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      英美文學(xué)作家及作品 諾貝爾文學(xué)獎

      時間:2019-05-15 03:15:32下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《英美文學(xué)作家及作品 諾貝爾文學(xué)獎》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《英美文學(xué)作家及作品 諾貝爾文學(xué)獎》。

      第一篇:英美文學(xué)作家及作品 諾貝爾文學(xué)獎

      奧斯卡 王爾德the important of being earnest 喬治 艾略特Silas Marner 織工馬南傳 喬治 艾略特Middlemarch米德爾馬契

      丹尼爾·笛福ROBINSON CRUSOE魯濱遜漂流記 查爾斯·狄更斯A Tale of Two Cities雙城記 華盛頓·歐文Rip van Winkle瑞普·凡·溫克 威廉·??思{Light In August八月之光 伊迪絲·華頓The Age of Innocence純真年代 蕭伯納Mrs Warren's Profession華倫夫人的職業(yè) 西奧多 德萊賽SISTER CARRIE 嘉莉妹妹

      1907 [英]吉卜林(1835-1907)獲獎作品:《老虎!老虎!》。約瑟夫·魯?shù)聛喌隆ぜ妨郑?865~1936)英國小說家、詩人。主要作品有詩集《營房謠》《七?!罚≌f集《生命的阻力》和動物故事《叢林之書》等。1907年作品《老虎!老虎!》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“這位世界名作家的作品以觀察入微、想象獨(dú)特、氣概雄渾、敘述卓越見長”。

      1915 [法]羅曼-羅蘭(1866-1944)獲獎作品:《約翰-克利斯朵夫》。獲獎類別:小說 1923 [愛爾蘭]威鐮-葉芝(1865-1939)獲獎作品:《麗達(dá)與天鵝》。獲獎類別:詩

      威廉·勃特勒·葉芝(1865~1939)愛爾蘭詩人、劇作家。主要作品有詩作《當(dāng)你老了》、《麗達(dá)與天鵝》等。1923年作品《麗達(dá)與天鵝》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于他那永遠(yuǎn)充滿著靈感的詩,它們透過高度的藝術(shù)形式展現(xiàn)了整個民族的精神 1925 [英]肖伯納(1856-1950)獲獎作品:《圣女貞德》。喬治·蕭伯納(1856~1950)愛爾蘭戲劇家。共完成51個劇本。主要作品有《圣女貞德》等。1925年作品《圣女貞德》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于他那些充滿理想主義及人情味的作品——它們那種激動性諷刺,常涵蘊(yùn)著一種高度的詩意美”。

      1930 [美]辛-路易斯(1885-1951)獲獎作品:《巴比特》辛克萊·劉易斯(1885~1951)美國作家。主要作品有《大街》、《巴比特》、《阿羅史密斯》等。1930年作品《巴比特》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于他充沛有力、切身和動人的敘述藝術(shù),和他以機(jī)智幽默去開創(chuàng)新風(fēng)格的才華”

      1932 [英]高爾斯華綏(1867-1933)獲獎作品:《有產(chǎn)者》。

      約翰·高爾斯華綏(1867~1933)英國小說家、劇作家。著有長篇小說《福爾賽世家》三部曲、《現(xiàn)代喜劇》三部曲和劇本《銀匣》等。1932年作品《有產(chǎn)者》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“為其描述的卓越藝術(shù)——這種藝術(shù)在《福爾賽世家》中達(dá)到高峰”。

      1936[美]尤金-奧尼爾(1888-1953)獲獎作品:《天邊外》。尤金·奧尼爾(1888~1953)美國劇作家。主要劇作有《天邊外》、《安娜克利斯蒂》、《無窮的歲月》和自專性劇作《長夜漫漫路迢迢》等。1936年作品《天邊外》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于他劇作中所表現(xiàn)的力量、熱忱與深摯的感情——它們完全符合悲劇的原始概念”。

      1938[美]賽珍珠(女1892-1973)獲獎作品:《大地》。賽珍珠(珀?duì)枴と撬固乩锟恕げ伎耍ㄅ?892~1973)美國作家。主要作品有《大地的房子》三部曲:《大地》《兒子們》《分家》《母親》《愛國者》《龍種》等。1938年作品《大地》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“她對于中國農(nóng)民生活的豐富和真正史詩氣概的描述,以及她自傳性的杰作”。

      1948[英]托-愛略特(1888-1965)獲獎作品:《四個四重奏》。托馬斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特(1888~1965)英美詩人、劇作家、批評家。主要作品有詩作《普魯弗洛克的情歌》、《荒原》、《四個四重奏》;論著《傳統(tǒng)與個人才能》、《批評的功能》、《詩與批評的效用》等。1948年作品《四個四重奏》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“對于現(xiàn)代詩之先鋒性的卓越貢獻(xiàn)”。

      1949 [美]威鐮-??思{(1897-1962)獲獎作品:《我彌留之際》。威廉·??思{(1897~1962)美國作家。主要作品有長篇小說《喧嘩與騷動》、《我彌留之際》、《押沙龍,押沙龍》等。1949年作品《我彌留之際》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“因?yàn)樗麑Ξ?dāng)代美國小說做出了強(qiáng)有力的和藝術(shù)上無與倫比的貢獻(xiàn)”。

      1950 [英]伯-羅素(1872-1970)獲獎作品:《哲學(xué)-數(shù)學(xué)-文學(xué)》。帕特蘭·亞瑟·威廉·羅素(1872~1970)英國數(shù)學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家。主要作品有《數(shù)學(xué)原理》、《哲學(xué)問題》、《教育與社會秩序》等。1950年作品《哲學(xué)—數(shù)學(xué)—文學(xué)》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“表彰他所寫的捍衛(wèi)人道主義理想和思想自由的多種多樣意義重大的作品”。

      1953 [英]溫-丘吉爾(1874-1965)獲獎作品:《不需要的戰(zhàn)爭》。溫斯特·丘吉爾(1874~1965)英國政治家、歷史學(xué)家、傳記作家。曾任英國首相。主要作品有《馬拉坎德遠(yuǎn)征記》、《第二次世界大戰(zhàn)回憶錄》、《英語民族史》等。1953年作品《不需要的戰(zhàn)爭》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于他在描述歷史與傳記方面的造詣,同時由于他那捍衛(wèi)崇高的人的價值的光輝演說”。

      1954 [美]海明威(1899-1961)獲獎作品:《老人與?!贰W內(nèi)斯特·海明威(1899~1961)美國作家。主要作品有《太陽照常升起》、《永別了,武器》、《喪鐘為誰爾鳴》、《老人與?!返?。1954年作品《老人與?!帆@諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“因?yàn)樗ㄓ跀⑹滤囆g(shù),突出地表現(xiàn)在其近著《老人與海》之中;同時也因?yàn)樗麑Ξ?dāng)代文體風(fēng)格之影響”。

      1962 [美]斯坦貝克(1902-1968)獲獎作品:《人鼠之間》。約翰·斯坦貝克(1902~1968)美國作家。主要作品有《憤怒的葡萄》、《月亮下去了》、《珍珠》和《煩惱的冬天》等。1962年作品《人鼠之間》“通過現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的、寓于想象的創(chuàng)作,表現(xiàn)出富于同情的幽默和對社會的敏感觀察”。

      1969[愛爾蘭]薩-貝克特(1906-1990)獲獎作品:《等待戈多》。薩繆爾·貝克特(1906~1989)法國作家。主要作品有三部曲《馬洛伊》、《馬洛伊之死》、《無名的人》和劇本《等待戈多》等。1969年作品《等待戈多》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“他那具有奇特形式的小說和戲劇作品,使現(xiàn)代人從精神困乏中得到振奮”。

      1976 [美]索爾-貝婁(1915-)獲獎作品:《赫索格》。索爾貝婁(1915~2005)美國作家。主要作品有長篇小說《奧吉瑪琪歷險記》、《赫索格》、《洪堡的禮物》等。1976年作品《赫索格》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于他的作品對人性的了解,以及對當(dāng)代文化的敏銳透視”。1978 [美]埃-巴-辛格(1904-1991)獲獎作品:小說《魔術(shù)師-原野王》。艾薩克巴什維斯辛格(1904~1991)美國作家。主要作品有《撒旦在戈雷》、《盧布林的魔術(shù)師》、《奴隸》等。1978年作品《魔術(shù)師原野王》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“他的充滿激情的敘事藝術(shù),這種既扎根于波蘭人的文化傳統(tǒng),又反映了人類的普遍處境”。

      1981 [英]埃-卡內(nèi)蒂(1905-)獲獎作品:小說《迷?!?。埃利亞斯·卡內(nèi)蒂(1905~1994)英國德語作家。主要作品有長篇小說《迷惘》等。1981年作品《迷?!帆@諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“作品具有寬廣的視野、豐富的思想和藝術(shù)力量”

      1983 [英]威鐮-戈丁爾(1911-)獲獎作品:小說《蠅王-金字塔》。威廉·戈?duì)柖。?911~1994)英國作家。主要作品有長篇小說《蠅王》、《繼承者》、《金字塔》、《自由墮落》、《看得見的黑暗》、《紙人》等。1983年作品《蠅王金字塔》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。

      1987 [美]約瑟夫-不羅茨基(1940-)獲獎作品:散文詩《從彼得堡到斯德哥爾摩》。約瑟夫·布羅茨基(1940~1996)蘇裔美籍詩人。主要作品有詩集《韻文與詩》、《山丘和其他》、《悼約翰鄧及其他》、《駐足荒漠》;散文集《小于一》等。1987年《從彼得堡到斯德哥爾摩》獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“他的作品超越時空限制,無論在文學(xué)上或是敏感問題方面都充分顯示出他廣闊的思想及濃郁的詩意”。

      1993 [美國]托妮-莫里森托尼·莫里森(女)(1931~)美國作家。主要作品有長篇小說《最藍(lán)的眼睛》、《秀拉》、《所羅門之歌》、《寶貝兒》、《爵士樂》等。1993年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“其作品想象力豐富,富有詩意,顯示了美國現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的重要方面”。

      1995 [愛爾蘭]謝默斯-希尼 希尼(1939~)愛爾蘭詩人。主要作品有詩集《一位自然主義者之死》、《通向黑暗之門》、《在外過冬》、《北方》、《野外作業(yè)》、《苦路島》、《山楂燈》、《幻覺》等。1995年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“由于其作品洋溢著抒情之美,包容著深邃的倫理,揭示出日常生活和現(xiàn)實(shí)歷史的奇跡”。

      2001 英國 維-蘇-納保爾 代表作有《給畢斯沃斯先生一所房屋》、《河中一灣》及《幽黯國度》 維蘇奈保爾(1932~)印度裔英國作家。1990

      年被英國女王授封為騎士。主要作品有小說《神秘的按摩師》、《米格爾大街》、《河彎》、《島上的旗幟》、《超越信仰》、《神秘的新來者》等。2001年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由:“其著作將極具洞察力的敘述與不為世俗左右的探索融為一體,是驅(qū)策我們從扭曲的歷史中探尋真實(shí)的動力”。

      2005 英國 哈羅德·品特 他的作品揭示了日常絮談中的危機(jī)、強(qiáng)行打開了了壓迫的封閉房間 《生日宴會》、《背叛》、《看門人》《回家》 哈羅德·品特(1930~),英國劇作家。2005年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。主要作品有《看房者》(TheCaretaker,1960)、《生日晚會》(TheBirthdayParty,1958)、《歸家》(TheHomecoming,1965)等劇本。獲獎理由是“他的戲劇發(fā)現(xiàn)了在日常廢話掩蓋下的驚心動魄之處并強(qiáng)行打開了壓抑者關(guān)閉的房間?!?/p>

      2007年 英國 多麗絲·萊辛(Doris Lessing,1919—)《金色筆記》 http:///43755.html 多麗絲·萊辛(1919~),英國作家。主要作品有《青草在歌唱》(1950年)、五部曲《暴力的孩子們》《瑪莎·奎斯特》(1952)、《良緣》(1954)、《風(fēng)暴的余波》(1958)、《被陸地圍住的》(1965)以及《四門之城》(1969)、《金色筆記》(1962年)、《幸存著回憶錄》(1974)、《黑暗前的夏天》(1973)等。獲獎理由是“她用懷疑、熱情、構(gòu)想的力量來審視一個分裂的文明,其作品如同一部女性經(jīng)驗(yàn)的史詩?!?2010年

      馬里奧·巴爾加斯·略薩(1936~),生于秘魯阿雷基帕,是擁有秘魯與西班牙雙重國籍的作家及詩人。共創(chuàng)作了30多部包括小說、話劇和散文在內(nèi)的作品,其代表作有小說《城市與狗》(1963年)《綠房子》(1965年)和《酒吧長談》(1969年)等。2010年獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由是“因?yàn)樗麑?quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)制圖學(xué)般的細(xì)膩描述和他對個人的抵制、反抗和挫敗形象的尖銳刻畫”。

      2011年

      托馬斯·特朗斯特羅姆(1931~),瑞典詩人。1954年發(fā)表詩集《17首詩》,轟動詩壇。至今共發(fā)表163首詩,除《17首詩》外的作品集為《途中的秘密》、《半完成的天空》、《音色和足跡》、《看見黑暗》、《野蠻的廣場》、《為生者和死者》和《悲哀貢多拉》十部詩集。2011年獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由是“因?yàn)橥ㄟ^他那簡練、半透明的意象,讓我們對現(xiàn)實(shí)世界有嶄新的體驗(yàn)”。

      2012年

      莫言(1956~),原名管謨業(yè),中國作家。自1980年代中期起,莫言以一系列鄉(xiāng)土作品崛起,主要作品有《紅高粱家族》、《天堂蒜苔之歌》、《檀香刑》、《豐乳肥臀》、《酒國》、《生死疲勞》、《蛙》等。2012年獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。獲獎理由是“用魔幻現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的寫作手法,將民間故事、歷史事件與當(dāng)代背景融為一體”。

      2013年

      愛麗絲·門羅(1931~),加拿大女作家,被譽(yù)為“加拿大的契訶夫”。1968年發(fā)表第一部短篇小說集《快樂影子之舞》(DanceoftheHappyShades),并獲得加拿大總督文學(xué)獎。門羅以短篇小說聞名全球,其影響巨大的《逃離》2004年出版,她被稱為“當(dāng)代短篇小說大師”,以其精致的講故事方式著稱,清晰與心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是門羅的寫作特色,因此獲得2013年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。

      2014年

      帕特里克·莫迪亞諾(1945~),法國小說家,是法國評論界一致公認(rèn)的當(dāng)今法國最有才華的作家之一。莫迪亞諾也被認(rèn)為是“新寓言”派代表作家,作品探索和研究當(dāng)今人的存在及其與周圍環(huán)境、現(xiàn)實(shí)的關(guān)系。前期小說大都以神秘的父親和二次大戰(zhàn)的環(huán)境為主題,運(yùn)用大量的回憶、想象,把現(xiàn)實(shí)和虛構(gòu)結(jié)合起來,描寫并未經(jīng)歷過的故事。2014年獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎,獲獎原因?yàn)榕撂乩锟恕つ蟻喼Z的作品“喚起了對最不可捉摸的人類命運(yùn)的記憶”,他的作品捕捉到了二戰(zhàn)法國被占領(lǐng)期間普通人的生活。其代表作有《暗店街》、《八月的星期天》等。2015諾貝爾文學(xué)獎得主斯維特拉娜·阿列克謝耶維奇 在悲劇中探索人的心靈?,F(xiàn)年67歲的白俄羅斯女作家、記者斯維特拉娜·阿列克謝耶維奇成為該獎項(xiàng)歷史上第14位女性桂冠得主?!霸谶^去的三四十年間,她一直專注于描寫蘇聯(lián)和蘇聯(lián)解體后普通老百姓的生活。她的作品并不是關(guān)于那些歷史事件本身,而更多地將目光投向普通人的情感歷程?!?/p>

      第二篇:英語專業(yè)考研英美文學(xué)作家作品順口溜

      外語用復(fù)試參考資料5分鐘內(nèi)記住英美文學(xué)教材上的所有主要作家

      再重申一下: 下面的順口溜只是用來方便記憶, 幫助你較容易記住提綱挈領(lǐng)的一些內(nèi)容, 由骨及肉, 因此而記住更多的內(nèi)容,(我之前曾看過一位網(wǎng)友介紹他通過英美文學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn), 主題大致就是要記住樹干, 到樹枝, 再到樹葉.他的話很有道理, 我基本上也是按他的原理做的.), 除此再無他用.因?yàn)槭琼樋诹? 順口是第一位, 因此, 其中有些字看上去有些古怪, 有些牽強(qiáng), 請不要太在意.能記住就可以了.上面五句為英國部分, 下面三句為美國部分.鄧恩撕馬賠沙彌

      蒲伯吹笛,約翰遜感謝一班來自非州的斯文格格

      布來克華華叫, 科學(xué)家濟(jì)茲跟澳雪說拜拜.狄更斯愛喝不安寧的布丁.蕭高葉踢死老喬

      華盛頓愛上惠霍的梅姑娘.騎馬在德來塞大戰(zhàn)狄金森

      羅伯特李只好以??思{飛歐申奧.要使用好上面的順口溜, 前提是你對他們應(yīng)該有一個大致的了解, 否則你會很難知道who is who了.哈哈...下面我將順口溜中的字對應(yīng)的人名加上, 供大家參考.注意: 有些對應(yīng)的是first name, 有些是last name, 有些則完全是為了順口的需要而增加的, 無人名可對.鄧恩John Donne撕Edmund Spenser 馬Christopher Marlowe 賠Francis Bacon 沙William Shakespeare 彌John Milton

      蒲伯Alexander Pope 吹笛Daniel Defoe ,約翰遜Samuel Johnson 感謝Richard Binsley Sheridan 一班John Bunyan 來自非Henny Fielding 州的斯文Jonathan Swift 格格Thomas Gray

      布來克William Blake 華華William Wordworth 叫, 科Samuel Tayler Coleridge 學(xué)家濟(jì)茲John Keats 跟澳Jane Austen 雪Percy Bysshe Shelley 說拜拜George Gordon Byron.狄更斯Charles Dickens 愛George Eliot 喝Thomas Hardy 不安寧Robert Browning 的布Bronte Sisters 丁Alfred Tennyson.蕭George Bernard Shaw 高John Galsworthy 葉William Butler Yeats 踢T.S.Eliot 死老D.H.Lawrence 喬James Joyce.華盛頓Washington Irving 愛Ralph Waldo Emerson 上惠Walt Whitman 霍Nathaniel Hawthorne 的梅Herman Melville 姑娘.騎馬Mark Twain 在德來塞Theodore Dreiser 大戰(zhàn)Henry James 狄金森Emily Dickinson.羅伯特李Robert Lee Frost 只好以Ezra Pound ??思{William Faulkner 飛F.Scott Fitzgerald 歐Ernest Hemingway 申奧Eugene O'Neill.理論上來說, 只需5分鐘, 你就能記下教材上提及的所有附有作品分析的作家.然后, 每天有空時隨口念念, 強(qiáng)化一下.就這么簡單.

      第三篇:歷屆諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲獎作家

      歷屆諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲獎作家

      時間 作家 國籍 獲獎理由

      1901 蘇立〃普呂多姆 法國 “是高尚的理想、完美的藝術(shù)和罕有的心靈與智慧的實(shí)證”

      1902 特奧多爾〃蒙森 德國 “今世最偉大的纂世巨匠,此點(diǎn)於其巨著《羅馬史》中表露無疑”

      1903 比昂斯滕〃比昂松 挪威 “他以詩人鮮活的靈感和難得的赤子之心,把作品寫得雍容、華麗而又繽紛”

      1904 弗雷德里克〃米斯塔爾 法國 “他的詩作蘊(yùn)涵之清新創(chuàng)造性與真正的感召力,它忠實(shí)地反映了他民族的質(zhì)樸精神”

      1904 何塞〃埃切加賴 西班牙 “由于它那獨(dú)特和原始風(fēng)格的豐富又杰出作品,恢復(fù)了西班牙喜劇的偉大傳統(tǒng)”

      1905 亨利克〃顯克維支 波蘭 “由于他在歷史小說寫作上的卓越成就”

      1906 喬祖?!柖琵R 意大利 “不僅是由于他精深的學(xué)識和批判性的研究,更重要是為了頌揚(yáng)他詩歌杰作中所具有的特色、創(chuàng)作氣勢,清新的風(fēng)格和抒情的魅力”

      1907 約瑟夫〃魯?shù)聛喌隆妨?英國 “這位世界名作家的作品以觀察入微、想象獨(dú)特、氣概雄渾、敘述卓越見長”

      1908 魯?shù)罓柗颉W肯 德國 “他對真理的熱切追求、他對思想的貫通能力、他廣闊的觀察,以及他在無數(shù)作品中辯解并闡釋一種理想主義的人生哲學(xué)時所流露的熱誠與力量”

      1909 西爾瑪〃拉格洛夫(女)瑞典 “由于她作品中特有的高貴的理想主義。豐饒的想象力、平易而優(yōu)美的風(fēng)格”

      1910 保爾〃約翰〃路德維?!T〃海塞 德國 “表揚(yáng)這位抒情詩人、戲劇家、小說家以及舉世聞名的短篇小說家,在他漫長而多產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)作生涯中,所達(dá)到的充滿理想主義精神之藝術(shù)臻境”

      1911 莫里斯〃梅特林克 比利時“由于他在文學(xué)上多方面的表現(xiàn),尤其是戲劇作品,不但想象豐富,充滿詩意的奇想,有時雖以神話的面貌出現(xiàn),還是處處充滿了深刻的啟示。這種啟示奇妙地打動了讀者的心弦,并且激發(fā)了他們的想象”

      1912 蓋哈特〃霍普特曼 德國 “欲以表揚(yáng)他在戲劇藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域中豐碩、多樣而有出色成就”

      1913 羅賓德拉納特〃泰戈?duì)?印度 “由于他那至為敏銳、清新與優(yōu)美的詩;這詩出之于高超的技巧,并由于他自己用英文表達(dá)出來,使他那充滿詩意的思想業(yè)已成為西方文學(xué)的一部分”

      1914 未頒獎

      1915 羅曼〃羅蘭 法國 “文學(xué)作品中的高尚理想和他在描繪各種不同類型人物時所具有的同情和對真理的熱愛”

      1916 魏爾納〃海頓斯坦 瑞典“褒揚(yáng)他在瑞典文學(xué)新紀(jì)元中所占之重要代表地位”

      1917 卡爾〃耶勒魯普 丹麥 “因?yàn)樗鄻佣S富的詩作——它們蘊(yùn)含了高超的理想”

      1917 亨利克〃彭托皮丹 丹麥 “由于他對當(dāng)前丹麥生活的忠實(shí)描繪”

      1918 未頒獎

      1919 卡爾〃施皮特勒 瑞士 “特別推崇他在史詩《奧林帕斯之春》的優(yōu)異表現(xiàn)”

      1920 克努特〃哈姆生 挪威 “為了他劃時代的巨著《土地的成長》”

      1921 阿納托爾〃法郎士 法國 “他輝煌的文學(xué)成就,乃在于他高尚的文體、寬閔的人道同情、迷人的魅力,以及一個真正法國性情所形成的特質(zhì)”

      1922 哈辛特〃貝納文特〃伊〃馬丁內(nèi)斯 西班牙 “由于他以適切之方式,延續(xù)了戲劇之燦爛傳統(tǒng)”

      1923 威廉〃勃特勒〃葉芝 愛爾蘭 “由于他那永遠(yuǎn)充滿著靈感的詩,它們透過高度的藝術(shù)形式展現(xiàn)了整個民族的精神”

      1924 弗拉迪斯拉夫〃萊蒙特 波蘭 “我們頒獎給他,是因?yàn)樗拿褡迨吩姟掇r(nóng)夫們》寫得很出色”

      1925 喬治〃蕭伯納 愛爾蘭 “由于他那些充滿理想主義及人情味的作品——它們那種激動性諷刺常涵蘊(yùn)著一種高度的詩意美”

      1926 格拉齊亞〃黛萊達(dá)(女)意大利 “為了表揚(yáng)她由理想主義所激發(fā)的作品,以渾柔的透徹描繪了她所生長的島嶼上的生活;在洞察人類一般問題上,表現(xiàn)的深度與憐憫”

      1927 亨利〃柏格森 法國 “因?yàn)樗秦S富的且充滿生命力的思想,以及所表現(xiàn)出來的光輝燦爛的技巧”

      1928 西格里德〃溫塞特(女)挪威 “主要是由于她對中世紀(jì)北國生活之有力描繪”

      1929 保爾〃托馬斯〃曼 德國 “由于他那在當(dāng)代文學(xué)中具有日益鞏固的經(jīng)典地位的偉大小說《布登勃洛克一家》?!?/p>

      1930 辛克萊〃劉易斯 美國 “由于他充沛有力切身科動人的敘述藝術(shù),和他以機(jī)智幽默去開創(chuàng)新風(fēng)格的才華” 1931 埃利克〃阿克塞爾〃卡爾費(fèi)爾德 瑞典 “由于他在詩作的藝術(shù)價值上,從沒有人懷疑過”

      1932 約翰〃高爾斯華綏 英國 “為其描述的卓越藝術(shù)——這種藝術(shù)在《福爾賽世家》中達(dá)到高峰”

      1933 伊凡〃亞歷克塞維奇〃蒲寧 俄國 “由于他嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乃囆g(shù)才能,使俄羅斯古典傳統(tǒng)在散文中得到繼承”

      1934 路伊吉〃皮蘭德婁 意大利 “他果敢而靈巧地復(fù)興了戲劇藝術(shù)和舞臺藝術(shù)”

      1935 未頒獎

      1936 尤金〃奧尼爾 美國 “由于他劇作中所表現(xiàn)的力量、熱忱與深摯的感情——它們完全符合悲劇的原始概念”

      1937 羅杰〃馬丁〃杜〃加爾 法國 “由于在他的長篇小說《蒂博一家》中表現(xiàn)出來的藝術(shù)魅力和真實(shí)性。這是對人類生活面貌的基本反映?!?/p>

      1938 賽珍珠(珀?duì)枴ㄈ撬固乩锟恕ú伎耍ㄅ┟绹?“她對于中國農(nóng)民生活的豐富和真正史詩氣概的描述,以及她自傳性的杰作”

      1939 弗蘭斯〃埃米爾〃西蘭帕 芬蘭 “由于他在描繪兩樣互相影響的東西——他祖國的本質(zhì),以及該國農(nóng)民的生活——時所表現(xiàn)的深刻了解與細(xì)膩藝術(shù)”

      1940—1943 未頒獎

      1944 約翰內(nèi)斯〃威廉〃揚(yáng)森 丹麥 “由于籍著豐富有力的詩意想象,將胸襟廣博的求知心和大膽的、清新的創(chuàng)造性風(fēng)格結(jié)合起來”

      1945 加夫列拉〃米斯特拉爾 智利 “她那由強(qiáng)烈感情孕育而成的抒情詩,已經(jīng)使得她的名字成為整個拉丁美洲世界渴求理想的象征”

      1946 赫爾曼〃黑塞 德國 “……他那些靈思盎然的作品——它們一方面具有高度的創(chuàng)意和深刻的洞見,一方面象征古典的人道理想與高尚的風(fēng)格”

      1947 安德烈〃紀(jì)德 法國

      “為了他廣包性的與有藝術(shù)質(zhì)地的著作,在這些著作中,他以無所畏懼的對真理的熱愛,并以敏銳的心理學(xué)洞察力,呈現(xiàn)了人性的種種問題與處境”

      1948 托馬斯〃斯特恩斯〃艾略特 英國 “對于現(xiàn)代詩之先鋒性的卓越貢獻(xiàn)”

      1949 威廉〃??思{ 美國 “因?yàn)樗麑Ξ?dāng)代美國小說做出了強(qiáng)有力的和藝術(shù)上無與倫比的貢獻(xiàn)”

      1950 帕特蘭〃亞瑟〃威廉〃羅素 英國 “表彰他所寫的捍衛(wèi)人道主義理想和思想自由的多種多樣意義重大的作品”

      1951 帕爾〃費(fèi)比安〃拉格克維斯特 瑞典 “由于他在作品中為人類面臨的永恒的疑難尋求解答所表現(xiàn)出的藝術(shù)活力和真正獨(dú)立的見解”

      1952 弗朗索瓦〃莫里亞克 法國 “因?yàn)樗谒男≌f中剖析了人生的戲劇,對心靈的深刻觀察和緊湊的藝術(shù)”

      1953 溫斯特〃丘吉爾 英國 “由于他在描述歷史與傳記方面的造詣,同時由于他那捍衛(wèi)崇高的人的價值的光輝演說?!?/p>

      1954 歐內(nèi)斯特〃海明威 美國 “因?yàn)樗ㄓ跀⑹滤囆g(shù),突出地表現(xiàn)在其近著《老人與?!分?;同時也因?yàn)樗麑Ξ?dāng)代文體風(fēng)格之影響”

      1955 赫爾多爾〃奇里揚(yáng)〃拉克斯奈斯 冰島 “為了他在作品中所流露的生動、史詩般的力量,使冰島原已十分優(yōu)秀的敘述文學(xué)技巧更加瑰麗多姿”

      1956 胡安〃拉蒙〃希梅內(nèi)斯 西班牙 “由于他的西班牙抒情詩,成了高度精神和純粹藝術(shù)的最佳典范”

      1957 阿爾貝〃加繆 法國 “由于他重要的著作,在這著作中他以明察而熱切的眼光照亮了我們這時代人類良心的種種問題”

      1958 鮑里斯〃列昂尼多維奇〃帕斯捷爾納克 蘇聯(lián) “在當(dāng)代抒情詩和俄國的史詩傳統(tǒng)上,他都獲得了極為重大的成就”

      1959 薩瓦多爾〃夸西莫多 意大利 “由于他的抒情詩,以古典的火焰表達(dá)了我們這個時代中,生命的悲劇性體驗(yàn)”

      1960 圣瓊〃佩斯 法國 “由于他高超的飛越與豐盈的想象,表達(dá)了一種關(guān)于目前這個時代之富于意象的沉思”

      1961 伊沃〃安德里奇 南斯拉夫 “由于他作品中史詩般的力量——他籍著它在祖國的歷史中追尋主題,并描繪人的命運(yùn)”

      1962 約翰〃斯坦貝克 美國 “通過現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的、寓于想象的創(chuàng)作,表現(xiàn)出富于同情的幽默和對社會的敏感觀察”

      1963 喬治〃塞菲里斯 希臘 “他的卓越的抒情詩作,是對希臘文化的深刻感受的產(chǎn)物”

      1964 讓〃保爾〃薩特 法國 “因?yàn)樗撬枷胴S富、充滿自由氣息和探求真理精神的作品對我們時代發(fā)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響”

      1965 米哈伊爾〃亞歷山大羅維奇〃肖洛霍夫 蘇聯(lián) “由于這位作家在那部關(guān)于頓河流域農(nóng)村之史詩作品中所流露的活力與藝術(shù)熱忱——他籍這兩者在那部小說里描繪了俄羅斯民族生活之某一歷史層面”

      1966 薩繆爾〃約瑟夫〃阿格農(nóng) 以色列 “他的敘述技巧深刻而獨(dú)特,并從猶太民族的生命汲取主題”

      奈莉〃薩克斯(女)德國 “因?yàn)樗艹龅氖闱榕c戲劇作品,以感人的力量闡述倆以色列的命運(yùn)”

      1967 安赫爾〃阿斯圖里亞斯 危地馬拉 “因?yàn)樗淖髌仿鋵?shí)于自己的民族色彩和印第安傳統(tǒng),而顯得鮮明生動”

      1968 川端康成 日本 “由于他高超的敘事性作品以非凡的敏銳表現(xiàn)了日本人精神特質(zhì)”

      1969 薩繆爾〃貝克特 法國 “他那具有奇特形式的小說和戲劇作品,使現(xiàn)代人從精神困乏中得到振奮”

      1970 亞歷山大〃索爾仁尼琴 蘇聯(lián) “由于他作品中的道德力量,籍著它,他繼承了俄國文學(xué)不可或缺的傳統(tǒng)”

      1971 巴勃魯〃聶魯達(dá) 智利 “詩歌具有自然力般的作用,復(fù)蘇了一個大陸的命運(yùn)與夢想”

      1972 亨利?!ú疇?德國 “為了表揚(yáng)他的作品,這些作品兼具有對時代廣闊的透視和塑造人物的細(xì)膩技巧,并有助于德國文學(xué)的振興?!?/p>

      1973 帕特里克〃懷特 澳大利亞 “由于他史詩與心理敘述藝術(shù),并將一個嶄新的大陸帶進(jìn)文學(xué)中”

      1974 埃溫特〃約翰遜 瑞典

      “以自由為目的,而致力于歷史的、現(xiàn)代的廣闊觀點(diǎn)之?dāng)⑹鏊囆g(shù)”

      1974 哈里〃埃德蒙〃馬丁遜 瑞典

      “他的作品透過一滴露珠反映出整個世界”

      1975 埃烏杰尼奧〃蒙塔萊 意大利 “由于他杰出的詩歌擁有偉大的藝術(shù)性,在不適合幻想的人生里,詮釋了人類的價值”

      1976 索爾〃貝婁 美國 “由于他的作品對人性的了解,以及對當(dāng)代文化的敏銳透視”

      1977 阿萊克桑德雷〃梅洛 西班牙 “他的作品繼承了西班牙抒情詩的傳統(tǒng)和吸取了現(xiàn)在流派的風(fēng)格,描述了人在宇宙和當(dāng)今社會中的狀況”

      1978 艾薩克〃巴什維斯〃辛格 美國 “他的充滿激情的敘事藝術(shù),這種既扎根于波蘭人的文化傳統(tǒng),又反映了人類的普遍處境”

      1979 奧德修斯〃埃里蒂斯 希臘 “他的詩,以希臘傳統(tǒng)為背景,用感覺的力量和理智的敏銳,描寫現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為自由和創(chuàng)新而奮斗”

      1980 切斯拉夫〃米沃什 波蘭 “不妥協(xié)的敏銳洞察力,描述了人在激烈沖突的世界中的暴露狀態(tài)”

      1981 埃利亞斯〃卡內(nèi)蒂 英國 “作品具有寬廣的視野、豐富的思想和藝術(shù)力量。”

      1982 加夫列爾〃加西亞〃馬爾克斯 哥倫比亞 “由于其長篇小說以結(jié)構(gòu)豐富的想象世界,其中糅混著魔幻于現(xiàn)實(shí),反映出一整個大陸的生命矛盾”

      1983 威廉〃戈?duì)柖?英國

      1984 雅羅斯拉夫〃塞弗爾特 捷克斯洛伐克 “他的詩富于獨(dú)創(chuàng)性、新穎、栩栩如生,表現(xiàn)了人的不屈不撓精神和多才多藝的渴求解放的形象”

      1985 克洛德〃西蒙 法國 “由于他善于把詩人和畫家的豐富想象與深刻的時間意識融為一 體,對人類的生存狀況進(jìn)行了深入的描寫?!?/p>

      1986 沃萊〃索因卡 尼日利亞 “他以廣博的文化視野創(chuàng)作了富有詩意的關(guān)于人生的戲劇。”

      1987 約瑟夫〃布羅茨基 美國 “他的作品超越時空限制,無論在文學(xué)上或是敏感問題方面都充分顯示出他廣闊的思想及濃郁的詩意”

      1988 納吉布〃馬哈富茲 埃及 “他通過大量刻畫入微的作品—洞察一切的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,喚起人們樹立雄心—形成了全人類所欣賞的阿拉伯語言藝術(shù)”

      1989 卡米洛〃何塞〃塞拉 西班牙 “帶有濃郁情感的豐富而精簡的描寫,對人類弱點(diǎn)達(dá)到的令人難以企及的想象力”

      1990 奧克塔維奧〃帕斯 墨西哥 “他的作品充滿激情,視野開闊,滲透著感悟的智慧并體現(xiàn)了完美的人道主義”

      1991 內(nèi)丁〃戈迪默 南非 “以強(qiáng)烈而直接的筆觸,描寫周圍復(fù)雜的人際與社會關(guān)系,其史詩般壯麗的作品,對人類大有裨益”

      1992 德里克〃沃爾科特 西印度群島 “他的作品具有巨大的啟發(fā)性和廣闊的歷史視野,是其獻(xiàn)身多種文化的結(jié)果。”

      1993 托尼〃莫里森(女)美國 “其作品想象力豐富,富有詩意,顯示了美國現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的重要方面?!?/p>

      1994 大江健三郎 日本 “通過詩意的想象力,創(chuàng)造出一個把現(xiàn)實(shí)與神話緊密凝縮在一起的想象世界,描繪現(xiàn)代的蕓蕓眾生相,給人們帶來了沖擊?!?/p>

      1995 希尼 愛爾蘭

      “由于其作品洋溢著抒情之美,包容著深邃的倫理,揭示出日常生活和現(xiàn)實(shí)歷史的奇跡?!?/p>

      1996 希姆博爾斯卡 波蘭 “由于其在詩歌藝術(shù)中警辟精妙的反諷,挖掘出了人類一點(diǎn)一滴的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活背后歷史更迭與生物演化的深意?!?/p>

      1997 達(dá)里奧〃福 意大利 “其在鞭笞權(quán)威,褒揚(yáng)被蹂躪者可貴的人格品質(zhì)方面所取得的成就堪與中世紀(jì)《弄臣》一書相媲美?!?/p>

      1998 若澤〃薩拉馬戈 葡萄牙 “由于他那極富想象力、同情心和頗具反諷意味的作品,我們得以反復(fù)重溫那一段難以捉摸的歷史。”

      1999 君特〃格拉斯 德國 “其嬉戲之中蘊(yùn)含悲劇色彩的寓言描摹出了人類淡忘的歷史面目。”

      2000 高行健 法國 “其作品的普遍價值,刻骨銘心的洞察力和語言的豐富機(jī)智,為中文小說和藝術(shù)戲劇開辟了新的道路?!? 2001 奈保爾 英國 “其著作將極具洞察力的敘述與不為世俗左右的探索融為一體,是驅(qū)策我們從扭曲的歷史中探尋真實(shí)的動力?!?/p>

      2002 凱爾泰斯〃伊姆雷 匈牙利 “表彰他對脆弱的個人在對抗強(qiáng)大的野蠻強(qiáng)權(quán)時痛苦經(jīng)歷的深刻刻畫以及他獨(dú)特的自傳體文學(xué)風(fēng)格?!?/p>

      2003 約翰〃馬克斯韋爾〃庫切 南非 “在人類反對野蠻愚昧的歷史中,庫切通過寫作表達(dá)了對脆弱個人斗爭經(jīng)驗(yàn)的堅(jiān)定支持?!?/p>

      1901年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎

      蘇利〃普呂多姆

      Sully Prudhomme 1839-1907 法國

      生平年表

      蘇利〃普呂多姆(Sully Prudhomme,1939-1907)法國詩人,原名勒內(nèi)〃弗朗索瓦〃普呂多姆。生在巴黎一個工商業(yè)者家庭,父親是工程師。蘇利〃普呂多姆自小聰穎好學(xué),但由于健康原因未能入大學(xué)深造。早年當(dāng)過職員、工程師、并從事過法律工作后轉(zhuǎn)入詩歌創(chuàng)作。堅(jiān)實(shí)的科學(xué)修養(yǎng)使他想溝通詩與科學(xué);而強(qiáng)烈的哲學(xué)興趣,使他更想從哲學(xué)思考中捕捉靈感,提煉詩的主題。

      60年代前后曾參加帕爾納斯派詩歌運(yùn)動,并成為該派的代表人物之一。帕爾納斯派是由一些標(biāo)榜“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的高蹈派詩人組成的,是象征派的先驅(qū)。這扔詩人在藝術(shù)上主張遠(yuǎn)離現(xiàn)實(shí),冷靜、客觀,抑制個人感情的直接抒發(fā)。

      1865年,蘇利〃普呂多姆發(fā)表第一部詩集國《韻節(jié)與詩篇》即露頭角,引起詩壇重視。此后發(fā)表的詩集《孤獨(dú)》(1869)、《徒勞的柔情》(1875)是抒情氣息較濃的兩部代表作,主要抒寫孤寂的心境,失戀的愛情,充滿憂郁的情調(diào)。但更受知識界贊賞的是兩部哲理詩集《正義》(1878)和《幸福12首詩歌》(1888),詩集主要探討人類意識與現(xiàn)代社會的沖突,有說教成分,比較晦澀難懂。此外,他還有詩集《考驗(yàn)》(1866)、《戰(zhàn)爭印象》(1870)、《法蘭西》(1874)、《棱鏡》(1886)、《詩的遺言》(1901)和散文著述《散文集》(1883)、《詩的考察》(1892)、《從巴斯卡得到的真信仰》(1905)。1900至1901年,他編輯出版了《蘇利〃普呂多姆詩文集》。

      蘇利〃普呂多姆的詩歌長于提示人心靈演算的隱秘、幽微的感受和體驗(yàn)。更長于分析,無論是靈感詩還是哲理詩,都給讀者留下了深刻印象。由于他創(chuàng)作上的成就,1881年,他被選為法蘭西學(xué)院院士。1901年,瑞典學(xué)院為了“特別表彰他的詩作,它們是高尚的理想、完美的藝術(shù)和罕有的心靈與智慧的實(shí)證”,把第一個諾貝爾文學(xué)獎頒發(fā)給他。

      1902年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎

      特奧多爾〃蒙森

      Theodor Mommsen 1817-1903 德國

      生平年表

      特奧多爾〃蒙森(Theodor Mommsen 1817-1903)德國歷史學(xué)家,生于德國的的席萊蘇維格(當(dāng)時屬于丹麥)的伽爾丁。父親是鄉(xiāng)村牧師,母親是教師。在家庭的影響下,蒙森自小便喜歡和熟悉古羅馬史。1938年考入丹麥的基爾大學(xué)法律系。1842年畢業(yè),獲法學(xué)博士學(xué)位。1843年,蒙森接受丹麥國王的獎學(xué)金,前往意大利,從事古羅馬法律的考察研究工作。1847年返回祖國,應(yīng)聘到萊比錫大學(xué)任法學(xué)教授,后因發(fā)表攻擊俾斯麥的演說,1850年 被解聘。1852年在瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)擔(dān)任羅馬法教授;1854年轉(zhuǎn)至布雷斯勞大學(xué)任教;1858年擔(dān)任柏林大學(xué)古代史教授,并應(yīng)柏林皇家學(xué)院之聘,主編期刊《文典》。1874年,再次被聘為萊比錫大學(xué)教授。1873至1882年,任德意志帝國國會議員,在議會中,他以自由派領(lǐng)袖的身份經(jīng)常發(fā)表演說,抨擊俾斯麥的國內(nèi)政策,曾因“誹謗罪”受到司法機(jī)關(guān)傳訊。蒙森為表示抗議,憤然退出議會。

      蒙森的主要成就是對古代羅馬歷史的研究。五卷本《羅馬史》(1854-1885,第四卷未完成)是他積30年的努力得以完成的史學(xué)巨著。淵博的學(xué)識和民主主義的信念,使他能以新的光輝燭照這個兩千多年的古代社會。他熱烈贊揚(yáng)富于民主精神、獎掖科學(xué)、藝術(shù)的凱撒,而把龐掊只看作一個善于練兵的低級軍官。在展示古羅馬社會的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、文化和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣方面,這部巨著具有百科全書般的廣度。作品文筆洗煉,敘事生動,富于戲劇性,人特形象鮮明,具有很高的文學(xué)價值?!读_馬史》的巨大成就,為作者贏得極高聲譽(yù),俾斯麥曾手持這部書對作者說:“尊著《羅馬史》我拜讀再三,你看,封皮都快要磨破了?!?/p>

      蒙森的重要著述還有:《意大利南方方言》(1850)、《羅馬編年史》(1859)、《羅馬鑄幣史》(1860)、《民法集》(1866-1870)、《羅馬公法》(1888)、《羅馬刑法》(1899)等,由他主持編纂的《拉丁銘文大全》(16卷,1867-1959)不僅具有重要史料價值,而且具有很高的藝術(shù)價值,他為此書所寫的序文被公認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代最精彩的拉丁散文之一。

      1902,由于他是“現(xiàn)存的最偉大的歷史寫作藝術(shù)大師,特別要提及他的里程碑著作《羅馬史》”,蒙森獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。瑞典學(xué)院認(rèn)為,《羅馬史》“既有完整而廣泛的學(xué)術(shù)價值,又有生動有力的文學(xué)風(fēng)格……他的直覺能力與創(chuàng)作能力,溝通了史學(xué)家與詩人之間的鴻溝?!?頒獎辭)1994諾貝爾文學(xué)獎

      大江健三郎

      1935-

      [日本] 生平年表

      大江健三郎(1935~)日本小說家。生于愛媛縣喜多郡大潮村。1954年考入東京帝國大學(xué)文科,兩年后轉(zhuǎn)入法文科,并在薩特哲學(xué)和歐美現(xiàn)代小說的影響下開始從事創(chuàng)作。短篇小說《奇妙的工作》(1957)使大江一舉成名,獲 “五月祭獎”,并為著名文藝評論家平野謙所盛贊。緊接著,《死者的奢華》(1957)又受到川端康成的稱贊。中篇小說《飼育》(1958)獲“芥川文學(xué)獎”。這一時期的作品大都表現(xiàn)青年學(xué)生厭惡現(xiàn)實(shí)卻又不得不以矛盾、孤獨(dú)的意識去思考現(xiàn)實(shí)及自身的精神狀態(tài)。

      1959年大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,大江作為青年左翼知識分子的代言人與開高健等一起訪問過中國。自60年代初期起,大江的創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入鼎盛期,重要作品有長篇小說《個人的體驗(yàn)》(1964),獲新潮文學(xué)獎,《萬延元年的足球隊(duì)》(1967)獲谷崎潤一郎獎,《洪水涌上我的靈魂》(1973)獲野間文藝獎,《傾聽雨樹的女人們》(1982)獲讀賣文學(xué)獎,系列短篇《新人啊,醒來吧》獲大佛次郎獎,長篇三部曲《燃燒的綠樹》(1993)獲意大利蒙特羅文學(xué)獎。此外,還有隨筆集《廣島札記》(互964)、《沖繩札記》(1970),理論著作《小說的方法》(1978)、《為了新的文學(xué)》(1988)等。

      大江在小說創(chuàng)作觀念上提倡與傳統(tǒng)主流文化相對立的邊緣文化,并擅長從性意識的角度觀察人生,構(gòu)筑文學(xué)世界。

      1994 年,由于他的作品“通過詩意的想象力,創(chuàng)造出一個把現(xiàn)實(shí)和神話緊密凝縮在一起的想象世界,描繪出了現(xiàn)代的蕓蕓眾生相,給人們帶來了沖擊”,而獲得了諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。

      2000高行健

      1940-

      [法國] 生平年表

      高行健(1940—),原籍江蘇泰州,出生于江西贛州。目前為法籍華人。2000年10月12日獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。事后報導(dǎo)中稱他為劇作家、畫家、小說家、翻譯家、導(dǎo)演和評論家。不過,高行健早期在國內(nèi),是以創(chuàng)作先鋒戲劇著稱。他與鐵路話劇團(tuán)創(chuàng)作員劉會遠(yuǎn)(中共元老谷牧的兒子)合作創(chuàng)作了《車站》《絕對信號》等話劇,由北京人藝演出,引起轟動。后來他又寫了《野人》,采用更多探索手法,更展現(xiàn)出藝術(shù)魄力和深邃的歷史感?!督^對信號》一劇,被列入“共和國50年10部戲劇”。高行健在大陸發(fā)表的作品不多,他在1981年發(fā)表《現(xiàn)代小說技巧初探》的小說評論,1984年發(fā)表中篇小說集《有只鴿子叫紅唇兒》。

      他的劇作集《彼岸》(The Other Shore)在一九八六年在大陸“清除精神污染運(yùn)動”時遭北京當(dāng)局禁演,翌年他即離開中國大陸赴法國,隔年再以政治難民的身分定居巴黎市郊的巴紐里,加入法國國籍。因此高行健的主要作品例如長篇小說《靈山》(據(jù)說臺灣已經(jīng)有了中文版)、《一個人的圣經(jīng)》都只能在海外出版。他的畫作也已在歐洲和美國展出。在報章中,有人稱他為大陸異議作家。

      高行健年表:

      1962年從北京外國語大學(xué)畢業(yè)后任中國國際書店翻譯。1971——1974到干校勞動,后來在皖南山區(qū)農(nóng)村中學(xué)任教。1975年回北京,任《中國建設(shè)》雜志社法文組組長。1977年調(diào)中國作協(xié)對外聯(lián)絡(luò)委員會工作。1978年開始文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。1979年發(fā)表散文《巴金在巴黎》中篇小說《寒夜的星辰》。1981年調(diào)北京人民藝術(shù)劇院任編劇。創(chuàng)作《絕對信號》(于劉會遠(yuǎn)合作)《車站》《野人》等劇作,引起很大反響,并因其新的戲劇觀念和思想內(nèi)涵而發(fā)生爭議。他大量吸收了西方現(xiàn)代派的戲劇手法,突破了話劇傳統(tǒng)的時間結(jié)構(gòu),拓寬了戲劇表現(xiàn)空間,探索新的戲劇觀念包括舞臺觀念。論著《現(xiàn)代小說技巧初探》(花城出版社)提出了新的文學(xué)觀,強(qiáng)調(diào)小說要揭示現(xiàn)代社會矛盾,探索人物的內(nèi)心世界,表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的人性,嘗試新的表現(xiàn)手法等,引起廣泛的注意和爭論。論文《談小說觀和小說技巧》也在1983年遭到批判。另外還出版過小說集《有只鴿子叫紅唇兒》理論著作《現(xiàn)代戲劇手段初探》、《對一種現(xiàn)代戲劇的追求》和戲劇作品集《高行健戲劇集》等,90年代定居法國,繼續(xù)從事創(chuàng)作和繪畫,出版小說《靈山》等。

      諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲得者高行健作品一覽

      戲?。骸督^對信號》、《野人》、《車站》、《模仿者》、《躲雨》、《行路難》、《喀巴拉山》、《獨(dú)白》、《冥城》、《彼岸》、《逃亡》、《生死界》、《對話與反詰》、《夜游神》、《山海經(jīng)傳》

      小說及評論集

      《靈山》、《一個人的圣經(jīng)》、《給我老爺買魚竿》、《有只鴿子叫紅唇兒》、《沒有主義》、《現(xiàn)代小說技巧初探》、《高行健戲劇集》、《對一種現(xiàn)代戲劇的追求》

      第四篇:歷屆諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲獎作家及獲獎原因

      歷屆諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲獎作家及獲獎原因

      (Nobel Prize Winners 0f Literature)1.1901 蘇利.普呂多姆(Sully Prudhomme)法國 高尚的理想、完美的藝術(shù)、罕有的心靈與智慧的實(shí)證。

      2. 1902 特奧多爾.蒙森(Theodor Monnsen)德國 今世最偉大的纂史大師,此點(diǎn)于其巨著《羅馬史》中表露無疑。

      3.1903 比昂遜(Bjornstjerne Martinius Bjornsun)挪威 他以詩人鮮活的靈感和真誠的赤子之心,把作品寫得雍容、華麗而又繽紛。

      4.1904弗雷德里克·米斯塔爾(Frederic Mistral)法國 他的詩作蘊(yùn)涵著清新的創(chuàng)造性與真正的感召力,忠實(shí)地反映了自然景色及其人民的鄉(xiāng)土感情。5.1905 何塞·埃切加賴(Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre)西班牙 因?yàn)樗蔷哂歇?dú)特、新穎風(fēng)格的豐富而又杰出的作品,恢復(fù)了西班牙喜劇的偉大傳統(tǒng)。6. 1905 亨利克.顯克維支(Henryk Sienkiewicz)波蘭 他在歷史小說寫作上的卓越成就。

      7. 1906 喬祖埃·卡爾杜齊(Giosue Carducci)意大利 不僅是由于他淵博的學(xué)識和批判性的研究,更重要的是為了頌揚(yáng)他詩歌杰作中所具有的特色創(chuàng)作氣勢、清新風(fēng)格的抒情的魅力。

      8.1907 約瑟夫·魯?shù)聛喌隆ぜ妨?Rudyard Kipling)英國 這位世界著名作家的作品以觀察入微、想像新穎、氣概雄渾、敘述卓越見長。

      9.1908 魯?shù)罓柗颉W肯(Rudolph Eucken)德國 他對真理的熱切追求、對思想的貫通能力,以及他在無數(shù)作品中辯解并闡釋一種理想主義的人生哲學(xué)時所流露的熱誠與力量。

      10.1909 西爾瑪·拉耶勒夫(女)(Selma Lagerlof)瑞典 她作品中特有的高尚的理想、豐富的想像力、平易而優(yōu)美的風(fēng)格。

      11.1910 保爾·約翰·路德維系·馮·海塞(Paul Heyse)德國 表揚(yáng)這位抒情詩人、戲劇家、小說家以及舉世聞名的短篇小說家,在他漫長而多產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)作生涯中,所達(dá)到的充滿理想的、非凡的藝術(shù)才能。

      12. 1911 莫里斯·梅特林克(Maurice Maeterlinck)比利時 他在文學(xué)上多方面的表現(xiàn),尤其是戲劇作品,想像豐富,充滿詩意的奇想。他的作品有時雖以神話的面貌出現(xiàn),但還是處處充滿了深刻的啟示。這種啟示奇妙地打動了讀者的心弦,并且激發(fā)了他們的想像力。

      13. 1912 蓋哈特·霍普特曼(Gerhart Hauptmnn)德國 他在戲劇藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域中豐碩、多樣而又出色的成就。

      14. 1913 羅賓德拉納特·泰戈?duì)?Rabinadranath Tagore)印度 由于他那至為敏銳、清新與優(yōu)美的詩。這詩出之于高超的技巧,并由他自己用英文表達(dá)出來.使他那充滿詩意的思想業(yè)已成為西方文學(xué)的一部分。

      15. 1915羅曼·羅蘭(Romain Rolland)法國 文學(xué)作品中的高尚理想和他在描繪各種不同類型人物時所具有的同情和對真理的熱愛。

      16. 1916 魏爾納·海頓斯坦(Gustaf Verner Von Heidenstam)瑞典 褒揚(yáng)他在瑞典文學(xué)新紀(jì)元中所占之重要代表地位。

      17. 1917 卡爾·蓋勒魯普(Karl Adolph Gjellerup)丹麥 他多樣而豐富的詩作,蘊(yùn)涵了高尚的理想

      1917 亨利克·彭托皮丹(Henrik Pontoppidan)丹麥 由于他對當(dāng)前丹麥生活的忠實(shí)描繪。

      18. 1919卡爾·施皮特勒(Carl Friedrich Spitteler)瑞士 特別推祟他在史詩《奧林匹亞之春》的優(yōu)異表現(xiàn)。

      19. 1920克努特·哈姆生(Knut Hamsun)挪威 為了他劃時代的巨著(大地的生長)。

      20. 1921 阿納托爾·法郎士(Anatole France)法國 他輝煌的文學(xué)成就,乃在于他高尚的文體、寬宏的人道同情和迷人的魅力,以及一種真正法國性情所形成的特質(zhì)。

      21. 1922 哈辛特·貝納文特·伊·馬丁內(nèi)斯(Jacinto Benavente)西班牙 他以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞窖永m(xù)了西班牙戲劇的燦爛傳統(tǒng)。

      22.1927 威廉·勃特勒·葉芝(William Butler Yeats)愛爾蘭 他那永遠(yuǎn)充滿著靈感的詩,透過高度的藝術(shù)形式展現(xiàn)了整個民族的精神。

      23. 1924 弗拉迪斯拉夫·萊蒙特(Wladyslaw Reymont)波蘭 他的民族史詩《農(nóng)民》寫得很出色。

      24. 1925 喬治·蕭伯納(George Bernard Shaw)愛爾蘭 他那些作品充滿理想主義及博愛,激勵和諷刺中常蘊(yùn)涵著一種高度的詩意美。

      25. 1926 格拉齊亞·黛菜達(dá)(女)(Grazip Deledda)意大利 她由理想主義所激發(fā)的作品,透徹地描繪了她所生長的島嶼上的生活,在洞察人類一般問題上,表現(xiàn)了深度與憐憫。

      26. 1927 亨利·柏格森(Henri Bersgson)法國 他那豐富且充稿生命力的思想,以及所表現(xiàn)出來的光輝燦爛的技巧。

      27. 1928 西格里德·溫塞特(女)(Sigrid Undset)挪威 她對中世紀(jì)北歐生活之有力描繪。

      28. 1929 保爾·托馬斯·曼(Paul Thomas Mann)德國 他那在當(dāng)代文學(xué)中具有日益鞏固的經(jīng)典地位的偉大小說《布登勃魯克一家》。

      29. 1930 辛克萊·劉易斯(Sinclair Lewis)美國 他充沛有力且深刻動人的敘述藝術(shù),和他那以機(jī)智幽默創(chuàng)造新性格的才華。

      30. 1931 埃利克·阿克塞爾·卡爾費(fèi)爾德(Erik Karlfeldt)瑞典 他在詩作的藝術(shù)價值上從沒有人懷疑過。

      31. 1932 約翰·高爾斯華綏(John Galsworthy)英國 其描述的卓越技巧在《福爾賽世家》中達(dá)到高峰。

      32. 1933 伊凡·亞歷克察維奇·布寧(Ivan Bunin)俄國 他嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乃囆g(shù)才能使俄羅斯古典傳統(tǒng)在教文中得到繼承。

      33. 1934 路伊吉·皮蘭德婁(Luigi Pirandello)意大利 他果敢而靈巧地復(fù)興了戲劇藝術(shù)和舞臺藝術(shù)。

      34. 1930尤金·奧尼爾(Eugene O'Neill)美國 他完全符合悲劇原始概念的劇作所具有的力量、熱忱與深摯的感情。

      35. 1937羅杰·馬丁·杜加爾(Roger du Gard)法國 他的長篇小說《蒂博一家》中表現(xiàn)出來的藝術(shù)魅力和真實(shí)性,是對人類生活面貌的基本反映。36. 1938賽珍珠(珀?duì)枴と撬固乩锟恕げ伎耍ㄅ?Pearl Buck)美國 她對于中國農(nóng)民生活的豐富和真正史詩氣概的描述,以及她傳記方面的杰出成就。37. 1939 弗蘭斯·埃米爾·西蘭帕(Frans Sillanpaa)芬蘭 他對祖國的本質(zhì)以及該國農(nóng)民的生活的深刻了解與細(xì)膩的描寫。

      38.1944 約翰內(nèi)斯·威廉·揚(yáng)森(Johannes V.Jensen)丹麥 借著豐富有力的詩意想像,將胸襟廣博的求知心和大膽、清新的創(chuàng)造性風(fēng)格結(jié)合起來。39.1945 加夫列拉·米斯特拉爾(女)(Gabriela Mistral)智利 她那由強(qiáng)烈感情孕育麗成的抒情詩,已經(jīng)使得她的名字成為整個拉丁美洲世界的理的象征。40. 1946 赫春曼·黑塞(Hermann Hesse)德國 他那些靈思盎然的作品,一方面具有高度的創(chuàng)意和深刻的洞察力,一方面象征崇高的人道理想與高尚的風(fēng)格。

      41.1947 安德烈·紀(jì)德(Andre Gide)法國 在他意味深長的作品中:他以無所畏懼的對真理的熱愛、敏銳的心理洞察力,呈現(xiàn)了人類的種種問題與處境。42.1948 托馬斯·斯特恩斯.艾略特(T.S.Eliot)英國 對于現(xiàn)代詩之先鋒性的卓越貢獻(xiàn)。

      43. 1949 威廉·??思{(William Faulkner)美國 他對當(dāng)代美國小說做出了強(qiáng)有力的和藝術(shù)上無與倫比的貢獻(xiàn)。

      44.1950帕特蘭·亞瑟·威廉·羅素(Bertrand Russell)英國 他所寫的捍衛(wèi)人道主義理想和思想自由的多種多樣、意義重大的作品。

      45.195l帕爾·費(fèi)比安·拉格克維斯特(Par Lagerkvist)瑞典 他在作品中為人類面臨的永恒的疑難尋求解答時所表現(xiàn)出的藝術(shù)活力和真正獨(dú)立的見解。46.1952 弗朗索瓦·莫里亞克(Francois Mauriac)法國 他在他的小說中剖析人生時,展示了對心靈的深刻觀察和對藝術(shù)的激情。

      47.1953溫斯特.丘吉爾(Winston Churchill)英國 他在描述歷史與傳記方面的造詣,以及他那捍衛(wèi)人的崇高價值的光輝演說。

      48. 1954歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威(Ernest Hemingway)美國 他精通于敘事藝術(shù),突出地表現(xiàn)在其著作《老人與?!分?;同時他影響了當(dāng)代文體風(fēng)格。49.1955赫爾多爾·奇里揚(yáng)。拉克斯奈斯(Halhdor Laxness)冰島 他在作品中所流露的生動、史詩般的力量,使冰島原已十分優(yōu)秀的敘述文學(xué)技巧更加瑰麗多姿。

      50. 1956胡安·拉蒙·希汀尼斯(Juan Ramon Jimenez)西班牙 他的西班牙抒情詩,成了高度精神和純粹藝術(shù)的最佳典范.51.1957阿爾貝·加繆(Albert Camus)法國 在他重要的著作中,他以敏銳而熱切的眼光照亮了我們這個時代人類良心面臨的種種問題。

      52.1958鮑里斯·列昂尼多維奇·帕斯捷爾納克(Boris Pasternak)前蘇聯(lián) 在當(dāng)代抒情詩和俄國的敘事詩傳統(tǒng)上,他都獲得了極為重大的成就。

      53.1959薩瓦多爾·夸西莫多(Salvatore Quasimodo)意大利 他的抒情詩,以古典的火焰表達(dá)了我們這個時代中生命的悲劇性體驗(yàn)。

      54.1960 圣瓊·佩斯(Saint-John Perse)法國 他振翼凌空的氣勢與豐盈的想像,表達(dá)了一種關(guān)于對目前這個時代的富于意象的沉思。

      55.1961 伊沃·安德里奇(Ivo Andric)南斯拉夫 他以史詩般的氣魄從祖國的歷史中追導(dǎo)主題并描繪人的命運(yùn)。

      56.1962 約翰·斯坦貝克(John Steinbeek)美國 通過現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的、富于想像的創(chuàng)作,表現(xiàn)出富于同情的幽默和對社會的敏感觀察。

      57. 1963 喬治·塞菲里斯(Giorge Seferis)希臘 他的卓越的抒情詩作,是對希臘文化深刻感受的產(chǎn)物。

      58.1964 讓·保爾·薩特(Jean-Paul Sartre)法國 他那思想豐富、充滿自由氣息和探求真理精神的作品對我們這個時代產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。

      59.1965米哈伊爾·亞歷山大羅維奇·肖洛霍夫(Mikhail Sholokhov)前蘇聯(lián) 在那部關(guān)于頓河流域農(nóng)村的史詩作品中所流露的活力與藝術(shù)熱忱,小說《靜靜的頓河》描繪出了俄羅斯民族生活的某一歷史層面。

      60.1966薩繆爾·約瑟夫·阿格農(nóng)(Shmuel Yosef Agnon)以色列 他的敘述技巧深刻而獨(dú)特,從猶太民族的生命中汲取了主題。

      1966 奈莉·薩克斯(女)(Nelly Sacks)德國 她杰出的抒情與戲劇作品,以感人的力量闡述了以色列的命運(yùn)。

      61. 1967安赫爾·阿斯圖里亞斯(Miguel Angel Asturias)危地馬拉 他的作品因植根于自己民族的特質(zhì)和印第安傳統(tǒng)而顯得鮮明生動。

      62.1968川端康成(Yasunari Kawabata)日本 他高超的敘事性作品以非凡的敏銳表現(xiàn)了日本人的精神特質(zhì)。

      63. 1969薩繆爾·貝克特(Samuel Beckett)法國 他那具有奇特形式的小說和戲劇作品,使現(xiàn)代人從精神困乏中得到振奮。

      64. 1970亞歷山大·索爾仁尼琴(Alexsander Solzhenitsyn)前蘇聯(lián) 他在追求俄羅斯文學(xué)不可或缺的傳統(tǒng)時所具有的道德力量。

      65. 1971巴勃魯·聶魯達(dá)(Pablo Nevada)智利 詩歌具有自然力般的作用,復(fù)蘇了一個大陸的命運(yùn)與夢想。

      66. 1972亨利?!げ疇?Heinrich Boll)德國 為了表揚(yáng)他的作品,這些作品具有對時代廣闊的透視和塑造人物的細(xì)膩技巧,為德國文學(xué)的振興作出了貢獻(xiàn)。67. 1973帕特里克·懷特(Patrick White)澳大利亞 他那史詩般的氣概與刻畫人物心理的敘述藝術(shù),將一個嶄新的大陸帶進(jìn)了文學(xué)中。

      68. 1974埃溫特·約翰遜(Eyvind Johnson)瑞典 以自由為目的,而致力于歷史的、現(xiàn)代的廣闊觀點(diǎn)的敘述藝術(shù)。

      1974 哈里·埃德蒙·馬丁遜(Harry Martinson)瑞典 他的作品透過一滴露珠反映出了整個世界。

      69. 1975埃烏杰尼奧·蒙塔萊(Eugenio Montale)意大利 他杰出的詩歌擁有偉大的藝術(shù)性,在不適合幻想的人生里詮釋了人類的價值。

      70. 1976索爾·貝婁(Saul Bellow)美國 他的作品對人性的了解,以及對當(dāng)代文化的敏銳透視。

      71. 1977阿萊克桑德雷·梅洛(Vicente Aleixandre)西班牙 他的作品繼承了西班牙抒情詩的傳統(tǒng),汲取了現(xiàn)在流派的風(fēng)格,描述了人在宇宙和當(dāng)今社會中的狀況。

      72.1978艾薩克·巴什維斯·辛格(Isaac Bashevis Singer)美國 他充滿激情的敘事藝術(shù),既扎根于波蘭人的文化傳統(tǒng),又反映了人類的普遍處境。73.1979奧德修斯·埃里蒂斯(Odysseus Elytis)希臘 他的詩以希臘傳統(tǒng)為背景,用感覺的力量和理智的敏銳,描寫了現(xiàn)代人為自由和創(chuàng)新而進(jìn)行的奮斗。74. 1980切斯拉夫·米洛什(Czeslaw Milosz)波蘭 不妥協(xié)的敏銳洞察力,描述了人在激烈沖突的世界中的暴露狀態(tài)。

      75. 1981 埃利亞斯·卡內(nèi)蒂(Elias Canetfi)英國 作品具有寬廣的視野、豐富的思想和藝術(shù)力量。

      76. 1982加夫列爾·加西亞·馬爾克斯(Gabriel Garcia Marquez)哥倫比亞 其長篇小說以組織豐富的想像世界,揉混幻想與現(xiàn)實(shí),反映出了整個大陸的生命矛盾。

      77. 1983威廉·戈?duì)柖?William G.Golding)英國 他的小說具有清晰的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義敘述技巧以及虛構(gòu)故事的多樣性與普遍性,闡述了今日世界人類的狀況。78. 1984雅羅斯拉夫·塞弗爾特(Jaroslav Seifert)捷克斯洛伐克 他的詩富于獨(dú)創(chuàng)性、新穎、栩栩如生。表現(xiàn)了人不屈不撓的精神和多才多藝的渴求解放的形象。

      79. 1985克洛德·西蒙(Claude Simon)法國 他善于把詩人和畫家的豐富想像與深刻的時間意識融為一體,對人類的生存狀況進(jìn)行了深入的描寫。80. 1986沃萊·索英卡(Wole Soyinka)尼日利亞 他以廣博的文化視野創(chuàng)作了富有詩意的人生戲劇。

      81. 1987約瑟夫·布羅茨基(Joseph Brodsky)美國 他的作品超越時空限制,無論在文學(xué)上或在敏感問題方面都充分顯示出他廣闊的思想及濃郁的詩意。82. 1983納吉布·馬哈蠻茲(Naguib Mahfouz)埃及 他通過大量刻畫入微的作品以及洞察一切的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,喚起人們樹立雄心,從而形成了全人類所欣賞的阿拉伯語言藝術(shù)。

      83.1989卡米洛·何塞·塞拉(Camilo Jose Cela)西班牙 他帶有濃郁情感的豐富而精簡的描寫,對人類弱點(diǎn)有令人難以企及的想像力。

      84.1990 奧克塔維奧·帕斯(Octavio Paz)墨西哥 他的作品充滿激情,視野開闊,滲透著感悟的智慧并體現(xiàn)了完美的人道主義。

      85.1991 內(nèi)丁·戈迪默(女)(Nadine Gordimer)南非 她以強(qiáng)烈而直接的筆觸,描寫了周圍復(fù)雜的人際與社會關(guān)系,其史詩般壯麗的作品,使人類獲益非淺。86.1992德里克·沃爾科特(Derek Walcott)圣盧西亞 他的作品具有的巨大啟發(fā)性和廣闊歷史視野,是其獻(xiàn)身多種文化的結(jié)果。

      87.1993托尼·莫里森(女)(Toni Morrison)美國 其作品想像力豐富.富有詩意,顯示了美國現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的重要方面。

      88.1994大江健三郎(Kenzaburo Oe)日本 他通過富有詩意的想像力,刨造出了一個把現(xiàn)實(shí) 與神話緊密濃縮在一起的想像世界,描繪了現(xiàn)代的蕓蕓眾生相,給人們帶來了沖擊。

      89.1995謝默斯·希尼(Seamus Heaney)愛爾蘭 其作品洋溢著抒情之美,包容著深邃的哲理,使日常生活中的奇跡和活生生的往事得以升華。

      90.1996申博爾斯卡(Wislawa Szymborska)波蘭 其在詩歌藝術(shù)中警辟精妙的諷刺,挖掘出了人類一點(diǎn)一滴的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活背后歷史的更迭與生命的演化。91.1997達(dá)里奧·福(Dario Fo)意大利 其在鞭笞權(quán)威,褒揚(yáng)被蹂躪者可貴的人格品質(zhì)方面所取得的成就堪與中世紀(jì)《弄臣》一書相媲美。

      92.1998若澤·薩拉馬戈(Jose Saramago)葡萄牙 他那極富想像力、同情心和頗具諷刺意味的作品,使我們得以反復(fù)重溫那一段難以捉摸的歷史。93. 1999君特·格拉斯(Gunter Grass)德國 其嬉戲之中蘊(yùn)涵悲劇色彩的寓言;描摹出了人類淡忘的歷史面目。

      94.2000高行健(Gao Xinjian)法國 其作品的普遍價值,刻骨銘心的洞察力和語言的豐富機(jī)智,為中文小說和藝術(shù)戲劇開辟了新的道路。

      95. 2001維迪亞達(dá)爾·蘇拉伊普拉薩德.奈保爾(V.S.Naipaul)英國 他將逼真的敘事藝術(shù)和嚴(yán)正的觀察能力結(jié)合于作品之中,驅(qū)使我們?nèi)フJ(rèn)識那被掩蓋的歷史的存在。

      96. 2002凱爾泰斯·伊姆雷(Imre Kertesz)匈牙利 他支撐起歷史野蠻暴行之下脆弱個人體驗(yàn)的寫作。

      97. 2003約翰·馬克斯維爾·庫切(J.M.Coetzee)南非 2003他精確地刻碰了眾多假面具下的人性本質(zhì),構(gòu)思纖美精巧、文白韻味深刻、分析精辟人微。

      98.2004年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎得主:埃爾弗里德·耶利內(nèi)克 奧地利女作家 獲獎理由:“她用超凡的語言以及在小說中表現(xiàn)出的音樂動感,顯示了社會的荒謬以及它們使人屈服的奇異力量。”

      99、哈羅德·品特(1930~),英國劇作家,獲得2005諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。主要作品:《看房者》(The Caretaker,1960)、《生日晚會》(TheBirthdayParty,1958)、《歸家》(TheHome鄄coming,1965)等.獲獎理由是“他的作品揭示了日常絮談中的危機(jī)、強(qiáng)行打開了了壓迫的封閉房間?!?/p>

      100、奧爾漢·帕穆克(1952~),土耳其作家土。2006諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲得者。主要作品:獲,《賽福得特州長和他的兒子們》、《寂靜的房子》等。獲獎理由是他的作品“在尋找故鄉(xiāng)的憂郁靈魂時,發(fā)現(xiàn)了文化碰撞和融合中的新象征”。

      101.2007年10月11日晚上7時,諾貝爾文學(xué)獎委員會宣布,英國女作家萊辛獲2007年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。生于1919年,主要作品有《金色筆記》《青草在歌唱》等。

      獲獎理由:“這個表述女性經(jīng)驗(yàn)的詩人,以其懷疑主義精神,火一樣的熱情和豐富的想象力,對一個分裂的文化作了詳盡細(xì)致的考察”。102、2008年10月9日瑞典文學(xué)院宣布,法國著名作家讓—馬里·居斯塔夫·勒·克萊齊奧獲得2008諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。主要作品有《訴訟筆錄》(上海譯文出版社,1998)、《金魚》(百花文藝出版社,2000)、《流浪的星星》(花城出版社,1998)、《少年心事》(漓江出版社,1992)、《戰(zhàn)爭》(譯林出版社,1994)、《烏拉尼亞》(人民文學(xué)出版社,2008)。

      (注:1914、1918、1935、1940—1943年未頒獎)

      第五篇:英美文學(xué)各個時期主要作家及作品原文中世紀(jì)

      英美文學(xué)各個時期主要作家及作品原文/節(jié)選之 中世紀(jì)文學(xué)(自己整理的)時間:1066年諾曼征服—14世紀(jì)下半葉

      這個時期可以分為2部分,中世紀(jì)早期,即1066—17世紀(jì)中葉,因?yàn)樽诮虊浩龋瑳]

      有文學(xué)作品出現(xiàn),是文學(xué)荒漠;而到了14世紀(jì)下半葉,英國文學(xué)才開始興盛起來。代表人物:杰弗里-喬叟、威廉-蘭格倫、約翰-高厄 代表作品:《高文爵士與他的綠衣騎士》(約翰-高厄);《坎特伯雷故事集》(杰弗里-喬叟)

      《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》(威廉-蘭格倫)

      特點(diǎn):這一時期,民間通俗文學(xué)占重要位置,展現(xiàn)當(dāng)時人們的各種生活。但創(chuàng)作上有失新

      穎。此外還大量反映中世紀(jì)基督教的教義,表現(xiàn)人類自救。

      中世紀(jì)盛行的文學(xué)形式還有騎士抒情詩。這種詩歌以敘述性的韻文或者散文歌頌騎

      士的冒險以及其它的英雄事跡。主題常常是尋找妖怪、解救美女。最為著名的代表人物是喬叟,他從法國文學(xué)之中引進(jìn)了各種壓尾韻的詩章,取代了古英詩之中的頭韻(如《貝爾武弗》)。在《坎特伯雷故事集》中他運(yùn)用了英雄雙行體(關(guān)于英雄雙行體我將在以后后的貼子之中介紹)。這在這個英國文學(xué)史上都是首創(chuàng)。在這一作品之中,他將詩歌藝術(shù)進(jìn)一步向戲劇和小說靠攏。他是英詩之父。

      以下是英美文學(xué)界三位大師的介紹和《坎特伯雷故事集》介紹;《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》節(jié)選;《高文爵士與他的綠衣騎士》節(jié)選 中世紀(jì)文學(xué)

      (一)概述

      古英語文學(xué) 英格蘭島的早期居民凱爾特人和其他部族,沒有留下書面文學(xué)作品。5世紀(jì)時,原住北歐的三個日耳曼部族——盎格魯、撒克遜和朱特——侵入英國。他們的史詩《貝奧武甫》傳了下來。詩中的英雄貝奧武甫殺巨魔、斗毒龍,并在征服這些自然界惡勢力的過程中為民捐軀。它的背景和情節(jié)是北歐的,單摻有基督教成分,顯示出史詩曾幾經(jīng)修改,已非原貌。按照保存在一部10世紀(jì)的手抄本里的版本來看,詩的結(jié)構(gòu)完整,寫法生動,所有的頭韻、重讀字和代稱體現(xiàn)了古英語詩歌的特色。

      6世紀(jì)末,基督教傳入英國,出現(xiàn)了宗教文學(xué)。僧侶們用拉丁文寫書,其中比德所著的《英國人民宗教史》(731年完成)既有難得的史料,又有富于哲理的傳說,受到推崇,并已成了英文。

      此后,丹麥人入侵,不少寺院毀于兵火,學(xué)術(shù)凋零。9世紀(jì)末,韋塞克斯國王阿爾弗雷德大力抗丹,同時著手振興學(xué)術(shù),請了一批學(xué)者將拉丁文著作譯成英文,并鼓勵編寫《盎格魯—薩克遜編年史》,這是用英國當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言寫史的開始。

      中古英語文學(xué) 1066年諾曼人入侵,帶來了歐洲大陸的封建制度,也帶來了一批說法語的貴族。古英語受到了統(tǒng)治階級語言的影響,本身也在起著變化,12世紀(jì)后發(fā)展為中古英語。文學(xué)上也出現(xiàn)了新風(fēng)尚,盛行用韻文寫的騎士傳奇,它們歌頌對領(lǐng)主的忠和對高貴婦人的愛,其中藝術(shù)性較高的有《高文爵士和綠衣騎士》,它用頭韻體詩寫成,內(nèi)容是古代亞瑟王屬下一個“圓桌騎士”的奇遇。

      14世紀(jì)后半葉,中古英語文學(xué)達(dá)到了高峰。這時期的重要詩人喬叟的創(chuàng)作歷程,從早期對法國和意大利作品的仿效,進(jìn)到后來英國本色的寫實(shí),表明了英國文學(xué)的自信。他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用優(yōu)美、活潑的韻文,描寫了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神態(tài)言談;他們來自不同階層和行業(yè),各人所講的故事或雅或俗,揭示了多方面的社會現(xiàn)實(shí)。同時,還有教會小職員蘭格倫寫的頭韻體長詩《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》(一譯《農(nóng)夫彼得之夢》),用夢幻的形式和寓意的象征,寫出了1381年農(nóng)民暴動前后的農(nóng)村現(xiàn)實(shí),筆鋒常帶嚴(yán)峻的是非之感。同樣宣泄下層人民情緒的還有民間歌謠,它們往往是在長時間的口頭流傳之后才寫成的,其中最初見于15世紀(jì)抄本的羅賓漢歌謠,描繪了一群農(nóng)民劫富濟(jì)貧、打擊教會僧侶和執(zhí)法吏的事跡,傳頌至今。(王佐良)

      《貝奧武甫》

      《貝奧武甫》 英國的一部英雄史詩,是英國文學(xué)中第一部重要作品。它用古英語寫成,是繼希臘、羅馬史詩之后歐洲最早的一部用本民族語言寫成的史詩。

      全部古英語詩歌現(xiàn)在保存下來的不過3萬行,其中有英雄詩、宗教詩、抒情挽歌、格言、謎語、咒語,而以《貝奧武甫》為最長(3,182行),為最完整。

      史詩中的歷史人物,據(jù)記載生活在5至6世紀(jì)。史詩故事發(fā)生在和當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的丹麥和瑞典南部——當(dāng)時盎格魯—薩克遜人居住的地方。從5世紀(jì)中葉起,這些民族不斷向不列顛移民。大約8世紀(jì)前半葉,關(guān)于貝奧武甫的傳說才在他們定居的不列顛寫成文字。現(xiàn)存的唯一手抄本約成于10世紀(jì)末。1731年手抄本在一次火災(zāi)中被燒毀幾行,但基本完整,于1815年第一次排印出版。

      全詩除開場白外,共分43節(jié),由兩個故事組成,第一個故事又可分為兩個部分。第一部分包括開場白,寫丹麥王朝的始祖許爾德的葬禮,接著寫許爾德的后裔丹麥王赫羅斯加建造了一座宮殿,取名鹿廳,但經(jīng)常受到附近沼澤地帶一個半人半獸的怪物格倫德爾的襲擊,一夜就被殺死30名守衛(wèi)武士。它騷擾的12年,消息傳到耶阿特族(今瑞典南部)國王許耶拉克的侄子貝奧武甫耳中,他率領(lǐng)14名武士前往援助。赫羅斯加在鹿廳設(shè)宴招待他們。宴會之后,貝奧武甫和武士們留在廳內(nèi)守候。夜間格倫德爾破門而入,摸著一個武士,把他吃了;再要摸時,被貝奧武甫扭住,經(jīng)過一場搏斗,怪物斷了一只胳膊,負(fù)傷逃回沼澤。第二天赫羅斯加設(shè)宴慶祝,王后贈送禮物,歌手歌唱芬恩的故事。第二部分寫夜間格倫德爾的母親前來替子報仇,搶走了一個大臣。次日貝奧武甫追蹤到沼澤,獨(dú)自潛入湖底把女妖殺死,把格倫德爾頭顱割下,回到鹿廳。赫羅斯加又設(shè)宴慶祝,并向貝奧武甫致辭。貝奧武甫攜帶大批禮物回到許耶拉克宮廷,在宴席上把禮物獻(xiàn)給許耶拉克,許耶拉克也給他大量犒賞。

      第二個故事寫許耶拉克死后,他的兒子赫阿德勒德繼位。赫阿德勒德死后,貝奧武甫繼位,統(tǒng)治了50年。這時有個逃亡奴隸盜得一些窖藏的寶物,被看守寶物的火龍發(fā)現(xiàn),為了報復(fù),它到處騷擾為害。年老的貝奧武甫決定為民除害,帶領(lǐng)威耶拉夫等11名武士處罰。在投入戰(zhàn)斗前,他向隨從的武士講了耶阿特人過去和互殘殺的一段歷史。然后獨(dú)自去同火龍廝殺。他的劍斷了,又被龍吐的火炙傷。隨從的武士都逃跑了,只剩下威耶拉夫一人上前幫助貝奧武甫把龍殺死,貝奧武甫也因傷勢過重而死。威耶拉夫悲憤地譴責(zé)那些逃跑的武士,并派人回去報告消息。最后,耶阿特人在海濱把貝奧武甫火化,把他的骨灰連同火龍的寶物埋葬了。貝奧武甫的陵墓成為航海者的燈塔。

      這部史詩的內(nèi)容一部分是史實(shí),一部分是傳說,其中提到的人物如赫羅斯加、許耶拉克都是歷史人物,詩中一些插曲也提到歷史任務(wù)。而主要人物貝奧武甫和他的事跡則基本上來自傳說。歷史因素和傳說因素結(jié)合起來反映了氏族社會解體時期的生活。詩中反映了血仇必報和部落之間頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭,也反映了氏族內(nèi)部國王與他的親屬和臣屬之間矛盾的激化。貝奧武甫無論作為親屬和臣屬都無懈可擊。作為國王,他是氏族的保衛(wèi)者,直至獻(xiàn)出生命。對于鄰族,一反互和仇視的態(tài)度,而是助其除害,對鄰族國王,也克盡臣屬效忠的精神。從各方面說,他都是一個理想人物。

      這部史詩基本上是氏族社會的產(chǎn)物。但從5、6世紀(jì)起經(jīng)過近300年口頭流傳,到8世紀(jì)才在英國寫成。這時英國已基督教化,寫者大半是僧侶,因此史詩里也有基督教色彩,如氏族社會和信的命運(yùn)有時同上帝等同起來,把代表自然力或惡的格倫德爾說成是該隱的后代。詩中也反映了現(xiàn)世的一切都將消亡以及宿命觀點(diǎn)。不過從整體說,史詩仍保存了基督教以前的特色,高貴的品性,如仁愛、榮譽(yù)感、慷慨、勇敢等美德被充分肯定。

      史詩結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),選材集中。它以葬禮開始以葬禮結(jié)束,中間寫貝奧武甫一生中兩件大事。詩中有大量插曲,起到對比或類比或暗示的作用,如宴會上有人即席唱希格蒙德斬龍的故事,來同50年后貝奧武甫斬龍呼應(yīng)。歌者唱芬恩的妻子調(diào)停血仇失敗的故事,來烘托赫羅斯加嫁女與鄰族消弭血仇的企圖的失敗。這些插曲今天讀來顯得突兀,但對當(dāng)時聽眾卻是很熟悉的。

      史詩節(jié)奏悠閑而莊嚴(yán),對話和敘述交替,有時加入詩人的議論,如格倫德爾進(jìn)入鹿廳看到武士時,大喜過望,準(zhǔn)備飽餐一頓(,)詩人就從旁評論道:“但今夜以后,他就再也遇不到吃人的運(yùn)氣了?!痹娙松朴眠@種壓低語氣的修辭手法來表現(xiàn)對命運(yùn)的諷刺。

      《貝奧武甫》象古英語其他詩歌一樣,不用尾韻,而用頭韻,即每個字開頭的輔音或元音和同或和似算對韻。每行詩分為兩個半行,各有兩個重讀字,重讀字一般押頭韻,因此每行最多可以有四個頭韻,(用句號“?!备茫轰浫胝咦ⅲ┮话闱鞍胄袃蓚€,后半行一個頭韻的詩句較多。另一個特點(diǎn)是使用“代用詞”,如詩中把海稱為“鯨魚之路”,國王是“頒賞金環(huán)的人”,武士叫“持盾的人”等,增強(qiáng)了語言的形象性。史詩的形式也顯示出維吉爾史詩的影響。(楊周翰)

      (三)喬叟

      喬叟(約1343~1400)英國詩人。出生于倫敦一家富裕的中產(chǎn)階級家庭,父親是酒商兼皮革商。喬叟可能上過牛津大學(xué)或劍橋大學(xué)。1357年進(jìn)入宮廷,任英壬愛德華三世的兒媳阿爾斯特伯爵夫人身邊的少年侍從。1359午,隨愛德華三世出征法國,被法軍俘虜,后被愛德華贖回。1366年,喬叟和菲莉帕結(jié)婚。菲莉帕的妹妹后來嫁給愛德華的次子蘭開斯特公爵,喬叟因而受到蘭開斯特公爵的保護(hù)。同時,喬叟也是愛德華三世的侍從騎士。1369年,蘭開斯特公爵責(zé)特約翰的元配夫人布蘭希逝世,喬叟寫了悼亡詩《公爵夫人的書》(1369~1370)來安慰他的保護(hù)人。1370至1378年之間,喬叟經(jīng)常出國訪問歐洲大陸,執(zhí)行外交談判任務(wù)。他曾兩度訪問意大利(1372~1373;1378),這對他的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作起了極為重要的作用。他發(fā)現(xiàn)了但丁、薄傲丘和彼特拉克的作品,這些作品深刻地影響了他的創(chuàng)作,使他從接受法國文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向接受意大利文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。從而74年開始,喬叟擔(dān)任了二些公職。他先被任命為倫敦港口羊毛、皮革關(guān)稅總管(1374~1386),后來被英王理查二世任命為皇室修建大臣(1389~1391),主管維修公共建筑、公園、橋梁等。喬叟還擔(dān)任過肯特郡的治安官(1386),并當(dāng)選為代表肯特郡的國會議員(1386)。后來喬叟還擔(dān)任過管理薩默塞特郡皇家森林的森林官(1391)。喬叟于1400年10月25日在倫敦逝世,葬于威斯敏斯特教堂里的“詩人之角”。

      喬叟把屬于中古英語的東中部方言——倫敦方言——提高成為英國的文學(xué)語言。他又善于繼承和吸收法國詩人和意大利詩人的詩歌技巧,并且運(yùn)用這些技巧來豐富和提高英詩的表達(dá)能力。喬叟的最早的作品之一是他翻譯的法文詩《玫瑰傳奇》(1370)。這個英譯本的前1,700行詩一般公認(rèn)為出自喬叟的手筆。這個作品和上面提到的《公爵夫人的書》都是用八音節(jié)雙韻詩體寫成的,都顯示出法國愛情詩的影響。后來,喬叟寫了《聲譽(yù)之官》(1379或1380),也是用八音節(jié)雙韻詩體寫成,但是這個作品卻早示出意大利詩人但丁的《神曲》的影響。因此可以把《聲譽(yù)之宮》看成是喬叟從接受法國文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)變到意大利文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的過渡時期的作品。不久后,喬叟翻譯了羅馬哲學(xué)家博埃齊鳥斯的著作《哲學(xué)的安慰》(約524),易名為《博埃齊馬斯》(1381或1382),是英文散文譯本。約在同一時期,喬叟還寫了《百鳥會議》(1382),是用“君王詩體”寫成的。這種詩體采用七行詩段的形式,每行為十個音節(jié),韻腳為ababbcc。喬叟是第一個使用這種詩體的英國詩人,但“君王詩體”的名稱卻來自蘇格蘭國王詹拇斯一世,他曾用這個詩體寫拙蘇格蘭方吉愛情詩《國王的書》。實(shí)際上這個作品受了喬叟的影響。在寫成《百鳥會議》數(shù)年以后,喬叟寫了《派拉蒙和阿色提》,后來改編成為《騎士講的故事》。在《貞節(jié)婦女的傳說》(1386)里,喬叟第一次使用于音節(jié)雙韻詩體。這個詩體非常重要,因?yàn)閱疼诺慕茏鳌犊蔡夭坠适录罚?387~1400)就是用這個詩體寫成的。這個詩體后來演化成為“英雄雙韻體”,在新古典主義時期壟斷了英國詩壇。除上述作品外,喬叟還寫了愛炭故事長詩《特羅伊拉斯和克菜西德》(1385)。這部作品是甩“君王詩體”寫成的。以上的作品都屬于喬叟創(chuàng)作的意大利時期。在這個時期內(nèi),喬叟在意大利文學(xué)的影響下,進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了法國文學(xué)的騎士愛情詩歌的傳統(tǒng),把現(xiàn)實(shí)主義因素逐漸加入到這個詩歌傳統(tǒng)里來。這主要表現(xiàn)在喬叟的最早的杰作《特羅伊拉斯和克萊西德》一詩里。這部作品取材于薄咖丘的愛情故事詩《菲洛斯特拉托》。喬叟擴(kuò)展、發(fā)揮、改動了薄仇丘的作品,把他自已的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)放進(jìn)這個古老的愛情故事里面,以至于有些批評家把喬叟的《特羅伊拉斯和克萊西德》看成是最早的一部現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說。

      1387年開始了喬叟創(chuàng)作的成熟期。他寫了《坎特伯雷故事集》的總序。他一生的最后十幾年大約都用在寫這個故事案上面,但并未完成。盡管如此,喬叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》在西方中世紀(jì)和文藝復(fù)興時期的故事集當(dāng)中卻是獨(dú)一無二的,因?yàn)閱疼诺墓适录粌H是一個故事集,而且是一個藝術(shù)整體。我們可以把它看作喬叟的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義藝術(shù)的結(jié)晶?!犊蔡夭坠适录返膬?nèi)容如下:一群香客聚會在倫敦泰晤士河南岸一家小旅店里,他們準(zhǔn)備到離倫敦70英里外的坎特伯雷域去朝拜殉教圣人托馬斯?阿?貝克特的圣祠。作者在總序里對每一位香客都作了生動、細(xì)致的描寫。連詩人(喬叟)在內(nèi),香客們一共是31位,代表中世紀(jì)英國社會的各階層。騎士和他的兒子見習(xí)騎士代表貴族階級和騎士精神,伴隨他們的是仆人,一名自耕農(nóng)。接著是一群教會人物,為首的是一位女修道院長,侍候她的人有一名尼姑和三名教士。其他的教會人物有一位和尚和一名托缽僧,其他社會階層的代表有一位商人、一位牛津大學(xué)學(xué)生(在14世紀(jì),大學(xué)生也屬于僧侶階層,畢業(yè)后要擔(dān)任神職)、律師、自由農(nóng)民——一位富有的中等地主。還有一群城市中間階層人物,如一名衣帽商,一名木匠,一名紡織匠,一名染坊工人,一名制掛毯的工人,以及一名廚師,一名船員或水手,一位醫(yī)生。巴斯城的婦女——“新女性”的代表,她經(jīng)營織布生意很發(fā)財(cái)。鄉(xiāng)村牧師——僧侶階層中社會地位最低下的成員,在喬叟筆下他卻是十分高貴的人物。農(nóng)夫——他是鄉(xiāng)村牧師的弟兄,是一個窮苦的農(nóng)民。還有磨房主、糧食采購員、田產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人、教會法庭的差人、教會經(jīng)售贖罪券者。香客中以后兩種最不齒于社會。最后還有詩人喬叟本人。晚飯后,旅店主人哈里?貝利建議香客們在去坎特伯雷城的來回路上各講兩個故事,他啟告奮勇做向?qū)?,并?dān)任裁判,看誰的故事講得最好,可以白吃一餐好飯??傂虻酱私Y(jié)束?!犊蔡夭坠适录返钠溆嗖糠职ü适潞豌暯佣温?。喬叟沒有完成他的預(yù)定計(jì)劃,故事集只有23個故事,其中有兩個(廚師和見習(xí)騎士各自講的故事)沒有講完。還有7處缺銜接段落。大多數(shù)的故事,和總序一樣,都是用雙韻詩體寫成的,只有兩個故事是用散文寫的(一個是詩人喬叟自已講的《梅里白的故事》,另一個是鄉(xiāng)村牧師講的故事)。還有4個故事(律師、女修道院長、牛津大學(xué)學(xué)生,以及第二個尼姑各自講的故事)是用七行詩段(稱為“君王詩體”)寫的。另外,和尚講的故事是用八行詩段霧的。這些故事可以分成四組:

      ⑴傳奇(包括愛情、魔術(shù)、騎士探險等故事),如騎士、巴斯城的婦女、見習(xí)騎士和自由農(nóng)民各自講的故事:

      ⑵度誠和道德教育故事:如律師、牛津大學(xué)學(xué)生、籌二個尼姑、賣贖罪券者、女修道院長、喬叟自已(《梅里白的故事D、醫(yī)生和鄉(xiāng)村牧師講的故事。

      ⑶喜劇或滑稽故事:如磨房主、田產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人、廚師、托缽僧、教會法庭差人、“商人、”教士的仆人、船頁講的故事。

      ⑷動物寓言,如尼姑的教士和糧食采購員講的故事。

      不屬于上列四類的還有和尚講的關(guān)于大人物下臺的“悲劇”故事以及喬叟講的嘲諷傳奇《托波斯爵士》。和尚和喬叟講的故事過于冗長、乏味,被其他香客打斷。

      從以上的分類可以看出喬叟的高度寫作才能。他熟悉中世紀(jì)歐洲文學(xué)所有的類型,能夠運(yùn)用每一種文學(xué)類型的技巧來寫出優(yōu)秀的作品。下列的故事一般公認(rèn)為是《坎特伯雷故事集》里最好的:

      ⑴騎士講的故事——關(guān)于派拉蒙和阿色提愛上艾米里亞的愛情悲劇故事,⑵賣贖罪券者講的故事——關(guān)于死神降臨貪財(cái)者身上的勸世寓言故事。

      ⑶尼姑的教士講的故事——關(guān)于狡猾的狐貍和虛榮的公雞的動物寓言故事。這是喬叟的杰作,他把一個陳舊的寓言故事轉(zhuǎn)化成一出現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的喜劇,內(nèi)容豐富多彩,語言生動活潑,雅俗共賞。

      ⑷商人講的故事——關(guān)于“一月”和“五月”的故事(即關(guān)于老夫少妻的家庭糾紛的故事)。

      ⑸自由農(nóng)民講的故事——關(guān)于忠誠愛情和慷慨行為的故事。

      事實(shí)上,《坎特伯雷故事集》里的每一個故事都有它的獨(dú)到之處,讀者可以各取所需。除了這些有趣的、深刻的故事外,故事之間的銜接段落也值得贊揚(yáng)。在這些段落里,喬叟顯示出他的戲劇才能,人物性格寫得鮮明、突出,對話滑稽、有趣。尤其是巴斯城婦女講的故事的序言和賣贖罪券者講的故事的序言,寫得最為精彩。

      喬叟雖然是個宮廷詩人;他的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)卻是多方面的。他熟悉14世紀(jì)英國社會各階層的人物,也了解當(dāng)時的歐洲社會。他熟悉法語和意大利語,但堅(jiān)持用英語創(chuàng)作。他對英國社會不同階層人物的語言,都能運(yùn)用自如。他處理的題材面很廣,對不同的題材采取不同的處理方法,寫作技巧和手法也是各式各樣的。由于他的視野廣闊,觀察深刻,他寫的14世紀(jì)英國社會的人物具有超國界的特點(diǎn),也就是說,喬叟善于寫人的普遍的、共同的特點(diǎn),因此他的作品能夠在世界范圍內(nèi)長期吸引讀者。喬叟熱愛生活,熱愛人。他雖然也善于嘲笑和諷刺人們的缺點(diǎn)和錯誤,但他的總的人生態(tài)度是同情和寬容。喬叟是一位嚴(yán)肅的詩人,一方面給讀者提供極大的樂趣,另一方面仍對讀者進(jìn)行教育,希望讀者成為更理智、更善良的人。但喬叟不愿直接對讀者進(jìn)行說教,總。寓教導(dǎo)于娛樂之中。在關(guān)于忠誠愛情和慷慨行為的故事(自由農(nóng)民講的故事)里有這樣一句話:“真誠是人所能夠保持的最高尚的東西?!边@是喬叟的道德準(zhǔn)則,也是他的藝術(shù)標(biāo)誰。喬叟忠誠于真理,忠誠于現(xiàn)實(shí),忠誠于自然(包括人性),忠誠于藝術(shù)。喬叟的藝術(shù)是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的藝術(shù),他開創(chuàng)了英國文學(xué)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng)。莎士比亞和狄更斯在不同程度上都是喬叟的繼承人和弟子。在中國,喬叟的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》有方重的散文譯本。

      (李賦寧)

      以下為《坎特伯雷故事集》介紹;《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》節(jié)選;《高文爵士與他的綠衣騎士》節(jié)選 Context

      The Canterbury Tales is the most famous and critically acclaimed work of Geoffrey Chaucer, a late-fourteenth-century English poet.Little is known about Chaucer’s personal life, and even less about his education, but a number of existing records document his professional life.Chaucer was born in London in the early 1340s, the only son in his family.Chaucer’s father, originally a property-owning wine merchant, became tremendously wealthy when he inherited the property of relatives who had died in the Black Death of 1349.He was therefore able to send the young Geoffrey off as a page to the Countess of Ulster, which meant that Geoffrey was not required to follow in his ancestors’ footsteps and become a merchant.Eventually, Chaucer began to serve the countess’s husband, Prince Lionel, son to King Edward III.For most of his life, Chaucer served in the Hundred Years War between England and France, both as a soldier and, since he was fluent in French and Italian and conversant in Latin and other tongues, as a diplomat.His diplomatic travels brought him twice to Italy, where he might have met Boccaccio, whose writing influenced Chaucer’s work, and Petrarch.In or around 1378, Chaucer began to develop his vision of an English poetry that would be linguistically accessible to all—obedient neither to the court, whose official language was French, nor to the Church, whose official language was Latin.Instead, Chaucer wrote in the vernacular, the English that was spoken in and around London in his day.Undoubtedly, he was influenced by the writings of the Florentines Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, who wrote in the Italian vernacular.Even in England, the practice was becoming increasingly common among poets, although many were still writing in French and Latin.That the nobles and kings Chaucer served(Richard II until 1399, then Henry IV)were impressed with Chaucer’s skills as a negotiator is obvious from the many rewards he received for his service.Money, provisions, higher appointments, and property eventually allowed him to retire on a royal pension.In 1374, the king appointed Chaucer Controller of the Customs of Hides, Skins and Wools in the port of London, which meant that he was a government official who worked with cloth importers.His experience overseeing imported cloths might be why he frequently describes in exquisite detail the garments and fabric that attire his characters.Chaucer held the position at the customhouse for twelve years, after which he left London for Kent, the county in which Canterbury is located.He served as a justice of the peace for Kent, living in debt, and was then appointed Clerk of the Works at various holdings of the king, including Westminster and the Tower of London.After he retired in the early 1390s, he seems to have been working primarily on The Canterbury Tales, which he began around 1387.By the time of his retirement, Chaucer had already written a substantial amount of narrative poetry, including the celebrated romance Troilus and Criseyde.Chaucer’s personal life is less documented than his professional life.In the late 1360s, he married Philippa Roet, who served Edward III’s queen.They had at least two sons together.Philippa was the sister to the mistress of John of Gaunt, the duke of Lancaster.For John of Gaunt, Chaucer wrote one of his first poems, The Book of the Duchess, which was a lament for the premature death of John’s young wife, Blanche.Whether or not Chaucer had an extramarital affair is a matter of some contention among historians.In a legal document that dates from 1380, a woman named Cecily Chaumpaigne released Chaucer from the accusation of seizing her(raptus), though whether the expression denotes that he raped her, committed adultery with her, or abducted her son is unclear.Chaucer’s wife Philippa apparently died in 1387.Chaucer lived through a time of incredible tension in the English social sphere.The Black Death, which ravaged England during Chaucer’s childhood and remained widespread afterward, wiped out an estimated thirty to fifty percent of the population.Consequently, the labor force gained increased leverage and was able to bargain for better wages, which led to resentment from the nobles and propertied classes.These classes received another blow in 1381, when the peasantry, helped by the artisan class, revolted against them.The merchants were also wielding increasing power over the legal establishment, as the Hundred Years War created profit for England and, consequently, appetite for luxury was growing.The merchants capitalized on the demand for luxury goods, and when Chaucer was growing up, London was pretty much run by a merchant oligarchy, which attempted to control both the aristocracy and the lesser artisan classes.Chaucer’s political sentiments are unclear, for although The Canterbury Tales documents the various social tensions in the manner of the popular genre of estates satire, the narrator refrains from making overt political statements, and what he does say is in no way thought to represent Chaucer’s own sentiments.Chaucer’s original plan for The Canterbury Tales was for each character to tell four tales, two on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back.But, instead of 120 tales, the text ends after twenty-four tales, and the party is still on its way to Canterbury.Chaucer either planned to revise the structure to cap the work at twenty-four tales, or else left it incomplete when he died on October 25, 1400.Other writers and printers soon recognized The Canterbury Tales as a masterful and highly original work.Though Chaucer had been influenced by the great French and Italian writers of his age, works like Boccaccio’s Decameron were not accessible to most English readers, so the format of The Canterbury Tales, and the intense realism of its characters, were virtually unknown to readers in the fourteenth century before Chaucer.William Caxton, England’s first printer, published The Canterbury Tales in the 1470s, and it continued to enjoy a rich printing history that never truly faded.By the English Renaissance, poetry critic George Puttenham had identified Chaucer as the father of the English literary canon.Chaucer’s project to create a literature and poetic language for all classes of society succeeded, and today Chaucer still stands as one of the great shapers of literary narrative and character.Language in The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is written in Middle English, which bears a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today.In contrast, Old English(the language of Beowulf, for example)can be read only in modern translation or by students of Old English.Students often read The Canterbury Tales in its original language, not only because of the similarity between Chaucer’s Middle English and our own, but because the beauty and humor of the poetry—all of its internal and external rhymes, and the sounds it produces—would be lost in translation.The best way for a beginner to approach Middle English is to read it out loud.When the words are pronounced, it is often much easier to recognize what they mean in modern English.Most Middle English editions of the poem include a short pronunciation guide, which can help the reader to understand the language better.For particularly difficult words or phrases, most editions also include notes in the margin giving the modern versions of the words, along with a full glossary in the back.Several online Chaucer glossaries exist, as well as a number of printed lexicons of Middle English.The Order of The Canterbury Tales The line numbers cited in this SparkNote are based on the line numbers given in The Riverside Chaucer, the authoritative edition of Chaucer’s works.The line numbering in The Riverside Chaucer does not run continuously throughout the entire Canterbury Tales, but it does not restart at the beginning of each tale, either.Instead, the tales are grouped together into fragments, and each fragment is numbered as a separate whole.Nobody knows exactly what order Chaucer intended to give the tales, or even if he had a specific order in mind for all of them.Eighty-two early manuscripts of the tales survive, and many of them vary considerably in the order in which they present the tales.However, certain sets of tales do seem to belong together in a particular order.For instance, the General Prologue is obviously the beginning, then the narrator explicitly says that the Knight tells the first tale, and that the Miller butts in and tells the second tale.The introductions, prologues, and epilogues to various tales sometimes include the pilgrims’ comments on the tale just finished, and an indication of who tells the next tale.These sections between the tales are called links, and they are the best evidence for grouping the tales together into ten fragments.But The Canterbury Tales does not include a complete set of links, so the order of the ten fragments is open to question.The Riverside Chaucer bases the order of the ten fragments on the order presented in the Ellesmere manuscript, one of the best surviving manuscripts of the tale.Some scholars disagree with the groupings and order of tales followed in The Riverside Chaucer, choosing instead to base the order on a combination of the links and the geographical landmarks that the pilgrims pass on the way to Canterbury.Plot Overview

      General Prologue At the Tabard Inn, a tavern in Southwark, near London, the narrator joins a company of twenty-nine pilgrims.The pilgrims, like the narrator, are traveling to the shrine of the martyr Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury.The narrator gives a descriptive account of twenty-seven of these pilgrims, including a Knight, Squire, Yeoman, Prioress, Monk, Friar, Merchant, Clerk, Man of Law, Franklin, Haberdasher, Carpenter, Weaver, Dyer, Tapestry-Weaver, Cook, Shipman, Physician, Wife, Parson, Plowman, Miller, Manciple, Reeve, Summoner, Pardoner, and Host.(He does not describe the Second Nun or the Nun’s Priest, although both characters appear later in the book.)The Host, whose name, we find out in the Prologue to the Cook’s Tale, is Harry Bailey, suggests that the group ride together and entertain one another with stories.He decides that each pilgrim will tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back.Whomever he judges to be the best storyteller will receive a meal at Bailey’s tavern, courtesy of the other pilgrims.The pilgrims draw lots and determine that the Knight will tell the first tale.The Knight’s Tale

      Theseus, duke of Athens, imprisons Arcite and Palamon, two knights from Thebes(another city in ancient Greece).From their prison, the knights see and fall in love with Theseus’s sister-in-law, Emelye.Through the intervention of a friend, Arcite is freed, but he is banished from Athens.He returns in disguise and becomes a page in Emelye’s chamber.Palamon escapes from prison, and the two meet and fight over Emelye.Theseus apprehends them and arranges a tournament between the two knights and their allies, with Emelye as the prize.Arcite wins, but he is accidentally thrown from his horse and dies.Palamon then marries Emelye.The Miller’s Prologue and Tale

      The Host asks the Monk to tell the next tale, but the drunken Miller butts in and insists that his tale should be the next.He tells the story of an impoverished student named Nicholas, who persuades his landlord’s sexy young wife, Alisoun, to spend the night with him.He convinces his landlord, a carpenter named John, that the second flood is coming, and tricks him into spending the night in a tub hanging from the ceiling of his barn.Absolon, a young parish clerk who is also in love with Alisoun, appears outside the window of the room where Nicholas and Alisoun lie together.When Absolon begs Alisoun for a kiss, she sticks her rear end out the window in the dark and lets him kiss it.Absolon runs and gets a red-hot poker, returns to the window, and asks for another kiss;when Nicholas sticks his bottom out the window and farts, Absolon brands him on the buttocks.Nicholas’s cries for water make the carpenter think that the flood has come, so the carpenter cuts the rope connecting his tub to the ceiling, falls down, and breaks his arm.The Reeve’s Prologue and Tale

      Because he also does carpentry, the Reeve takes offense at the Miller’s tale of a stupid carpenter, and counters with his own tale of a dishonest miller.The Reeve tells the story of two students, John and Alayn, who go to the mill to watch the miller grind their corn, so that he won’t have a chance to steal any.But the miller unties their horse, and while they chase it, he steals some of the flour he has just ground for them.By the time the students catch the horse, it is dark, so they spend the night in the miller’s house.That night, Alayn seduces the miller’s daughter, and John seduces his wife.When the miller wakes up and finds out what has happened, he tries to beat the students.His wife, thinking that her husband is actually one of the students, hits the miller over the head with a staff.The students take back their stolen goods and leave.The Cook’s Prologue and Tale

      The Cook particularly enjoys the Reeve’s Tale, and offers to tell another funny tale.The tale concerns an apprentice named Perkyn who drinks and dances so much that he is called “Perkyn Reveler.” Finally, Perkyn’s master decides that he would rather his apprentice leave to revel than stay home and corrupt the other servants.Perkyn arranges to stay with a friend who loves drinking and gambling, and who has a wife who is a prostitute.The tale breaks off, unfinished, after fifty-eight lines.The Man of Law’s Introduction, Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue

      The Host reminds his fellow pilgrims to waste no time, because lost time cannot be regained.He asks the Man of Law to tell the next tale.The Man of Law agrees, apologizing that he cannot tell any suitable tale that Chaucer has not already told—Chaucer may be unskilled as a poet, says the Man of Law, but he has told more stories of lovers than Ovid, and he doesn’t print tales of incest as John Gower does(Gower was a contemporary of Chaucer).In the Prologue to his tale, the Man of Law laments the miseries of poverty.He then remarks how fortunate merchants are, and says that his tale is one told to him by a merchant.In the tale, the Muslim sultan of Syria converts his entire sultanate(including himself)to Christianity in order to persuade the emperor of Rome to give him his daughter, Custance, in marriage.The sultan’s mother and her attendants remain secretly faithful to Islam.The mother tells her son she wishes to hold a banquet for him and all the Christians.At the banquet, she massacres her son and all the Christians except for Custance, whom she sets adrift in a rudderless ship.After years of floating, Custance runs ashore in Northumberland, where a constable and his wife, Hermengyld, offer her shelter.She converts them to Christianity.One night, Satan makes a young knight sneak into Hermengyld’s chamber and murder Hermengyld.He places the bloody knife next to Custance, who sleeps in the same chamber.When the constable returns home, accompanied by Alla, the king of Northumberland, he finds his slain wife.He tells Alla the story of how Custance was found, and Alla begins to pity the girl.He decides to look more deeply into the murder.Just as the knight who murdered Hermengyld is swearing that Custance is the true murderer, he is struck down and his eyes burst out of his face, proving his guilt to Alla and the crowd.The knight is executed, Alla and many others convert to Christianity, and Custance and Alla marry.While Alla is away in Scotland, Custance gives birth to a boy named Mauricius.Alla’s mother, Donegild, intercepts a letter from Custance to Alla and substitutes a counterfeit one that claims that the child is disfigured and bewitched.She then intercepts Alla’s reply, which claims that the child should be kept and loved no matter how malformed.Donegild substitutes a letter saying that Custance and her son are banished and should be sent away on the same ship on which Custance arrived.Alla returns home, finds out what has happened, and kills Donegild.After many adventures at sea, including an attempted rape, Custance ends up back in Rome, where she reunites with Alla, who has made a pilgrimage there to atone for killing his mother.She also reunites with her father, the emperor.Alla and Custance return to England, but Alla dies after a year, so Custance returns, once more, to Rome.Mauricius becomes the next Roman emperor.Following the Man of Law’s Tale, the Host asks the Parson to tell the next tale, but the Parson reproaches him for swearing, and they fall to bickering.The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale

      The Wife of Bath gives a lengthy account of her feelings about marriage.Quoting from the Bible, the Wife argues against those who believe it is wrong to marry more than once, and she explains how she dominated and controlled each of her five husbands.She married her fifth husband, Jankyn, for love instead of money.After the Wife has rambled on for a while, the Friar butts in to complain that she is taking too long, and the Summoner retorts that friars are like flies, always meddling.The Friar promises to tell a tale about a summoner, and the Summoner promises to tell a tale about a friar.The Host cries for everyone to quiet down and allow the Wife to commence her tale.In her tale, a young knight of King Arthur’s court rapes a maiden;to atone for his crime, Arthur’s queen sends him on a quest to discover what women want most.An ugly old woman promises the knight that she will tell him the secret if he promises to do whatever she wants for saving his life.He agrees, and she tells him women want control of their husbands and their own lives.They go together to Arthur’s queen, and the old woman’s answer turns out to be correct.The old woman then tells the knight that he must marry her.When the knight confesses later that he is repulsed by her appearance, she gives him a choice: she can either be ugly and faithful, or beautiful and unfaithful.The knight tells her to make the choice herself, and she rewards him for giving her control of the marriage by rendering herself both beautiful and faithful.The Friar’s Prologue and Tale

      The Friar speaks approvingly of the Wife of Bath’s Tale, and offers to lighten things up for the company by telling a funny story about a lecherous summoner.The Summoner does not object, but he promises to pay the Friar back in his own tale.The Friar tells of an archdeacon who carries out the law without mercy, especially to lechers.The archdeacon has a summoner who has a network of spies working for him, to let him know who has been lecherous.The summoner extorts money from those he’s sent to summon, charging them more money than he should for penance.He tries to serve a summons on a yeoman who is actually a devil in disguise.After comparing notes on their treachery and extortion, the devil vanishes, but when the summoner tries to prosecute an old wealthy widow unfairly, the widow cries out that the summoner should be taken to hell.The devil follows the woman’s instructions and drags the summoner off to hell.The Summoner’s Prologue and Tale

      The Summoner, furious at the Friar’s Tale, asks the company to let him tell the next tale.First, he tells the company that there is little difference between friars and fiends, and that when an angel took a friar down to hell to show him the torments there, the friar asked why there were no friars in hell;the angel then pulled up Satan’s tail and 20,000 friars came out of his ass.In the Summoner’s Tale, a friar begs for money from a dying man named Thomas and his wife, who have recently lost their child.The friar shamelessly exploits the couple’s misfortunes to extract money from them, so Thomas tells the friar that he is sitting on something that he will bequeath to the friars.The friar reaches for his bequest, and Thomas lets out an enormous fart.The friar complains to the lord of the manor, whose squire promises to divide the fart evenly among all the friars.The Clerk’s Prologue and Tale

      The Host asks the Clerk to cheer up and tell a merry tale, and the Clerk agrees to tell a tale by the Italian poet Petrarch.Griselde is a hardworking peasant who marries into the aristocracy.Her husband tests her fortitude several ways, including pretending to kill her children and divorcing her.He punishes her one final time by forcing her to prepare for his wedding to a new wife.She does all this dutifully, her husband tells her that she has always been and will always be his wife(the divorce was a fraud), and they live happily ever after.The Merchant’s Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue

      The Merchant reflects on the great difference between the patient Griselde of the Clerk’s Tale and the horrible shrew he has been married to for the past two months.The Host asks him to tell a story of the evils of marriage, and he complies.Against the advice of his friends, an old knight named January marries May, a beautiful young woman.She is less than impressed by his enthusiastic sexual efforts, and conspires to cheat on him with his squire, Damien.When blind January takes May into his garden to copulate with her, she tells him she wants to eat a pear, and he helps her up into the pear tree, where she has sex with Damien.Pluto, the king of the faeries, restores January’s sight, but May, caught in the act, assures him that he must still be blind.The Host prays to God to keep him from marrying a wife like the one the Merchant describes.The Squire’s Introduction and Tale

      The Host calls upon the Squire to say something about his favorite subject, love, and the Squire willingly complies.King Cambyuskan of the Mongol Empire is visited on his birthday by a knight bearing gifts from the king of Arabia and India.He gives Cambyuskan and his daughter Canacee a magic brass horse, a magic mirror, a magic ring that gives Canacee the ability to understand the language of birds, and a sword with the power to cure any wound it creates.She rescues a dying female falcon that narrates how her consort abandoned her for the love of another.The Squire’s Tale is either unfinished by Chaucer or is meant to be interrupted by the Franklin, who interjects that he wishes his own son were as eloquent as the Squire.The Host expresses annoyance at the Franklin’s interruption, and orders him to begin the next tale.The Franklin’s Prologue and Tale

      The Franklin says that his tale is a familiar Breton lay, a folk ballad of ancient Brittany.Dorigen, the heroine, awaits the return of her husband, Arveragus, who has gone to England to win honor in feats of arms.She worries that the ship bringing her husband home will wreck itself on the coastal rocks, and she promises Aurelius, a young man who falls in love with her, that she will give her body to him if he clears the rocks from the coast.Aurelius hires a student learned in magic to create the illusion that the rocks have disappeared.Arveragus returns home and tells his wife that she must keep her promise to Aurelius.Aurelius is so impressed by Arveragus’s honorable act that he generously absolves her of the promise, and the magician, in turn, generously absolves Aurelius of the money he owes.The Physician’s Tale

      Appius the judge lusts after Virginia, the beautiful daughter of Virginius.Appius persuades a churl named Claudius to declare her his slave, stolen from him by Virginius.Appius declares that Virginius must hand over his daughter to Claudius.Virginius tells his daughter that she must die rather than suffer dishonor, and she virtuously consents to her father’s cutting her head off.Appius sentences Virginius to death, but the Roman people, aware of Appius’s hijinks, throw him into prison, where he kills himself.The Pardoner’s Introduction, Prologue, and Tale

      The Host is dismayed by the tragic injustice of the Physician’s Tale, and asks the Pardoner to tell something merry.The other pilgrims contradict the Host, demanding a moral tale, which the Pardoner agrees to tell after he eats and drinks.The Pardoner tells the company how he cheats people out of their money by preaching that money is the root of all evil.His tale describes three riotous youths who go looking for Death, thinking that they can kill him.An old man tells them that they will find Death under a tree.Instead, they find eight bushels of gold, which they plot to sneak into town under cover of darkness.The youngest goes into town to fetch food and drink, but brings back poison, hoping to have the gold all to himself.His companions kill him to enrich their own shares, then drink the poison and die under the tree.His tale complete, the Pardoner offers to sell the pilgrims pardons, and singles out the Host to come kiss his relics.The Host infuriates the Pardoner by accusing him of fraud, but the Knight persuades the two to kiss and bury their differences.The Shipman’s Tale

      The Shipman’s Tale features a monk who tricks a merchant’s wife into having sex with him by borrowing money from the merchant, then giving it to the wife so she can repay her own debt to her husband, in exchange for sexual favors.When the monk sees the merchant next, he tells him that he returned the merchant’s money to his wife.The wife realizes she has been duped, but she boldly tells her husband to forgive her debt: she will repay it in bed.The Host praises the Shipman’s story, and asks the Prioress for a tale.The Prioress’s Prologue and Tale

      The Prioress calls on the Virgin Mary to guide her tale.In an Asian city, a Christian school is located at the edge of a Jewish ghetto.An angelic seven-year-old boy, a widow’s son, attends the school.He is a devout Christian, and loves to sing Alma Redemptoris(Gracious Mother of the Redeemer).Singing the song on his way through the ghetto, some Jews hire a murderer to slit his throat and throw him into a latrine.The Jews refuse to tell the widow where her son is, but he miraculously begins to sing Alma Redemptoris, so the Christian people recover his body, and the magistrate orders the murdering Jews to be drawn apart by wild horses and then hanged.The Prologue and Tale of Sir Thopas The Host, after teasing Chaucer the narrator about his appearance, asks him to tell a tale.Chaucer says that he only knows one tale, then launches into a parody of bad poetry—the Tale of Sir Thopas.Sir Thopas rides about looking for an elf-queen to marry until he is confronted by a giant.The narrator’s doggerel continues in this vein until the Host can bear no more and interrupts him.Chaucer asks him why he can’t tell his tale, since it is the best he knows, and the Host explains that his rhyme isn’t worth a turd.He encourages Chaucer to tell a prose tale.The Tale of Melibee Chaucer’s second tale is the long, moral prose story of Melibee.Melibee’s house is raided by his foes, who beat his wife, Prudence, and severely wound his daughter, Sophie, in her feet, hands, ears, nose, and mouth.Prudence advises him not to rashly pursue vengeance on his enemies, and he follows her advice, putting his foes’ punishment in her hands.She forgives them for the outrages done to her, in a model of Christian forbearance and forgiveness.The Monk’s Prologue and Tale The Host wishes that his own wife were as patient as Melibee’s, and calls upon the Monk to tell the next tale.First he teases the Monk, pointing out that the Monk is clearly no poor cloisterer.The Monk takes it all in stride and tells a series of tragic falls, in which noble figures are brought low: Lucifer, Adam, Sampson, Hercules, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, Zenobia, Pedro of Castile, and down through the ages.The Nun’s Priest’s Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue

      After seventeen noble “falls” narrated by the Monk, the Knight interrupts, and the Host calls upon the Nun’s Priest to deliver something more lively.The Nun’s Priest tells of Chanticleer the Rooster, who is carried off by a flattering fox who tricks him into closing his eyes and displaying his crowing abilities.Chanticleer turns the tables on the fox by persuading him to open his mouth and brag to the barnyard about his feat, upon which Chanticleer falls out of the fox’s mouth and escapes.The Host praises the Nun’s Priest’s Tale, adding that if the Nun’s Priest were not in holy orders, he would be as sexually potent as Chanticleer.The Second Nun’s Prologue and Tale

      In her Prologue, the Second Nun explains that she will tell a saint’s life, that of Saint Cecilia, for this saint set an excellent example through her good works and wise teachings.She focuses particularly on the story of Saint Cecilia’s martyrdom.Before Cecilia’s new husband, Valerian, can take her virginity, she sends him on a pilgrimage to Pope Urban, who converts him to Christianity.An angel visits Valerian, who asks that his brother Tiburce be granted the grace of Christian conversion as well.All three—Cecilia, Tiburce, and Valerian—are put to death by the Romans.The Canon’s Yeoman’s Prologue and Tale

      When the Second Nun’s Tale is finished, the company is overtaken by a black-clad Canon and his Yeoman, who have heard of the pilgrims and their tales and wish to participate.The Yeoman brags to the company about how he and the Canon create the illusion that they are alchemists, and the Canon departs in shame at having his secrets discovered.The Yeoman tells a tale of how a canon defrauded a priest by creating the illusion of alchemy using sleight of hand.The Manciple’s Prologue and Tale

      The Host pokes fun at the Cook, riding at the back of the company, blind drunk.The Cook is unable to honor the Host’s request that he tell a tale, and the Manciple criticizes him for his drunkenness.The Manciple relates the legend of a white crow, taken from the Roman poet Ovid’s Metamorphoses and one of the tales in The Arabian Nights.In it, Phoebus’s talking white crow informs him that his wife is cheating on him.Phoebus kills the wife, pulls out the crow’s white feathers, and curses it with blackness.The Parson’s Prologue and Tale As the company enters a village in the late afternoon, the Host calls upon the Parson to give them a fable.Refusing to tell a fictional story because it would go against the rule set by St.Paul, the Parson delivers a lengthy treatise on the Seven Deadly Sins, instead.Chaucer’s Retraction

      Chaucer appeals to readers to credit Jesus Christ as the inspiration for anything in his book that they like, and to attribute what they don’t like to his own ignorance and lack of ability.He retracts and prays for forgiveness for all of his works dealing with secular and pagan subjects, asking only to be remembered for what he has written of saints’ lives and homilies.WILLIAM LANGLAND(1330-1400)The Vision of William Concerning 'Piers the Plowman.'

      Incipit liber de Petro Plowman Prologus

      PROLOGUE The Field Full of Folk 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

      In a somer seson whan soft was the sonne, I shope me in shroudes as I a shepe were, In habite as an hermite vnholy of workes, Went wyde in tis world wondres to here.Ac on a May mornynge on Maluerne hulles, Me byfel a ferly of fairy, me thou¥te;I was wery forwandred and went me to reste Vnder a brode banke bi a bornes side, And as I lay and lened and loked in te wateres, I slombered in a slepyng it sweyued so merye, Thanne gan I to meten a merueilouse sweuene, That I was in a wilderness wist I neuer where;As I bihelde in-to te est an hiegh to te sonne, I seigh a toure on a toft trielich ymaked;A depe dale binethe a dongeon tere-Inne, With depe dyches & derke and dredful of sight, A faire felde ful of folke fonde I there bytwene, Of alle maner of men te mene and te riche, worchyng and wandryng as te worlde asketh Some putten hem to te plow pleyed ful selde, In settyng and in sowyng swonken ful harde, And wonnen that wastours with glotonye destruyeth.And some putten hem to pruyde appareiled hem tere-after.In countenaunce of clothyng comen disgised.In prayers and in penance putten hem manye, Al for loue of owre lorde lyueden ful streyte, In hope forto haue heuenriche blisse;As ancres and hermites that holden hem in here selles, And coueiten nought in contre to kairen aboute, For no likerous liflode her lykam to plese.And somme chosen chaffare they cheuen the bettere, As it semeth to owre sy¥t that suche men thryueth;And somme murthes to make as mynstralles conneth, And geten gold with here glee giltles, I leue.Ac iapers & iangelers Iudas chylderen, Feynen hem fantasies and foles hem maketh, And han here witte at wille to worche ¥if tei sholde.That Poule precheth of hem I nel nought preue it here: Qui turpiloquium loquitur is luciferes hyne.Bidders and beggeres fast aboute ¥ede, With her belies and her bagges of bred ful ycrammed;Fayteden for here fode fou¥ten atte ale;In glotonye, god it wote gon hij to bedde, And risen with ribaudye tho roberdes knaues;Slepe and sori sleuthe seweth hem eure.[...]

      In a summer season, when soft was the sun, I enshrouded me well in a shepherd's garb, And robed as a hermit, unholy of works, Went wide through the world, all wonders to hear.And on a May morning, on Malvern Hills, strange fancies befell me, and fairy-like dreams.I was weary of wand'ring, and went to repose On a broad green bank, by a burn-side;As I lay there and leaned and looked on the waters, I slumbered and slept, they sounded so merry.Came moving before me a marvellous vision;I was lost in wild waste;but where, I discerned not.I beheld in the east, on high, near the sun, A tower on a hill-top, with turrets well wrought;A deep dale beneath, and a dungeon therein, With deep ditches and dark, and dreadful to see.A fair field full of folk, I found there between, Of all manner of men, the mean and the rich, All working or wand'ring, as the world requires.Some ploughed with the plough;their play was seldom;Some sowing, some earning, with sweat of their brows, The gain which the great ones in gluttony waste.In pride of apparel some passed on their way, And in costliest clothing were quaintly disguised.In prayer and in penance some placed their delight, And all for our Lord's love lived strictly and hard, In hope to have after their heavenly meed;These hermits and anchorites held to their cells, Not caring to roam through the country around For doles of sweet dainties, their flesh to delight.Some chose to be chapmen, to chaffer for gain;As it seems to our sight, such surely succeed.And some, to make merry, as minstrels are wont, Getting gold with their glee, yet guiltless, I trust.As for jugglers and jesters, all Judas's children, That feign silly fancies, apparelled as fools, Having wit, if they willed it, to work as they oughtis a lie, I'd say!

      (5)

      But Arthur would not eat till all were served.He bubbled to the brim with boyish spirits: liked his life light, and loathed the thought of lazing for long or sitting still longer.So his young blood boiled and his brain ran wild, and in many ways moved him still more as a point of honor never to eat on a high holiday till he should have heard a strange story of stirring adventures, of mighty marvels to make the mind wonder, of princes, prowess, or perilous deeds.Or someone might come, seeking a knight to join him in jousting, enjoying the risk of laying their lives on the line like men leaving to fortune the choice of her favor.This was the king's custom at court, the practice he followed at pleasant feasts held in his hall;

      therefore with bold face

      he stood there straight and tall.As New Years proceeded apace

      he meant to have mirth with them all.(6)

      So he stood there stock-still, a king standing tall, talking of courtly trifles before the high table.By Guinevere sat Gawain the Good, and Agravaine of the Heavy Hand on the other side: knights of great worth, and nephews to the king.Baldwin, the bishop, was above, by the head, with Ywain, Urien's son, sitting across.These sat at the dais and were served with due honor;and many mighty men were seated on either side.Then the first course came with a clamor of trumpets whose banners billowed bright to the eye, while kettledrums rolled and the cry of the pipes wakened a wild, warbling music whose touch made the heart tremble and skip.Delicious dishes were rushed in, fine delicacies fresh and plentiful, piled so high on so many platters they had problems finding places to set down their silver bowls of steaming soup: no spot was clear.Each lord dug in with pleasure,and grabbed at what lay near:

      twelve platters piled past measure,bright wine, and foaming beer.(7)

      I need say no more how they served the food, for what fool would fancy their feast was a famine? But a new noise announced itself quickly enough to grant the high lord leave to have dinner.The music had finished but a moment before, the first course just served, and set before the court, when a horrible horseman hurtled through the doors, his body as brawny as any can be, so bull-necked, big-thighed, bulky and square, so long-legged, large-limbed, looming so tall I can hardly tell if he were half troll, or merely as large as living man can be--a handsome one too;as hearty a hulk as ever rode horse.His back and chest were broad as a barrel, but he slimmed at the waist, with a slender stomach, and his face was well formed, with features sharp and clean--

      Men sat there gaping, gasping

      at his strange, unearthly sheen,as if a ghost were passing,for every inch was green.(8)

      He was got up in green from head to heel: a tunic worn tight, tucked to his ribs;and a rich cloak cast over it, covered inside with a fine fur lining, fitted and sewn with ermine trim that stood out in contrast from his hair where his hood lay folded flat;and handsome hose of the same green hue which clung to his calves, with clustered spurs of bright gold;beneath them striped embroidered silk above his bare shanks, for he rode shoeless.His clothes were all kindled with a clear light like emeralds: His belt buckles sparkled, and bright stones were set in rich rows arranged up and down himself and his saddle.Worked in the silk were too many trifles to tell the half of: embroidered birds, butterflies, and other things in a gaudy glory of green and inlaid gold.And the bit and bridle, the breastplate on the horse, and all its tackle were trimmed with green enamel, even the saddlestraps, the stirrups on which he stood, and the bows of his saddle with its billowing skirts which glimmered and glinted with green jewels.The stallion that bore him was the best of its breed it was plain,a green horse great and strong,that sidled, danced and strained,but the bridle-braid led it along,turning as it was trained.(9)

      He was a fine fellow fitted in green--And the hair on his head and his horse's matched.It fanned out freely enfolding his shoulders, and his beard hung below as big as a bush, all mixed with the marvelous mane on his head, which was cut off in curls cascading to his elbows, wrapping round the rest of him like a king's cape clasped to his neck.And the mane of his mount was much the same, but curled up and combed in crisp knots, in braids of bright gold thread and brilliant green criss-crossed hair by hair.And the tossing tail was twin to the mane, for both were bound with bright green ribbons, strung to the end with long strands of precious stones, and turned back tight in a twisted knot bright with tinkling bells of burnished gold.No such horse on hoof had been seen in that hall, nor horseman half so strange as their eyes now held in sight.He looked a lightning flash,they say: he seemed so bright;

      and who would dare to clash

      in melee with such might?

      (10)

      Yet he had on no hauberk, nor a helmet for his head, neither neck-guard nor breastplate to break heavy blows, neither shaft nor shield for the shock of combat.But he held in one hand a sprig of holly that bursts out greenest when branches are bare;and his other hand hefted a huge and awful ax, a broad battleax with a bit to tell(take it who can)with a large head four feet long: the green steel down the grain etched with gold, its broad edge burnished and bright, shaped razor-sharp to sheer through steel, and held high on a heavy staff which was bound at the base with iron bands gracefully engraved in bright green patterns.A strap was strung through the steel head, running loop after loop down the length of the handle, which was tied with tassels in abundance, attaching by rich braids onto bright green buttons.This rider reined in as he rode through the doors direct to the high dais without a word, giving no greeting, gazing down on them all.His first word came when he stopped.“Where,” he said, “is the master of these men? I've a mind to see his face and would fancy a chat with the fellow who wears the crown.”

      To each lord he turned

      and glancing up and down

      he fixed each face to learn

      which knight held most renown.(11)

      They stared at the stranger, stunned, a very long time.For each man wondered what it might mean that man and mount both shone a shade as green as the grass, and greener even than green enamel glows when gold makes it brighter.All eyes were on him, and some edged closer, wondering what in the world he would do.They had seen enough strange sights to know how seldom they are real;therefore they feared him for a phantom, a sending from the Unseen Realm.So of all those noble knights, none dared answer but sat there stupefied by the strength of his voice.A silence fell filling that rich hall as if they'd all fainted or suddenly slept: their voices just vanished at their height.Some, I suppose, were not floored,but chose to be polite,letting their leader and lord

      be first to speak to that knight.(12)

      Arthur stood watching adventure advance and answered quickly as honor bid, neither awed nor afraid, saying, “Wanderer, know you are welcome here.dismount, if you may;make merry as you wish, and we may learn in a little while what you would like.” “So help me God who sits on high,” he said, “No.” “It is not my purpose to pass any time in this place.But I have been told that your reputation towers to heaven: that your court and castle are accounted the finest, your knights and their steeds as the sturdiest in steel, the best, the boldest, the bravest on earth, and as fitting foes in any fine sport.True knighthood is known here, or so the tale runs, which is why I have come calling today.You may be sure by this branch that I bear that I come in peace, with no plans for battle.I have a hauberk at home, and a helmet too, and other weapons I know well how to wield.Yet as war is not my wish I am wearing soft silk, but, if you are as bold as men believe you to be,you will be glad to grant me the game that is mine by right.”

      Then Arthur said, “I swear,”

      “most courteous, noble knight,if you'd like to battle bare,you'll not fail to find a fight.”

      (13)

      “Never fear,” he said, “I'm not fishing for a fight with the beardless children on the benches all about.If I were strapped on steel on a sturdy horse no man here has might to match me.No, I have come to this court for a bit of Christmas fun fitting for Yuletide and New Years with such a fine crowd.Who here in this house thinks he has what it takes, has bold blood and a brash head, and dares to stand his ground, giving stroke for stroke? Here!I shall give him this gilded blade as my gift;this heavy ax shall be his, to handle as he likes.and I shall stand here bare of armor, and brave the first blow.If anyone's tough enough to try out my game, let him come here quickly and claim his weapon!I give up all rights;he will get it for keeps.I'll stand like a tree trunk--he can strike at me once, if you'll grant me the right to give as good as I get in play.But later is soon enough,a full year and a day.Get up, if you think you're rough,let's see what you dare to say!”

      (14)

      If at first he had stunned them, now they sat stone-still: the whole hall, both high and low.The mounted man moved in his saddle, glared a red glance grimly about, arched his bushy brows, all brilliant and green, his beard waving as he waited for one man to rise, to call or came forward.He coughed loudly, stretched slowly, and straightened to speak.“Hah!They call this King Arthur's house, a living legend in land after land? Where have your pride and your power gone, your bragging boasts, your big words? The glories and triumphs of the Round Table have toppled at the touch of one man's words!What? Fainting with fear, when no fight is offered?” He let out a laugh so loud that Arthur winced with shame;the blood shot to his flushed face and churned

      with rage and raised a storm

      until their hearts all burned.All king in face and form,he reached that rider, turned,(15)

      and said, “Look here, by heaven!Have you lost your mind? If you want to be mad, I will make you welcome!Nobody I know is bowled over by your big words, so help me God!Hand me that ax--I will grant you the gift you beg me to give!” He leaped lightly up and lifted it from his hand.Then the man dismounted, moving proudly, while Arthur held the ax, both hands on the haft, hefted it sternly, considered his stroke.That burly man bulked big and tall, a head higher than anyone in the house.He stood there hard-faced, stroking his beard, impassively watching as he pulled off his coat, no more moved or dismayed by his mighty swings than anybody would be if somebody brought him a bottle of wine.Gawain, sitting by the queen,could tell the king his mind:

      “Lord, hear well what I mean,and let this match be mine.”

      (16)

      “Grant leave, good lord,” said Gawain to the king, “to stir from my seat and stand by your side;that I might rise without rudeness from this table without fear of offending your fair queen, and come before your court as a counselor should.It is plainly improper, as people know well, to point this proposal at the prince himself.Though you may be eager to act for yourself, there are so many bold knights on the benches all about, none more masterful in mind maybe than move move under heaven, nor many built better for the field of battle.Of all your men of war I am the weakest and least wise, and my life little enough to lose, if you look at it clearly.My only honor is that you are my uncle;my only boast is that my body carries your blood.Since this whole matter is such a mockery, it is not meant for you;and I am first on the field: let this folly be mine.If my claim is uncalled-for let the court judge;I will bear the blame.”

      They huddled hushed around

      and all advised the same:

      respect the royal crown,and give Gawain the game.(17)

      Then the king commanded him to rise and come forward, and he stood quickly, walked with stately steps to kneel before the king and claim his weapon.Arthur handed it over and held up his hand to give him God's blessing.With a glad smile he charged him to be hardy in heart.“Cousin, careful,” he said, “cut him but once.and if you teach him truly, I trust you will find you can bear the blow that he brings you later.” Gawain went to the warrior, weapon in hand, not the least bit bashful, as bold as can be.Then the Green Knight said to Gawain, “We should go over our agreement before we begin.First, knight, I would know your name, told truly as one I can trust.” “My name is Gawain,” he said, “I give it in good faith, as I will give you a blow and bear what comes after.At this time in twelve months I will take a blow back from what weapon you wish, but from no other knight alive.”

      The other answering spoke,“Sir Gawain: good.I derive

      great pleasure from the stroke

      your hardy hands will drive.”

      (18)

      “Gad!” the Green Knight said.“Sir Gawain, I am glad that your fist will fetch me the fun I hoped to find.You have quickly retold in trustworthy words a correct account of the contract I asked of the king, save one stipulation that I must state: let it stand as your oath that you will seek me yourself, and search anywhere you feel I may be found to fetch back the same wages I am paid today before this proud court.” “Where should I look?” Gawain asked, “Where do you live?” “By Him that made me, your house is not known to me, neither do I know you, knight, nor your court nor your name.But teach me truly, tell me where to find you and I shall work my wits out to win my way there.I give my plain promise;I pledge you my word.” “That is enough for a New Year's pledge;you need say no more,”--So the green man answered gracious Gawain--“If I'm telling the truth, why, when I've taken your tap, and you've lopped me lovingly, you'll learn at once of my house and my home and how I am named.Then you can try my hospitality and be true to our compact.Or I'll have no words to waste, which would be well for you: you'd relax in this land, and not look for me further.But stop!

      Take up the grim tool you need,and show me how you chop.”

      “Gladly, sir,” he said, “Indeed,”

      and gave the ax a strop.(19)

      The green knight got ready, feet firm on the ground;leaned his head a little to let the cheek show, and raised the rich riot of his hair so the nape of his neck was naked and exposed.Gawain held the ax high overhead, his left foot set before him on the floor, swung swiftly at the soft flesh so the bit of the blade broke through the bones, crashed through the clear fat and cut it in two, and the brightly burnished edge bit into the earth.The handsome head fell, hit the ground, and rolled forward;they fended it off with their feet.The red blood burst bright from the green body, yet the fellow neither faltered nor fell but stepped strongly out on sturdy thighs, reached roughly right through their legs, grabbed his graceful head and lifted it from the ground, ran to his horse, caught hold of the reins, stepped in the stirrup, strode into the saddle, the head dangling by the hair from his hand, and seated himself as firmly in the saddle as if he were unhurt, though he sat on his horse without a head.He swiveled his bulk about;

      the ugly stump still bled.They gaped in fear and doubt

      because of the words he said.(20)

      For he held the head up evenly in his hand, turned the face toward the top of the high table, and the eyelids lifted and looked on them all while the mouth moved, making these words: “Gawain, get ready to go as you have promised, Seek me out, sir;search till you find me as sworn here in this hall where all these knights heard.I charge you, come as you chose to the Green Chapel to get as good as you gave--you've got it coming and will be paid promptly when another year has passed.Many men know me as the Knight of the Green Chapel, so search faithfully and you'll not fail to find me.Come, or be called a faithless coward!” He roared like a raging bull, turned the reins, and drove for the door, still dangling the head, while fire flashed from the horse's feet as if its hooves were flints.Where he went no one knew, nor could they name the country he came from nor his kin.What then?

      The king and Gawain grinned

      and laughed at the Green Knight when

      they knew full well it had been

      a portent to their men.(21)

      Though High King Arthur's heart was heavy with wonder he let no sign of it be seen, but said aloud with a king's courtesy to his lovely queen: “Beloved lady, never let this dismay you.It is good to get such games at Christmas, light interludes, laughter and song, or the whole court singing carols in chorus.But truly, I can turn now to my table and feast;as my word is good, I have witnessed a wonder.” He turned to Sir Gawain and tactfully said, “Hang up your ax;it has cut all it can.” It was attached to a tapestry above the high table for all men to marvel on who might see it there, as a true token of a tale of wonder.Then they sat in their seats to resume their feast, Gawain and the king together, while good men served them the rarest, dearest delicacies in double portions, with whole batteries of the best foods, and the singing of bards.The day finished, and their feast was filled with joy and zest.Sir Gawain, have a care

      to keep your courage for the test,and do the deed you've dared.You've begun: now brave the rest.

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