第一篇:英語翻譯中的增詞法
增
詞
法(上)試譯下列句子
Success is often just an idea away.原譯:成功往往只是一個(gè)念頭的距離。改譯:成功與否往往只是一念之差。
分析:“原譯”似乎與原文一一對應(yīng)、絲絲入扣。但卻含糊不清,讓人難解其意。“改譯”增加了“與否”二字起到了畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用,讓人茅塞頓開。
The dust, the uproar(喧囂)and the growing darkness threw everything into chaos.原譯:煙塵、喧鬧聲和漸濃的夜色使一切都陷入混亂之中。
改譯:煙塵滾滾,人聲嘈雜,夜色愈濃,一切都陷入混亂之中。
分析:“改譯”增加“滾滾”、“人聲”幾個(gè)字,不僅將原文意思表達(dá)得淋漓盡致,而且“四字格”的運(yùn)用也使譯文音韻和諧、瑯瑯上口。
英漢兩種語言由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同,翻譯時(shí)常常有必要在譯文的詞量上作適當(dāng)?shù)脑黾?,使譯文既能忠實(shí)地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格,又能符合譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
增詞法(amplification):亦稱增詞或增益法,指的是在英漢翻譯中適當(dāng)增加原文中無其形而有其義的詞語,以使譯文自然通順,完整、貼切地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容。
翻譯時(shí)倘若過于拘泥于原文的表達(dá)形式,采用一對一的逐詞死譯,往往就會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀,令人費(fèi)解,有時(shí)甚至背離原文的意思。
但是,增詞法并不意味著譯者可以隨心所欲、任意地添枝加葉,而必須遵守一條基本原則: ——增加原文字面雖未出現(xiàn),但卻為其實(shí)際內(nèi)容所包含的詞語。增詞一般用于以下三種情況: 一是為了意義上的需要; 二是為了修辭上的需要;
三是為了語法(句法)上的需要。根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要
一、增加量詞
1)由于英語中沒有量詞,數(shù)詞(包括不定冠詞a)與可數(shù)名詞往往直接聯(lián)用,而漢語卻往往要借助量詞。因此翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣恰當(dāng)?shù)卦黾颖硎酒湫螤?、特征或材料的量詞。
a bike 一輛自行車
a mouth 一張嘴
a full moon 一輪滿月
Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler,a metal spoon,a coin,a tin lid,a pencil and a rubber eraser.用一把木尺、一把金屬匙、一枚硬幣、一個(gè)鐵盒蓋、一枝鉛筆和一塊橡皮,重做這個(gè)試驗(yàn)。
Aluminum is said to be the thirteenth element in the periodic table.鋁是周期表上的第13號(hào)元素。
A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一輪紅日從風(fēng)平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。
Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.一鉤新月漸漸隱沒在淡淡的云彩里。
To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.東南方呈現(xiàn)一抹淺紅,正在向遠(yuǎn)處擴(kuò)展。
A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷,匯到江里去了。
This too was a complete lie.這純粹是一派胡言。
2)英語中有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)名詞,譯成漢語動(dòng)詞時(shí)經(jīng)常需要增加一些表示行為、動(dòng)作量的量詞。如: Once, they had a quarrel.有一次,他們爭吵了一番。
He gave her a sly look.他狡猾地看了她一眼。
I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替他萬分擔(dān)憂,但此時(shí)此地既不宜教訓(xùn)她一番,也不宜與她爭論一通。
He squeezed his sister too and gave her a gentle push.他也捏了一下他的妹妹,并且把輕輕推了她一下。
You might just take a look at my coat before this afternoon.See if it wants pressing.你最好在下午之前瞧一下我的上衣,看是否要熨一下。
二、增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞
英語的可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之別,漢語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)沒有詞形變化,很多情況下不必表達(dá)出來。但要表達(dá)指多數(shù)人的名詞時(shí),可在該名詞后面加“們”字,如the teachers(教師們),或在該名詞前面加上“諸位”、“各(位)”,如ladies and gentlemen(諸位/各位女士和先生)。此外,英語名詞復(fù)數(shù),漢譯時(shí)還可以根據(jù)情況,增加重疊詞、數(shù)詞或其他一些詞來表達(dá),提高修辭效果。
可增加數(shù)詞或重迭詞表示復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
The lion is the king of animals.獅子是百獸之王。
I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看見一個(gè)個(gè)水泡從水下升起。
The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.連大地都震動(dòng)了,仿佛萬馬奔騰,千夫怒吼。
The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里開始投下蔚藍(lán)色的長影。
An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.一個(gè)人的一生可以比作一條河流:開始身軀很小,兩岸之間非常狹窄,水流湍急,沖過礫石,飛下懸瀑。
As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases.大家知道,空氣是許多種氣體的混合物。
From the experiments, scientists learned that ocean currents there are erratic than they had thought.科學(xué)家們從這些實(shí)驗(yàn)得知,那里的洋流遠(yuǎn)比他們以前想像得更不穩(wěn)定。
You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite ―honest criticism‖ from their aides.你幾乎可以把這一點(diǎn)看成首都的一種慣例:歷屆總統(tǒng)經(jīng)常請他們的助手們提出 “直率的批評 ”。
Very acute problems exist among them.他們之間存在著種種非常尖銳的問題。
They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.他們乘坐一輛黑色轎車,經(jīng)過一叢叢的白樺樹和看不到盡頭的一排排千篇一律的新住宅。
Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院。
Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.記者紛紛飛到墨西哥去了。
Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。眼見為實(shí)。
三、增加表示時(shí)態(tài)的詞
英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)靠動(dòng)詞詞形變化或加助動(dòng)詞來表示時(shí)態(tài)的變化,漢語動(dòng)詞沒有詞形變化,表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)要靠增加漢語特有的時(shí)態(tài)助詞或一般表示時(shí)間的詞。因此,漢語往往用“曾經(jīng)”、“已經(jīng)”、“過”、“了”等表示過去時(shí);用“在”、“正在”、“著”等表示進(jìn)行時(shí);用“將”、“就”、“要”、“會(huì)”等表示將來時(shí)。除此之外,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念或強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間上的對比,往往需要加一些其他的詞過去完成時(shí)的翻譯
I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant.But this time I was.以往我從未想過,當(dāng)我發(fā)覺人們認(rèn)為我是無足輕重時(shí),我會(huì)感到高興。但這次情況確是如此。
I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原來我以為這不過是一種親熱的表示,但是現(xiàn)在看來,這是為了聞一聞羊羔的味道,來斷定是不是自己生的。
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.原來老頭兒已教會(huì)了孩子捕魚,所以孩子很愛他。
Stephen looked older than his age,for he had had a hard life.斯梯芬看起來比他實(shí)際的年齡要老些,因?yàn)樗?jīng)歷過艱苦的生活。
They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他們從前一向是能夠控制局面的,現(xiàn)在他們大家正在喪失控制了。時(shí)間上的對比
The old man said, “ They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老人說:“聽人說,從前他父親是個(gè)打魚的。他過去也許跟我們現(xiàn)在一樣窮?!?/p>
English prose is elaborate rather than simple.It was not always so.現(xiàn)今英國散文華巧而欠簡樸,過去卻并非總是如此。
I knew it quite well as I know it now.我在當(dāng)時(shí)就知道得同現(xiàn)在一樣清楚。
Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking.直到今天母親還堅(jiān)持說,她當(dāng)時(shí)以為我只是開開玩笑而已。
The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.該高空飛機(jī)過去是現(xiàn)在仍然是一種了不起的飛機(jī)。
四、增加動(dòng)詞
根據(jù)意義上的需要,可以在名詞前后增加動(dòng)詞,使句子意義明確,通順自然,符合漢語習(xí)慣。
After the football match, he still has an important meeting.在觀看足球比賽之后,他要參加一個(gè)重要會(huì)議。
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后,他還得起草最后公報(bào)。
My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我干工作,我做家務(wù),我與朋友來往,這些占用了我的全部時(shí)間。
Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.誰也不能指望他會(huì)采取克制或講道理的態(tài)度。
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他沒有致閉幕詞就宣布結(jié)束會(huì)議。
五、增加名詞
1)英語中有些動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)用作不及物動(dòng)詞,當(dāng)它作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí),賓語實(shí)際上是隱含在動(dòng)詞后面的,譯成漢語時(shí)往往需要把它表達(dá)出來。例如: To wash before meal.飯前洗手。
To wash after getting up 起床后洗臉
To wash before going to bed 睡前洗腳
First you borrow, then you beg.頭一遭借錢,下一遭就討飯。
Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天都來干活—掃地,擦地板,收拾房間。2)有時(shí),根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣搭配,需要在形容詞前增加名詞。
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.這臺(tái)打字機(jī)真是物美價(jià)廉。
He is a complicated man – moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是一個(gè)性格復(fù)雜的人—喜怒無常,反復(fù)多變,有些郁郁寡歡。
He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他滿臉皺紋,皮膚很黑,頭發(fā)灰白稀疏。
They, weary but game, decided to take a break.他們?nèi)艘哑>攵d致甚高,決定先休息一下。
3)某些由動(dòng)詞或形容詞派生來的抽象名詞,翻譯時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文在其后面增添適當(dāng)?shù)拿~,使譯文更合乎規(guī)范。如:
persuasion 說服工作preparation 準(zhǔn)備工作tension 緊張局勢arrogance自滿情緒等Indifference冷漠態(tài)漠madness 瘋狂行為
complacency 自滿情緒backwardness 落后狀態(tài)Precaution 預(yù)防措施Jealousy嫉妒心理Tension緊張局面Remedy補(bǔ)救方法
After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S.to San Francisco.一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后,飛機(jī)就飛越美國去舊金山。
Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.國與國之間的爭端訴諸武力,并不是最好的解決方法。
The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese government.發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然是中國政府的首要課題之一。
4)當(dāng)具體名詞表達(dá)一種抽象概念時(shí),使文中也常根據(jù)上下文增加一些適當(dāng)?shù)拿~。
He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩。
He allowed the husband to be overruled by the judge, and declared his wife guilty.法官的職責(zé)最終戰(zhàn)勝了丈夫的角色,他判決他的妻子有罪。
六、增加形容詞、副詞
根據(jù)原文的上下文,有些英語句子中的名詞譯成漢語時(shí),需要增加一些適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~。有些動(dòng)詞在一定的場合可以增加適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~,才能確切表達(dá)原意。
O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!啊,湯姆·康地,生在破爛、骯臟和苦難中,現(xiàn)在這番景象卻是多么地煊赫呀!With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadn’t time to worry about such trifles.不出兩三個(gè)小時(shí)會(huì)議就要開始了,我沒有閑功夫?yàn)檫@些瑣事操心了。
“Army will make a man of him‖, said his father.他的父親說:“軍隊(duì)會(huì)把他造就成為一個(gè)堂堂的男子漢?!?/p>
He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.毫無疑問,他以為會(huì)有熱烈的擁抱,滿桌的食物,激動(dòng)的淚水,歡樂的笑聲,一段接一段的談話,一次又一次的擁抱,沒完沒了。
分析:譯文中增加了三個(gè)相應(yīng)的形容詞,形象地描繪出他想象中的歡樂場景,使意思更加明確,表達(dá)更加生動(dòng)。
In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver;they fall in love and drive tractors together.在那時(shí)候的電影里,總是老一套:男拖拉機(jī)手和女拖拉機(jī)手始而相遇,繼而相愛,終而并肩開拖拉機(jī)了。
Now and then his boots shone.他的靴子時(shí)常閃閃發(fā)光。
The crowd melted away.人群漸漸散開了。
She lingered long over his letter.她反反復(fù)復(fù)地回味著他的來信。
1)I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.(注意時(shí)態(tài))我的獲釋是他成全的,對此我過去很感激,現(xiàn)在仍然很感激。
2)Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.(注意時(shí)態(tài))人類過去、現(xiàn)在和將來始終都在努力改善生活條件。
3)In no case will the neighbors look on with folded arms.(譯出復(fù)數(shù))鄰居們(左鄰右舍)決不會(huì)袖手旁觀。
4)Another two weeks saw up-to-the standard machine parts being turned out.(譯出復(fù)數(shù))又過了半個(gè)月,合乎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的各種機(jī)器部件就生產(chǎn)出來了。
5)The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again.(譯出復(fù)數(shù))法官對他再三提出警告,不得重新作案,然后就將他放了。
6)The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.(增加量詞)第一批電子計(jì)算機(jī)于1945年投入使用.1)This helps to save coal and reduce the cost of electricity.(談及電廠)(增加動(dòng)詞)這有助于節(jié)約用煤并降低發(fā)電成本。
2)I remembered the fear and anger in the gunmen’s voices because John was being slow.(增加動(dòng)詞)我記得因?yàn)榧s翰當(dāng)時(shí)慢慢騰騰,歹徒的聲音中流露出了恐懼與憤懣。
3)Some modifications(修改)of the original project were suggested at the meeting yesterday.(增加名詞)在昨天的會(huì)上對原來的規(guī)劃提出了一些修改方案。
4)The arrogance of the aristocracy helped to lead to the French Revolution.(增加名詞)貴族的傲慢態(tài)度促發(fā)了法國革命。
5)Jefferson’s courage and idealism were based on knowledge.(增加形容詞)杰斐遜的勇氣和理想主義是以廣博的知識(shí) 為基礎(chǔ)的。
6)At the meeting he made a speech—eloquent and energetic.(增加副詞)他在會(huì)上發(fā)表了講話—非常動(dòng)聽有力。
7)The fan, with its modern, elegant, bright, and harmoniously colored design, is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purpose on hot summer days.(增加必要的名詞)
本電扇款式新穎,造型雅致,色彩鮮艷,色澤調(diào)和,是炎炎夏日消暑納涼之家電精品。
根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要的增詞:
一、增加量詞
二、增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞
三、增加表示時(shí)態(tài)的詞
四、增加名詞
五、增加動(dòng)詞
六、增加形容詞和副詞
七、增加概括詞
英語和漢語都有概括詞。英語中的in short, and so on, etc.等等,翻譯時(shí)可分別譯為“總之”、“等等”。但有時(shí)英語句子中并沒有概括詞,而翻譯時(shí)卻往往了增加“兩人”、“雙方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此種種”等概括詞,同時(shí)省略英語中的連接詞。You and I 你我兩人
Militarily, politically and economically 軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等各方面
China, U.S.and Britain held this conference.中、美、英三國舉辦了這次會(huì)議.
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.論文總結(jié)了計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭等三方面所取得的新成就.
Then a little over a decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme.然而十多年前,劍橋大學(xué)的霍伊爾、邦迪和哥爾德三位教授卻提出了完全不同的學(xué)說。
The bond between mathematics and the life sciences has been strengthened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialties, such as biometrics, psychometrics, and econometrics.生物統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)、心理測驗(yàn)學(xué)、計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等一大批應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)科的出現(xiàn),大大加強(qiáng)了數(shù)學(xué)和生命科學(xué)之間的聯(lián)系。(注釋:原句中的連接詞and被省略掉。)
八、增加語氣助詞
語氣助詞是漢語中特有的一種修辭手段,用在句中停頓處或句尾以表示各種語氣,如“呢、吧、呀、嗎、罷了、而已”等等。不同的語氣助詞可以起不同的作用,如肯定、疑問、祈使、中間的停頓等等,但英語中沒有相應(yīng)的語氣助詞。英譯漢時(shí)應(yīng)細(xì)心體會(huì)原文,增加一些語氣詞,更好地表達(dá)原作的意義和修辭色彩。
Don’t take it seriously.I’m just making fun of you.不要認(rèn)真嘛!我不過開開玩笑罷了。
As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢,從一開始就不贊成。
He described it(Latvia)—its forests, its little villages, its people, its fierce nationalism—with an eloquence that could only arise out of deep love for one’s motherland.他描繪它(拉脫維亞)的風(fēng)土人情—森林啦、小村莊啦、人民啦、人民的強(qiáng)烈民族主義啦等等,只有深深熱愛祖國的人才能說得如此娓娓動(dòng)聽,滔滔不絕。
It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.完全有可能眼下正在想辦法使我獲釋,只不過需要時(shí)間而已。
“Some six or eight thousand men,” returned Montcalm, with much apparent indifference?.(J.F.Cooper,The last of the Mohicans)“那也只不過六千到八千人罷了,”蒙卡姆顯然滿不在乎地說,??
分析:譯者細(xì)心體會(huì)原文,在譯文增加了“那也只不過”和“罷了”這一語氣助詞,把蒙卡姆滿不在乎的語氣生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)了出來,增強(qiáng)了該譯入語的感染力,向讀者忠實(shí)地傳遞了原作的含義和修辭色彩。
九、增加承上啟下的詞
Yes, I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不錯(cuò),我喜歡中國菜。現(xiàn)在很多人喜歡中國菜,這種情況算是有點(diǎn)趕時(shí)髦吧!
For mistakes had made, bad ones.因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)犯下了許多錯(cuò)誤,而且還是很糟的錯(cuò)誤。
Two, we heard later, were sent to college, at the government expense, while one, it was rumored, had attempted to blackmail the Agency.Unsuccessfully.我們后來聽說,兩人已由政府資助送進(jìn)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí),并據(jù)傳說,一個(gè)曾試圖對中央情報(bào)局進(jìn)行訛詐,結(jié)果并未得逞。
十、增加反映背景情況的詞
In April, there was the ―ping‖ heard around the world.In July, the ping ―ponged‖.四月里,全世界聽到中國“乒”的一聲把球打了出去;到了七月,美國“乓”的一聲把球打了回來。
Le Monde, the B.B.C, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.法國的《世界報(bào)》、英國廣播公司、美國《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》及整個(gè)阿拉伯報(bào)界,都經(jīng)常大量引用海卡爾的話。
Both Efe and Reuters published their views on the course of events in Kosovo.西班牙的埃新社和英國的路透社都對科索沃事態(tài)的發(fā)展發(fā)表了自己的看法。
根 據(jù) 句 法 需 要
一、增補(bǔ)原文回答句中的省略部分
Is this your book? Yes, it is.(yes, it is = yes, it is mine.)這是你的書嗎?是的,是我的。
Don’t you want Mr.Smith to be your tutor? Yes, of course I do.你不想讓史密斯先生當(dāng)你導(dǎo)師嗎?我當(dāng)然想。
二、增加原文中省略的動(dòng)詞
Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.譯文:讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人敏捷,寫作使人準(zhǔn)確。
英語的并列句中 通常省略重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞,該句省略了makes。而漢語則通過重復(fù)動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成排比句式,增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果,因此譯文中添加了“使人”。
We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our students to the full, not just their academic ability.譯文:我們關(guān)心的是全面發(fā)展學(xué)生的各種能力,而不僅僅是發(fā)展智力。
We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.我們不后退,我們從沒后退過,將來也決不后退。
The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的導(dǎo)體電阻最小,最差的導(dǎo)體電阻最大
三、增加原文比較句中的省略部分
Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.從別人的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)要更好。
The system of job responsibility can be adopted where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise.工作責(zé)任制度,條件成熟了就可以實(shí)行,條件不成熟的不要實(shí)行。
I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of cooperation is more inventive and fruitful than others.(others= the way of cooperation of other countries)我可以對你說—我這樣說沒有任何奉承之意—中國的合作方式比別國的合作方式更有特色,更有成果。
四、增加表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞語
But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.(對過去 事實(shí)的虛擬)然而如果沒有阿道夫·希特勒,那就幾乎可以肯定不會(huì)有第三帝國。
At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.(a second term = a second term of presidency for Kennedy)
肯尼迪遇刺時(shí),基辛格認(rèn)為,如果肯尼迪再任一屆總統(tǒng)的話,大概不是立大功,就是闖大禍。
More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.如果測試更為徹底,也許一開始就能找出故障。
I am in charge of the depot, only I.people will hold me responsible but not you.只有我一人負(fù)責(zé)管理這個(gè)倉庫,出了事情別人找我,不找你。
中國還有一句成語,三個(gè)臭皮匠,合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。
譯文:Still another Chinese proverb says: three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.
第二篇:筆譯技巧3 英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法
筆譯技巧3 英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法
英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法
(一)語法增減詞 A. 英漢在語法上存在某些明顯的差異; B. 英語有冠詞,漢語沒有; C. 英語多用代詞,相較漢語; D. 英語介詞豐富,漢語介詞很少;
E. 英語多用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,漢語主要靠邏輯關(guān)系來鋪排句子,強(qiáng)調(diào)意念的連貫性; F. 漢語多用助詞表示各種語氣。
例如:
a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor — and I tell you , rich is better.富裕也罷,貧窮也罷,我都經(jīng)歷過。說實(shí)話,富裕當(dāng)然勝過貧窮。(省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞和已出現(xiàn)過的作主語的人稱代詞)
b.活到老,學(xué)到老。
One is never too old to learn.(增加人稱代詞)
c.該地區(qū)已沒什么城鄉(xiāng)差別。
There is little difference between town and country in this region.(增加介詞)
d.Is more growth really better ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展得越快越好嗎?(增加語氣詞)
(二)詞義增減詞
A.很多情況下,英漢詞匯的語義范圍往往有寬窄之分,并非一一對應(yīng);
B.如果英語詞匯的語義范圍比漢語寬,英譯漢時(shí)要采取增詞法,使原文隱含的意思得以充分表達(dá);
C.如果英語詞匯的語義范圍比漢語窄,英譯漢時(shí)要?jiǎng)t要采用減詞法。
例如:
a.It is pointed out that the sheer(純粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society
in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating(使虛弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects.一味地追求產(chǎn)品數(shù)量的增長 已經(jīng)讓社會(huì)付出了巨大的代價(jià)。
比如環(huán)境污染,交通擁擠,需特殊處理廢物的激增,以及由此造成的負(fù)面的心理及社會(huì)影響。(增詞法)
b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.對于普通人而言,治療嫉妒的唯一方法是快樂,然而困難在于,嫉妒本身就是快
筆譯技巧3 英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法
樂的巨大障礙。(減詞法)
例如:
a.其經(jīng)營活動(dòng)多限于市場調(diào)查、信息溝通和采購銷售等。
Such an office’s activities might be limited to market research , communications , sales and purchasing.(減詞法)
b.看糧食,要看中國的農(nóng)業(yè);看農(nóng)業(yè),首先要看市場。
To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture ,and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market.(增詞法)
A.英語中大量使用抽象名詞,概括力強(qiáng),詞義范圍寬; B.漢語相對比較具體,以實(shí)表虛,以具體表抽象;
C.英譯漢時(shí),通常需要把抽象概念具體化,或添加表示某種范疇的名詞,如:狀況、情形、場面、性質(zhì)、結(jié)果、方式、做法等;
D.漢譯英時(shí),把整個(gè)名詞詞組譯成英語中的抽象名詞即可。
例如:
a.After all preparations were made , the plane took off.一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后,飛機(jī)就起飛了。
b.Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and researching.與此同時(shí),各學(xué)校正采取行動(dòng)改變教學(xué)與科研之間不平衡的現(xiàn)狀。
例如:
a.她的朋友們聽到她家中的困難情況后,主動(dòng)伸出援助之手。
After her friends heard about her family difficulties , they offered her a helping hand.b.前怕狼后怕虎的態(tài)度不能造就干部。
“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind”will not produce cadres.
第三篇:詞法分析小結(jié)
詞法分析是編譯器工作的第一階段,它的工作就是從輸入(源代碼)中取得token,以作為parser(語法分析)的輸入,一般在詞法分析階段都會(huì)把一些無用的空白字符(white space,即空格、tab和換行)以及注釋剔除,以降低下一步分析的復(fù)雜度,詞法分析器一般會(huì)提供一個(gè)gettoken()這樣的方法,parser可以在做語法分析時(shí)調(diào)用詞法分析器的這個(gè)方法來得到下一個(gè)token,所以詞法分析器并不是一次性遍歷所有源代碼,而是采取這種on-demand的方式:只在parser需要時(shí)才工作,并且每次只取一個(gè)token。
token和lexeme
首先,token不等于lexeme。token和lexeme的關(guān)系就類似于面向?qū)ο笳Z言中“類”和“實(shí)例”(或“對象”)之間的關(guān)系,這個(gè)用中文不知該如何解釋才好,比如語言中的變量a和b,它們都屬于同一種token:identifier,而a的lexeme是”a”,b則是”b”,而每個(gè)關(guān)鍵字都是一種token。token可以附帶有一個(gè)值屬性,例如變量a,當(dāng)調(diào)用詞法分析器的gettoken()時(shí),會(huì)返回一個(gè)identifier類型的token,這個(gè)token帶有一個(gè)屬性“a”,屬性可以是多樣的,例如表示數(shù)字的token可以帶有一個(gè)表示數(shù)字值的屬性,它是整型的。
如下代碼:
int age = 23;
int count = 50;
可以依次提取出8個(gè)token:int(值為”int”),id(值為”age”),assign(值為”=”),number(值為整型數(shù)值23),int(值為”int”),id(值為”count”),assign(值為”=”),number(值為50)
正則表達(dá)式
正則表達(dá)式可以用來描述字符串模式,例如我們可以用digit+來表示number的token,其中digit表示單個(gè)數(shù)字(這里說正則表達(dá)式并不完全和實(shí)現(xiàn)的正則引擎所識(shí)別的正則表達(dá)式等價(jià),這里只是為了描述問題而已)。
然而像c語言的的多行注釋,用正則表達(dá)式來描述就比較麻煩,此時(shí)更傾向于直接用有窮自動(dòng)機(jī)(finite automaton)來描述,因?yàn)橛盟鼇砻枋龇浅V庇^且很容易。
有窮自動(dòng)機(jī)(finite automata)
有窮自動(dòng)機(jī)也稱為有限狀態(tài)機(jī),狀態(tài)在輸入字符的作用下發(fā)生遷移,因此,它可以用來識(shí)別token,也因此,我們只要畫得出fa,之后再用代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)fa,那詞法分析器也就差不多弄好了。
有窮自動(dòng)機(jī)分確定性(dfa)和非確定性(nfa)兩種,如果對于同一個(gè)輸入,只會(huì)有一個(gè)確定的狀態(tài)遷移路線,也就是只有一個(gè)確定的“下一狀態(tài)”,那就是dfa,否則就是nfa。
因?yàn)閐fa對于同一個(gè)輸入只有一個(gè)確定的下一狀態(tài),所以詞法分析器當(dāng)然優(yōu)先采用它,那nfa拿來干嘛用呢?nfa用來做描述用時(shí)更方便,我們可以非常迅速地畫出一個(gè)識(shí)別token的nfa圖,但要想直接畫出個(gè)dfa那要?jiǎng)硬簧倌X筋。
根據(jù)正則表達(dá)式構(gòu)建nfa
如上所述,nfa更容易畫出,那我們就先研究nfa,在定義token時(shí),我們可以用正則表達(dá)式來描述它,因?yàn)檎齽t表達(dá)式干這行很合適,例如一個(gè)digit+就可以描述數(shù)字,多方便。因此,我們需要根據(jù)正則表達(dá)式畫出與之等價(jià)的nfa。而這個(gè)算法非常簡單,就是tompson’s construction,這個(gè)書上寫得很清楚了。
將nfa轉(zhuǎn)化成dfa(nfa的確定化)
對于計(jì)算機(jī)來說,面對同一個(gè)輸入,如果有多個(gè)下一狀態(tài),那計(jì)算機(jī)就不清楚要轉(zhuǎn)到哪個(gè)狀態(tài),所以我們期望能從正則表達(dá)式得到dfa,而不是nfa,因?yàn)檫@樣將來編程實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)比較自然(同一輸入有確定的一個(gè)下一狀態(tài)),而幸運(yùn)的是,每個(gè)nfa都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成dfa。為什么nfa可以轉(zhuǎn)化成dfa?因?yàn)閒a(finite automata)中的狀態(tài)都是我們自己畫的,只要fa能正確的識(shí)別token,那就ok了,也就是,如果nfa和dfa都可以達(dá)到一樣的效果:識(shí)別token,那其它的我們就不管了。
實(shí)現(xiàn)詞法分析器
對于一個(gè)token,比如用來表示數(shù)字的token:num,我們可以用正則表達(dá)式描述它,然后畫出nfa,再將nfa轉(zhuǎn)化成dfa,再最小化dfa的狀態(tài),但是我們的詞法分析器是不是分析一個(gè)token,所以我們要把所有類型的token的dfa合并成一個(gè)dfa,這樣,這個(gè)dfa也就可以識(shí)別語言的所有token了,如果在某一連串的輸入下,dfa達(dá)不到終結(jié)狀態(tài),那就說明源代碼有錯(cuò)誤了。
我用c#實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)用于《compiler construction: principles and practice》中tiny語言的詞法分析器,tiny語言有關(guān)鍵字:if, then, else, end, repeat, until, read, write,有操作符+,-,*,/,=,<,(,),;,:=(全角逗號(hào)不算,是文章的分隔符)這10個(gè),然后其余的token有number(一或多個(gè)數(shù)字)和identifier(一或多個(gè)字母),其dfa如下圖:
上面這張圖和《編譯原理及實(shí)踐》中的一樣,其中的帶中括號(hào)的輸入說明這個(gè)輸入是lookahead的,在匹配成功后是要重新放回輸入流中的,比如識(shí)別num時(shí),如果發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)非digit的,那就說明識(shí)別到了一個(gè)number,但是最后識(shí)別的那個(gè)非digit字符是要放回輸入流的,因?yàn)樗糁乱淮巫R(shí)別。
其中從start到done的那個(gè)other,指所有非white space,非{,非letter,非digit,也非:的字符,它有可能是合法的+, *, /這些,也可能是不合法的其它輸入,如#號(hào)。因此,done這個(gè)狀態(tài)只是說本次gettoken已經(jīng)結(jié)束,狀態(tài)機(jī)是有可能因?yàn)椴缓戏ǖ妮斎攵M(jìn)入done狀態(tài)的。究竟從start到done是因?yàn)楹戏ǖ模?號(hào)導(dǎo)致的,還是由不合法的如#號(hào)導(dǎo)致的,將在代碼中實(shí)現(xiàn)判斷,但可以肯定的是,不管是+號(hào)還是#號(hào)作用于start狀態(tài),都會(huì)進(jìn)入done狀態(tài)。
第四篇:汽車網(wǎng)絡(luò)營銷 中英語翻譯
Automotive Marketing First, the auto parts network management concept American auto parts of automobile fittings dealer Raymond is located in a suburban Atlanta, American and other accessories, this shop to shop and its characteristics, but is online transactions, and car accessories sales related services are available on the Internet.This distributior store of salespeople have extensive network of knowledge, they patiently helped no online trading experience of customer finish on the Internet.If the customer need, they also can be free of imparting knowledge of online transactions.In order to reflect the rapid and convenient online sales, they provide 24-hour services, if the customer questions, they always strive to reply in 15 minutes.The customer need, sitting at home before entering the store sells computer, then the website can complete all want to do, watch shop fittings, download the pictures, auto prices, orders, etc.Then, you can sit at home or in his own maintenance shop of door-to-door salesman received by car accessories.Online transaction does have many advantages.To save time, this is obvious.In this way, said dealers trade become a way to attract customers, people gradually accept it and approved.At the same time, the online trading reduced many expenses, including the staff, management, marketing, etc, and save the cost of expenses on auto parts price on the customer benefit.This is the foreign auto accessories sales of a networked management.This through the Internet and e-commerce fulfillment of our country, and online business, the auto parts marketing MVP has important significance.From the current situation of auto parts, auto sales network throughout the circulation of construction is not perfect, or in an internal network condition.The network Settings are mostly for enterprise internal coordination and daily management, instead of e-commerce.China's online accessories sales prospects from abroad, also can be the development of auto parts online sales of enlightenment.In the foreign auto accessories sales, how to do? zero kilometers sales How to provide the most
satisfactory service to customers? With the Internet, these two problems can greatly alleviate.Now, especially developed countries around the world through the Internet to buy auto accessories are expanding quickly.Second, the auto parts network management advantages
Online purchase of auto parts for car dealers and customers, whether for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, it is a good thing.First, for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, the Internet can more easily collect customers to buy auto parts in the process of the various issues, and timely information feedback to the auto parts manufacturing enterprises.According to the above analysis, the enterprise can produce customer purchase intention, thus producing according with market demand as the auto parts.This saves time and cost, and snatch market opportunities.Secondly, the use of Internet information and convenient services, manufacturing enterprises can promptly informed accessories vendors inventory and sales, thereby adjusting their production and auto parts allocation plan.Auto accessories vendors reduce inventory, accelerate the cash flow, obtained satisfactory returns.For users, they can through the Internet, like “menu” optional choose oneself need auto parts.The market information for auto parts manufacturing enterprise and the seller is important, and can be easily obtained through the Internet.Internet auto parts vendors can provide customers to production enterprise of real-time field information.The demand of information can help to reduce automobile accessories sales production enterprise charges, which usually cost will account for auto parts price of around 15% final sales.If the promotion costs, the cost is higher proportion.In fact, the Internet can also play a role of advertising.Before that, the sellers of auto parts distribution has always sold in part, and another part of the poor.Money is part of the occupied fee is caused to sell the car accessories.Through the Internet, the production enterprises and vendors can be avoided in production and sales market sales bad auto parts.With the advent of the Internet and convenient service, not only saves time and cost, and more importantly, the Internet can cause a concept of change,auto parts manufacturing enterprise, distributors and customers to be stuck nearlier more.Third, China's automobile fittings network management development trend China's auto accessories network management and e-commerce, has started to present development trend.Many of the current domestic large and medium-sized car repair enterprises established computer management system, realized the internal network.This covers the entire network maintenance services.To receive from business, dispatching material inspection.Computerized control can be made to understand the undertakings in real-time monitoring, which can form, and greatly improve the efficiency of the staff, more important is to replace manual accounting and management, strengthen accessories.Meanwhile, some large scale, the current operating performance good car accessories dealers also introduced a computerized management.Because of automotive products, so use variety of such management software, the personnel must be higher requirements after a period of training to mount guard.Such auto parts management network covers the whole process of operation.From the incoming, retail and wholesale price is determined according to the models, and such Numbers classified management, finally to do account settlement and delivery, and XiaoZhang.Chain-like management make better dealer has put the network management of the whole FenXiaoDian to it, formed a certain scale of network connection.Many automobile fittings all dealers from network management gained good returns.The most prominent feature is reflected in the commodity, through the network management allocations, can reach twice the result with half the effort.In addition, in recent years the old car accessories circulation system gradually broken, auto parts market, constantly mature vigorous development.Some far-sighted insight, the operator has felt the network era, and start a
near the market network.Like changchun automobile fittings, west of Beijing automobile fittings, Shanghai auto parts market such as the city of virtual network construction and the development of the market for 2000.But the reality is that the network is quite childish, but certainly not realize online trading and service.With the quickening pace of “two”, the personage inside course of study to commend “trinity” sales mode in the earth gradually.For example, in the choice of Shanghai general dealers, whether to have “trinity” sales ability to determine the object, such as a “trinity” whole car accessories sales mode is a microcosm of network flow field.Because it includes from truckload sale, spare parts supply and maintenance.Mention auto parts network management and e-commerce, somebody thinks, car accessories telephone shopping is actually c-commerce, because only communication platform between different, the operation is basically the same.Actually this kind of understanding is not accurate, phone business and e-commerce is more like Cousins, in many ways, phone business congenital deficiency.First, consumers from the phone in understanding the information is limited, can fully satisfy customer's requirements.Secondly, if advertisers, or printing accessories for customers, due to the directory of accessories sales, cost of printing more and more high, but slow renewal speed.In addition, on the telephone exchanges, due to the environment, voice, speaking, the influence of factors, make telephone service personnel difficulty and error rates increased.Just as phone business, management content in depth and breadth aspect further development will be limited.Fourth,Auto parts distribution system and network management of construction
Auto parts distribution system and network management of construction iis now a successful online trading tangible products such as books, audio and video products, clothing, etc., and auto parts as a certain scientific and technological content, some products are statemandatory standard industrial products, to achieve on-line transactions, compared with other industrial products, have their advantages, sellers
and buyers as long as posted on the Internet and input information about auto parts, such as vehicles, cars, parts name, part number, manufacture, price, quantity, etc., you can sell online or purchase.To truly realize the concept of e-commerce online sales, buyers and sellers in addition to solving the “integrity” issues, but also must establish a complete set of efficient logistics distribution system.Speaking before the factors that limit development of electronic commerce, nothing more than a means of payment, security authentication, the real make up, will find car parts logistics and distribution system is the most difficult, the most facile, the most expensive one.Many auto parts e-commerce companies are trying to find the existing physical network, such as postal services, courier and even newspaper delivery company as a delivery system.However, a suitable auto parts distribution and e-commerce system should look like?The conditions of physical network can be transformed into an auto parts distribution system of e-commerce will be the lowest cost? Five, Auto parts network management is the only way for the development and reform of the road network The Chinese auto parts sales development should be appropriate for the situation in China, with Chinese characteristics, the way the Internet business.Indeed, the United States, network operators have achieved great success, but we can not ignore this brilliant behind the social basis of the United States strong material foundation.As early as 100 years ago, the U.S.has established a comprehensive road, rail, postal services, courier delivery system combining;today's society, Americans have been accustomed to “free currency trading.” It can be said that today's Internet economy development in the United States should be a very natural result and is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product.Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally.As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and delivery has become a fatal problem “bottleneck.” How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, be able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators
today is the development of priority.China's auto parts e-commerce and enterprise network operators must follow the joint and it should be a very natural result is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product.Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally.As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and distribution has become a fatal problem “bottleneck.” How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, Being able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators today is the development of priority.汽車配件網(wǎng)絡(luò)營銷
第一,汽車配件網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理概念美國汽車零部件的汽車配件經(jīng)銷商鍾泰是這家商店購物和其特點(diǎn),但位于郊區(qū)的亞特蘭大、美國及其他配件,是在線交易,和汽車配件銷售相關(guān)服務(wù)可在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。此 distributior 存儲(chǔ)的銷售人員有廣泛的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò),他們耐心地幫助沒有在線的交易經(jīng)驗(yàn),其客戶在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上完成。如果客戶需要,它們也可以免費(fèi)傳授知識(shí)的在線交易。為了反映快速、便捷的在線銷售,他們提供24小時(shí)的服務(wù),如果客戶提出的問題,他們總是努力在15分鐘內(nèi)答復(fù)??蛻粜枰诩依镏斑M(jìn)入商店銷售的計(jì)算機(jī),然后在網(wǎng)站可以完成所有想做、鐘表店配件、下載圖片、汽車價(jià)格、訂單等。然后,您可以坐在家里或他自己維修車間的門到門的收到的汽車配件的推銷員。
在線交易確實(shí)有很多優(yōu)勢。為節(jié)省時(shí)間,這是明顯的。這種方式,說的經(jīng)銷商貿(mào)易成為吸引客戶的一種方式,人們逐漸接受它和批準(zhǔn)。同時(shí),網(wǎng)上的交易減少了很多的開支,包括工作人員、管理、市場營銷等,和節(jié)省的開支成本上汽車配件價(jià)格對客戶的利益。
這是外國汽車配件銷售的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化管理。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電子商務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)我們國家,然后在線業(yè)務(wù)營銷MVP的汽車配件這具有重要的意義。從汽車零部件的現(xiàn)狀,汽車銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)遍布流通不是建設(shè)的完美的或在內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一個(gè)條件。網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置是主要為企業(yè)內(nèi)部協(xié)調(diào)和日常管理,而不是電子商務(wù)。
從國外,中國的在線配件銷售前景也可以是啟示的汽車零件在線銷售的發(fā)展。在外國汽車配件的銷售,怎么辦?零公里銷售如何為客戶提供最滿意的服務(wù)嗎?互聯(lián)網(wǎng),這兩個(gè)問題可以大大減輕?,F(xiàn)在,尤其是發(fā)達(dá)國家通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)購買汽車用品世界各地正在迅速擴(kuò)大。
第二,汽車配件網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理優(yōu)勢在線購買的汽車部件的汽車經(jīng)銷商和客戶,是否為汽車零部件制造企業(yè),這是一件好事。第一,對汽車零部件制造企業(yè),互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以更輕松地收集顧客購買汽車零件的過程中的各種問題和及時(shí)的信息反饋給汽車零部件生產(chǎn)企業(yè)。根據(jù)以上分析,企業(yè)可以出示客戶購買意向,因而產(chǎn)生符合市場需求作為汽車零部件。這節(jié)省了時(shí)間和成本,且搶奪市場機(jī)會(huì)。第二,使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的信息和便捷的服務(wù),制造企業(yè)可以迅速告知的配件供應(yīng)商庫存和銷售,從而調(diào)整他們的生產(chǎn)和汽車部件分配計(jì)劃。汽車配件供應(yīng)商降低庫存,加速
現(xiàn)金流,取得令人滿意的回報(bào)。對于用戶來說,他們可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng),像可選的“菜單”選擇自己需要汽車零部件。
汽車零件制造企業(yè)和賣方市場信息很重要,而且可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)方便地獲得?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)汽配銷售商可以提供實(shí)時(shí)的字段信息的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的客戶。信息需求可以幫助減少汽車配件銷售生產(chǎn)企業(yè)收費(fèi)通常成本將占大約 15%的最終銷售汽車配件價(jià)格。如果推廣成本,成本是更高的比例。事實(shí)上,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也可以發(fā)揮廣告的作用。
在此之前,汽車零部件分布的賣家一向只賣的一部分和窮人的另一部分。錢是被占領(lǐng)的一部分費(fèi)用導(dǎo)致銷售汽車配件。透過互聯(lián)網(wǎng),可在生產(chǎn)和銷售市場銷售的壞汽車零部件避免生產(chǎn)企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和便捷的服務(wù),不僅節(jié)省時(shí)間和成本,且更重要的是,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致一個(gè)概念的變化,汽車零部件制造企業(yè)、分銷商和顧客被卡住的nearlier更多。
第三,中國的汽車配件網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理的發(fā)展趨勢
中國的汽車配件網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理和電子商務(wù)已開始發(fā)展趨勢。許多當(dāng)前國內(nèi)大型和中型汽車維修企業(yè)建立了計(jì)算機(jī)管理系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這涵蓋整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)維修服務(wù)。接收來自調(diào)度材料檢查的業(yè)務(wù)??梢宰層?jì)算機(jī)的控制了解經(jīng)營的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控,可以形成,并極大地提高員工的工作效率,更重要的是,取代手工會(huì)計(jì)核算和管理,加強(qiáng)配件。
與此同時(shí),一些大的規(guī)模,當(dāng)前的操作性能良好的汽車配件經(jīng)銷商還介紹了計(jì)算機(jī)化的管理。由于汽車產(chǎn)品,此類管理軟件,那么使用各種人員必須裝載警衛(wèi)隊(duì)訓(xùn)練一段時(shí)間后會(huì)更高的要求。這種汽車零件管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋全過程的操作。從進(jìn)貨、零售和批發(fā)價(jià)格根據(jù)確定模型,和這種數(shù)字分類管理,最后做帳戶結(jié)算及交付,以及消脹。連鎖經(jīng)營更好地經(jīng)銷商已放它在整個(gè) FenXiaoDian 的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理,形成一定規(guī)模的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接。很多汽車配件從網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理的所有經(jīng)銷商都獲得好的回報(bào)。最突出的特點(diǎn)反映在商品,通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理分配,可以達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。
此外,近年來舊汽車配件流通制度逐漸被打破,汽車零部件市場不斷成熟的蓬勃發(fā)展。一些有遠(yuǎn)見的洞察力,營辦商感到有網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代,開始和附近的市場網(wǎng)絡(luò)。長春市西部的北京汽車配件、汽車配件等上海汽車零配件市場如虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)
建設(shè)的城市和2000年市場的發(fā)展。但現(xiàn)實(shí)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)是很幼稚,但肯定不實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上交易和服務(wù)。
與節(jié)奏的加快“兩”,逐漸贊揚(yáng)“三位一體”的銷售模式,在地球研究的業(yè)內(nèi)人士。例如,在選擇上海通用經(jīng)銷商時(shí),是否有“三位一體”的銷售能力,以確定對象,如“三位一體”整車配件銷售模式是網(wǎng)絡(luò)流場的縮影。因?yàn)樗瑥目ㄜ囦N售、零配件供應(yīng)、維修。
提到汽車部件網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理和電子商務(wù),有人認(rèn)為,汽車配件電話購物是實(shí)際上c商務(wù)因?yàn)橹挥袦贤ㄆ脚_(tái)之間不同,操作基本上是相同。其實(shí)這種認(rèn)識(shí)是不準(zhǔn)確,電話業(yè)務(wù)和電子商務(wù)是更像表兄弟,在許多方面,電話業(yè)務(wù)先天性缺陷。第一,消費(fèi)者從電話中了解的信息是有限的完全可以滿足客戶的需求。第二,如果廣告商或因配件的銷售,目錄,客戶的印刷配件成本的打印速度更高,但緩慢的重建。此外,電話交流,由于對環(huán)境、對聲音,說到,影響的因素,使電話服務(wù)人員的困難和錯(cuò)誤率增加。正如電話業(yè)務(wù)、管理內(nèi)容的深度和廣度方面進(jìn)一步發(fā)展中將受到限制。
四、汽車零件分發(fā)系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理的建設(shè)
汽車零件分發(fā)系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理的建設(shè),現(xiàn)在成功在線交易有形產(chǎn)品如書籍、音像制品、服裝等,和汽車零部件作為某些科學(xué)和技術(shù)內(nèi)容,一些產(chǎn)品是 statemandatory 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品,要實(shí)現(xiàn)在線交易,與其他工業(yè)的產(chǎn)品相比有其優(yōu)勢、賣家和買家,只要貼上信息輸入與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有關(guān)汽車零部件如車輛、汽車、零件名稱、部件號(hào)、制造、價(jià)格、數(shù)量等,您可以在線銷售或購買。要真正實(shí)現(xiàn)概念的電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)上銷售、買家和賣家,除了要解決“誠信”的問題,而且還必須建立一套完整的高效率的物流配送系統(tǒng)。發(fā)展電子商務(wù),無非支付手段的限制因素安全身份驗(yàn)證,真正的組成,會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)汽車零部件物流與之前分配制度是最難、最簡便、最貴的一。很多汽車配件電子商務(wù)公司正試圖查找現(xiàn)有的物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)、郵政服務(wù)、快遞和連報(bào)紙遞送公司作為傳遞系統(tǒng)等。不過,適用于汽車零部件配送和電子商務(wù)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該看起來像?物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)的條件可以轉(zhuǎn)換成汽車零件配電系統(tǒng)的電子商務(wù)將會(huì)以最低的成本嗎?
五、汽車部件網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理是道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的改革和發(fā)展的必由之路
中國汽車零部件銷售發(fā)展互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)務(wù)的方式應(yīng)該是適合在中國,具有中國特
色的情況。事實(shí)上,美國,網(wǎng)絡(luò)營辦商取得了巨大的成功,但我們不能忽視這輝煌背后的美國強(qiáng)大的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。早在100年前,美國已建立完善的道路、鐵路、郵政服務(wù)、快遞配送系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合;今天的社會(huì)中,美國人已習(xí)慣了“免費(fèi)貨幣交易”??梢哉f在美國今天的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展應(yīng)該是很自然的結(jié)果超過200年作為自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的美國基于天然產(chǎn)品。像個(gè)孩子從赤手,開始爬,然后學(xué)走路,隨時(shí)間運(yùn)行自然地學(xué)會(huì)了。作為中國的發(fā)展,只有兩個(gè)方面的付款和交付已成為致命的問題“瓶頸”。如何結(jié)合中國國情的發(fā)展和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的特性,能夠切實(shí)做些實(shí)用的汽車零件的網(wǎng)絡(luò)營辦商今天是優(yōu)先發(fā)展。中國的汽車零部件電子商務(wù)和企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)營辦商必須遵循聯(lián)合,它應(yīng)該是一個(gè)很自然的結(jié)果是 200 年以上天然產(chǎn)品基于美國作為一個(gè)自由的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)。像個(gè)孩子從赤手,開始爬,然后學(xué)走路,隨時(shí)間運(yùn)行自然地學(xué)會(huì)了。中國的發(fā)展,作為付款和分布的只有兩個(gè)方面已成為致命的問題“瓶頸”。
如何結(jié)合中國國情的發(fā)展和互聯(lián)網(wǎng),能夠切實(shí)做些實(shí)用的汽車零部件今天網(wǎng)絡(luò)營辦商的特點(diǎn)是優(yōu)先發(fā)展。
第五篇:4.英漢詞法對比
第四講
英漢詞法對比
1、詞類劃分
2、詞義區(qū)分
3、搭配習(xí)慣
4、詞序先后 詞類
?詞類的概念:詞類是根據(jù)詞在句子中的語法功能進(jìn)行的一個(gè)劃分,諸如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等。
?誰能夠說出英漢兩種語言中各有多少種詞類?
詞類劃分
?漢語把詞分為12類(名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、量詞和代詞是實(shí)詞,副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、擬聲詞和嘆詞是虛詞),英語則10類(實(shí)詞:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞。虛詞:代詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、數(shù)量詞和感嘆詞):漢語沒有冠詞,而英語則少了量詞(名量詞和動(dòng)量詞)和助詞(時(shí)態(tài)助詞和語氣助詞)
?(名量詞)一個(gè)人:一張嘴,一雙眼睛,兩只耳朵,兩條腿 ?(動(dòng)量詞)等一下,念一遍,哭一場,走一趟 ?(助詞)
著,了,過(時(shí)態(tài)助詞);的,呢,罷了,而已,啦,嗎,吧,啊,么(語氣助詞);
詞類的句法功能
?漢語一個(gè)詞類能充當(dāng)較多的句法功能
?英語一個(gè)詞能充當(dāng)?shù)木浞ǔ煞州^少,充當(dāng)不同成分需要詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。
英漢比較
?謂語:我們討論了這個(gè)問題。?We have discussed it.?主語:討論剛剛開始。? The discussion just began.?賓語:很多同學(xué)參加了這次討論。?Many students took part in the discussion.?定語:我們得確定一下討論的內(nèi)容。? We have to decide on what to discuss.主要詞類比較
?名詞 ?動(dòng)詞 ?代詞 ?介詞
名詞 1 漢語的特征
?1)無單復(fù)數(shù)之分(eg:我是老師;我們都是老師)?2)后可加上們,群(牛群)?±表復(fù)數(shù),但此時(shí)其前就不能加數(shù)詞(錯(cuò)誤eg:三個(gè)同學(xué)們); ?3)量詞放在名詞后面表示統(tǒng)稱(一輛車:車輛,一張紙:紙張)
名詞 2 英語的特征
1)可數(shù)名詞前可以直接加上數(shù)詞:two students;
2)不可數(shù)名詞前要加表示量的名詞: two pieces of news, three sacks of flour, four meters of cloth, six cakes of soap;
3)有特殊含義的復(fù)數(shù):colors彩旗,ashes骨灰,the last words 遺囑(have a word with Jack和杰克說句話;have words with Jack 和杰克吵架),securities證券,at the feet of屈服于
名詞 3 翻譯(注意三個(gè)方面):
?1)英語名詞復(fù)數(shù)翻成漢語通常不必表示出來(foreign invaders 外國侵略者,the students學(xué)生)?2 補(bǔ)出相應(yīng)的漢語量詞:20 banks 20家銀行, 15 fish 15尾(條)魚
名詞 4 ?3)如何體現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)概念 ?the eastern provinces ?rows of new buildings ?the Bakers ?the first electronic computers
?Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones.參考譯文
?東部各省
?一排排新建大樓 ?貝克一家
?第一批(代)電子計(jì)算機(jī)
?親人們相繼去世,使他一生充滿了人生悲劇。
動(dòng)詞 1 時(shí)態(tài)
?1)漢語動(dòng)詞一般沒有時(shí)態(tài)變化,但有時(shí)間助詞:著,了,過;
?2)英語有豐富的時(shí)態(tài)變化(16種:3種時(shí)[現(xiàn)在、過去、將來],3種態(tài)[一般、進(jìn)行、完成]),而且有些時(shí)態(tài)還可以表示特定的感情色彩。
動(dòng)詞 2 ?(1)You?ˉre always asking me such questions!?你老是問我這樣的問題?。ㄓ矛F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示厭煩)
?(2)I am now living in a very pleasant flat. ?我現(xiàn)在住在一間非常舒適的公寓里。(用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示滿意)
動(dòng)詞 3 ?傳遞同樣的意思,英語只要選用合適的時(shí)態(tài)就可以了,漢語則必須使用詞匯手段。?It has been noted that those who live,or have lived,in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.?(5)His father, who was a good locksmith in the village, is in prison.動(dòng)詞 4
?人們已經(jīng)注意到大凡受到死亡威脅的人或是死里逃生的人對于他們所干的任何事總是興趣盎然。
?他的父親過去是村上有名的鎖匠,現(xiàn)在卻成了階下囚。
動(dòng)詞 5 語態(tài)
1)漢語重人稱,所以句子主語一般都是有生命的,故主動(dòng)態(tài)較多。2)英語重物稱,被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用較多。
?It is generally considered that he is a bad egg.大家說他是壞蛋。
(2)Everything he advertised was guaranteed to last ?°forever?±.他保證他廣告中所登的東西都能永久使用。
代詞
?使用頻率上的差異:由于英語每個(gè)句子、分句都要一個(gè)主語,另外所屬關(guān)系也要明確指出來,所以代詞和物主代詞的使用頻率就很高。
?代詞與所指代的實(shí)詞的先后:英語里代詞可前可后,漢語里先實(shí)詞后代詞
代詞差異舉例
?As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise in our principles.But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.?在討論分歧時(shí),哪一方都不會(huì)在原則上妥協(xié)。但是,雖然不能彌合我們之間的鴻溝,我們卻能搭一座橋,以便越過鴻溝進(jìn)行會(huì)談。(省略;轉(zhuǎn)換;還原)參考譯文
?In its long history of development, China has formed its own tradition.?在中國的歷史長河中,她已經(jīng)形成了自身的傳統(tǒng)。
介詞
?英語對介詞的使用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過漢語
?介詞的特殊用法(relations of space and time?a>factual or logical?a>idiomatic)
介詞用法舉例
?The street runs westward, across a great black bridge, up a hill and down it again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.?The bill is on me.?Don?ˉt go to bed on a full or an empty stomach.參考譯文
?大街往西延伸,穿過一座黑色的大橋,翻過山崗,經(jīng)過許多小鋪和肉市,又經(jīng)過一些平房,然后突然沖著一大片綠色的草地中止了。?我來買單。
?吃的太飽或者空腹都不宜上床睡覺。
詞義區(qū)分
?詞義構(gòu)成 ?詞義對應(yīng) ?詞義差異
英漢詞義構(gòu)成的來源
?(1)聯(lián)想:自行車/腳踏車/單車/洋車(時(shí)代背景)bicycle(雙輪車)?(2)比喻:畫蛇添足/put a fifth wheel to the cart ?(3)典故:掩耳盜鈴;the Trojan horse ?(4)簡化:打假(打擊假冒偽劣商品);radar(radio detecting and ranging);WTO(過多簡化會(huì)鬧笑話);老板,總裁 英漢詞義對應(yīng)
?詞語的形成并沒有一個(gè)固定統(tǒng)一的規(guī)律,因此有些詞語看起來會(huì)顯得不太合理:醬油soy(并非油),ladybird(瓢蟲);?由于這種隨意性,英漢兩種語言一致的情況極少(金魚 gold fish), 但絕大多數(shù)情況下不同(自由體操 floor exercise;)
詞義對應(yīng)關(guān)系
?(1)完全對應(yīng)(少數(shù))(eg:goldfish ?(2)部分對應(yīng)(eg:parent/uncle)?(3)無對應(yīng)(eg:英語中的教授:professor/assistant prof./associate prof.)?(4)一對多/多對一
詞義差異 1 ?俯臥
lie on one?ˉs stomach ?倒立
stand on one?ˉs head ?蛙泳
breast stroke ?蝶泳
butterfly(stroke)?雙杠
parallel bars ?高低杠
high-and-low bars/uneven bars ?單杠
horizontal bar ?
?活字典
walking dictionary
詞義差異 2 ?Outpatient
門診病人 ?走讀生
daily student ?Tableware
餐具 ?Vacuum flask(原理上講)
保溫杯(功能上講)?Stopwatch
秒表 ?Family tree
家譜
?看手相
read palm tree ?Contact lens
隱形眼鏡
詞義差異 3 ?九五折percent discount(five percent off)?座鐘
standing clock ?三角債
debt chain ?三角戀
love triangle 詞義差異 4 ?傳銷
pyramid selling ?雞皮疙瘩
gooseflesh ?腳踏兩條船
fence-sitter ?魚尾紋
crow?ˉs feet ?內(nèi)八字
pigeon-toed ?外八字
goose-toed ?露馬腳
let the cat out of the bag
搭配習(xí)慣 1 英漢在詞的搭配能力方面往往有差異。
?(1)?°吃?±
?吃魚(eat)、吃藥(take);吃閑飯(idle)、吃軟飯(live on one?ˉs wife);吃醋(jealous)、吃老本(draw on your past);吃苦、吃驚、吃香(popular)、吃官司;吃飯館、吃食堂
?傍大款/富婆(find a sugar daddy/mummy)
搭配習(xí)慣 2 ?翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意:
?--During emergency, people should use the stairs instead of the elevator.?緊急狀況下,人們應(yīng)該走樓道,不要乘電梯。
詞序?qū)Ρ?例子:
He was daring and resourceful besides being a fine shot.屢戰(zhàn)屢敗 屢敗屢戰(zhàn)
有什么吃什么
吃什么有什么
John did not marry Mary because he loved her.狀語及定語的位置;大小 前后;因果順序;否定轉(zhuǎn)移;語序的靈活與相對固定