺阏f(shuō)一句，這是由安東寧.斯卡利亞所指定的條文。

Mr Garrison and his ilk among CSOPA seem gripped by two common fallacies.The first is the belief that county sheriffs can violate federal laws that they happen to disagree with, and can deny federal officers the right to enforce federal law in their counties.This is simply hogwash.It is true that as a local law officer Mr Garrison will not be required to enforce federal laws, but neither can he violate them just because he happens to believe they are unconstitutional.As for keeping federal officers out, well, the South has tried that a couple of times before.It did not end well.在CSOPADE 的加里森先生和他的同類似乎被二個(gè)常識(shí)性的錯(cuò)誤所吸引。首先是他們相信當(dāng)聯(lián)保法律與他們本身發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，城市的執(zhí)行長(zhǎng)官們可以違反聯(lián)邦法律，而在他們的城市中他們能夠否定聯(lián)邦官員執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律的權(quán)利。這簡(jiǎn)直是一派胡言。事實(shí)上是，作為一位當(dāng)?shù)氐膱?zhí)法官員加里森先生不會(huì)被要求強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律，但是他也不能因?yàn)樗銮烧J(rèn)為他們是違憲而違背聯(lián)邦法律。至于扣留聯(lián)邦官員，南方城市曾經(jīng)也嘗試過(guò)多次，但是都是以失敗而告終的。

The second is a misguided notion that the second amendment is the best and surest constitutional protection against tyranny.As Conor Friedersdorf sagely noted, the Bill of Rights

offers much more effective and less costly checks on government power.There is the fourth amendment, which protects against unreasonable search and seizure;the fifth amendment, which guarantees due process;the sixth amendment, which establishes fair trials;and so on.When these rights were hollowed out during the war on terror—by acts of Congress, the courts and even through executive orders—where was the outrage from those who see tyranny in every gun law? 第二個(gè)誤導(dǎo)的觀點(diǎn)是第二條修正案是反對(duì)暴政的最好最可靠的憲法保護(hù)。美國(guó)記者Conor friedersdorf賢明的支出，《權(quán)利法案》提出了更加有效而低成本的方法來(lái)制約政府的權(quán)利。第四修正案：不受無(wú)理搜查和扣留的權(quán)利。第五修正案：保障正當(dāng)程序；第六修正案建立公開的審判；等等。當(dāng)這些權(quán)利在反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中被國(guó)會(huì)、法院的行為，甚至總統(tǒng)行政令架空的時(shí)候，那些在一切控槍法律中看到暴政的人，怎么就不見他們義憤填膺呢？

The second amendment has a lizard-brain appeal: it is sexier to imagine yourself a lone soldier for justice defending your loved ones against an oppressive, tyrannical government than it is to imagine yourself protesting warrantless wiretapping.Mr Garrison approvingly cites a letter written by another sheriff, which states: “We must not allow, nor shall we tolerate, the actions of criminals, no matter how heinous the crimes, to prompt politicians to enact laws that will infringe upon the liberties of responsible citizens who have broken no laws.” Stirring words, and entirely unobjectionable.I wonder if he had the same response to the Patriot Act.美國(guó)憲法第二條修正案具有獨(dú)特的性魅力：比起抗議非法竊聽，想象自己是一名孤獨(dú)而正義的戰(zhàn)士，為了保護(hù)所愛的人免受殘暴政府的壓迫去戰(zhàn)斗，顯然要更性感。加里森先生十分滿意地引用了一封另一位縣行政司法長(zhǎng)官的信，信中寫道：我們絕不允許和容忍罪犯的行為——不管他們的罪行多么地令人發(fā)指——促使政客們通過(guò)一些法律來(lái)侵犯守法負(fù)責(zé)公民的自由。多么激動(dòng)人心的話語(yǔ)呀，并且完全沒(méi)有異議。我懷疑他是否對(duì)《美國(guó)愛國(guó)者法案》有相同的反應(yīng)呢？

第四單元

在“財(cái)政懸崖”的協(xié)議，下一步是什么？

“財(cái)政懸崖”是華盛頓為華盛頓定做的一個(gè)把戲——意在形成這樣一個(gè)局面，嚴(yán)重到總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)必須最終解決這個(gè)國(guó)家的重大稅務(wù)和開支問(wèn)題。結(jié)果是，政客們?cè)俅握业揭粋€(gè)辦法避開很多最棘手的問(wèn)題，而且在過(guò)程中再搞出一個(gè)可能更嚴(yán)重而在新的一年必須攤牌的新問(wèn)題。參議院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們?cè)谥芏缧r(shí)候批準(zhǔn)了協(xié)議，使得中產(chǎn)階級(jí)免于面對(duì)所得稅的提升，對(duì)年收入在40萬(wàn)美元以上的個(gè)人和年收入在45萬(wàn)美元以上的夫妻延長(zhǎng)了布什總統(tǒng)時(shí)期首先開始的稅務(wù)豁免。協(xié)議還將原定在周三自行啟動(dòng)的，包括國(guó)防和國(guó)內(nèi)項(xiàng)目全面深入開支削減措施的開始時(shí)間推遲了兩個(gè)月。

一旦交易獲得批準(zhǔn)，將會(huì)啟動(dòng)預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)持續(xù)2013年上半年的一系列新的爭(zhēng)議，雖然奧巴馬總統(tǒng)非常希望把國(guó)會(huì)的注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到移民改革和槍械管制。內(nèi)布拉斯加州共和黨眾議員杰夫-夫滕巴利（Jeff Fortenberry）表示，“這已經(jīng)不太像是一個(gè)財(cái)政懸崖，更像是一個(gè)財(cái)政山區(qū)的長(zhǎng)途旅行?！?/p>

下一個(gè)重要截止期應(yīng)該是在2月底，也就是財(cái)政部窮盡所有辦法，再也無(wú)法拖延美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府達(dá)到16.4萬(wàn)億美元債務(wù)上限的時(shí)刻。屆時(shí)，除非國(guó)會(huì)表決同意提升合法的借貸限制，美國(guó)政府將無(wú)法支付任何賬單。

共和黨希望利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)逼迫奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)民主黨人同意進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的開支削減，以換

取債務(wù)上限的提高——這也是2011年夏季時(shí)候債務(wù)上限大討論的續(xù)集。

如果周一的協(xié)議獲得批準(zhǔn)，3月初的時(shí)候還會(huì)有一個(gè)截止期：被延遲兩個(gè)月的1100億美元開支削減還是會(huì)啟動(dòng)。

將近一個(gè)月之后的3月27日，為政府機(jī)構(gòu)提供融資的一組短期措施將會(huì)無(wú)法繼續(xù)。如果項(xiàng)目無(wú)法更新，政府將會(huì)被迫關(guān)門，這將是一個(gè)新的攤牌時(shí)刻。

南卡羅來(lái)納州共和黨參議員林賽-格拉漢姆（Lindsey O.Graham）指出，“第二輪就要開始了，我們將就這個(gè)國(guó)家的方向和未來(lái)展開一場(chǎng)惡戰(zhàn)?！?/p>

很多共和黨人堅(jiān)信，由于對(duì)富人增稅的討論已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論，到債務(wù)上限討論開始時(shí)，共和黨會(huì)有更多籌碼。

在他們看來(lái)，奧巴馬已經(jīng)使用了一個(gè)強(qiáng)力武器：國(guó)會(huì)共和黨人阻止了赤字的削減協(xié)議，同時(shí)通過(guò)拒絕允許對(duì)富人增稅妨礙了中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的稅負(fù)減少。但是共和黨在周一的協(xié)議中對(duì)所得稅部分做出了讓步，它允許利率上升對(duì)個(gè)人年收入超過(guò)400000美元，收入超過(guò)450000美元的夫婦，將從討論中刪除的問(wèn)題,這樣共和黨可以在未來(lái)的討論中將重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向開支削減。林賽-格拉漢姆表示，將會(huì)在未來(lái)的討論中迫使民主黨人在共和黨認(rèn)為的開支優(yōu)先級(jí)事務(wù)上做出讓步。提高M(jìn)edicare項(xiàng)目的適格年齡，提高健保項(xiàng)目富裕受益人的保費(fèi)，使用新的通貨膨脹計(jì)算方式來(lái)降低社會(huì)福利項(xiàng)目的金額等等。

“我想如果我們堅(jiān)持這樣的改變，我們會(huì)找到他們的，”他說(shuō)。那是，如果民主黨人甚至同意講價(jià)。奧巴馬堅(jiān)稱他不會(huì)卷入另一個(gè)談判在債務(wù)上限問(wèn)題上像一個(gè)導(dǎo)致國(guó)家的首次債券降級(jí)和2011消費(fèi)者信心受損。這也讓他在政治上打擊傷。

“我想發(fā)出一個(gè)非常明確的信息，這里的人。我們不是明年要玩這個(gè)游戲，”奧巴馬告訴商界領(lǐng)袖上個(gè)月。

奧巴馬也明確表示，在白宮星期一出現(xiàn)他認(rèn)為未來(lái)所有的交易應(yīng)該從提高富人的附加稅錢，以及削減開支。

“我們已經(jīng)有了以平衡和負(fù)責(zé)的方式做到這一點(diǎn)，”他說(shuō)?！叭绻覀儗?duì)減少赤字和債務(wù)削減嚴(yán)重，那么它很可能是一個(gè)問(wèn)題的共同犧牲。至少我是總統(tǒng)一樣長(zhǎng)。” 這樣的結(jié)果是雙方的第一選擇。

奧巴馬想照顧提高債務(wù)上限為財(cái)政懸崖的解決方案的一部分。

“這應(yīng)該是交易的一部分，”白宮新聞秘書Jay Carney說(shuō)，12月4日?！斑@是應(yīng)該做的，應(yīng)該是沒(méi)有戲?！?但它不是。

同樣，共和黨人希望在福利計(jì)劃的增長(zhǎng)貢獻(xiàn)最顯著的國(guó)家的債務(wù)將會(huì)顯著失衡。

“為了獲得共和黨支持的新收入，總統(tǒng)必須愿意減少開支和支撐，我們的債務(wù)的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力的福利項(xiàng)目，”眾議院議長(zhǎng)約翰·博納（來(lái)自俄亥俄州）十一月選舉后一天說(shuō)。這種情況并沒(méi)有發(fā)生。

沒(méi)有擔(dān)保的決議2013變得更容易。

上星期四，12個(gè)新的參議員和67個(gè)新的眾議院議員就職，許多新鮮的活動(dòng)，他們將自己黨派的支持者們不要在財(cái)政問(wèn)題上屈服。

“作為新的人都是善意的，他們甚至不知道衛(wèi)生間在哪里，說(shuō)：”眾議員史提夫烈（俄亥俄州共和黨人），他將退休，星期四?！斑@倒在圈的不公平。這是不切實(shí)際的期望他們能解決90天我們沒(méi)能在兩年內(nèi)解決?！?/p>

奧巴馬本人辭職星期一的現(xiàn)實(shí)，“大交易”，共和黨不會(huì)一蹴而就?！斑@可能是我們可以分階段做它，”他在星期一說(shuō)他曾經(jīng)想要達(dá)到今年年底共和黨主要的赤字削減計(jì)劃?！拔覀円鉀Q這一問(wèn)題而不是幾個(gè)步驟?！?/p>

passage4--樸槿惠在9歲的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)在公眾眼中,當(dāng)1961年她的父親發(fā)動(dòng)政變控制了韓國(guó)。

半個(gè)世紀(jì)之后,樸槿惠成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的政治人物。周三投票顯示,她很有可能成為韓國(guó)首位女總統(tǒng)。,民意調(diào)查顯示她與滿頭銀發(fā)的勞工律師文在寅是不分上下。

一些評(píng)論家稱在60歲的“冰雪女王”樸槿惠,她在公共場(chǎng)合缺乏明顯的情緒。優(yōu)雅、沉穩(wěn),她從來(lái)沒(méi)有結(jié)過(guò)婚,韓國(guó)人喜歡的東西,因?yàn)闆](méi)有配偶或孩子可以用手指蘸。

樸槿惠被逮捕并驅(qū)逐出境的大學(xué)抗議樸槿惠的父親,后來(lái)?yè)?dān)任參謀長(zhǎng)的中間偏左的前總統(tǒng)盧武鉉。但選舉與其說(shuō)是文在寅的資歷比樸槿惠的偏振圖

在某種程度上,這次選舉是她父親的分裂遺留的全民公投,樸正熙。他是快速工業(yè)化,把韓國(guó)變成世界上最富有的國(guó)家之一。但他也暫停憲法和逮捕和折磨學(xué)生抗議者。他的安全部隊(duì)試圖殺死他的對(duì)手,金大中,后來(lái)成為總統(tǒng)獲得諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng),他與朝鮮的關(guān)系。

“我恨她,我別無(wú)選擇,只能投票給文在寅,”Lee Sang-gun說(shuō)一位47歲的雜志發(fā)行商,作為一個(gè)大學(xué)學(xué)生,參與民主示威反對(duì)獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治的樸槿惠的父親。在他看來(lái),選舉公園將是一個(gè)倒退。“我覺(jué)得這是一個(gè)非常關(guān)鍵的時(shí)刻對(duì)韓國(guó)民主,”李說(shuō)。

今年9月,樸槿惠道歉她父親的統(tǒng)治期間犯下的侵犯人權(quán)?！昂阈窃鲩L(zhǎng)的背后是犧牲的工人遭受壓抑的勞動(dòng)環(huán)境中,”她說(shuō)?！拔蚁嘈胚@是一個(gè)不變的價(jià)值目的不能證明手段的民主政治”。

盡管意識(shí)形態(tài)色彩,運(yùn)動(dòng)問(wèn)題大多是平淡無(wú)奇的工作,經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)服務(wù)。月球有攻擊公園財(cái)閥關(guān)系過(guò)于密切,龐大的企業(yè)集團(tuán),主導(dǎo)韓國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)。

候選人同意與朝鮮接觸的需要,凡獲勝可能遠(yuǎn)離采取的強(qiáng)硬立場(chǎng)保守的現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)李明博(Lee myung-bak)。

不過(guò),這個(gè)5000萬(wàn)人口的國(guó)家的選民非常極化以及意識(shí)形態(tài)和年齡。

“這就像喬治?布什(George w.Bush)和阿爾?戈?duì)?Al Gore)。你對(duì)自由派和保守派之間的仇恨他們很強(qiáng),“說(shuō)Hahm Sung-deuk,韓國(guó)大學(xué)政治學(xué)教授。

在韓國(guó)幾十年了，樸槿惠是最明顯的公眾人物之一。作為一個(gè)年輕的女人,她打斷了她的研究在法國(guó)1974年后她的母親被刺客的子彈瞄準(zhǔn)她的父親。她作為事實(shí)上的第一夫人,直到1979年,當(dāng)她父親的自己的安全服務(wù)開槍打死了他。

自1998年以來(lái),她一直在國(guó)民大會(huì)。她第一次在2002年競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)時(shí),她被視為只是一個(gè)悠久傳統(tǒng)的亞洲女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人試圖奪取政權(quán)的一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的男性親屬。

但有十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn),樸槿惠現(xiàn)在被視為一個(gè)可靠的保守,特別是老年選民。

雖然她的競(jìng)選試圖提高能量水平在她的外表與震耳欲聾的韓國(guó)流行音樂(lè)刺耳的喇叭——公園自己甚至有點(diǎn)“Gangnam風(fēng)格”手運(yùn)動(dòng)在一個(gè)競(jìng)選出現(xiàn)白發(fā)的優(yōu)勢(shì)是不可否認(rèn)的。

首爾郊區(qū)的一個(gè)集會(huì)上上周在15度的天氣,支持者在50年代和60年代被捆綁大量紅色圍巾,執(zhí)政黨新邊疆的顏色。

“世界大國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在發(fā)生變化,我們需要一個(gè)良好的判斷力在國(guó)家安全問(wèn)題上,”Lee Shin-baek說(shuō)。他跟朋友們熱情地?fù)]舞著紅色橫幅。

前一晚,不見好轉(zhuǎn)的咖啡館充滿座無(wú)虛席,觀眾包括40歲大學(xué)學(xué)生和專業(yè)人士聚集在一起觀看第二次總統(tǒng)辯論。每當(dāng)樸槿惠說(shuō)話的時(shí)候,他們的嘲諷和噓聲在超大的電視監(jiān)視器。

”,很多人在我的家人,他們認(rèn)為樸正熙是像神一樣,當(dāng)然,他們都是支持他的女兒,“金以斯帖說(shuō),39歲的保險(xiǎn)公司工人。

“我的叔叔認(rèn)為文在寅是共產(chǎn)主義,”她笑著說(shuō)?！拔蚁胨麜?huì)說(shuō)我是一個(gè)共產(chǎn)主義太如果我告訴他我投票給文在寅?！?/p>

樸槿惠在民調(diào)中領(lǐng)先了大部分的活動(dòng),但是第三個(gè)候選人的撤軍,安Cheol-soo,支持月球,甚至幾乎把候選人。最新的民意調(diào)查,依法不能發(fā)表在韓國(guó)選舉的星期,顯示甚至分裂——45.2%的樸槿惠和文在寅,根據(jù)政治學(xué)家Hahm。

Hahm說(shuō)天氣可能是決定性的。冷被認(rèn)為支持樸槿惠因?yàn)槟贻p人不像老年選民的政治承諾,不太可能。

第五單元

美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì) 重整旗鼓

美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)再一次自我改革

恐怕奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和他的對(duì)手——共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人米特·羅姆尼只能在一件事上達(dá)成共識(shí)，即美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)不佳。8%的失業(yè)率居高不下，今年上半年的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率估計(jì)也會(huì)跌破2%的年平均增長(zhǎng)率。美國(guó)還要面對(duì)歐元區(qū)解體、中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩以及“財(cái)政危局”——削減開支及增加稅負(fù)共同作用導(dǎo)致年末經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮（注釋1）。奧巴馬和羅姆尼只在怎樣進(jìn)一步惡化美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)這一問(wèn)題上存在分歧：是讓左傾總統(tǒng)奧巴馬連任還是換成羅姆尼上臺(tái)。因?yàn)榍罢卟幌矚g也不理解私營(yíng)部門卻限制其發(fā)展，后者貪婪地掠奪私人財(cái)產(chǎn)，還偏袒為美國(guó)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的資本家。

其實(shí)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)改善了不少，只不過(guò)總統(tǒng)大選帶來(lái)的悲觀情緒使美國(guó)民眾忽略了這一點(diǎn)。私營(yíng)部門的創(chuàng)造力促使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)自我改革，傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)得以整改，新興優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)嶄露頭角。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展停滯的歐洲和計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的亞洲很有必要學(xué)習(xí)美國(guó)的靈活性。

調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì) 恢復(fù)平衡

美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的停滯來(lái)源于危機(jī)前的過(guò)度消費(fèi)和畸形經(jīng)濟(jì)，這純屬自作自受。2008年之前美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)度依賴消費(fèi)和房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)，二者資金均來(lái)源于國(guó)外儲(chǔ)蓄，而國(guó)外儲(chǔ)蓄又受到金融系統(tǒng)資金不足的限制。家庭負(fù)債在2000年已接近100%，2007年則增至133%。修補(bǔ)債務(wù)破

產(chǎn)需要數(shù)年時(shí)間，因?yàn)榧彝ズ豌y行要修復(fù)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。

盡管如此，過(guò)去的三年中美國(guó)的修補(bǔ)速度還是很快的。根據(jù)房屋價(jià)格指數(shù)，美國(guó)的房屋價(jià)格低于實(shí)際價(jià)值19%，這使得美國(guó)成為世界上房屋價(jià)格低估程度最大的國(guó)家之一。而且不同于歐洲，美國(guó)財(cái)政部和政策制定者不愿快速采取行動(dòng)，直面金融系統(tǒng)的弊病。因此美國(guó)償還債務(wù)和籌資的步伐必須快于歐洲。（僅花旗一家銀行就流失了1430億美元的貸款，而歐洲沒(méi)有任何一家銀行放出的貸款超過(guò)300億），美國(guó)是世界上資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率最高的國(guó)家之一。消費(fèi)者也在削減開支，如今家庭負(fù)債已降至收入的114%。

也有新的優(yōu)勢(shì)部門出現(xiàn)，其中之一就是更具活力的出口部門。美元的進(jìn)一步疲軟可以解釋貿(mào)易逆差從2006年占GDP比重的6%降至今天4%的原因。其他的變化更為持久，尤其是新興市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)群體的壯大，這對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)好兆頭。在競(jìng)選游說(shuō)中，奧巴馬和羅姆尼都對(duì)中國(guó)橫加指責(zé)，認(rèn)為中國(guó)進(jìn)行貨幣欺詐，不遵守游戲規(guī)則，對(duì)美國(guó)出口廉價(jià)商品。不過(guò)日益富強(qiáng)的中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為美國(guó)第三大出口品消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)，美國(guó)出口商品在中國(guó)的銷量自2007年以來(lái)上升了53%。

美國(guó)的出口商品也在發(fā)生變化。部分商品如波音飛機(jī)、微軟軟件以及好萊塢大片跟以前一樣熱銷。同時(shí)高附加值服務(wù)（建筑、工程和金融）的出口量正在激增，“應(yīng)用程序經(jīng)濟(jì)”也是如此，它由臉譜、蘋果公司和谷歌培育而成，雇傭著30多萬(wàn)員工。他們開發(fā)的游戲等虛擬商品在海外市場(chǎng)上大受歡迎。由于本國(guó)和歐洲市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)不旺，再小的企業(yè)都想在新興市場(chǎng)上分一杯羹。美國(guó)的制造商正在奪回被進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品侵占的市場(chǎng)，并率先開發(fā)出3D印刷（注釋2）等新工藝。

同時(shí)，美國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)弱勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)也轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄鄬?duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。對(duì)進(jìn)口石油的依賴性讓美國(guó)花了大筆銀子。只要西德州輕質(zhì)原油公司每桶原油的價(jià)格超過(guò)100美元（2008年就是這種情況，去年和今年也一樣），美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)就會(huì)受到制約。不過(guò)高價(jià)正在發(fā)揮作用，它可以減少需求并刺激供給。今年美國(guó)的石油凈進(jìn)口量降至1995年以來(lái)的最低水平，而且美國(guó)終將成為天然氣的凈出口國(guó)。

很多國(guó)家都儲(chǔ)存著頁(yè)巖氣，不過(guò)如同因特網(wǎng)革命，美國(guó)頁(yè)巖氣的出口量世界領(lǐng)先（參見本期雜志特別報(bào)道）。聯(lián)邦政府為“水力壓裂”技術(shù)提取頁(yè)巖氣提供資金支持，就像它當(dāng)年支持因特網(wǎng)的開發(fā)者一樣。不過(guò)頁(yè)巖氣的商業(yè)化是通過(guò)德克薩斯州一個(gè)名叫喬治·米歇爾、極具美國(guó)式冒險(xiǎn)主義精神的投機(jī)開采商實(shí)現(xiàn)的。而歐洲的頁(yè)巖氣的開卻采受到綠色守則和財(cái)產(chǎn)限制的制約。美國(guó)頁(yè)巖氣的開發(fā)利用降低了消費(fèi)者的能源支出，也替代了煤炭，減少了碳排放量。將來(lái)美國(guó)任何與能源有關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)都會(huì)受益于頁(yè)巖氣的開發(fā)，取得長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。

美國(guó)的疲軟期還沒(méi)有結(jié)束。盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)成果清晰可見，但也會(huì)留下很多有待解決的問(wèn)題。因?yàn)樵诮?jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇中發(fā)揮重要作用的公司效率極高，他們的員工工資高但人數(shù)少。因此他們會(huì)加重收入差距，卻不會(huì)對(duì)減少失業(yè)起到多大作用。不過(guò)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)比美國(guó)前幾年的情況強(qiáng)多了，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)更加均衡、更加持續(xù)。而且與缺乏改革、死氣沉沉的歐洲相比，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的平臺(tái)更加廣闊。

財(cái)政危局和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)防針

下一任總統(tǒng)應(yīng)該怎樣增強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力呢？首先，他不能幫倒忙，不能讓美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入財(cái)政危局。相反地，他應(yīng)該選擇一個(gè)可靠的、長(zhǎng)期的債務(wù)計(jì)劃，包括對(duì)福利項(xiàng)目增稅和削減開支。也有人提出不夠理智的經(jīng)濟(jì)措施，部分民主黨議員想要限制天然氣出口從而降低國(guó)內(nèi)天然氣價(jià)格，這個(gè)“好主意”一定會(huì)在削減國(guó)內(nèi)投資和降低產(chǎn)量上大有作為。為了順利當(dāng)選，奧巴馬需要更多魄力，加快批準(zhǔn)天然氣出口。至于羅姆尼，他應(yīng)該放棄將中國(guó)視作貨幣操縱者的承諾，放棄發(fā)動(dòng)貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)的號(hào)召。

其次，新總統(tǒng)應(yīng)該修復(fù)美國(guó)破舊的公共設(shè)施。公路破舊不堪，醫(yī)療費(fèi)用世界排名第一，公立學(xué)校教學(xué)質(zhì)量不佳，還有拜占庭式的移民制度無(wú)法為公司留住世界上最優(yōu)秀的人才。受到這些條件制約，生產(chǎn)效率再高的公司都無(wú)法為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)做出貢獻(xiàn)。奧巴馬總統(tǒng)、羅姆尼先生，請(qǐng)?jiān)诠卜?wù)上多花點(diǎn)心思，私營(yíng)部門的自我發(fā)展能力會(huì)讓你們大吃一驚。

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第四篇：優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)文章選讀

love your life

熱愛生活

henry david thoreau/享利.大衛(wèi).梭羅

however mean your life is，meet it and live it;do not shun it and call it hard names.it is not so bad as you are.it looks poorest when you are richest.the fault-finder will find faults in paradise.love your life，poor as it is.you may perhaps have some pleasant，thrilling，glorious hourss，even in a poor-house.the setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man’s abode;the snow melts before its door as early in the spring.i do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there，and have as cheering thoughts，as in a palace.the town’s poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any.may be they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving.most think that they are above being supported by the town;but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means.which should be more disreputable.cultivate poverty like a garden herb，like sage.do not trouble yourself much to get new things，whether clothes or friends，turn the old，return to them.things do not change;we change.sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.不論你的生活如何卑賤，你要面對(duì)它生活，不要躲避它，更別用惡言咒罵它。它不像你那樣壞。你最富有的時(shí)候，倒是看似最窮。愛找缺點(diǎn)的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺點(diǎn)。你要愛你的生活，盡管它貧窮。甚至在一個(gè)濟(jì)貧院里，你也還有愉快、高興、光榮的時(shí)候。夕陽(yáng)反射在濟(jì)貧院的窗上，像身在富戶人家窗上一樣光亮；在那門前，積雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一個(gè)從容的人，在哪里也像在皇宮中一樣，生活得心滿意足而富有愉快的思想。城鎮(zhèn)中的窮人，我看，倒往往是過(guò)著最獨(dú)立不羈的生活。也許因?yàn)樗麄兒軅ゴ?，所以受之無(wú)愧。大多數(shù)人以為他們是超然的，不靠城鎮(zhèn)來(lái)支援他們；可是事實(shí)上他們是往往利用了不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄蝸?lái)對(duì)付生活，他們是毫不超脫的，毋寧是不體面的。視貧窮如園中之花而像圣人一樣耕植它吧！不要找新的花樣，無(wú)論是新的朋友或新的衣服，來(lái)麻煩你自己。找舊的，回到那里去。萬(wàn)物不變，是我們?cè)谧?。你的衣服可以賣掉，但要保留你的思想。

第五篇：英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典文章選讀 3

英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典文章選讀（3）

Astronaut's Brother Recalls A Man Who Dreamed Big

By NPR Staff

Ronald McNair was one of the astronauts killed 25 years ago on Jan.28, when the space shuttle Challenger exploded.As his brother recalls, McNair's life was all about exploring boundaries — and exceeding them.McNair was only the second African-American to visit space.He'd been there once before, aboard a Challenger mission in 1984.On that trip, he played his saxophone while in orbit.Carl McNair says that his brother, astronaut Ronald McNair, saw possibilities where others only saw closed doors.As his older brother, Carl, recalls, McNair started dreaming about space in South Carolina, where he grew up.And he wanted to study science.But first, he needed to get his hands on some advanced books.And that was a problem.“When he was 9 years old, Ron, without my parents or myself knowing his whereabouts, decided to take a mile walk from our home down to the library,” Carl tells his friend Vernon Skipper.The library was public, Carl says — “but not so public for black folks, when you're talking about 1959.”

“So, as he was walking in there, all these folks were staring at him — because they were white folk only — and they were looking at him and saying, you know, 'Who is this Negro?'

”So, he politely positioned himself in line to check out his books.“Well, this old librarian, she says, 'This library is not for coloreds.' He said, 'Well, I would like to check out these books.'

”She says, 'Young man, if you don't leave this library right now, I'm gonna call the police.'

“So he just propped himself up on the counter, and sat there, and said, 'I'll wait.' ”

The librarian called the police — and McNair's mother, Pearl.When the police got to the library, Carl says, “Two burly guys come in and say, 'Well, where's the disturbance?'

”And she pointed to the little 9-year-old boy sitting up on the counter.“And he [the policeman] says, 'Ma'am, what's the problem?'

By then, the boys' mother was on her way, Carl says.”She comes down there praying the whole way there: 'Lordy, Jesus, please don't let them put my child in jail.' And my mother asks the librarian, 'What's the problem?' “

”He wanted to check out the books and, you know, your son shouldn't be down here,“ the librarian said, according to Carl.”And the police officer said, 'You know, why don't you just give the kid the books?'

“And my mother said, 'He'll take good care of them.' ”

So, the librarian reluctantly handed over the books.And then, Carl says, “my mother said, 'What do you say?' ”

And Ron answered, “Thank you, ma'am.”

英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典文章選讀（3）

Eventually, Ronald McNair graduated from North Carolina A&T State University.And in 1976, he earned a Ph.D.from MIT, in physics.Soon after that, he applied to join NASA's astronaut program.For Carl McNair, watching his brother's career was like seeing something from the TV shows of his youth.“As youngsters, a show came on TV called Star Trek,” he says.“Now, Star Trek showed the future — where there were black folk and white folk working together.” And back in the 1960s, that premise didn't seem believable, Carl says.“I just looked at it as science fiction, 'cause that wasn't going to happen, really,” he says.“But Ronald saw it as science possibility.”

In that era, NASA's astronauts were celebrities — people like Neil Armstrong.“So how was a colored boy from South Carolina — wearing glasses, never flew a plane — how was he gonna become an astronaut?” Carl says.“But Ron was one who didn't accept societal norms as being his norm, you know? That was for other people.And he got to be aboard his own Starship Enterprise.”

Ronald McNair was 35 at the time of the Challenger tragedy.To mark the anniversary of his death, a ceremony will be held in Lake City on Friday, in which the building that housed McNair's childhood library will be named after him.The list of people whose lives McNair touched includes Charles Bolden.Like McNair, Bolden grew up in South Carolina, pursued a career in science and became an astronaut.Bolden is now the administrator of NASA.