第一篇：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告(出租車計(jì)價(jià)器).

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告 題 目 新型出租車計(jì)價(jià)器控制電路設(shè)計(jì) 姓 名 牛敏 學(xué) 號(hào) 120433322 專 業(yè) 班 級(jí) 電氣 123 指 導(dǎo) 老 師 黃俊梅

電子工程系電氣自動(dòng)化教研室 2014年 12月 2 日 一.選題背景和意義

隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展, 人民生活水平的顯著提高, 我國(guó)出租汽車行業(yè)迅 猛發(fā)展,出租汽車已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)城 市公共交通的重要組成部分和現(xiàn)代化城市必 備的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施, 成為人們工作、生活中不可缺少的交通工具。出租汽車服務(wù)行業(yè) 和出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器緊密相關(guān), 因?yàn)槌鲎馄嚤仨毎惭b出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器才能投入營(yíng) 運(yùn)。出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是一種能根據(jù)乘客乘坐汽車行駛距離和等候時(shí)間的多少進(jìn)行 計(jì)價(jià), 并直接顯示車費(fèi)值的計(jì)量器具。計(jì)價(jià)器是出租汽車的經(jīng)營(yíng)者和乘坐出租汽 車的消費(fèi)者之間用于公平貿(mào)易結(jié)算的工具, 因而計(jì)價(jià)器計(jì)價(jià)準(zhǔn)確與否, 直接關(guān)系 到經(jīng)營(yíng)者和消費(fèi)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。依據(jù)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律、法規(guī), 出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是列 入國(guó)家首批強(qiáng)制檢定的工作計(jì)量器具之一, 也是近年來(lái)國(guó)家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督部門強(qiáng) 化管理的六類重點(diǎn)計(jì)量器具之一。

二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)

出租車行業(yè)在我國(guó)是八十年代初興起的一項(xiàng)新興行業(yè),隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì) 的高速發(fā)展, 出租汽車已成為城市公共交通的重要組成部分。多年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)普遍使 用的計(jì)價(jià)器只具備單一的計(jì)量功能。目前全世界的計(jì)價(jià)器中有 90%為臺(tái)灣所生 產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)今我國(guó)生產(chǎn)計(jì)價(jià)器的企業(yè)有上百家,主要是集中在北京,上海,沈陽(yáng)和廣 州等地。當(dāng)單片機(jī)出現(xiàn)并應(yīng)用于計(jì)價(jià)器后, 現(xiàn)代出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的模型也就基本具 備了,它可以完成計(jì)程,計(jì)價(jià),顯示等基本工作。單片機(jī)以及外圍芯片的不斷發(fā) 展促進(jìn)了計(jì)價(jià)器的發(fā)展。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器在最初使用時(shí)具備的主要功能是根據(jù)行駛 里程計(jì)價(jià),要求精度高,可靠性好。

三、研究的內(nèi)容及可行性分析 1.研究的內(nèi)容 : 計(jì)價(jià)器顯示的營(yíng)運(yùn)金額是營(yíng)運(yùn)里程與價(jià)格的函數(shù)(等候時(shí)間一般折算成一 定比例的里程來(lái)計(jì)算。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器通過(guò)傳感器與行駛車輛連接。出租汽車的 實(shí)際里程通過(guò)傳感器的脈沖信號(hào)在計(jì)價(jià)器里折算成一定的計(jì)價(jià)營(yíng)運(yùn)里程。針對(duì)這 一點(diǎn)我們來(lái)利用單片機(jī)作為控制核心,設(shè)計(jì)一款出租車計(jì)價(jià)器,具有計(jì)價(jià)顯示、等待時(shí)間計(jì)價(jià),公里數(shù)顯示,時(shí)間顯示等相關(guān)功能。

2設(shè)計(jì)要求 :(1 4位數(shù)碼管用于實(shí)時(shí)顯示行車?yán)锍虜?shù)(0.0,單位為公里;4位數(shù)碼管用 于實(shí)時(shí)顯示金額數(shù)(000.0,單位為元。

(2規(guī)定白天出租車單程價(jià)格為 1.5元 /公里 , 往返則價(jià)格為 1.0元每公里。夜間出租車單程價(jià)格為 1.8元 /公里 , 往返則價(jià)格為 1.2元每公里。設(shè)置單程往返 按鍵。

(3 起步公里數(shù)為 3公里, 價(jià)格為 10元, 若實(shí)際運(yùn)行大于 3公里, 按 “基 本要求 2”計(jì)算價(jià)格。

2.設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù) :

1.單片機(jī)控制電路原理與設(shè)計(jì)

2.鍵盤電路原理與設(shè)計(jì)---按鈕來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)乘車方式、狀態(tài)操作、查詢、清除、參數(shù) 調(diào)整等操作。

3.車速檢測(cè)與里程計(jì)算電路原理與設(shè)計(jì)---霍爾傳感器輸出的里程信號(hào)經(jīng)過(guò)光耦 隔離后送到計(jì)量 CPU 的外部中斷 1, 計(jì)量 CPU 通過(guò)中斷計(jì)數(shù)并和 K 值進(jìn)行相關(guān)運(yùn) 算得出行駛里程和車速。

4.數(shù)碼管顯示電路原理與設(shè)計(jì);5.蜂鳴提示原理與設(shè)計(jì)---利用普通蜂鳴器來(lái)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音提示;為了避免司機(jī)由于 工作緊張而無(wú)法確定是否按下各個(gè)按鈕,我們?cè)黾恿朔澍Q提示功能。6.軟件編程, protues 仿真模擬 四總體設(shè)計(jì)方案

實(shí)驗(yàn)箱有六個(gè)數(shù)碼管,故起步價(jià)、大的費(fèi)用以及單價(jià)均由 P4、P5(即最左 邊兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管顯示,里程由 P2、P3(即中間兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管顯示,脈沖計(jì)數(shù)由 P0、P1(即最右邊兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管顯示。由于缺少霍爾傳感器,因此只能通過(guò)輸入 脈沖模擬。因此電路由時(shí)鐘脈沖電路(8MHZ 接 P1.0、復(fù)位電路、數(shù)碼管顯示電 路構(gòu)成。

2-1 出租車計(jì)價(jià)器總體設(shè)計(jì)圖

2-2 單片機(jī)單元框圖 五計(jì)價(jià)器設(shè)計(jì)思想 5.1具體設(shè)計(jì)思想

利用 80C51單片機(jī)控制出租車計(jì)價(jià)系統(tǒng)工作。

單片機(jī) P1.0口作為脈沖輸入。8255的 PB 口連接一個(gè) 74LS245芯片(雙向 總線驅(qū)動(dòng)器 ,再與外部六個(gè)數(shù)碼管連接, PB 口連接一個(gè) 74LS245芯片與 6個(gè)數(shù) 碼管的公共 COM 端連接, 用于選擇數(shù)據(jù)輸出的地址, 這樣就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)起始價(jià)、單 價(jià)、里程、脈沖計(jì)數(shù)的動(dòng)態(tài)顯示,并且節(jié)省了端口數(shù)。數(shù)碼管的段控制信號(hào)是由 8255的 PB 口經(jīng) 74LS245緩沖器后輸出得到, 6位位控制信號(hào)由 8255的 PA 口經(jīng) 74LS245緩沖器后輸出得到。鍵盤電路由 8255構(gòu)成,其中 8255的 PC0-PC3作為 矩陣式鍵盤行掃描線, 8255的 PA 口為矩陣鍵盤列入線。

5.2計(jì)價(jià)器相應(yīng)控制

通過(guò)軟件編程實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)價(jià)器起始價(jià)、單價(jià)、脈沖技術(shù)的顯示以及按下相應(yīng)鍵實(shí) 現(xiàn)開始暫停、設(shè)置單價(jià)、復(fù)位功能,各個(gè)鍵按下的功能如表 2-2所示。

在白天,不用調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)格,當(dāng)里程超過(guò) 3公里即按照每公里 1.5元計(jì)算, 3公 里以內(nèi)則均按起始價(jià) 10元計(jì)費(fèi)。操作如下:白天只要顧客上車,就按下 0鍵, 到達(dá)目的地按下 E 鍵,然后讀數(shù)碼管上的 L6、L5(最左邊兩位數(shù)碼管即為費(fèi) 用,中間兩位即為里程。顧客付費(fèi)完后按下 F 鍵復(fù)位,恢復(fù)起始價(jià)格,等待下一 個(gè)顧客的到來(lái)。

在晚上, 由于夜間行車風(fēng)顯以及司機(jī)加班狀態(tài), 3公里內(nèi)還是按照起始價(jià) 10元計(jì)費(fèi);超過(guò) 3公里則按照每公里 1.2元計(jì)價(jià)。操作如下:按下 2鍵顯示單程 1.8元 /公里,按下 3鍵確定往返是 1.2元 /公里并恢復(fù)起始價(jià) 10元,待顧客上 車按 0鍵開始計(jì)價(jià),到達(dá)目的地按下 E 鍵,然后讀數(shù)碼管上的 L6、L5(最左邊

兩位數(shù)碼管即為費(fèi)用,中間兩位即為里程。顧客付費(fèi)完后按下 F 鍵復(fù)位,恢復(fù) 起始價(jià)格,等待下一個(gè)顧客的到來(lái)。

5.3出租車計(jì)價(jià)顯示電路

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器顯示電路主要由代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)。顯示電路如下圖所示。

圖 3-7 出租車計(jì)價(jià)器顯示電路

六、工作進(jìn)度

1.查閱資料,撰寫開題報(bào)告 第 1周~第 2周 2.英文資料翻譯 第 3周~第 4周

3.查閱相關(guān)資料,設(shè)計(jì)總體方案 第 5周~第 6周

4.熟悉單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)硬件電路 第 7周~第 10周 5.熟悉 proteus 或 protel 電路設(shè)計(jì)軟件,畫出電路圖 第 11周~第 13周 6.編寫并調(diào)試程序,模擬實(shí)現(xiàn)部分控制功能 第 14周~第 15周 7.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)審查、畢業(yè)答辯 第 16周~第 17周

七、參考文獻(xiàn)

[1].馮先成, 常翠芝.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) [M].北京:北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社, 2009.[2].元增民.模擬電子技術(shù) [M].北京:中國(guó)電力出版社, 2009.[3].南建輝等.MCS-51單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用實(shí)例 [M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社, 2004.3.[4] 王幸之等.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)抗干擾技術(shù) [M].北京:北京航空航天大學(xué)出版 社，2000.[5] 童詩(shī)白,等.仿真電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.[6] 張毅剛.單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用.北京:高等教育出版社,2004.[7] 李秉操.單片機(jī)接口技術(shù)及在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用[M].陜西:陜西電子出版 社,1992.[8] 丁元杰.單片微機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用(第二版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2002 [9] 蔡惟錚.集成電子技術(shù).哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，2003.[10]馮博情,吳寧.微型計(jì)算機(jī)原理與接口技術(shù).北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2010.題目 新型出租車計(jì)價(jià)器控制電路 進(jìn) 度 安 排（1）2014 年 10 月——2014 年 11 月：進(jìn)一步收集和閱讀與論文相關(guān)的 資料。（2）2014 年 10 月——2014 年 11 月：根據(jù)閱讀的資料，構(gòu)思畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 框架。（3）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：初步設(shè)計(jì)出 kappa 值軟測(cè)量數(shù) 學(xué)模型。（4）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：根據(jù)老師的安排安排思路。（5）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：實(shí)驗(yàn)、分析實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,改進(jìn)數(shù)學(xué) 模型。（6）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：確定論文最終方案及完成論文 的撰寫。（7）2014 年 12 月：準(zhǔn)備答辯。指導(dǎo)老師意見： 簽字： 年 月 日

第二篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.

第三篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來(lái)已成為一個(gè)大問(wèn)題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)部分，在某些國(guó)家出租車用來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，送人們從一個(gè)地方到另外一個(gè)地方。例如，出租車的四個(gè)席位可攜帶四個(gè)不同的沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計(jì)價(jià)以確定所需的票價(jià)，把每個(gè)乘客的計(jì)費(fèi)分開，這已成為一個(gè)非常困難的問(wèn)題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國(guó)家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財(cái)政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計(jì)程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個(gè)席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車?，F(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計(jì)價(jià)，已經(jīng)變得非常，國(guó)家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計(jì)出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一問(wèn)題，國(guó)家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計(jì)稅，每個(gè)座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計(jì)程表，可處理超過(guò)一名乘客同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說(shuō)的長(zhǎng)期旅客指一個(gè)人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時(shí)也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計(jì)價(jià)，不是簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，一個(gè)多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個(gè)先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動(dòng)計(jì)算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個(gè)例子，我們將介紹一個(gè)完整的三通道計(jì)價(jià)。框圖以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計(jì)價(jià)功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈(zèng)款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。2.實(shí)驗(yàn)

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計(jì)價(jià)而不僅僅是只顯示三個(gè)讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來(lái)自動(dòng)改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會(huì)分成兩個(gè)主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個(gè)傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個(gè)脈沖的頻率會(huì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個(gè)速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來(lái)檢測(cè)出租車的運(yùn)動(dòng)，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過(guò)一個(gè)通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個(gè)輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時(shí)限于價(jià)值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個(gè)齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計(jì)費(fèi)到時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式的開關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個(gè)建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元。控制和顯示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營(yíng)的士以及四個(gè)可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個(gè)會(huì)給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開關(guān)1，第2和第3個(gè)，按順時(shí)針/逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)。在充分逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時(shí)針?lè)较騽t是未定義的，清除為零，對(duì)于第一第二第三的乘客分別計(jì)費(fèi)。第四號(hào)推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過(guò)釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個(gè)單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。

描述的主要電子電路

電路一般框圖主要電子電路。它由五個(gè)部分指定的電腦符號(hào)與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個(gè)支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時(shí)間電路CT3，時(shí)鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測(cè)電路CT1，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個(gè)輸出：1，2和3相對(duì)應(yīng)于三個(gè)輸出J，K和L。

這個(gè)循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個(gè)或者2，3個(gè)乘客分別租用出租車。這個(gè)組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個(gè)乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以一個(gè)完全順時(shí)針?lè)较颉＿@將自動(dòng)斷開相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個(gè)從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個(gè)輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個(gè)組合電路，我們開始設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，上述源性表達(dá)。它包括兩個(gè)變頻器，4個(gè)2輸入和3輸入以及2個(gè)3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2 如圖所示的方框圖圖4，電路CT2有4個(gè)輸入J，K，L及E和1個(gè)輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價(jià)按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個(gè)表格2里面。

這個(gè)環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級(jí)別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路顯示，三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器，作為一個(gè)三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個(gè)自動(dòng)選定的電壓一級(jí)終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，上述功能如圖6。它包括三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器7490，一個(gè)聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個(gè)4輸入和1個(gè)3輸入以及1個(gè)2輸入和2個(gè)3輸入或門。

時(shí)間縮放電路CT3.時(shí)間縮放電路含有4個(gè)輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個(gè)輸出端N，這個(gè)電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時(shí)間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時(shí)，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時(shí)間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個(gè)十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)器7490，2個(gè)3輸入與門和一個(gè)5輸入與門，1個(gè)2輸入與門和一個(gè)3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時(shí)鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無(wú)論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰(shuí)發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個(gè)脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個(gè)反向計(jì)數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號(hào)為7476，包括三個(gè)變頻器，三個(gè)2輸入與門，一個(gè)3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個(gè)3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級(jí)電壓。這個(gè)門信號(hào)將被連接到計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝?，第二或第三個(gè)脈沖由漣波計(jì)數(shù)器開始計(jì)數(shù)，J,K,L端會(huì)分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來(lái)使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷?。因此? KHz信號(hào)沒(méi)有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時(shí)，觸發(fā)器要清零。對(duì)于功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會(huì)以一個(gè)成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來(lái)解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個(gè)4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個(gè)乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個(gè)六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。一種可能的接線圖的顯示電路。以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)所選擇的開關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過(guò)5伏電壓來(lái)分別控制1，第2和3終端。對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示通過(guò)供應(yīng)低級(jí)電壓通過(guò)終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級(jí)狀態(tài)下重置為零對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示分別通過(guò)終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對(duì)應(yīng)的乘客那里計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的計(jì)數(shù)款額，計(jì)數(shù)脈沖這三個(gè)顯示器通過(guò)終端提供總額。計(jì)數(shù)器還將通過(guò)終端P為3個(gè)顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個(gè)顯示器中任意一個(gè)是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來(lái)。

時(shí)間和距離變化時(shí)車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時(shí)間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計(jì)價(jià)的費(fèi)用低于以時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時(shí)，采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)。從此，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的票價(jià)表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動(dòng)速度小于50米/分時(shí)應(yīng)該采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開關(guān)行動(dòng)，它包含一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速限位開關(guān)和一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個(gè)2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過(guò)50RMP的時(shí)候才會(huì)打開。第二個(gè)改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計(jì)費(fèi)開關(guān)就會(huì)處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān)

功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個(gè)桿就有4個(gè)板連接著3個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，每個(gè)符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個(gè)切換到完全順時(shí)針?lè)较驅(qū)⑼ㄟ^(guò)5個(gè)職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)可以說(shuō)是從第一的位置通過(guò)直到達(dá)到最后的立場(chǎng)如下：

初始位置：在這個(gè)位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來(lái)自三個(gè)中一個(gè)顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個(gè)顯示器，乘客檢測(cè)電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個(gè)高等級(jí)的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無(wú)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。

第四篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器調(diào)試報(bào)告

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器調(diào)試報(bào)告

本設(shè)計(jì)可分為單片機(jī)主控模塊、鍵盤、顯示器、溫度檢測(cè)、狀態(tài)指示、時(shí)鐘日歷、語(yǔ)音收錄播報(bào)、分頻器電路、脈沖信號(hào)發(fā)生器等9部分。仔細(xì)分析系統(tǒng)的工作原理，分別按照模塊在系統(tǒng)中的作用，對(duì)各個(gè)模塊分別單獨(dú)調(diào)試，最后形成該系統(tǒng)的用戶程序，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求。

一、接通電源

調(diào)試要求：1.首先仔細(xì)檢查該系統(tǒng)板的電源和地是否有短路問(wèn)題，在未接入電源輕快下，使用萬(wàn)用表檢驗(yàn)電源和地檢查是否短路，如果沒(méi)有短路，再仔細(xì)核查電源極性后予以通電，觀察電源指示燈D1是否點(diǎn)亮。如果電源指示的燈不亮應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉電源，并用手觸摸各個(gè)芯片，檢查是否用某芯片發(fā)熱。如果沒(méi)有發(fā)熱的器件，很可能是電源指示二極管極性安裝錯(cuò)誤，或者是該發(fā)光二極管的串聯(lián)電阻阻值偏大。

2.黑板上調(diào)試要求：(1)焊接好電路板加電前，用萬(wàn)用表測(cè)量板上Vcc 和

GND之間的電阻，應(yīng)大于1KΩ

(2)加電后測(cè)量電路板上各電壓，應(yīng)大于4.2V 調(diào)試結(jié)果：1.經(jīng)萬(wàn)用表檢驗(yàn)，電路板無(wú)短路問(wèn)題。

2.通電后，D1指示燈點(diǎn)亮。

3.測(cè)量Vcc 與 地之間的電阻，1.14KΩ ＞ 1KΩ

4.測(cè)量Vcc與 地之間的電壓：4.28V ＞ 4.20V

二、測(cè)試狀態(tài)指示

本系統(tǒng)中狀態(tài)指示二極管共有3個(gè)，它們分別是D1、D2、D3。D1是指示電源的，可以在電源接通時(shí)直接看到，D2用于指示語(yǔ)音芯片的工作狀態(tài)，留作語(yǔ)音模塊調(diào)試時(shí)觀察。D3是可以由單片機(jī)的引腳控制的。

編寫測(cè)試D3的程序： #include #include

sbit a_c=P1^0;extern serial_initial();

main(){ serial_initial();a_c=0;while(1);}

測(cè)試結(jié)果： 1.2.三、脈沖信號(hào)發(fā)生器測(cè)試

測(cè)試要求：該模塊由5G555芯片構(gòu)成一個(gè)多諧振蕩器，使用示波器觀察該芯片的第3引腳的波形，并調(diào)節(jié)電位器W1，觀察輸出波形及頻率變化。

測(cè)試結(jié)果：

調(diào)整W1前，f=147.1Hz

調(diào)整W1后，f=130.5Hz

四、分頻電路測(cè)試

測(cè)試要求：該模塊由一個(gè)4位二進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)器74HC161和一個(gè)多路選擇器74HC153構(gòu)成。調(diào)試時(shí)可以利用由5G555芯片構(gòu)成一個(gè)多諧振蕩器的輸出，或信號(hào)發(fā)生器作為計(jì)數(shù)器74HC161的計(jì)數(shù)輸入信號(hào)。值得注意的是控制多路選擇器74HC153的S0、S1與單片機(jī)調(diào)試時(shí)所使用的引腳復(fù)用，要采取特殊措施才能正確試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)。

測(cè)試結(jié)果：利用函數(shù)信號(hào)發(fā)生器生成一個(gè)方波，周期/頻率如圖：

其在輸出端輸出的波形為：

f1=3.881kHz

f2 =1.235kHz 分頻功能無(wú)誤。

五、鍵盤測(cè)試

測(cè)試要求：本系統(tǒng)相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單，僅有5個(gè)按鍵，其中4個(gè)為系統(tǒng)功能鍵，它們分別是S1、S2、S3、S4，另一個(gè)是系統(tǒng)復(fù)位按鍵S6。對(duì)于系統(tǒng)復(fù)位按鍵S6可以在上電之后，使用萬(wàn)用表予以檢查，按下該按鍵，單片機(jī)的第9腳應(yīng)該為高電平，釋放后應(yīng)該為點(diǎn)電平。

對(duì)于系統(tǒng)功能鍵，編寫如下程序予以測(cè)試檢查：

#include #include #include #include #define SEGMENT XBYTE[0x0c000]

#define BIT_LED XBYTE[0x0a000] void display();sbit k1=P1^0;sbit k2=P1^1;sbit k3=P1^2;sbit k4=P1^3;unsigned char a;unsigned

char table[]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x67,0x40,0x00,0x63,0x39,};void delay(unsigned int i);main(){ while(1){ if(k1==0)a=0x06;if(k2==0)a=0x5b;if(k3==0)a=0x4f;if(k4==0)a=0x66;display();} } 測(cè)試結(jié)果：對(duì)于復(fù)位鍵S6，按下前應(yīng)為低電平，按下后應(yīng)為高電平

按下前

按下后

對(duì)于S1—S4，按下前為高電平，按下后為低電平。其測(cè)試結(jié)果均符合預(yù)期。

六、動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)碼管測(cè)試

測(cè)試要求：本系統(tǒng)中的數(shù)碼管的原理采用的是動(dòng)態(tài)掃描方式，即某一時(shí)刻只用一個(gè)數(shù)碼管在顯示，利用人的視覺(jué)暫留特性，讓數(shù)碼管高速輪流顯示，達(dá)到完整顯示的目的。

編寫如下程序進(jìn)行測(cè)試： #include #include #include #include #define SEGMENT XBYTE[0x0c000]

#define BIT_LED XBYTE[0x0a000] void displayhello();sbit k1=P1^0;sbit k2=P1^1;sbit k3=P1^2;sbit k4=P1^3;unsigned char a;unsigned char table[]={0x06,0x06,0x3f,0x3e,0x79,0x6e,0x3f,0x3e,0x7f,0x67,0x40,0x00,0x63,0x39,};void delayms(unsigned int i);main(){ while(1){ displayhello();} }

void displayhello(){

unsigned char BIT=1;

unsigned int i;

BIT_LED=1;

for(i=0;i<=7;i++)

{

SEGMENT=table[i];

BIT_LED=BIT;

BIT=BIT<<1;

delayms(1);

}

} void delayms(unsigned int i){ unsigned int n;while(i--){

for(n=0;n<125;n++);

} }

測(cè)試結(jié)果：顯示“I love you”

由于是動(dòng)態(tài)顯示，所以按下復(fù)位鍵后，只有一個(gè)數(shù)碼管點(diǎn)亮

七、溫度傳感器測(cè)試

測(cè)試要求：本系統(tǒng)使用的是一款單線溫度傳感器（DS18B20），可將溫度穿換成12的數(shù)字量，以表示溫度。

編寫如下程序予以測(cè)試檢查： #include #include #include #include #define SEGMENT XBYTE[0x0c000]

//段碼寄存器地址 #define BIT_LED XBYTE[0x0a000]

//位碼寄存器地址 #define fosc 11.0592

unsigned char table[]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x67,0x40,0x00,0x63,0x39,};//分別顯示0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-o C

unsigned char table1[]={0xbf,0x86,0xdb,0xcf,0xe6,0xed,0xfd,0x87,0xff,0xef};//分別顯示0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.unsigned char table2[]={0x76,0x79,0x38,0x38,0x3f};sbit k1=P1^0;sbit k2=P1^1;sbit k3=P1^2;unsigned char data display_buffer[13];unsigned char bdata data_ds1302;

unsigned char disbuf[]={0,0,0,0};sbit k4=P1^3;

sbit TMDAT=P3^4;

//溫度入口

void dmsec(unsigned int count);void tmreset(void);

//ds18b20 reset void tmstart(void);

// void tmrtemp(void);void Disbuf(unsigned int temper);void displaytemper();void delay(unsigned int);main(){ display_buffer[0]=0x01;

display_buffer[1]=0x00;

display_buffer[2]=0x00;display_buffer[3]=0x08;

display_buffer[4]=0x05;

display_buffer[5]=0x00;display_buffer[6]=0x01;

display_buffer[7]=0x04;

display_buffer[8]=0x00;display_buffer[9]=0x05;

display_buffer[10]=0x00;

display_buffer[11]=0x01;

display_buffer[12]=0x04;while(1){ tmstart();

tmrtemp();

displaytemper();} }

void tmreset(void){

unsigned int i;

TMDAT = 0;

i = 103;while(i>0)i--;

TMDAT = 1;

i = 4;while(i>0)i--;}

void tmpre(void){

unsigned int i;

while(TMDAT);

while(~TMDAT);

i = 4;while(i>0)i--;}

bit tmrbit(void){

// ds1820

// Reset TX

unsigned int i;

bit dat;

TMDAT = 0;i++;

TMDAT = 1;i++;i++;

dat = TMDAT;

i = 8;while(i>0)i--;

return(dat);}

unsigned char tmrbyte(void){

unsigned char i,j,dat;

dat = 0;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

j = tmrbit();

dat =(j << 7)|(dat >> 1);

}

return(dat);}

void tmwbyte(unsigned char dat){

unsigned int i;

unsigned char j;

bit testb;

for(j=1;j<=8;j++){

testb = dat & 0x01;

dat = dat >> 1;

if(testb){

TMDAT = 0;

i++;i++;

TMDAT = 1;

i = 8;while(i>0)i--;

}

else {

TMDAT = 0;

i = 8;while(i>0)i--;

TMDAT = 1;

i++;i++;

}

} }

void tmstart(void){

tmreset();

tmpre();

// ds1820

displaytemper();//delay(100);

tmwbyte(0xcc);

tmwbyte(0x44);

}

void tmrtemp(void){

unsigned char a,xiao,b,y1,y2,y3;

tmreset();

tmpre();

delay(1);

tmwbyte(0xcc);

tmwbyte(0xbe);

a = tmrbyte();

b = tmrbyte();

xiao=a&0x0f;//小數(shù)部分

y1=a>>4;

y2=b<<4;

y3=y1|y2;if((b&0x0f8)==0x0f8)

{y3=~y3+1;

disbuf[0]=10;//顯示符號(hào)

disbuf[1]=y3/10;

disbuf[2]=y3%10;

disbuf[3]=xiao*10*0.0625;} else

disbuf[0]=11;//不顯示

disbuf[1]=y3/10;

disbuf[2]=y3%10;

disbuf[3]=xiao*10*0.0625;}

void displaytemper()

//溫度顯示函數(shù)

{ unsigned int i;unsigned char e=0x01;//<<1;for(i=1;i<6;i++)

{ switch(i)

{

case 1:{SEGMENT=table[disbuf[1]];BIT_LED=e;break;}

case 2:{SEGMENT=table1[disbuf[2]];BIT_LED=e;break;}

case 3:{SEGMENT=table[disbuf[3]];BIT_LED=e;break;}

case 4:{SEGMENT=table[12];BIT_LED=e;break;}

case 5:{SEGMENT=table[13];BIT_LED=e;break;}

}

e=e<<1;

delay(80);

}

BIT_LED=0;

}

void delay(unsigned int i)

//delay函數(shù) {

while(i--);}

測(cè)試結(jié)果：

經(jīng)傳感器及數(shù)碼管延時(shí)，溫度重新顯示

八、時(shí)鐘日歷測(cè)試

測(cè)試要求：本系統(tǒng)使用了時(shí)鐘日歷專用芯片，該芯片是以串行方式實(shí)現(xiàn)控制和數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)摹?/p>

編寫如下程序進(jìn)行測(cè)試： #include #include #include #include #define SEGMENT XBYTE[0x0c000]

//段碼寄存器地址 #define BIT_LED XBYTE[0x0a000]

//位碼寄存器地址 #define fosc 11.0592

unsigned char table[]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x67,0x40,0x00,0x63,0x39,};unsigned char table1[]={0xbf,0x86,0xdb,0xcf,0xe6,0xed,0xfd,0x87,0xff,0xef};unsigned char table2[]={0x76,0x79,0x38,0x38,0x3f};sbit k1=P1^0;sbit k2=P1^1;sbit k3=P1^2;sbit k4=P1^3;//利用開關(guān)量實(shí)現(xiàn)切換

//頻率變量及子函數(shù)預(yù)定義 void displayfreq();void read_freq();unsigned char tcount=0,timecount=0;unsigned long freq=0.0;bit freqflag=0;unsigned char fr[6];unsigned int i=0,x=0;

//日期變量及子函數(shù)預(yù)定義 sbit SCL_ds1302=P2^0;sbit IO_ds1302=P2^1;sbit RST_ds1302=P2^2;

unsigned char data display_buffer[13];unsigned char bdata data_ds1302;

//傳輸符

unsigned char disbuf[]={0,0,0,0};void open_write_bit();void initial_ds1302();unsigned char read_ds1302(char command);void close_write_bit();void read_time();void set_time();void delay(unsigned int i);void delayms(unsigned int i);void displaytime();void displaydate();main(){ initial_ds1302();

//上電走時(shí)

read_time();

//讀取當(dāng)前時(shí)間，放到數(shù)組中

display_buffer[0]=0x01;

display_buffer[1]=0x05;

display_buffer[2]=0x01;display_buffer[3]=0x07;

display_buffer[4]=0x04;

display_buffer[5]=0x00;display_buffer[6]=0x01;

display_buffer[7]=0x06;

display_buffer[8]=0x00;display_buffer[9]=0x05;

display_buffer[10]=0x00;

display_buffer[11]=0x01;

display_buffer[12]=0x04;

set_time();

//設(shè)置時(shí)間

while(1){

if(k1==0)

{

while(1){

read_time();

displaytime();

if(k2==0)break;

}

}

read_time();

displaydate();} }

void close_write_bit()//close write { unsigned int i;

SCL_ds1302=0;

_nop_();

RST_ds1302=1;_nop_();_nop_();data_ds1302=0x8e;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=(data_ds1302&0x01);

_nop_();

SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} data_ds1302=0x80;

IO_ds1302=0;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=(data_ds1302&0x01);

_nop_();

SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} }

void open_write_bit()//open write { unsigned int i;SCL_ds1302=0;_nop_();

//打開寫保護(hù)//關(guān)閉寫保護(hù)

RST_ds1302=1;_nop_();_nop_();data_ds1302=0x8e;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;

_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} data_ds1302=0x00;

//0x00，書上為0x80 IO_ds1302=0;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;

_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} }

void initial_ds1302()

//初始化函數(shù) { unsigned int i;SCL_ds1302=0;_nop_();RST_ds1302=1;_nop_();_nop_();data_ds1302=0x8e;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;

_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} IO_ds1302=0;data_ds1302=0x00;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;

_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} RST_ds1302=0;SCL_ds1302=0;_nop_();RST_ds1302=1;_nop_();_nop_();data_ds1302=0x90;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){ SCL_ds1302=0;IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;}

data_ds1302=0x0a4;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){ SCL_ds1302=0;IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} RST_ds1302=0;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=0;_nop_();RST_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=0x8e;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){ SCL_ds1302=0;IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;}

data_ds1302=0x80;

for(i=1;i<=8;i++){ SCL_ds1302=0;IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} RST_ds1302=0;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=0;}

unsigned char read_ds1302(char command)

//read函數(shù) { unsigned int i;data_ds1302=command;SCL_ds1302=0;_nop_();RST_ds1302=1;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;}

SCL_ds1302=1;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

if(IO_ds1302)data_ds1302=(data_ds1302>>1)|0x80;

//送入到data_ds1302中，準(zhǔn)備送出

else data_ds1302>>=1;SCL_ds1302=1;} RST_ds1302=0;_nop_();SCL_ds1302=0;return(data_ds1302);}

void write_ds1302(unsigned char address,unsigned char numb){

unsigned int i;

SCL_ds1302=0;

RST_ds1302=0;

RST_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=address;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;

//送入寫地址

_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} data_ds1302=numb;for(i=1;i<=8;i++){

SCL_ds1302=0;

IO_ds1302=data_ds1302&0x01;

_nop_();SCL_ds1302=1;

data_ds1302=data_ds1302>>1;} } void read_time(){ unsigned char second,minte,hour,d,date,month,year,zhou;second=0x81;

//讀秒

d=read_ds1302(second);display_buffer[5]=d&0x0f;display_buffer[4]=d>>4;minte=0x83;

//讀分

d=read_ds1302(minte);display_buffer[3]=d&0x0f;display_buffer[2]=d>>4;hour=0x85;

//讀時(shí)

d=read_ds1302(hour);display_buffer[1]=d&0x0f;display_buffer[0]=d>>4;year=0x8d;

//讀年

d=read_ds1302(year);display_buffer[7]=d&0x0f;display_buffer[6]=d>>4;month=0x89;

//讀月

d=read_ds1302(month);display_buffer[9]=d&0x0f;display_buffer[8]=d>>4;

//送入寫的內(nèi)容

zhou=0x8b;

//讀周d=read_ds1302(zhou);display_buffer[12]=d;date=0x87;

//讀日期

d=read_ds1302(date);display_buffer[11]=d&0x0f;display_buffer[10]=d>>4;}

void set_time(){ unsigned char data temp;unsigned char data hour_address=0x84,minte_address=0x82,second_address=0x80,date_address=0x86,month_address=0x88,zhou_address=0x8a,year_address=0x8c;//各個(gè)時(shí)間量的地址

open_write_bit();

temp=(display_buffer[0]<<4)|display_buffer[1];write_ds1302(hour_address,temp);

//寫小時(shí)

temp=(display_buffer[2]<<4)|display_buffer[3];write_ds1302(minte_address,temp);

//寫分鐘

temp=(display_buffer[4]<<4)|display_buffer[5];write_ds1302(second_address,temp);

//寫秒

temp=(display_buffer[6]<<4)|display_buffer[7];write_ds1302(year_address,temp);

//寫年

temp=(display_buffer[8]<<4)|display_buffer[9];write_ds1302(month_address,temp);

//寫月

temp=display_buffer[12];write_ds1302(zhou_address,temp);

//寫周temp=(display_buffer[10]<<4)|display_buffer[11];write_ds1302(date_address,temp);

//寫日期

close_write_bit();

}

void delay(unsigned int i)

//delay函數(shù) {

while(i--);}

void delayms(unsigned int i){ unsigned int n;while(i--){

for(n=0;n<125;n++);

} }

void displaytime(){ unsigned char e=0x01;unsigned int i;BIT_LED=0;

for(i=0;i<=5;i++){

if(i==5||i%2==0||i==11)

SEGMENT=table[display_buffer[i]];

else

SEGMENT=table1[display_buffer[i]];

BIT_LED=e;

e<<=1;

delayms(1);

}

}

void displaydate(){ unsigned char e=0x01;unsigned int i;BIT_LED=0;

for(i=6;i<=13;i++){

if(i==7||i==9)

SEGMENT=table1[display_buffer[i]];

else if(i==12)

SEGMENT=table[10];

else if(i==13)

SEGMENT=table[display_buffer[i-1]];

else

SEGMENT=table[display_buffer[i]];

BIT_LED=e;

e<<=1;delayms(1);

}

}

測(cè)試結(jié)果：

S1，S2實(shí)現(xiàn)年月日周與時(shí)分秒的切換

九、語(yǔ)音收錄播報(bào)測(cè)試：

測(cè)試要求：本系統(tǒng)中使用的是語(yǔ)音專用芯片IDS1760芯片，該芯片是以串行方式實(shí)現(xiàn)控制和數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)摹?/p>

編寫如下程序進(jìn)行測(cè)試： #include #include #include #define uchar unsigned char #define uint unsigned int

unsigned char bdata SR0_L;unsigned char bdata SR0_H;unsigned char bdata SR1;unsigned char APCL=0,APCH=0;unsigned char PlayAddL=0,PlayAddH=0;unsigned char RecAddL=0,RecAddH=0;

sbit CMD=SR0_L^0;sbit FULL=SR0_L^1;sbit PU=SR0_L^2;sbit EOM=SR0_L^3;sbit INTT=SR0_L^4;sbit RDY=SR1^0;sbit ERASE=SR1^1;sbit PLAY=SR1^2;sbit REC=SR1^3;

unsigned char ISD_SendData(unsigned char dat);void ISD_PU(void);void ISD_Rd_Status(void);void ISD_WR_APC2(unsigned char apcdatl,apcdath);void ISD_SET_PLAY(unsigned char Saddl,Saddh,Eaddl,Eaddh);void ISD_SET_Rec(unsigned char Saddl,Saddh,Eaddl,Eaddh);void ISD_SET_Erase(unsigned char Saddl,Saddh,Eaddl,Eaddh);

sbit SS=P1^4;sbit SCK=P1^7;sbit MOSI=P1^5;sbit MISO=P1^6;

void Cpu_Init(void);void ISD_Init(void);void delay(unsigned int t);

void main(){ Cpu_Init();ISD_Init();

while(1){ ISD_SET_Erase(0,0,9,0);ISD_SET_Rec(0,0,9,0);ISD_SET_PLAY(0,0,9,0);} }

void Cpu_init(void){ P0=P1=P2=P3=0xff;TMOD=0x01;EA=0;} void ISD_Init(void){ uchar i=2;SS=1;SCK=1;MOSI=0;do { ISD_PU();//上電 delay(50);ISD_Rd_Status();//讀取狀態(tài)

}while(CMD||(!PU));

//if(CMD_Err==1||(PU!+1))則再次發(fā)送上電指令 ISD_WR_APC2(0x40,0x04);//將0x0440寫入APC寄存器

do { ISD_Rd_Status();}while(RDY==0);do { delay(300);delay(300);i--;}while(i>0);}

//向cpu讀回或發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)

unsigned char ISD_SendData(unsigned char dat){ unsigned char i,j,BUF_ISD=dat;SCK=1;SS=0;for(j=4;j>0;j--){;}

for(i=0;i<8;i++){ SCK=0;for(j=2;j>0;j--){;} if(BUF_ISD&0x01)

{MOSI=1;} else

{MOSI=0;} BUF_ISD>>=1;if(MISO)

{BUF_ISD|=0x80;} SCK=1;for(j=6;j>0;j--){;} } MOSI=0;return(BUF_ISD);} void ISD_PU(void){

ISD_SendData(0x01);

ISD_SendData(0x00);

SS=1;} void ISD_Rd_Status(void){ unsigned char i;ISD_SendData(0x05);ISD_SendData(0x00);ISD_SendData(0x00);SS=1;for(i=2;i>0;i--){;} SR0_L=ISD_SendData(0x05);SR0_H=ISD_SendData(0x00);SR1=ISD_SendData(0x00);SS=1;}

void ISD_WR_APC2(unsigned char apcdatl,apcdath){ ISD_SendData(0x65);ISD_SendData(apcdatl);ISD_SendData(apcdath);SS=1;}

void ISD_SET_PLAY(unsigned char Saddl,Saddh,Eaddl,Eaddh){ ISD_SendData(0x80);ISD_SendData(0x00);ISD_SendData(Saddl);ISD_SendData(Saddh);ISD_SendData(Eaddl);ISD_SendData(Eaddh);ISD_SendData(0x00);SS=1;}

void ISD_SET_Rec(unsigned char Saddl,Saddh,Eaddl,Eaddh){

ISD_SendData(0x81);ISD_SendData(0x00);ISD_SendData(Saddl);ISD_SendData(Saddh);ISD_SendData(Eaddl);ISD_SendData(Eaddh);ISD_SendData(0x00);SS=1;}

void ISD_SET_Erase(unsigned char Saddl,Saddh,Eaddl,Eaddh){ ISD_SendData(0x82);ISD_SendData(0x00);ISD_SendData(Saddl);ISD_SendData(Saddh);ISD_SendData(Eaddl);ISD_SendData(Eaddh);ISD_SendData(0x00);SS=1;} void delay(unsigned int t){ for(;t>0;t--){ TH0=0xfc;TL0=0x18;TR0=1;while(TF0!=1){;} TF0=0;TR0=0;} }

測(cè)試結(jié)果：需要在程序中設(shè)置斷點(diǎn)，完成錄音，放音再錄音放音的循環(huán)操作。

測(cè)試功能正常。

十、單片機(jī)模塊調(diào)試

測(cè)試要求：該模塊的調(diào)試很復(fù)雜，牽扯面也很多。其實(shí)通過(guò)前面各個(gè)模塊的調(diào)試，已經(jīng)大部分得到了間接地驗(yàn)證。例如在“動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)碼管測(cè)試”和“串行通訊測(cè)試”中就是用到了定時(shí)器。

如有必要可以再編寫一些測(cè)試程序。例如檢測(cè)單片機(jī)的某一口線的功能是否正常、測(cè)試某段程序運(yùn)行時(shí)間，等等。

測(cè)試結(jié)論：因單片機(jī)大部分功能在前調(diào)試方案中大部分已使用過(guò)，此處不再進(jìn)行其余調(diào)試。

第五篇：《基于單片機(jī)的出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的設(shè)計(jì)》開題報(bào)告

《基于單片機(jī)的出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的設(shè)計(jì)》開題報(bào)告

關(guān)鍵詞：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器 浙江師范大學(xué)應(yīng)用電子技術(shù)專業(yè)開題報(bào)告范文 杭州論文 開題報(bào)告

一．選題背景和意義

隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展，人民生活水平的顯著提高，城市的交通日趨完善，出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越廣泛。雖然私家車的擁有量在大幅度地提高，但是出租車還是在我國(guó)的交通運(yùn)輸中承擔(dān)著重要的角色，出租車計(jì)價(jià)器是出租車上必不可少的重要儀器，它是負(fù)責(zé)出租車營(yíng)運(yùn)收費(fèi)的專用智能化儀表。用戶不僅要求計(jì)價(jià)器性能穩(wěn)定、計(jì)價(jià)準(zhǔn)確而且對(duì)它的要求也越來(lái)越高。

近年來(lái)，我國(guó)出租汽車行業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展，出租汽車已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)城市公共交通的重要組成部分和現(xiàn)代化城市必備的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，成為人們工作、生活中不可缺少的交通工具。出租汽車服務(wù)行業(yè)和出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器緊密相關(guān)，因?yàn)槌鲎馄嚤仨毎惭b出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器才能投入營(yíng)運(yùn)。出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是一種能根據(jù)乘客乘坐汽車行駛距離和等候時(shí)間的多少進(jìn)行計(jì)價(jià)，并直接顯示車費(fèi)值的計(jì)量器具。計(jì)價(jià)器是出租汽車的經(jīng)營(yíng)者和乘坐出租汽車的消費(fèi)者之間用于公平貿(mào)易結(jié)算的工具，因而計(jì)價(jià)器計(jì)價(jià)準(zhǔn)確與否，直接關(guān)系到經(jīng)營(yíng)者和消費(fèi)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。依據(jù)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)，出租汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是列入國(guó)家首批強(qiáng)制檢定的工作計(jì)量器具之一，也是近年來(lái)國(guó)家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督部門強(qiáng)化管理的六類重點(diǎn)計(jì)量器具之一。

出租車行業(yè)在我國(guó)是八十年代初興起的一項(xiàng)新興行業(yè)，隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，出租汽車已成為城市公共交通的重要組成部分。多年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)普遍使用的計(jì)價(jià)器只具備單一的計(jì)量功能。目前全世界的計(jì)價(jià)器中有90%為臺(tái)灣所生產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)今我國(guó)生產(chǎn)計(jì)價(jià)器的企業(yè)有上百家，主要是集中在北京，上海，沈陽(yáng)和廣州等地。

在出租車是城市交通的重要組成部分，行業(yè)健康和發(fā)展也獲得越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。汽車計(jì)價(jià)器是乘客與司機(jī)雙方的交易準(zhǔn)則，它是出租車行業(yè)發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志，是出租車中最重要的工具。它關(guān)系著交易雙方的利益。具有良好性能的計(jì)價(jià)器無(wú)論是對(duì)廣大出租車司機(jī)朋友還是乘客來(lái)說(shuō)都是很必要的。

二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)

出租車行業(yè)在我國(guó)是八十年代初興起的一項(xiàng)新興行業(yè)，隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，出租汽車已成為城市公共交通的重要組成部分。多年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)普遍使用的計(jì)價(jià)器只具備單一的計(jì)量功能。目前全世界的計(jì)價(jià)器中有90%為臺(tái)灣所生產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)今我國(guó)生產(chǎn)計(jì)價(jià)器的企業(yè)有上百家，主要是集中在北京，上海，沈陽(yáng)和廣州等地。

我國(guó)的第一家生產(chǎn)計(jì)價(jià)器企業(yè)是重慶市起重機(jī)廠，最早的計(jì)價(jià)器全部采用機(jī)械齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)，只能完成簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)程功能，可以說(shuō)早期的計(jì)價(jià)器就是一個(gè)里程表。

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，產(chǎn)生了第二代計(jì)價(jià)器。它采用了手搖計(jì)算機(jī)與機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合的方式，實(shí)現(xiàn)了半機(jī)械半電子化。此時(shí)它在計(jì)程的同時(shí)還可以完成計(jì)價(jià)的工作。

大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展又產(chǎn)生了第三代計(jì)價(jià)器，也就是全電子化的計(jì)價(jià)器。它的功能也在不斷完善.當(dāng)單片機(jī)出現(xiàn)并應(yīng)用于計(jì)價(jià)器后，現(xiàn)代出租車計(jì)價(jià)器的模型也就基本具備了，它可以完成計(jì)程，計(jì)價(jià)，顯示等基本工作。單片機(jī)以及外圍芯片的不斷發(fā)展促進(jìn)了計(jì)價(jià)器的發(fā)展。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器在最初使用時(shí)具備的主要功能是根據(jù)行駛里程計(jì)價(jià)，要求精度高，可靠性好。

三、研究的內(nèi)容及可行性分析 1.研究的內(nèi)容：

計(jì)價(jià)器顯示的營(yíng)運(yùn)金額是營(yíng)運(yùn)里程與價(jià)格的函數(shù)（等候時(shí)間一般折算成一定比例的里程來(lái)計(jì)算）。出租車計(jì)價(jià)器通過(guò)傳感器與行駛車輛連接。出租汽車的實(shí)際里程通過(guò)傳感器的脈沖信號(hào)在計(jì)價(jià)器里折算成一定的計(jì)價(jià)營(yíng)運(yùn)里程。針對(duì)這一點(diǎn)我們來(lái)利用單片機(jī)作為控制核心，設(shè)計(jì)一款出租車計(jì)價(jià)器，具有計(jì)價(jià)顯示、等待時(shí)間計(jì)價(jià)，公里數(shù)顯示，時(shí)間顯示等相關(guān)功能。設(shè)計(jì)要求：

（1）、計(jì)價(jià)要求：3公里以內(nèi)10元，夜晚三公里以外每公里2.2元，白天三公里以外每公里1.8元；

（2）、能夠?qū)崟r(shí)顯示公里數(shù)和等待時(shí)間；等待時(shí)間計(jì)價(jià)要求為：等待3分鐘以內(nèi)不計(jì)價(jià)，3分鐘以外每分鐘0.5元；

（3）、具備起步和下車的語(yǔ)音提示；

2.可行性分析：

本設(shè)計(jì)采用AT89C51單片機(jī)為主控器，以A44E霍爾傳感器測(cè)距，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)出租車的多功能的計(jì)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)，并采用掉電存儲(chǔ)單元AT24C02來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)在系統(tǒng)掉電的時(shí)候保存單價(jià)和系統(tǒng)時(shí)間等信息，輸出采用8段數(shù)碼顯示管。本電路設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)價(jià)器不但能實(shí)現(xiàn)基本的計(jì)價(jià)，而且還能根據(jù)白天，黑夜，中途等待來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)單價(jià)，但同時(shí)在不計(jì)價(jià)的時(shí)候還能作為時(shí)鐘為司機(jī)同志提供方便。

四、論文擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題及難點(diǎn)

1.關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題：

1）解決里程檢測(cè)電路精度問(wèn)題；

2）解決計(jì)價(jià)器的掉電存儲(chǔ)能力和顯示的驅(qū)動(dòng)能力； 3）解決多次計(jì)價(jià)的累加和顯示問(wèn)題。2.難點(diǎn)： 對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的采集及顯示。

五、研究方法與技術(shù)路線

本設(shè)計(jì)由硬件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)兩部分組成。系統(tǒng)的硬件主要由以下幾個(gè)部件組成：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)AT89S51、AT24C02 掉電存儲(chǔ)控制、里程計(jì)算單元、總金額及單價(jià)顯示部件、串口顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、鍵盤控制部件、語(yǔ)音播報(bào)電路等，其方框原理圖如圖1所示。

1.硬件設(shè)計(jì) 1.1 單片機(jī)模塊：

AT89C51是一種帶4K字節(jié)閃爍可編程可擦除只讀存儲(chǔ)器的低電壓、高性能CMOS8位微處理器，俗稱單片機(jī)。單片機(jī)的可擦除只讀存儲(chǔ)器可以反復(fù)擦除100次。該器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存儲(chǔ)器制造技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的MCS-51指令集和輸出管腳相兼容。由于將多功能8位CPU和閃爍存儲(chǔ)器組合在單個(gè)芯片中，ATMEL的89C51是一種高效微控制器。AT89C2051是它的一種精簡(jiǎn)版本，AT89C2051是美國(guó)ATMEL公司生產(chǎn)的低電壓，高性能CMOS8位單片機(jī)，片內(nèi)含2K字節(jié)的可反復(fù)擦寫的只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器和128bytes的隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器，器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)生產(chǎn)，兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)MCS-51指令系統(tǒng)，片內(nèi)置通用8位中央處理器和Flash存儲(chǔ)單元。因?yàn)樵诘某绦蛑杏凶x取、計(jì)算、顯示等單元，2K字節(jié)的ROM可能不夠，因此我們采用AT89C51作為單片機(jī)模塊。

1.2 AT24C02 掉電存儲(chǔ)單元： 掉電

存儲(chǔ)單元的作用是在電源斷開的時(shí)候，存儲(chǔ)當(dāng)前設(shè)定的單價(jià)信息。AT24C02 是ATMEL公司的2KB 字節(jié)的電可擦除存儲(chǔ)芯片，采用兩線串行的總線和單片機(jī)通訊，電壓最低可以到2.5V，額定電流為1mA，靜態(tài)電流10Ua(5.5V)，芯片內(nèi)的資料可以在斷電的情況下保存40 年以上，而且采用8 腳的DIP 封裝，使用方便。

AT24C02的外圍電路中有R1、R2 兩個(gè)上拉電阻，其作用是減少AT24C02 的靜態(tài)功耗，由于AT24C02 的數(shù)據(jù)線和地址線是復(fù)用的，采用串口的方式傳送數(shù)據(jù)，所以只用兩根線SCL（移位脈沖）和SDA（數(shù)據(jù)/地址）與單片機(jī)傳送數(shù)據(jù)。

每當(dāng)設(shè)定一次單價(jià)，系統(tǒng)就自動(dòng)調(diào)用存儲(chǔ)程序，將單價(jià)信息保存在芯片內(nèi)；當(dāng)系統(tǒng)重新上電的時(shí)候，自動(dòng)調(diào)用讀存儲(chǔ)器程序，將存儲(chǔ)器內(nèi)的單價(jià)等信息，讀到緩存單元中，供主程序使用。

1.3 里程計(jì)算、計(jì)價(jià)單元的設(shè)計(jì)：

里程計(jì)算是通過(guò)安裝在車輪旁的霍爾傳感器A44E檢測(cè)到的信號(hào)，送到單片機(jī)，經(jīng)處理計(jì)算,送給顯示單元的。其原理如圖2傳感器測(cè)距示意圖所示。

圖 2 傳感器測(cè)距示意圖

由于A44E 屬于開關(guān)型的霍爾器件，其工作電壓范圍比較寬（4.5～18V），其輸出的信號(hào)符合TTL 電平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可以直接接到單片機(jī)的IO 端口上，而且其最高檢測(cè)頻率可達(dá)到1MHZ。

A44E 集成霍耳開關(guān)由穩(wěn)壓器A、霍耳電勢(shì)發(fā)生器(即硅霍耳片)B、差分放大器C、施密特觸發(fā)器D 和OC 門輸出E 五個(gè)基本部分組成。

在輸入端輸入電壓CC V，經(jīng)穩(wěn)壓器穩(wěn)壓后加在霍耳電勢(shì)發(fā)生器的兩端，根據(jù)霍耳效應(yīng)原理，當(dāng)霍耳片處在磁場(chǎng)中時(shí)，在垂直于磁場(chǎng)的方向通以電流，則與這二者相垂直的方向上將會(huì)產(chǎn)生霍耳電勢(shì)差H V 輸出，該H V 信號(hào)經(jīng)放大器放大后送至施密特觸發(fā)器整形，使其成為方波輸送到OC 門輸出。當(dāng)施加的磁場(chǎng)達(dá)到工作點(diǎn)(即OP B)時(shí)，觸發(fā)器輸出高電壓(相對(duì)于地電位)，使三極管導(dǎo)通，此時(shí)OC 門輸出端輸出低電壓，通常稱這種狀態(tài)為開。當(dāng)施加的磁場(chǎng)達(dá)到釋放點(diǎn)(即rP B)時(shí)，觸發(fā)器輸出低電壓，三極管截止，使OC 門輸出高電壓，這種狀態(tài)為關(guān)。這樣兩次電壓變換，使霍耳開關(guān)完成了一次開關(guān)動(dòng)作。

我們選擇了P3.2 口作為信號(hào)的輸入端，內(nèi)部采用外部中斷0（這樣可以減少程序設(shè)計(jì)的麻煩），車輪每轉(zhuǎn)一圈（我們?cè)O(shè)車輪的周長(zhǎng)是1 米），霍爾開關(guān)就檢測(cè)并輸出信號(hào)，引起單片機(jī)的中斷，對(duì)脈計(jì)數(shù)，當(dāng)計(jì)數(shù)達(dá)到1000 次時(shí)，也就是1 公里，單片機(jī)就控制將金額自動(dòng)的加增加，其計(jì)算公式：當(dāng)前單價(jià)×公里數(shù)=金額。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)顯示單元：

由于設(shè)計(jì)要求有單價(jià)（2 位）、路程（2 位）、總金額（3 位）顯示輸出，加上我們另外擴(kuò)展了時(shí)鐘顯示（包含時(shí)分秒的顯示），若采用LCD 液晶段碼顯示，在距離屏幕1 米之外就無(wú)法看清數(shù)據(jù)，不能滿足要求，而且在白天其對(duì)比度也不能夠滿足要求，因此我們采用6 位LED數(shù)碼管的分屏顯示，如圖 4 采用6 位LED數(shù)碼管的分屏顯示所示：

時(shí)鐘顯示（圖中顯示為12 點(diǎn)0 分46 秒）

圖 4 采用6 位LED數(shù)碼管的分屏顯示

數(shù)據(jù)的分屏的顯示是通過(guò)按鍵S1 來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)切換的，如圖 5 S1切換顯示屏所示。

圖 5 S1切換顯示屏

在出租車不走的時(shí)候，按下S1，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的分屏顯示；車在行走的時(shí)候只有總金額和單價(jià)顯示屏在顯示，當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)目的地的時(shí)候，客戶要求查看總的里程的時(shí)候，就可以按下S1 切換到里程和單價(jià)顯示屏，供客戶查詢。顯示電路的電路原理圖如圖 7 所示。

1.5 串口顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)電路

從單片機(jī)串口輸出的信號(hào)先送到右邊的移位寄存器（74HC164）,由于移位脈沖的作用，使數(shù)據(jù)向右移，達(dá)到顯示的目的。移位寄存器74HC164還兼作數(shù)碼管的驅(qū)動(dòng)，插頭1（header1）接數(shù)據(jù)和脈沖輸出端，插頭2（header2）接電源。電路中的三個(gè)整流管D1~D3 的作用是降低數(shù)碼管的工作電壓，增加其使用壽命。

1.6 鍵盤控制部件 1)S1按鍵的功能

在出租車不走的時(shí)候，按下S1，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的分屏顯示；車在行走的時(shí)候只有總金額和單價(jià)顯示屏在顯示，當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)目的地的時(shí)候，客戶要求查看總的里程的時(shí)候，就可以按下S1切換到里程和單價(jià)顯示屏，供客戶查詢。

2)S2按鍵的功能

在按下S1按鍵之后，若接著按下S2鍵則進(jìn)行單價(jià)調(diào)整(默認(rèn)為調(diào)整白天單價(jià))，當(dāng)接著按下S1時(shí)，則進(jìn)行晚上單價(jià)調(diào)整，再次按下S1可進(jìn)行中途等待單價(jià)調(diào)整。當(dāng)單價(jià)調(diào)整結(jié)束后，可以通過(guò)按下S2按鍵進(jìn)行時(shí)間調(diào)整，默認(rèn)為調(diào)整小時(shí)，接著按下S1可進(jìn)行調(diào)整分鐘，分鐘調(diào)整后再接下S1可進(jìn)行秒調(diào)整。當(dāng)時(shí)間調(diào)整完成后，若接著按下S2則又可進(jìn)行單價(jià)調(diào)整。3)S3按鍵的功能

在顯示金額及單價(jià)時(shí)，若按下S3鍵則顯示路程和單價(jià)，再次按下S3，可返回顯示金額及單價(jià)。

4)S4按鍵的功能

在按下S1按鍵之后，若接著按下S4按鍵，則進(jìn)行設(shè)定默認(rèn)晚上單價(jià)，并啟動(dòng)計(jì)價(jià)器，若沒(méi)有按下S4則可設(shè)定默認(rèn)單價(jià)(白天)，并啟動(dòng)計(jì)價(jià)器。當(dāng)設(shè)定默認(rèn)晚上單價(jià)結(jié)束后，再次接下S4按鍵，則可設(shè)定默認(rèn)中途等待單價(jià)，并啟動(dòng)計(jì)價(jià)器。當(dāng)設(shè)定默認(rèn)中途等待單價(jià)后，若還按一次S4，則返回系統(tǒng)時(shí)間的顯示。

1.7 語(yǔ)音播報(bào)電路

主要用于向乘客致歡迎詞，以提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量。語(yǔ)音芯片選用ISD4004，該系列工作電壓3V，單片錄放時(shí)間4～8min，音質(zhì)好。芯片采用CM0S技術(shù)，內(nèi)含振蕩器、防混淆濾波器、平滑濾波器、音頻放大器、自動(dòng)靜噪及高密度多電平閃爍存貯陣列。當(dāng)乘客上車時(shí)，播報(bào)內(nèi)容為：乘客您好，歡迎您乘坐本公司出租車。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)目的地時(shí),播報(bào)內(nèi)容為：車已到達(dá)目的地，請(qǐng)按計(jì)價(jià)器上顯示的金額付款，謝謝！

2.軟件設(shè)計(jì)

2.1系統(tǒng)整體程序流程

在主程序模塊中，需要完成對(duì)各接口芯片的初始化、出租車起價(jià)和單價(jià)的初始化、中斷向量的設(shè)計(jì)以及開中斷、循環(huán)等待等工作。當(dāng)按下S1時(shí)，就啟動(dòng)計(jì)價(jià)，將根據(jù)里程寄存器中的內(nèi)容計(jì)算和判斷出行駛里程是否已超過(guò)起價(jià)公里數(shù)。若已超過(guò)，則根據(jù)里程值、每 本論文由無(wú)憂論文網(wǎng)004km.cn整理提供

公里的單價(jià)數(shù)和起價(jià)數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)算出當(dāng)前的累計(jì)價(jià)格，并將結(jié)果存于價(jià)格寄存器中，然后將時(shí)間和當(dāng)前累計(jì)價(jià)格送顯示電路顯示出來(lái)。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)目的地的時(shí)候，由于霍爾開關(guān)沒(méi)有送來(lái)脈沖信號(hào)，就停止計(jì)價(jià)，顯示當(dāng)前所應(yīng)該付的金額和對(duì)應(yīng)的單價(jià)，到下次啟動(dòng)計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)對(duì)顯示清零，并重新進(jìn)行初始化過(guò)程。主程序流程圖如圖8 所示。

2.2 定時(shí)中斷服務(wù)程序

在定時(shí)中斷服務(wù)程序中，每100ms 產(chǎn)生一次中斷，當(dāng)產(chǎn)生10 次中斷的時(shí)候，也就到了一秒，送數(shù)據(jù)到相應(yīng)的顯示緩沖單元，并調(diào)用顯示子程序?qū)崟r(shí)顯示。其程序流程如圖9所示。

2.3 里程計(jì)數(shù)中斷服務(wù)程序

每當(dāng)霍爾傳感器輸出一個(gè)低電平信號(hào)就使單片機(jī)中斷一次，當(dāng)里程計(jì)數(shù)器對(duì)里程脈沖計(jì)滿1000 次時(shí)，使微機(jī)進(jìn)入里程計(jì)數(shù)中斷服務(wù)程序中。在該程序中，需要完成當(dāng)前行駛里程數(shù)和總額的累加操作，并將結(jié)果存入里程和總額寄存器中。2.4 中途等待中斷服務(wù)程序

當(dāng)在計(jì)數(shù)狀態(tài)下霍爾開關(guān)沒(méi)有輸出信號(hào)，片內(nèi)的T1 定時(shí)器便被啟動(dòng)，每當(dāng)計(jì)時(shí)到達(dá)3分鐘，就對(duì)當(dāng)前金額加上中途等待的單價(jià)，以后每3分鐘都自動(dòng)加上中途等待的單價(jià)。當(dāng)中途等待結(jié)束的時(shí)候，也就自動(dòng)切換到正常的計(jì)價(jià)。2.5 顯示子程序服務(wù)程序

由于是分屏顯示數(shù)據(jù)，所以就要用到4 個(gè)顯示子程序，分別是：時(shí)分秒顯示子程序、金額單價(jià)顯示子程序、路程單價(jià)顯示子程序、單價(jià)調(diào)節(jié)子程序。2.6 鍵盤服務(wù)程序

鍵盤采用查詢的方式，放在主程序中，當(dāng)沒(méi)有按鍵按下的時(shí)候，單片機(jī)循環(huán)主程序，一旦有按鍵按下，便轉(zhuǎn)向相應(yīng)的子程序處理，處理結(jié)束再返回。

六、論文的進(jìn)度安排 2010.07 下達(dá)任務(wù)書

2010.07——2010.09 完成選題和資料收集，準(zhǔn)備開題 2010.09.26 開題

2010.10——2011.02 完成硬件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件編程 2011.02——2011.03 進(jìn)行調(diào)試 2011.03——2011.04 撰寫論文準(zhǔn)備答辯

七、主要參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 張友德,趙志英,涂時(shí)亮.http://004km.cn/ktbgfw/ 單片微型機(jī)原理、應(yīng)用與實(shí)驗(yàn).上海：復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社 2005,12.[2] 徐光翔.單片機(jī)原理接口及應(yīng)用.南京大學(xué)出版社.[3] 張淑清等.單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)接口技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用.北京：國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社.[4] 王曉君等.MCS-51及兼容單片機(jī)原理與選型.北京：電子工業(yè)出版社.[5] 張?chǎng)?華臻,陳書謙.《單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用》[M].電子工業(yè)出版社, 2005.P110~136.[6] 丁元杰、吳大偉《單片微機(jī)實(shí)題集與實(shí)驗(yàn)指導(dǎo)書》.[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2004.P124~125.