第一篇：中西方商務(wù)禮儀(英文)

Different Business Etiquette between China and the

West

I.Introduction

Business etiquette is a kind of civilization accumulation of human being.It becomes fixed during the business communication, being handed down from generation to generation.It is also a kind of standard behavior observed by the businessmen in their communication.Different countries have different culture traditions, so their business etiquette is also different from one another.There are great cultural differences between the cultural cores of Confucian in China and the cores of Christian in the West, which leads to some differences in the business etiquette between China and West.II.The Influence of Cultural Differences on Business Etiquette Differences Between China and the West

Generally speaking, the differences on business etiquette between China and the West are influenced by several cultural factors, such as values, view of time, view of space, view of diet, verbal habits and nonverbal.The paper mainly focuses on time and space approach.2.1 From the approach of time

Thoreau once said,“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.”Now, we use the phrase “the beat of a different drummer”to explain any different pace of life.The attitudes toward time vary from culture to culture.And it is understandable that people of different cultures hold different views toward time.When it comes to international business, the view of time can be divided into two types, such as monochromic time and polychromic time.Countries that follow monochromic time perform only one major activity at a time, while countries obeying polychromic time perform several activities simultaneously.(Jeanette S.113)The United States is a monochromic culture.In monochromic culture, time is regarded as something tangible.Time is seen as linear and manageable.Therefore, people concentrate on the task at hand, taking time commitments seriously and being accustomed to short-term relationships.For example, in the West, time is a kind of precious and limited resource.The business people attend the business meeting on time.If someone was late, he would be considered to be lack of honesty.And the U.S.business people always expect to solve their business problems within twenty to thirty minutes.In monochromic cultures, it is considered a rude to do two things at once, such as reading a journal in a meeting or answering the telephone while someone is in your office.Schedules and keeping appointments are consistent with value of people in monochromic cultures.Chinese people are typical example of polychromic cultures.Chinese people are well adapted to doing several things at once and do not mind interruptions.In their opinion, people are more important than schedules to members of polychromic cultures.Their lifestyle is less organized than that of monochromic people.In their eyes time is just like a circle that does not have the end.So Chinese people are highly distracted and subject to interruptions.They consider time to be casual and flexible.For example, to most Chinese today, time simply flows from one day to the next.If a job is not done today, maybe it will be done the next day or the next.And the business meeting would generally last for several hours.Compared with the Westerners, few Chinese equate time with money.When foreign businessmen arrive in China, most Chinese will make them settle down in hotels and give them an opportunity to rest up.Because Chinese do not expect them to immediately rush into business.However, generally this arrangement will be politely but firmly rejected by visitors.When Chinese are involved in international business, they will get familiar with the Western concept“time is money”.But they do not automatically relate it to the pace of business.Besides, Chinese do not pay much attention to the appointment.Sometimes even if there is an appointment, the Chinese would not stick to it seriously.When people of different cultures interact, misunderstandings often arise as a result of different time view.For instance, in the Western countries, the business contact would be pre-arranged within three to four weeks.Business people pre-arrange the business contact at least two weeks in America.The appointment is holy to Americans.In the business communication, if someone asks to have a business contact at the last minute, he will be considered to make trouble or insult the others.On the contrary, the Chinese people pay more attention to relationship.In their business activity, if there is an important person need to be contacted, they could cancel the primary appointment to meet him.It is unacceptable to American business people.This example shows the cultural differences in time sense between China and the West.And it becomes increasingly important as modern business communications put more and more businessmen in daily contact.If we are to avoid misunderstanding, we need to know better about our own cultural biases and those of others.(Wen Yaoqing, 127)2.2 From the approach of space Space, is the physical distance between people when they are interacting.It is deeply influenced by culture.When people are having a conversation, the distance between them changes dramatically from one culture to another.Generally speaking, there are four zones when U.S.people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.The intimate zone, less than 0.46 meters, is reserved for a close friend.And it appears briefly when the business colleagues shake hands.The personal zone, from 0.46 meters to 1.2 meters, is used for giving instructions to someone in an office.The social zone, from 1.2 to 3.6 meters, is used for impersonal and formal business meeting.The public distance, over 3.6 meters, is the most formal zone.(Lillian H.83)Americans tend to need more spaces than Chinese.When having a conversation with Chinese, Americans will back away for the Chinese partner is standing too close.Standing too close to someone in the United States may leave a bad impression on the others, as it implies the person is upset, overbearing, or he is making sexual advances.These negative positions should be avoided in the United States.In China, people prefer to stand close to each other and they think it is a normal and friendly way to communicate with each other.Besides, the arrangement of desks, chairs, and conference table also feature the different styles of communication.When the United States people are conversing, they prefer the face-to-face arrangement of chairs whereas the Chinese prefer side-by-side arrangement.They like this arrangement because they could avoid direct eye contact through it.IV.Conclusion With the globalization of the world economy, organizations are culturally diverse in handling all kinds of business activities, especially multinational cooperation.More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture.And they should have a good understanding of the other business etiquette culture beforehand, which is beneficial for both sides of the business people.Only in this way will it be possible for them to expand their business and make it more prosperous.References

Du, Li.(2004).Comparison of Wine Culture between China and the West.Culinary Science Journal of Yangzhou University,(l):l-4.Jeanette S.,Martin.Global Business Etiquette.Westport,CT:Praeger,2006.Lillian H., Chaney.Intercultural Business Communication.Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall, 2004.Wen,Yaoqing.“Comparison analysis of multinational business culture”.《International business research》，4（2001）：p121-30

第二篇：中西方商務(wù)禮儀差異

武漢紡織大學(xué)外經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院

商務(wù)禮儀（小論文）

課題名稱：

完成期限： 2013年10月01日至 2013年10月31日

學(xué)院名稱 外經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí) 工商管理21102 學(xué)生姓名 江 津 學(xué) 號(hào) 1014221075 指導(dǎo)教師 陳曉燕 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 副教授 學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組組長(zhǎng)簽字

緒論?????????????????????????????????1

一、商務(wù)禮儀的內(nèi)涵??????????????????????????2

（一）禮貌????????????????????????????2

（二）禮節(jié)????????????????????????????2

二、中西語(yǔ)言文化差異?????????????????????????3

（一）中西方禮尚交往的區(qū)別????????????????????3

（二）不同文化背景下的商務(wù)禮儀??????????????????3

三、中西方文化背景的差異???????????????????????3

（一）交際語(yǔ)言的差異???????????????????????4

（二）餐飲禮儀的差異???????????????????????4

（三）中西方服飾禮儀的差異????????????????????4 結(jié)論?????????????????????????????????5 參考文獻(xiàn)???????????????????????????????6

緒論

中國(guó)一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對(duì)每個(gè)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的，無(wú)論是會(huì)見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認(rèn) 為是一個(gè)人道德修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人若毫無(wú)禮儀可言，那么他在學(xué)習(xí)或工作時(shí)都將不會(huì)很順利，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人愿意和這樣一個(gè)人相處。如今隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，特別是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷形成，各國(guó)間的聯(lián)系加強(qiáng)，商務(wù)往來(lái)增多，如何才能在眾多企業(yè)中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關(guān)系，建立良好優(yōu)雅的企業(yè)形象，此時(shí)，商務(wù)禮儀便起到了一個(gè)十分重要的作用。商務(wù)禮儀顧名思義就是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中對(duì)人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時(shí)也約束了商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的某些方面。而在商務(wù)往來(lái)中，任何一個(gè)表現(xiàn)都可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致意想不到的結(jié)果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)禮儀最主要的是可以提高個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)。比爾蓋茨曾講過(guò)，企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是員工素質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，進(jìn)而到企業(yè)，就是企業(yè)形象的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，教養(yǎng)體現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)，細(xì)節(jié)展示素質(zhì)?？梢娨粋€(gè)人的素養(yǎng)高低對(duì)企業(yè)的發(fā)展是多么重要啊！其次是為了交際應(yīng)酬，因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動(dòng)中畢竟是離不開這個(gè)的，在不同的交往活動(dòng)中我們會(huì)遇到不同的人，而面對(duì)不同的人怎樣進(jìn)行交往也是一門藝術(shù)，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒(méi)有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關(guān)鍵的。最后便是有助于維護(hù)企業(yè)形象。在商務(wù)交往中，個(gè)人便代表了整體，個(gè)人的所作所為，一舉一動(dòng)，一言一行，就是企業(yè)的典型活體廣告。

東西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

一、商務(wù)禮儀的涵義

商務(wù)禮儀是指在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的禮儀規(guī)范和準(zhǔn)則。它是一般禮儀在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的運(yùn)用和體現(xiàn)，在內(nèi)容上比一般的人際交往禮儀更為豐富。同一般的人際交往禮儀相比，商務(wù)禮儀具有很強(qiáng)的規(guī)范性和可操作性，并且與商務(wù)組織的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益密切相關(guān)。商務(wù)禮儀具體表現(xiàn)為禮貌、禮節(jié)、儀表、儀式等方面。

（一）禮貌

禮貌是指人們?cè)谏虅?wù)活動(dòng)中展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的得體的風(fēng)度和風(fēng)范。禮貌是禮的行為規(guī)范，是指人在儀容、儀表、儀態(tài)、語(yǔ)言和動(dòng)作上待人接物的表現(xiàn)。禮貌主要通過(guò)言語(yǔ)和動(dòng)作表現(xiàn)對(duì)他人的謙虛和恭敬，它是一個(gè)人文化層次和文明程度的體現(xiàn)。良好的教養(yǎng)和道德品質(zhì)是禮貌的基礎(chǔ)，我們可以通過(guò)自覺(jué)的培養(yǎng)和必要的訓(xùn)練，養(yǎng)成良好的禮貌習(xí)慣。在日常生活和工作環(huán)境中，習(xí)慣的微笑、主動(dòng)打招呼、善意的問(wèn)候、得體的舉止等都是禮貌的反映。商務(wù)交往中有禮貌的人往往熱情大方、待人謙恭、行為舉止得體，顯得很有教養(yǎng)。在商務(wù)會(huì)面時(shí)，他會(huì)自覺(jué)地向?qū)Ψ絾?wèn)好，行致意禮或握手禮，說(shuō)話彬彬有禮，一切禮儀的運(yùn)用看上去自然和諧。

（二）禮節(jié)

禮節(jié)是指人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)交往過(guò)程中表示出的尊重、祝頌、問(wèn)候、哀悼等慣用的形式和規(guī)范。禮節(jié)是禮的慣用形式，是禮貌的具體表現(xiàn)方式。比如現(xiàn)代商務(wù)交往中，初次見面要行握手禮、交換名片等禮節(jié)。禮節(jié)從形式上看，具有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定的儀式；從內(nèi)容上看，它反映著某種道德原則，反映著對(duì)人的尊重和友善。在行握手禮時(shí)，長(zhǎng)輩、上級(jí)、女士先伸手，晚輩、下級(jí)、男士才能伸手相握；交換名片時(shí)一般是地位低的先向地位高的遞名片，對(duì)方人員較多時(shí)，先 將名片給職務(wù)高或年齡大的，分不清職務(wù)時(shí)，按照座次遞送名片，這都是禮節(jié)。在國(guó)際交往中，由于各國(guó)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和文化的不同，禮節(jié)的具體表達(dá)具有明顯的差異。例如，握手、點(diǎn)頭、擁抱、鞠躬、合十、碰鼻子、折肚皮等，都是禮節(jié)的表現(xiàn)形式，而且不同國(guó)家、地區(qū)和民族的表達(dá)形式不同。禮節(jié)是社會(huì)交往中人與人之間約定俗成的“法”，是必須遵守的表示禮儀的一種慣用形式。因此，我們平時(shí)應(yīng)十分注重不同禮節(jié)的具體運(yùn)用，以避免出現(xiàn)“失禮”行為而影響商務(wù)活動(dòng)的進(jìn)行。

二、中西語(yǔ)言文化差異

（一）中西方禮尚交往的區(qū)別

近代歷史上有兩則故事，相信大家會(huì)比較熟悉。故事一是：李鴻章曾應(yīng)俾斯麥之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐禮儀，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。當(dāng)時(shí)俾斯麥不了解中國(guó)的虛實(shí)，為了不使李鴻章丟丑，他也將洗手水一飲而盡，見此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。還有一個(gè)故事是：一個(gè)國(guó)民黨軍官攜夫人去機(jī)場(chǎng)迎接來(lái)自美國(guó)的顧問(wèn)。雙方見面后，美國(guó)顧問(wèn)出于禮貌說(shuō):“您的夫人真漂亮!”軍官甚感尷尬又不免客套一番：“哪里，哪里!”在中國(guó)，這本是一句很普通的客套話，可是蹩腳的翻譯卻把這句話譯成：where?where?美國(guó)顧問(wèn)聽了莫明其妙，心想：我只是禮貌地稱贊一下他的夫人，他居然問(wèn)起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好說(shuō)：“從頭到腳都漂亮!”這兩個(gè)故事都是由于中西文化差異鬧出的禮儀上的笑話。通過(guò)以上兩則小故事可體現(xiàn)出：了解中西方禮尚交往之間的習(xí)慣差異是很有必要的。往大處來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)國(guó)家無(wú)論是在政治上，還是在經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易中，了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的禮儀習(xí)慣，將有利于各國(guó)之間的交往。從小處來(lái)講，一個(gè)人了解對(duì)方的禮儀民間習(xí)慣，是對(duì)對(duì)方的尊重，容易給對(duì)方留下一個(gè)好印象，以便交往的順利進(jìn)行。隨著東西方文化的不斷發(fā)展，東西方的禮儀正在相互融合，西方人逐漸地接受了東方文化中重情感等合理因素，東方人也逐漸地接受了西方文化中先進(jìn)文明的禮儀和交往方式。

（二）不同文化背景下的商務(wù)禮儀

跨國(guó)商務(wù)活動(dòng)中,不同文化背景下的理解和溝通是極其重要的。人們?cè)谶M(jìn)行跨文化交流時(shí),很容易出現(xiàn)誤解。雖然將一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另外一種語(yǔ)言時(shí),基本上可以直接而準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)信息,但是實(shí)踐中也出現(xiàn)過(guò)因語(yǔ)言差異而造成國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)失敗的案例。例如,百事可樂(lè)公司的“七-UP”(七喜)牌汽水在上海一直銷路不暢,經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)查才發(fā)現(xiàn),這個(gè)品牌用上海方言來(lái)說(shuō)即為“去死”,上海人當(dāng)然是不會(huì)去買這“去死”牌汽水了。再比如,法國(guó)雪佛萊汽車公司對(duì)“諾瓦”牌轎車在拉美地區(qū)的銷售狀況很是沮喪,隨后才發(fā)現(xiàn)該品牌在西班牙語(yǔ)中的意思是“不

走”。最終,雪佛萊公司只好改變銷往拉美國(guó)家的汽車品牌。

所以從種種生活中的小例子可體現(xiàn)出：所以說(shuō),對(duì)商務(wù)活動(dòng)中難以理解事情的分析,從文化背景角度上考慮往往能得出正確的結(jié)論。與其他領(lǐng)域相比,許多國(guó)家的商界對(duì)跨文化活動(dòng) 較為敏感。來(lái)自《1995國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)報(bào)告》的研究顯示,對(duì)跨國(guó)文化的理解程度最高的是瑞士,其下依次是新加坡、荷蘭、馬來(lái)西亞和瑞典,中國(guó)排在墨西哥之后列第十六位。在跨越文化鴻溝時(shí),要有一雙傾聽的耳朵,敞開理解的胸懷,這樣雙方的溝通才不是一件難事。

三、中西方文化背景的差異

（一）交際語(yǔ)言的差異

日常打招呼，中國(guó)人大多使用“吃了嗎？”“上哪呢？”等等，這體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的一種親切感?？蓪?duì)西方人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種打招呼的方式會(huì)令對(duì)方感到突然、尷尬，甚至不快，因?yàn)槲鞣饺藭?huì)把這種問(wèn)話理解成為一種“盤問(wèn)”，感到對(duì)方在詢問(wèn)他們的私生活。在西方，日常打招呼他們只說(shuō)一聲“Hello”或按時(shí)間來(lái)分，說(shuō)聲“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。而英國(guó)人見面會(huì)說(shuō)：“今天天氣不錯(cuò)??！”

（二）餐飲禮儀的差異

中國(guó)人有句話叫“民以食為天”，由此可見飲食在中國(guó)人心目中的地位，因此中國(guó)人將吃飯看作頭等大事。中國(guó)菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全，甚至于超過(guò)了對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的注重，只要好吃又要好看，營(yíng)養(yǎng)反而顯得不重要了。西方的飲食比較講究營(yíng)養(yǎng)的搭配和吸收，是一種科學(xué)的飲食觀念。西方人多注重食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何，他們的飲食多是為了生存和健康，似乎不講究味的享受。

在餐飲氛圍方面，中國(guó)人在吃飯的時(shí)候都喜歡熱鬧，很多人圍在一起吃吃喝喝，說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑，大家在一起營(yíng)造一種熱鬧溫暖的用餐氛圍。除非是在很正式的宴會(huì)上，中國(guó)人在餐桌上并沒(méi)有什么很特別的禮儀。而西方人在用餐時(shí)，都喜歡幽雅、安靜的環(huán)境，他們認(rèn)為在餐桌上的時(shí)候一定要注意自己的禮儀，不可以失去禮節(jié)，比如在進(jìn)餐時(shí)不能發(fā)出很難聽的聲音。

（三）中西方服飾禮儀的差異

古今中外，著裝從來(lái)都體現(xiàn)著一種社會(huì)文化，體現(xiàn)著一個(gè)人的文化修養(yǎng)和審美情趣，是一個(gè)人的身份、氣質(zhì)、內(nèi)在素質(zhì)的無(wú)言的介紹信。從某種意義上說(shuō)，服飾是一門藝術(shù)，服飾所能傳達(dá)的情感與意蘊(yùn)甚至不是用語(yǔ)言所能替代的。在不同場(chǎng)合，穿著得體、適度的人，給人留下良好的印象，而穿著不當(dāng)，則會(huì)降低人的身份，損害自身的形象。在社交場(chǎng)合，得體的服飾是一種禮貌，一定程度上直接影響著人際關(guān)系的和諧。影響著裝效果的因素，重要的一是要有文化修養(yǎng)和高雅的審美能力，即所謂“腹有詩(shī)書氣自華”。二是要有運(yùn)動(dòng)健美的素質(zhì)。健美的形體是著裝美的天然條件。三是要掌握著裝的常識(shí)、著裝原則和服飾禮儀的知識(shí)，這是達(dá)到內(nèi)外和諧統(tǒng)一美的不可或缺的條件。西方人注重身份，把衣服變成象征，中國(guó)注重韻味。如果說(shuō)西方服飾文化刻意追求表現(xiàn)人體美，而完全忽視了服飾倫理，那么，中國(guó)服飾文化由于受到傳統(tǒng)的倫理價(jià)值觀念的影響還或多或少地保留著一些道德上的體統(tǒng)。而最能代表我們國(guó)家的是中山裝，西方代表裝是西裝。

結(jié) 論

商務(wù)禮儀乃商務(wù)人員交往之藝術(shù)，只有在商務(wù)交往中做到“約束自己，尊重他人”才能使商務(wù)活動(dòng)在更輕松更愉快地氛圍中順利進(jìn)行?？梢哉f(shuō)，正確運(yùn)用商務(wù)禮儀既是一個(gè)人內(nèi)在修養(yǎng)和素質(zhì)的外在表現(xiàn)，又是企業(yè)展示形象，塑造企業(yè)文化的一種藝術(shù)。因此，只有正確掌握商務(wù)禮儀才能有助于提高我們自身素質(zhì)修養(yǎng)。從而，更好改善人際關(guān)系，通過(guò)自身良好的禮儀展示，樹立良好的企業(yè)形象。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1] 汪洪梅.禮儀在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的作用分析[J]；科技信息(學(xué)術(shù)研究)2007(33)[2] 呂維霞.現(xiàn)代商務(wù)禮儀及其發(fā)展的新特點(diǎn)[J]國(guó)際商務(wù);對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)報(bào) 2004(03)[3] 郭 華.淺談商務(wù)禮儀在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的作用[J]；黑龍江科技信息 2009(26)

第三篇：中西方餐飲文化商務(wù)禮儀

中西方餐飲文化商務(wù)禮儀

不同的名族和國(guó)家存在著各具特色的飲食文化，具有濃郁的名族性和多樣性的特點(diǎn)。從跨文化的角度揭示中西方餐飲文化的差異和不同，可以使人們理解其深刻的文化內(nèi)涵，探究其文化底蘊(yùn)，提高跨文化意識(shí)。

餐飲文化由于地域、環(huán)境、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等因素的影響，會(huì)出現(xiàn)在原料、口味、飲食習(xí)慣上的不同程度的差異。中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異，而這種差異來(lái)自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學(xué)。中國(guó)人注重“天人合一“，西方人注重“以人為本”。

中國(guó)餐飲文化的歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。古有民以食為天、豐衣足食之說(shuō)，今有人是鐵，飯是鋼，一頓不吃餓得慌的俗語(yǔ)。人們把飲食文化作為生活的重要部分，常以飲食的好壞來(lái)衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的節(jié)日也都與飲食相關(guān)聯(lián)。由此可見，自古以來(lái)，中國(guó)人對(duì)飲食的重視一直延續(xù)至今。

另一方面，作為東方禮儀之邦，重視宴席座次禮儀、受禮儀是中國(guó)人數(shù)千年的傳統(tǒng)。據(jù)有關(guān)史料記載，至少在周代，我國(guó)飲食禮儀就已經(jīng)初步形成，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷地發(fā)展變化，逐漸形成體系，并對(duì)西方餐飲文化產(chǎn)生一定影響。

隨著時(shí)代的變遷，飲食文化正向多元化發(fā)展。自清代以來(lái)，一些西餐禮儀被引進(jìn)。中西餐餐飲文化的交流，使得餐飲禮儀更加科學(xué)合理。

在中國(guó)，圓形餐飲頗受歡迎。因?yàn)閳A形的可以坐更多人，而且大家可以面對(duì)面坐，一家之主的身份并不像西方長(zhǎng)形餐飲上很清楚地通過(guò)他的座位而辨認(rèn)。客人應(yīng)該等候主人邀請(qǐng)才可坐下。主人必須注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位。此為一大忌。必須等到所有人到齊才可以開始任何形式的進(jìn)餐活動(dòng)———即使有人遲到也要等。進(jìn)餐期間，主人必須承擔(dān)一個(gè)主動(dòng)積極的角色———敦促客人盡情吃喝是完全合理的。中式菜肴大多數(shù)不會(huì)只有一種材料，通綠色蔬菜做伴菜，如芹菜或青椒，襯托粉紅色的豬肉。一頓飯不會(huì)只有一款菜肴，通常同時(shí)常有其他伴菜或配料襯托主菜，以做出色香味俱全的菜肴，例如烹煮豬肉，會(huì)以爽脆的端上兩款、甚至四款菜肴，且每款菜肴都要色香味俱全，端上次序則以菜肴的搭配為配。

除了湯之外，席上一切食物都用筷子?？赡軙?huì)提供刀具，但最好是用筷子大前題，通常同類的菜肴會(huì)同時(shí)端上，不會(huì)前后分別端上，總之整頓飯都要講求協(xié)調(diào)的搭。筷子是進(jìn)餐的主要工具，因此千萬(wàn)不可玩弄筷子。不可用筷子敲擊其他物品，更不可以用筷子對(duì)人指指點(diǎn)點(diǎn)或打手勢(shì)示意。絕對(duì)不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米飯中，這是大忌，被認(rèn)為是不吉利的。再有，不可用筷子在一碟菜里不停翻動(dòng)，應(yīng)該先用眼睛看準(zhǔn)你想取的食物。當(dāng)你用筷子去取一塊食物時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量避免碰到其他食物。吃完飯或取完食物后，要將筷子放回筷子座。一席中式餐飲如果沒(méi)有茶便稱不上正式了。為此，盡可能貯存不同品種的茶，以便照顧到客人不同的品茶需要。有關(guān)茶的問(wèn)題，應(yīng)該注意一些事宜。座位最近茶壺的人應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)為其他人和自己斟茶———斟茶的次序按照年歲，由最長(zhǎng)者至最年青者，最后為自己斟。當(dāng)他人為你斟茶時(shí)，禮節(jié)上應(yīng)該用手指輕敲桌子，這樣做是對(duì)斟茶者表示感謝和敬意。

一席中式餐飲如果沒(méi)有茶便稱不上正式了。為此，盡可能貯存不同品種的茶，以便照顧到客人不同的品茶需要。有關(guān)茶的問(wèn)題，應(yīng)該注意一些事宜。座位最近茶壺的人應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)為其他人和自己斟茶———斟茶的次序按照年歲，由最長(zhǎng)者至最年青者，最后為自己斟。當(dāng)他人為你斟茶時(shí)，禮節(jié)上應(yīng)該用手指輕敲桌子，這樣做是對(duì)斟茶者表示感謝和敬意。

西餐菜單上有四或五大分類，分別是開胃菜、湯、沙拉、海鮮、點(diǎn)心等。應(yīng)先決定主菜。主菜如果是魚，開胃菜就選擇肉類，在口味上就比較富有變化。西餐的第一道菜是頭盤，也稱為開胃品。開胃品的內(nèi)容一般有冷頭盤和熱頭盤之分。味道以咸和酸為主，數(shù)量少，質(zhì)量較高。和中餐不同的是，西餐的第二道菜就是湯。大致可分為清湯、奶油湯、蔬菜湯和冷湯等4類。魚類菜肴一般作為西餐的第三道菜，也稱為副菜。通常水產(chǎn)類菜肴與蛋類、面包類、酥盒菜肴品都稱為副菜。肉、禽類菜肴是西餐的第四道菜，也稱為主菜。最有代表性的是牛肉或牛排。蔬菜類菜肴可以安排在肉類菜肴之后，也可以和肉類菜肴同時(shí)上桌，所以可以算為一道菜，或稱為一種配菜。蔬菜類菜肴在西餐中稱為沙拉。西餐的甜品是主菜后食用的，可以算做是第六道菜。它包括所有主菜后的食物，如布丁、冰淇淋、奶酪、水果等。西餐的最后一道是上飲料，咖啡或茶。

使用刀叉時(shí)，從外側(cè)往內(nèi)側(cè)取用刀叉，要左手持叉，右手持刀。切東西時(shí)左手拿叉按住食物，右手拿刀切成小塊，用叉子往嘴里送。用刀的時(shí)候，刀刃不可以朝外。進(jìn)餐中途需要休息時(shí)，可以放下刀叉并擺成“八”字形狀擺在盤子中央，表示沒(méi)吃完，還要繼續(xù)吃。每吃完一道菜，將刀叉并排放在盤中，表示已經(jīng)吃完了，可以將這道菜或盤子拿走。如果是談話，可以拿著刀叉，不用放下來(lái)，但不要揮舞。不用刀時(shí)，可用右手拿叉，但需要作手勢(shì)時(shí)，就應(yīng)放下刀叉，千萬(wàn)不要拿著刀叉在空中揮舞搖晃，不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一只手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不要一手拿酒杯，另一只手拿叉取菜。任何時(shí)候，都不要將刀叉的一端放在盤上，另一端放在桌上。

不要在餐飲上化妝，用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐時(shí)打嗝是大忌。取食時(shí)，拿不到的食物可以請(qǐng)別人傳遞，不要站起來(lái)。每次送到嘴里的食物別太多，在咀嚼時(shí)不要說(shuō)話。就餐時(shí)不可以狼吞虎咽。對(duì)自己不愿吃的食物也應(yīng)要一點(diǎn)放在盤中，以示禮貌。不應(yīng)在進(jìn)餐中途退席。確實(shí)需要離開，要向左右的客人小聲打招呼。飲酒干杯時(shí)，即使不喝，也應(yīng)該將杯口在唇上碰一碰，以示敬意。當(dāng)別人為你斟酒時(shí)，如果不需要，可以簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)一聲“不，謝謝！”或以手稍蓋酒杯，表示謝絕。

有人說(shuō)，中國(guó)文化思想內(nèi)核是“群體意識(shí)”,西方文化的思想內(nèi)核則是“個(gè)體意識(shí)”。所以西方人即使請(qǐng)客吃飯，也是各點(diǎn)各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免吧自己的意志強(qiáng)加于人。中國(guó)文化則認(rèn)為個(gè)人的意志，必須服從群個(gè)體的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血緣，則其方式禮儀，自認(rèn)也就以和為貴了，因此中國(guó)人愛聚餐、喜共食、講和合。

①兩種不同的飲食觀念

對(duì)比注重“味”的中國(guó)飲食，西方是一種理想飲食觀。這種理性使之在自然科學(xué)上、心理學(xué)上、方法論上實(shí)現(xiàn)了突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展，但卻大大阻礙了如飲食文化的發(fā)展。西餐講究營(yíng)養(yǎng)、菜色的搭配，講究餐具與服務(wù)，但滋味上各種原料互不相干、調(diào)和，各是各的味，較為單一。

而在中國(guó)的烹調(diào)術(shù)中，對(duì)美味追求幾乎達(dá)到極致。這也是中餐在世界各地廣受歡迎的主要原因。遺憾的是，當(dāng)我們把追求美味作為第一要求時(shí)，我們卻忽略了食物最根本的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值?！懊x食為天”的后半句是“食以味為先”，就是這種對(duì)美味的追求，使不夠營(yíng)養(yǎng)成為中國(guó)哲學(xué)豐富的辯證法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、協(xié)調(diào)唯獨(dú)，度以內(nèi)的千變?nèi)f化就決定了中國(guó)菜的豐富和富于變化，決定了中國(guó)菜菜系的特點(diǎn)。

②飲食方式的不同

中西方的飲食方式有很大不同，這種差異對(duì)名族性格也有影響。

在中國(guó)，任何一個(gè)宴席，不管是什么節(jié)日的，都只會(huì)有一種形式，就是大家團(tuán)團(tuán)圍坐，共享一席。筵席要用圓桌，這就從形式上造成了一種團(tuán)結(jié)、禮貌、共趣的氣氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣賞、品嘗的對(duì)象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。雖然從衛(wèi)生的角度看，這種飲食方式有明顯的不足之處，但它符合我們名族“大團(tuán)圓”的普遍心態(tài)，反映了中國(guó)古典哲學(xué)中“和”這個(gè)范疇對(duì)后代思想的影響，便于集體的情感交流，因而至今難以改革。

西式宴席上，食品和酒盡管非常重要，但實(shí)際上那是作為陪襯。宴會(huì)的核心在于交誼，通過(guò)與鄰座客人之間的交談，達(dá)到交誼的目的。與中國(guó)飲食方式的差異更為明顯的是西方流行的自助餐，這種方式便于個(gè)人之間的情感交流，不必將所有的話擺在桌面上，也表現(xiàn)了西方人對(duì)個(gè)性、對(duì)自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不干擾，缺少了一些中國(guó)人聊歡共樂(lè)的情調(diào)。③餐飲上用語(yǔ)的差異

中西方在請(qǐng)客吃飯上的文化差異也要注意，否則會(huì)引起笑話。

中國(guó)人熱情好客，請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)一般都要菜肴滿桌，但無(wú)論菜多么豐盛，嘴上總要謙虛的說(shuō):“沒(méi)什么好吃的，菜做的不好，隨便吃點(diǎn)?！比欢?dāng)英美人聽到這樣的客套話，會(huì)覺(jué)得很反感：“沒(méi)什么吃的，又何必請(qǐng)我？菜做得不好，又為什么要拿來(lái)招待我？”按照中國(guó)的習(xí)俗，為了表示禮貌，習(xí)慣上會(huì)一再勸客人多吃點(diǎn)，而中國(guó)人往往是“言不由衷”，明明肚子餓，嘴上卻說(shuō)：“我飽了，不用了?！?/p>

而英美人招待客人一般沒(méi)那么講究，簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單三四道菜就可以了。用餐時(shí)，一般主人會(huì)說(shuō)：“Help yourself, please!”英美人待客尊重個(gè)人意志，講究事實(shí)就是，一再問(wèn)客人要不要食物或者強(qiáng)塞食物給客人，是很不禮貌的。所以，當(dāng)主人給你添菜或問(wèn)你要什么時(shí)，如果你想吃的話，可以直接了當(dāng)?shù)幕卮鹫f(shuō)要。在客人在用餐期間，一定要贊美主人所準(zhǔn)備的食物好吃，稱贊主人的手藝好，否則不管你吃得多飽，主人都不會(huì)高興。

所以，中西方餐飲文化差異歸根結(jié)底還是感性和理性之間的差異。文化促進(jìn)飲食的形成，飲食反映出各國(guó)的文化。但是，這種差異似乎在隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展和世界的交流而變得模糊。中西方餐飲文化相互影響，相互結(jié)合，使兩者更趨于完善、科學(xué)。

第四篇：商務(wù)禮儀 英文

Business negotiations etiquette Abstract

Business etiquette is a manifestation of mutual respect of conduct in business activities.Core business etiquette is an act of criteria, used to constrain all aspects of our daily business activities.The central role of business etiquette is to reflect the mutual respect between people.As business leaders identity negotiators, in business negotiations should follow the etiquette of negotiations three elements that focus on instrumentation demeanor, attention to language arts, to comply with etiquette disciplines.In the event a successful business negotiation, negotiation etiquette is not necessarily comply with the success of the negotiations decision criteria.If you violate negotiations etiquette, but it will cause a lot of unnecessary trouble, even be a threat to reach an agreement Key words:

Business etiquette

Business negotiations

Business negotiation, which means refers to negotiate in social life, the parties to meet their needs and safeguard their own interests, the two sides properly carried out to solve a problem.Business negotiations, is the negotiation of a transaction for the realization of active buyers and sellers of goods or services on a variety of trading conditions The role of business etiquette in business negotiations 1.Regulate behavior in business dealings, people interaction, interaction, mutual cooperation.If you do not follow certain norms, the two sides on the basis of lack of collaboration.Among the many commercial specifications.Etiquette can make people understand what should be proud of what not to do, what to do and what not to do, and help determine the self-image, respect for others, to win the friendship.2.Etiquette is an information transfer information, this information may be expressed by respected, friendly, sincere and so emotional, so that people feel warm.In business activities.Proper etiquette can get each other's goodwill, trust.Thus helps to develop their career.3.Promote feelings in business activities, along with in-depth exchanges.The two sides will probably have some emotional experience.It is expressed as the emotional state of two kinds: one empathy, another emotional rejection.Etiquette is easy to make mutual attraction, promote feelings, leading to the establishment and development of good relationships.Conversely, if not speak etiquette, vulgar, then it is easy to generate feelings of exclusion, resulting in interpersonal tensions.To each other creating a bad impression.4.Establish the image of a man etiquette, it will establish a good personal image in front of everyone;members of an organization etiquette, it will establish a good image for your organization, won the public's admiration.In addition to a modern market competition beyond competitive products.Even more apparent in the image of the competition.One has a good reputation and image of the company or business, it is easy to gain the trust and support of all sectors of society, can be in an invincible position in the fierce competition.So, business people always pay attention to etiquette, both good qualities embodied individuals and organizations, but also the need to establish and consolidate a good image.Business negotiations etiquette(1)Business etiquette before preparing negotiations 1.Pay attention to the choice of the negotiations.The two sides agreed to negotiate the time to go through the party alone can not decide, otherwise it is rude.To select the most favorable time for one's own negotiations.Avoid mind at a low ebb when, after continuous hard work, the market is not conducive to their next negotiations.2.Pay attention to the choice of the place of negotiations.Negotiating the best place to fight in their own familiar environment.If we failed to do, or at least should be selected in the two sides are not familiar with neutral venues.To carry out several rounds of negotiations, venue should turn swaps, to ensure fairness.3.Preparation of negotiators.First, negotiators choice.Select negotiators to meet in the business etiquette of the principle of reciprocity, that is, one's own negotiators to negotiate with each other to represent the identity and position of a peer;secondly, apparel choice negotiators.Men's best to wear a suit or tunic, skirt or suit ladies should wear formal clothing, etc., to each other in order to mature, full of sincerity impression.4.Negotiations reception preparations.Negotiators from the shuttle, to place and time to negotiate arrangements, hotel reservations, dining and entertainment, the entire process must be carefully prepared, deliberately, always reflect the negotiation opponent's respect and courtesy, to show a good image of the company, lay the foundation for the success of the negotiations.5.Ready to negotiate data.First, before the negotiations on the subject of negotiations, content, agenda fully prepared to draw up plans, objectives and the subject of negotiations.Secondly, a detailed collection and negotiations related materials, such as party strength, political and legal system and market themes, etc.Also, negotiators gather basic information, such as work experience, hobbies, social customs and other aspects of content.(2)Etiquette In business negotiation

1.Negotiations seating etiquette.Business negotiations by the number of groups involved in the negotiations can be divided into bilateral negotiations and multilateral negotiations.Bilateral negotiations on multi-use rectangular table, usually host and guests sit opposite, each side.Negotiating table generally transverse to the door, guests sit door, back door and sit hosts.Sitting among the parties responsible person, in accordance with his position followed by the remaining staff sit around, based on respect for the principle of the right;multilateral sentenced to use more short rostrum, referring to the negotiations to set up a room facing the main entrance of the podium, then all other parties back to the main entrance, facing the podium were seated.Representatives of the parties came to speak in turn.In addition, subject to seating arrangements, the best place to seat and seat licensing arrangements hostesses be guided seats to avoid sitting in the wrong position.2.Negotiations meet etiquette.First of all, pay attention to the beginning of the meeting etiquette.More formal negotiations occasions, etiquette rules introduced is first introduced high status.After the introduction of low status, in principle, if the equal status, long after the first child's compliance.Was introduced to smile to indicate what should stand up and use some polite language, such as “Nice to meet you”, “heard a lot” category.If equipped with business cards can be handed a timely manner.In addition, the attitude etiquette should also pay attention when they meet.Such as watching each other, eyes should stay in each other's eyes to the forehead of the Triangle area, make each other feel concerned about your attitude earnest and sincere.Gestures should be natural, especially not cross his arms over his chest, so there is a sense of frivolous arrogance.3.Negotiations language etiquette.First, articulate.When negotiators to negotiate tight around the target, used some of the euphemistic language, encountered difficulties in the negotiations, requiring the flexibility to take appropriate emergency means out of the woods, as the other side asked to make a difficult question to answer immediately, you can look under the table, and then said: “I'm sorry, please wait accordance with the agreement, the need at this time to return a phone call to a friend..” so you will be able to multi-fight to one-consider the time clock;followed.Clever use of the silent language.With a smile and a nod, showing not understand when people confused agree unclear when such expressions such as: Finally, talk less and listen more.By listening, we can get a lot of valuable information to each other, understand each other intentions, find a solution to the problem.4.Negotiations under field etiquette.Business negotiations not only confined to the conference table, the more difficult negotiations, the more the need to focus on private exchanges, which can not only compensate for the lack of a table, or even have an impact on the success of the negotiations.For example, when the negotiations very difficult times, in accordance with the appropriate etiquette, arrange some recreational activities, such as receptions, balls and call, and these contacts is what you ample opportunity to showcase the company's image.If we can win the goodwill of the other party, contribute to the success of the negotiations.(3)Business etiquette final stage of negotiations 1.Signing ceremony.From the liturgy is concerned, when signing ceremony.Must be solemnly , seriously.One of the most notable was undoubtedly hold the seating arrangement problem signing ceremony.One parallel is the most common time of the signing ceremony of bilateral form.Its basic approach is: signing table at the indoor side of the door horizontally.The ceremony was attended by all personnel of both side by side after the signing table, the two sides signed center staff sat side door , passenger side right hand side , the main party left.Second, the relative type, with parallel rows of seats signing ceremony is basically the same.The main difference between the two, but the relative style row seat to attend the signing ceremony of bilateral suite seats moved across the signatory.Third, the President of style, mainly applicable to multilateral signing ceremony.Their operating characteristics are: signature tables still in the room horizontally , I still need to sign in the face of the main entrance of the table , but have just one , and not fixed its seat occupant.When the ceremony , people of all parties , including the undersigned included, all should be back to the main entrance , facing seats on the signature Um.When signed , the parties signatory to the order prescribed should turn took seats at the table to sign the signature , then that should be returned to the original place table.2.Gifts etiquette.After negotiations negotiators gifts.In addition to the desire to be friendly and deepen the friendship, the more important is the success of the cooperation congratulations.But the gift can not be rushed.In general, you want to determine the value of a gift or as a guest under the circumstances of each gift.Should pay attention to the actual meaning and emotional value of the gift, not worth.Also, pay special attention to each other's customs, does not violate each other's religious beliefs.In addition, European and American people give each other gifts of time, both sides must face himself open gift wrap, and expressed appreciation and sincere.In short.With the development of society.Business etiquette has become a modern social and economic interaction is required.For business negotiation and other business associations have an important role, has become our traditional cultural inheritance and development of etiquette in business dealings.Famous etiquette expert Professor Jin Zhengkun said: “Courtesy is respect for others, respect for the instrument in the form of the foot.” To better into the modern business dealings, we must pay attention to business etiquette training and education, in order to better play its positive role.References :

1、《商務(wù)談判禮儀中的形象塑造與語(yǔ)言技巧探討》

2、《談商務(wù)談判禮儀》

3、《小議商務(wù)談判禮儀中“以左為尊”和“以右為尊"》

4、《企業(yè)商務(wù)談判中的談判技巧》

5、《淺談商務(wù)談判中的禮儀》

6、《淺議商務(wù)禮儀與商務(wù)談判》

7、《淺析國(guó)際商務(wù)談判禮儀》

8、《文化差異對(duì)商務(wù)禮儀的影響》

9、《淺談禮儀在商務(wù)談判中的運(yùn)用》

10、《禮儀在商務(wù)談判中的作用》

11、《商務(wù)談判點(diǎn)擊》

第五篇：淺談中西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

2016屆畢業(yè)論文

江 西 應(yīng) 用 科 技 學(xué) 院

畢 業(yè) 論 文（設(shè) 計(jì)）

中文題目：淺談中西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

外文題目:Comparison between Chinese and Western Business Etiquette

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摘要

商務(wù)禮儀是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的行為規(guī)范，它是一門行為科學(xué)，在商務(wù)交往中扮演著重要的角色,了解中西方的禮儀及其差異對(duì)促進(jìn)國(guó)際間商務(wù)交往的順利進(jìn)行有著舉足輕重的作用。隨著中國(guó)在國(guó)際交往的角色發(fā)生改變，中國(guó)的對(duì)外交流和合作日益頻繁，國(guó)際地位越來(lái)越明顯，國(guó)際間的交往，尤其是和西方國(guó)家的商務(wù)交往就更應(yīng)該規(guī)范化、禮儀化。本文主要介紹了中西方禮儀在問(wèn)候，拜訪，談判，等方面表現(xiàn)出的不同的形態(tài)，并從文化背景的不同，價(jià)值取向的差異，宗教信仰的影響等方面分析了影響中西方商務(wù)禮儀差異的因素。最后得出“和而不同”的態(tài)度對(duì)待中西方文化差異,將二者合理有效的融合，方能建立適合中國(guó)當(dāng)代社會(huì)的禮儀文化體系，達(dá)成和諧社會(huì)的理想。

摘要：商務(wù)禮儀；差異；商務(wù)交往

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Abstract

Business etiquette, a behavior science, is the norms in the business activities, which plays an important role in the business communication.Understanding Chinese and western etiquette and their distinctions is of great importance in promoting international business exchanges.With the changing role, China played in the international exchanges, We communicate and cooperate frequently with foreigners.It is the notable position that makes us have a more normative and courteous criteria in the international business communication especially in the business activities with westerners.This paper mainly introduces the different forms of Chinese and Western etiquette reflected in greeting,visiting,negotiation etc, and analyzed the factors that affect the difference of etiquette between East and West Only have a clear understanding of the cultural differences between Chinese and Western etiquette and merge them reasonably effectively,can we build the cultural system etiquette that is suitable for Chinese contemporary society, and achieve the ideal of harmonious society

Key words : business etiquette;distinction;business exchange

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Contents

摘要 ………………........……………………………………………………………...............i Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..................ii Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..............….1 Chapter One : Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette ………………....….........2

1.1 Honesty and tolerance......................................................................................................2

1.2 The principle of moderate equality..................................................................................2

1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect..............................................................................3

1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline..................................................................................3

Chapter Two : Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and Westerners...............4

2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Greeting.............................................................4 2.1.1 Forms of Address........................................................................................................4

2.1.2 Position titles...........................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Professional title.........................................................................................................4 2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings...................................................................................................5

2.2 Comparison in Etiquette for Business Visiting................................................................5

2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation.........................................................6 2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies.........................................................................7 2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions.......................................................................7 2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal..........................................................................8 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................9 Works Cited……………………………………………………….........................................10 Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………....................11

Introduction

Business etiquette is a code of conduct, which embodies mutual respect in the day-to-day business activities.It is also the norms for people who is engaged in commercial activities and business communications, in other words, how to master basic business activities, so you can meet the requirements for business;how to make yourself familiar with the norms and disclose your dignified demeanor;how to avoid the embarrassing questions you encountered : such as dress wrong ,dining at a loss;how to eliminate a small matter ,which will have the unexpected negative image to the individuals or companies.Only have you know some Chinese knowledge and English etiquette all these problems can be easily solved.Therefore business etiquette helps to create good personal image and corporate image.Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than just knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client.Unfortunately, in the perception of others, the devil is in the details.People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do.Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously.Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people(and making them comfortable around you)

People are a key factor in your own and your business' success.Many potentially worthwhile and profitable alliances have been lost because of an unintentional breach of manners.Dan McLeod, president of Positive Management Leadership Programs, a union avoidance company, says, “Show me a boss who treats his or her employees abrasively, and I'll show you an environment ripe for labor problems and obviously poor customers relations.Disrespectful and discourteous treatment of employees is passed along from the top.”(Dan McLeod：2008)Which strongly emphasize the importance of courtesy, therefore , it’s necessary to know etiquette, especially the business etiquette.Chapter One The Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette

As regional and historical reasons, understandings of people from different regions and ethnic varies , as the development of whole world.Chinese people have attached great importance to the foreigners , especially the westerners ,trading between the two regions is becoming more and more frequent ,establishing good relations with western people is of great importance ,therefore ,knowing the business etiquette is essential.As China's reform and opening up the pace accelerated, people’s living and working in foreign exchanges increased.Understanding the content of foreign-related rituals and requirements, and mastering the skills of contacts with foreigners is particularly important.In the business occasions , how to make business etiquette effect completely and how to create the best interpersonal relationships is closely related to the principles of business etiquette , which can be concluded into four aspects: 1.1 honesty and tolerance

Honesty stresses the principle of credibility , Confucius , a great philosopher ,made the statement : people can’t live without credit , if you affiliate with your friends,honesty should be laid in the first place;Which also emphasize the principle of keeping promises.Trustworthiness is the virtue of the Chinese nation , in particular ,it is necessary to stress punctuality , and people should not delay when they go to the fixed appointments, meetings , talks and conferences, etc.One should not make promise so easily ,unless you are really sure about it ,or else you would end with a bad image of dishonest , especially in the business activity , honesty is of great importance.Tolerance is a great human thinking , the idea of tolerance is a magic weapon to create a harmonious interpersonal relationship in interpersonal exchanges.Tolerate others ,understand others and do not always pursue perfection.For a famous saying goes : failure is the mother of success.All in all ,if you consider things from others’ position , I think you have found the best way to win friends ,to win business guests.1.2 The principle of moderate equality

In the social field ,ritual behavior is always expressed as the two sides , for instance, if you treat your business guests sincerely and thoughtfully , others would show the identical courteous respond to your hospitality ,and they would become the potential regular customers.If you performed impatiently and hasty ,there is no doubt that you would get the same response.The purposes of this protocol must emphasize the principle of equality, equal exchanges between the two parts, for equality is the foundation to establish emotion with other people.If you want to maintain a good interpersonal relationship with your business partners or your customers , you should locate modesty in the first place ,because it is the essential way to make more friends.Moderate principle requires us to measure the criteria of etiquette , in accordance with specific circumstance , specific situation and the exercise of the corresponding ritual.For instance ,when doing business with some people both warm and

urbane are required ,one can not be rude and frivolous ,lively and modest ,but lethargic and sophisticated.1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect

Socrates had made a very famous statement: “ there must not be a gift to a friend, you have to contribute to your sincere love ,learning how to use legitimate means to win a person’s heart.”(Voice of English，2005)Which tells us that if you contact with the people , sincere respect for the ritual is the primary principle.Only you treat others sincerely and courteously ,can you create a harmonious happy relations, for good faith and respect are complementary to each other.Sincerity is a practical and realistic approach to communicate with other people ,especially in the business activities , it can be directly reflected.Sincere and respect for the first performance with some people :do not lie ,not hypocrisy ,do not insult people ,the so called “cheating once ,for life no friends.” also the practical reflection of business dealing.Sincere dedication, be fruitful harvest, only sincere respect for the two sides can be affiliated, friendship for a long time.1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline

The principle of self-confidence is a mental health principle in the social occasion , especially in the commercial contact.Only someone is self-confident ,can he master things freely.Self-confidence is a very valuable psychological quality, people who have full confidence will not discourage when they encounter difficulties , on the contrary , they will counterattack when they are reduced to a rattrap, they are also willing to show their helping hand to people who are involved in jeopardy.People who are not confident enough will run into snags everywhere , even despair of their life.In the process of social interaction and business communication , establishing a sense of moral values and norms of self-cultivation in the mind to our behaviors.Achieving the balance of self education ,self management and self-confidence correctly , placing a rational and active attitude to fulfill the great obligation the life leaves us , refusing self-righteous and arrogant.Nothing great can be achieved without these traits

Chapter Two Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and

Westerner

With the increasingly close business contacts , people’ conduct in the business exchange reflected more frequently in the past ,the actions and manners in business interactions can be best and directly embodied during their communications ,therefore , learning and understanding the appropriate business behaviors between Chinese and foreigners become special significant.2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business greeting

All of us have heard of “start well and end well” sometimes before, so it is very important to make a good first impression in business communication to achieve the purpose desired.In this subsection several aspects in the interaction of business greeting will be examined to see common grounds Chinese and English-speaking peoples share and what dissimilarities they have.2.1.1 Forms of Address

In 2000 Ralph Fasold mentioned “When people use language, they do more than just try to get another person to understand the speaker's thoughts and feelings.At the same time, both people are using language in subtle ways to define their relationship to each other, to identify themselves as part of a social and to establish the kind of speech situation they are in.”From what he said we can conclude that address behavior is governed by politeness and successful maintenance of interpersonal relationships.So far,have been various definitions of address form made by various linguists and other scholars.2.1.2 Position titles

In formal occasion, the chief guest and the host are usually addressed in the way of position titles.To address people by their position titles is to address them according to the positions they hold.This is the unique feature in business setting.People often address others in the manner of title plus name when they address others by their position title.For example, Mr.White.List is the president of IP International Investment Bank.People often address him `President White List'.Equally, businessmen often address ”Hu Jian“(胡建)，the General Manager of ABC Company, as ”General Manager Hu Jian“(胡建總經(jīng)理).It is worth notice that some former mannish professional form of address gets changed with the social progress.As more and more women achieve inary achievement in many varied areas.For example, it is believed that `Chairman' in English language can serve as an obvious example.A lot of women believe that `Chairman' is a word with sex discrimination.Therefore, people often use ”Chairperson“ instead of ”Chairman“ in many modern businesses activities.2.1.3 Professional title

Businessmen in both China and the west often address others professional title.Compared with the position titles, the professional titles is much smaller.To address people

by way of professional titles is to address them according to what profession they are engaged in to the tradition and development of society some professional titles are regarded as honorific such as professors, doctors while some other are derogatory, such as peddler, waiter, boy.2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings

Nonverbal greetings include nodding, smile, shaking hands, bowing and kissing.In different situation we choose different nonverbal greetings to show our graciousness and hospitality.American deaf-and-dumb woman once said: ”Hands can keep people thousands miles away;they can also be filled with sunshine and you can feel comfortable...” Shaking hands is the expression of mutual trust and respect, and it's a good way to send greetings in business situation.It is said that it was used by ancient knights to show his amicableness originally.When two knights met in the old times, they would put down the weapon in the hand and offer the hand in which the weapon had been held to each other and shake the hands with each other to show there was no weapon in the hand now.Gradually, this kind of ritual becomes a kind of etiquette of meeting to show friendliness to interact.In order to shake hands correctly in business.2.2 The Comparison in Etiquette of Business visiting

Business visiting plays a very important role in business interactions, but every nation has their own practice when one is paying a visit in business Occasion.In western cultural , the first step prior to visiting is to make an appointment for a visit to make sure whether the host is free or not.Due to the increasingly fast pace of life and work, business person in the west is afraid of interrupting others’ planned schedule unexpectedly, it's a common practice to make an appointment in advance.He/She often discusses the purpose , time and place before visiting.After mutual consultation, the two sides may decide on the time and place.Once the appointment is made, it must be rigidly observed.Chinese businessmen also observes the international practice to make an appointment before a formal visit, especially for the first formal visit in business setting.They, just as illustrated in E.Hall's theory of uncertainty avoidance, belong to those who try to avoid uncertainty.They may like to use “go-between” to get linked for initial business contacts, even though they may also get connected by telephone call or formal letter of request.If two Chinese business people have done business for many times, they will not make an appointment seriously before visiting.Sometimes they make an oral appointment like“我明天去你辦公室找你?！眔r“下午去你辦公室看看。”In Chinese tradition, advance notice or appointment is unnecessary between friends.Another reason is that they usually choose a day when the host is not much occupied to pay a visit according to the experience before.In China, hosts rarely ask the guests to take off their gloves and caps although it's polite to put off gloves and caps when entering into the office in western culture.After being asked to sit down, the host may offer something to drink like tea or coffee.The offer is normally

phrased as a question, such as“Would you like a cup of coffee?” The guest is expected to answer honestly, and if they say no, then the host will not offer any drink.If they accept the drink, they will be expected to drink it all before leaving.On the contrary,when the Chinese host ask the Chinese guest, “Would you like something to drink?”, the typical answer is“隨便(just any)“.Sometimes, the host will offer a cup of tea to the guest without asking.During the visit, if a visit is for business rather than a socially one, the Westerners expect the visitors to come straight to the point, rather than go through lengthy preliminary chatting.However, Chinese visitors prefer to make some preliminary remarks in business visits to soften the atmosphere, assume close relationship or show concern for the host.After finishing the business affairs, westerners often indulge a couple of minutes' small talk while preparing for leaving: On the other hand, the Chinese guest often stands up suddenly and moves to the door and bids farewell without giving notice in advance.The hosts always insist that the guests stay longer.Some fixed conversational formulas preceding leave-taking are:“請(qǐng)留步”, “不要送了” ,“再見”.And the common way for the host to respond,“請(qǐng)慢走”“請(qǐng)走好”.2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation

Business negotiations play an important role in foreign trade business between he two sides.However, as cultural differences have a direct impact on all aspects of business negotiations, people who lack sensitivity of cultural differences will evaluate people's actions, viewpoints, customs with their own cultural models, and this often leads to cultural conflict.So culture difference plays a very important role in Sino-U.S.business negotiation.Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two parties for the purpose of reaching an agreement;haggling, bargaining and out are resorted to for passing an obstacle and bleaching out a conflict of opinion.According to conventional rules in business, business negotiation is counted as conciliating the conflicts of interest of the parties concerned.Just as John F.Kennedy said ”Let us begin anew一remembering on both sides that civility is not a

sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate“

2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies

Based on objective differences, negotiators from different cultures presents the differences in decision-making form a sequential decision-making method and integrated decision-making method of conflict.Chinese-US negotiations, Chinese representatives at the outset by the parties concerned to abide by general principles and discuss common interests.Chinese negotiators think that general principle is the starting point for solving other problems.Only when the General principles identified, possible negotiations on the details of the contract.This ”first principles on details after“ way of negotiating, China's negotiating strategy is one of the most obvious features.Americans believe that the world is made up of facts rather than a concept, so they do not believe too much of something purely rational.Negotiations during them specific rather than General, when faced with a complex negotiation task, sequential decision making method of Americans used to break large tasks into a series of smaller tasks.Price, delivery, warranties and service contracts, problem solving, solving a problem at a time, from beginning to end with concessions and commitments, the final agreement is the sum of a series of small agreements.Negotiations start, they went straight to the point-specific payments.They think the overall principle is optional, only truly to make progress in negotiations on specific issues.Negotiation strategy reflects the difference between the two different ways of thinking.Chinese people attach importance to integrated mode of thinking stems from China's traditional culture.Therefore, the negotiations, the Chinese delegates from the whole to the part, from big to small, from the General to the specific, ”start with matters of principle, after the details".Americans favor a linear way of thinking.Therefore, they tend to pay great attention to details.They are practical, eager to discuss specific amounts at the outset, they regarded the contract which is integrated ,and to be legally binding.2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions

Different decision mechanisms have their own different reasons.Chinese culture belongs to the high power distance cultures, experience from person to person, position, educational level and other aspects of the different lines of vertical relationships.Member of the Chinese negotiating team can only act in their own right, final decisions are often made by the superiors did not participate in the negotiations.United States culture is a low power distance culture.In the United States under the influence of the concept of equality, relationships are generally horizontal, AC is equal on both sides.Negotiations between business landscape(equal)relationship.They are informal, as equals, on proper business etiquette, civility ,seating and less attention.Negotiations the United States highlighting the role of the individual, will often specify a person solely responsible for the negotiation, is responsible for establishing the 7

necessary decisions and to complete the necessary tasks, while the exercise of the corresponding rights, within its mandate, to make their own decisions.2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal

Chinese negotiators attached particular importance to the establishment of long-term business relationships.For them, negotiations process is the process of building relationships and negotiations is aimed more for the establishment and development of a long term relationship, signed the contract on behalf of the beginning of a long-term and mutually efficient cooperation.If negotiations fail to establish relations of mutual trust on both sides trading often ended in failure.Americans believe that the ultimate objective of the negotiations was signed the contract for the realization of economic benefits.For the US side, contract signing is the first and fundamental task of the negotiations, is the embodiment of value of their personal interests.They each signed the contract as a separate process.Unlike the Chinese emphasis on friendly and cooperative partnership established, they focus more on the actual value of.In the aspect of negotiation strategies, it is a common way for Chinese businessmen to discuss the general principle and common interest at the of the negotiation.They think the general principle is the point of solving all other problems and it is possible to discuss specific details Only when the is set down.On the western businessmen believe specific details are more important then the general principle.When the negotiation begins, they will go straight to discuss the specific details.When it comes to make decision in negotiation, there are also difference between the east and the west.The Chinese way is that decision comes from the result of collective negotiations.Generally, Chinese businessmen usually avoid making decision individually.Chinese businessmen will exchange their opinion with their colleagues or their leader before and after the negotiation.However, some in the west individual can represent Chinese culture, negotiators pay much attention to establish friendly relationship.They believe the course of negotiation is also the course of establishing relationship.The purpose of negotiation is to establish a long-term corporation.If the both sides fail to build the trust between them, the transaction will end up in nothing.In contrast, western businessmen consider the final result of negotiation is to sign a contract to realize economic benefits.represent the company to make decision after being empowered by the company.Last, thanks all of them again

Conclusion

With the globalization of the world economy, organizations are culturally diverse in handling all kinds of business activities, especially multinational cooperation.More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture.And they should have a good understanding of the other business etiquette culture beforehand, which is beneficial for both sides of the business people.Only in this way will it be possible for them to expand their business and make it more prosperous.This thesis mainly tells us some principles of exchanging in business occasions，which would be beneficial to those who want to do business with people who from different areas and cultures ,meanwhile ,what you should remember is to be courteous and thoughtful to the people around you, regardless of the situation.Consider other people's feelings, stick to your convictions as diplomatically as possible.Address conflict as situation-related, rather than person-related.Apologize when you step on toes.You can't go too far wrong if you stick with the basics you learned in Kindergarten.(Not that those basics are easy to remember when you're in a hard-nosed business meeting!).With the development of society, the business relations are getting wider and wider.A variety of business contacts gradually formed a code of conduct and guidelines, which can help us survive in the society , coordinate human relations and human and social relations.It is also beneficial to promote communication and cooperation.The thesis will be helpful to us;especially to those who would like to engage themselves in international trade and business exchanges.Works Cited

[1]Martin, J.N.and Nakayama, T.K.2004, Experiencing Intercultural Communication: an Introduction [M].McGraw Hill: Boston.[2]De Mente, B.L.1994.Chinese Etiquette and Ethics in Business [M].Lincolnwood, IL;NTC Publishing.Corp.[3]Hsu, F.L.1981.American and Chinese:Passage todifferences.Honolulu [M].University of Hawaii.[4]Hall, E.T.1976.Beyond Culture [M].New York,NY:Random House.[5]胡文仲，1999, 文化與交際[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社.[6]胡文仲，1999, 文化交際學(xué)概論[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社.[7]胡文仲，2004, 超越文化的屏障[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社.[8]郭桃桃，2004, 論跨文化交際中的文化障礙[M].湖南師范大學(xué)教育科.[9]賈玉新，2003，跨文化交流學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社.[10]金正昆，1998, 商務(wù)禮儀教程[M].北京:中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社.Acknowledgment

At the point of finishing this paper, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the people who have offered me generous help and valuable suggestions in the course of my writing this paper.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my dear supervisor, whose guidance and useful advice have ensured the accomplishment.In the past Three years, although Miss Xu had never given me lessons and did not know me, she was quite outgoing and kind when we met at the first time, and then gave me much advice about the title and outline of my paper.Later, she not only walk through and modify each draft again and again, but send me some new inform from school in time.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper could not have reached its present form.Last but not the least, my thanks would go to my beloved family, friends and my colleagues.The forth year may be my busiest year in my university.My loving family and friends offered their substantial support and relevant information to me on many aspects.Because in a foreign company, my colleagues generally told me many different customs and culture, which offered lots of first hand information about the topic of my paper.Finally, thank all of them again.