第一篇：中西方社交禮儀差異研究——以商務(wù)禮儀為例

最新英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文，都是近期寫作 從好萊塢電影看美國的文化霸權(quán) 2 關(guān)于苔絲和海絲特的悲劇對比分析 3 與身體器官有關(guān)的中英文習(xí)語對比研究 4 淺析《看不見的人》中的第一人稱敘述策略 5 關(guān)于照料母嬰的市場分析 威廉?？思{的女性觀—《喧嘩與騷動》女性性格分析 7 從跨文化交際角度論委婉語的翻譯 8 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 9 The Improvement of English Learning Skills Through Nursery Rhymes 10 中英詩歌及時行樂主題比較 文檔所公布各專業(yè)原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文。原創(chuàng)Q 95 80 35 640 12 國際商務(wù)函電的禮貌原則研究 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 14 對《燦爛千陽》中姐妹情誼的分析 15 《威尼斯商人》中的種族及宗教沖突 16 論《紅字》中丁梅斯代爾的雙面性 17 中美文化差異對商務(wù)談判的影響 從《熱愛生命》和《馬丁?伊登》中透視杰克?倫敦心中對生命的執(zhí)愛 19 生命不息，奮斗不止——海明威小說中的英雄倫理觀和英雄形象研究 20 分析《土生子》中的種族主義的惡性影響 論伍爾夫《到燈塔去》女權(quán)主義主題思想及對中國女性文學(xué)之影響 22 美國夢——《嘉莉妹妹》主題探析 論文化差異在好萊塢電影《功夫熊貓》中的表現(xiàn) 24 從交際翻譯視角看企業(yè)簡介的漢英翻譯 25 論華裔女星在好萊塢電影中的角色轉(zhuǎn)變 英文電影對英語專業(yè)學(xué)生詞匯附帶習(xí)得的影響 27 論葉芝的寫作風(fēng)格 淺析《喜福會》中的中美文化沖突與融合 30 漢語親屬稱謂語的文化內(nèi)涵及翻譯方法

An analysis of Female Images in The House on Mango Street from the Perspective of Feminism 32 Analysis on the Withdrawal of Feminism in The Great Gatsby 33 從關(guān)聯(lián)理論看《生活大爆炸》中幽默語言的翻譯 34 《乞力馬扎羅的雪》中概念隱喻分析

本我、自我、超我－－斯佳麗人物性格分析

A Study of Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language and Its Implications to English Language Learners 37 中西方文化背景對理解隱喻的影響 38 論國際商務(wù)非禮貌言語行為

英漢詩歌中“月”意象的認(rèn)知解讀 40 會計英語縮略詞特點及翻譯研究

論伊恩?班克斯《捕蜂器》的現(xiàn)代哥特風(fēng)格 福克納《我彌留之際》中達爾形象解析 洛克的教育思想研究

文化戰(zhàn)略及其對漢譯英的影響 杰克的悲劇與海明威的世界觀

《湯姆索亞歷險記》和《哈克貝利費恩歷險記》中人物形象的對比分析 合作原則在電影《暮光之城》人物心理分析中的應(yīng)用 解析《莎樂美》中的月亮意象 試探吸血鬼文化的起源

論亨利?詹姆斯《貴婦畫像》中伊莎貝爾的婚姻悲劇 從《都柏林人》看喬伊斯的美學(xué)思想

繼承與顛覆—解讀《傲慢與偏見》中的“灰姑娘”模式 《月亮與六便士》中查爾斯?思特里克蘭德的追尋自我 《荊棘鳥》的女性主義解讀

The Narrative Strategy of Wuthering Heights 小學(xué)英語課堂中教學(xué)反饋的調(diào)查與反思 產(chǎn)品生命周期的營銷策略

Pragmatic Empathy and Chinese-English Translation 海明威的矛盾性格在其作品中的體現(xiàn) 電影《美麗心靈》男主人公形象分析

《麥田里的守望者》中主人公的性格分析

An Analysis of the Problems on Chinese Early Childhood Education 文化語境維度下中餐菜名的英譯研究 性格和命運－－《小婦人》中四姐妹分析 《傾城之戀》和《飄》的女性主義解讀 從民族特性看中美高等教育差異 英語成語跨文化翻譯策略

Strategies of Activating Middle School Classrooms for Effective English Learning 提高初中生閱讀能力的研究

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 英文電影名漢譯中的功能對等 外語學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)習(xí)動機的影響

從功能對等的角度淺析漢語成語中數(shù)字的翻譯 葉芝詩歌中的象征主義手法

從《永別了，武器》試析海明威心目中的理想女性

On Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s Satiric Arts in Gulliver’s Travels 從關(guān)聯(lián)理論看《阿甘正傳》的字幕翻譯

中西民間鬼神形象中體現(xiàn)的宗教世俗化的研究 中西方傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日文化差異比較

從跨文化傳播角度論中國飲食文化資料的英譯 初中英語課堂管理方法探析

《人鼠之間》中兩主人公喬治和雷尼的對比分析 論矛盾修辭法在英語廣告中的語用功能

淺析《寵兒》中三位黑人女性的身份尋求之旅

《屋頂麗人》中的多重沖突及其張力 86 英語專業(yè)學(xué)生英語口語學(xué)習(xí)動機調(diào)查研究 87 《老人與海》象征主義探究

從生態(tài)批評的視角看《遠離塵囂》的生態(tài)悖論

Translation of English Film Titles and the Commercial Effect 90 從數(shù)字看中西方文化差異 91 《老人與?！分械南笳髦髁x

小學(xué)任務(wù)型英語教學(xué)中的課堂游戲研究 93 Naturalism in Sister Carrie 94 從歸化和異化的角度看電影片名的翻譯

修辭在政治演講中的作用－－以奧巴馬獲勝演講為例 96 《黛西米勒》中道德沖突的表現(xiàn)分析

On the Causes of the Death of Willy Loman in Death of A Salesman 98 從文化角度淺析中英姓名的異同

淺析拉爾夫·埃里森《看不見的人》的象征藝術(shù) 100 On Ambiguity of Human Conversations 101 中學(xué)英語老師提問存在的問題及解決策略

淺談古希臘羅馬神話對《哈利?波特》系列小說(前四部)的影響 103 論苔絲悲劇的成因

英語意識流小說漢譯現(xiàn)狀及對策研究 105 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 106 淺析愛倫·坡小說《黑貓》的寫作藝術(shù)手法 107 愛倫坡短片小說“美女之死”主題研究 108 目的論與對外傳播翻譯

論《呼嘯山莊》中女性悲劇的根源 110 《紫色》的生態(tài)女性主義解讀

The Symbols and Their Symbolic Meanings in The Scarlet Letter 112 探析《最藍的眼睛》中女主人公的悲劇根源

The Problems in English and Chinese Trademark Translation and Relevant Countermeasures 114 英文商標(biāo)的漢譯

《了不起的蓋茨比》中的象征主義 116 論凱特肖班《覺醒》中的超驗思想 117 從基因?qū)W的角度看多義詞的詞義關(guān)系 118 論《小婦人》的敘事技巧

On Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s Walden

從生態(tài)倫理學(xué)的角度分析瑪麗?雪萊《弗蘭肯斯坦》 121 從功能對等角度分析英文電影片名漢譯

從《了不起的蓋茨比》看菲茨杰拉德的女性觀 123 英漢禁忌語的文化內(nèi)涵比較

工業(yè)化進程下人的主體性的追問——梭羅的《瓦爾登湖》 125 寂靜的聲音——《送菜升降機》中的沉默 126 探討宗教在世界戰(zhàn)爭史中所扮演的角色

Britain Needs a Monarch—Cause Analysis of the Existence of the Monarch in Britain 128 中美文化差異對商務(wù)談判的影響

英語習(xí)語陷阱及其學(xué)習(xí)策略 130 論《弗蘭肯斯坦》的敘事技巧

論弗羅斯特詩歌中自然意象對意境的構(gòu)建

語用合作原則及禮貌原則在商業(yè)廣告中的有效運用 133 淺析好萊塢電影中的中國元素

《暮色》兩中譯本中文化缺省重構(gòu)的對比研究 135 英漢模糊語言對比研究及其翻譯 136 解讀《皆大歡喜》中的浪漫主義 137 功能對等理論指導(dǎo)下的廣告翻譯 138 從動態(tài)對等角度論英語俚語的翻譯

中學(xué)生詞匯自主學(xué)習(xí)對閱讀能力影響初探 140 中西節(jié)日的對比研究

論網(wǎng)絡(luò)自主學(xué)習(xí)與英語課堂教學(xué)的契合 142 概念隱喻在英語汽車廣告中的應(yīng)用

論中美文化差異對其商務(wù)談判的影響及策略 144 淺談中式英語的成因及解決方法 145 從文化視角看部分英漢習(xí)語的異同 146 淺析托妮?莫里森《恩惠》中的母愛 147 從目的論角度分析化妝品品牌翻譯 148 英漢被動結(jié)構(gòu)對比研究 149 反譯法在英譯漢中的應(yīng)用

教學(xué)設(shè)計理論對初中英語教學(xué)的啟示芻議 151 從違反合作原則研究《生活大爆炸》

152 從沖突到和解—解析《接骨師之女》中的母女關(guān)系 153 認(rèn)知角度下的隱喻翻譯

154 論接受理論對兒童文學(xué)作品的影響——以《快樂王子》中譯本為例 155 《乞力馬扎羅的雪》中概念隱喻分析 156 中西美食文化差異與翻譯策略

157 ?？思{《喧嘩與騷動》中的悲劇形象 158 《老友記》中幽默的翻譯

159 英漢“思考”類動詞的語義成分與詞匯化模式分析 160 公益廣告的詞匯特點: 以美國紅十字會廣告語為例 161 足球評論員的評論語氣對球迷看球的影響 162 沮喪與感情的沖突

163 從《一間自己的屋子》看弗吉尼亞伍爾芙的女性主義意識 164 論羅伯特弗羅斯特詩歌的黑色基調(diào)－－-在美國夢里掙扎

165 A Comparison between Scarlett O’Hara and Jane Eyre from the Perspective of Feminism 166 功能對等理論視角下的商務(wù)合同翻譯研究

167 On Aestheticism in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray 168 巫術(shù)救星：哈利波特系列的文化解讀

169 對外交語言準(zhǔn)確性與模糊性的語言特點的研究 170 中國人和美國人特征的比較 171 泰戈爾詩中自然物意象研究

172 解讀布萊克的《倫敦》與華茲華斯的《在西敏寺橋上》的詩歌異同

173 英語教學(xué)中的跨文化意識的培養(yǎng)

174 《霍亂時期的愛情》中象征手法的解析 175 電影《死亡詩社》中的教育意義 176 超音段特征對意義的影響

177 Pecola’s Blues－－A Reading of The Bluest Eye 178 唯美主義在道連格雷變化中的體現(xiàn) 179 如何降低英語專業(yè)學(xué)生課堂焦慮 180 從成長小說角度解讀《馬丁?伊登》 181 漢英導(dǎo)游詞中國俗詞匯的翻譯策略研究

182 改變，選擇與責(zé)任——論電影《猜火車》中的青少年成長 183 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 184 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中的溫斯頓丘吉爾 185 Maternal Love in The Millstone 186 從旅游看中美核心文化差異 187 英漢情感隱喻認(rèn)知對比分析

188 從影視劇看英語俚語使用的性別差異 189 《湯姆?索亞歷險記》的藝術(shù)魅力

190 大學(xué)生英語口語語法錯誤分析及糾正策略 191 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 192 論《織工馬南》中的象征意義 193 從自我認(rèn)同角度再析《簡愛》

194 A Contrastive Study of the Associative Meanings of Plant words in English and Chinese 195 跨文化因素對字幕翻譯的影響

196 對《老人與?！分惺サ貋喐绲男愿穹治?/p>

197 論《一個小時的故事》中馬拉德夫人女性意識的覺醒 198

199 愛與正義：《殺死一只知更鳥》主人公阿提克斯?芬奇形象解讀

200 男權(quán)社會下康妮女性身份的訴求－－D.H.勞倫斯《查泰萊夫人的情人》的研究

第二篇：中西方商務(wù)禮儀差異

武漢紡織大學(xué)外經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院

商務(wù)禮儀（小論文）

課題名稱：

完成期限： 2013年10月01日至 2013年10月31日

學(xué)院名稱 外經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院專業(yè)班級 工商管理21102 學(xué)生姓名 江 津 學(xué) 號 1014221075 指導(dǎo)教師 陳曉燕 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 副教授 學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組組長簽字

緒論?????????????????????????????????1

一、商務(wù)禮儀的內(nèi)涵??????????????????????????2

（一）禮貌????????????????????????????2

（二）禮節(jié)????????????????????????????2

二、中西語言文化差異?????????????????????????3

（一）中西方禮尚交往的區(qū)別????????????????????3

（二）不同文化背景下的商務(wù)禮儀??????????????????3

三、中西方文化背景的差異???????????????????????3

（一）交際語言的差異???????????????????????4

（二）餐飲禮儀的差異???????????????????????4

（三）中西方服飾禮儀的差異????????????????????4 結(jié)論?????????????????????????????????5 參考文獻???????????????????????????????6

緒論

中國一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對每個中國人來說是非常重要的，無論是會見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認(rèn) 為是一個人道德修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，一個人若毫無禮儀可言，那么他在學(xué)習(xí)或工作時都將不會很順利，因為沒有人愿意和這樣一個人相處。如今隨著世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，特別是全球經(jīng)濟一體化的不斷形成，各國間的聯(lián)系加強，商務(wù)往來增多，如何才能在眾多企業(yè)中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關(guān)系，建立良好優(yōu)雅的企業(yè)形象，此時，商務(wù)禮儀便起到了一個十分重要的作用。商務(wù)禮儀顧名思義就是商務(wù)活動中對人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時也約束了商務(wù)活動中的某些方面。而在商務(wù)往來中，任何一個表現(xiàn)都可能會導(dǎo)致意想不到的結(jié)果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)禮儀最主要的是可以提高個人的素養(yǎng)。比爾蓋茨曾講過，企業(yè)競爭，是員工素質(zhì)的競爭，進而到企業(yè)，就是企業(yè)形象的競爭，教養(yǎng)體現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)，細(xì)節(jié)展示素質(zhì)?？梢娨粋€人的素養(yǎng)高低對企業(yè)的發(fā)展是多么重要??！其次是為了交際應(yīng)酬，因為商務(wù)活動中畢竟是離不開這個的，在不同的交往活動中我們會遇到不同的人，而面對不同的人怎樣進行交往也是一門藝術(shù)，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關(guān)鍵的。最后便是有助于維護企業(yè)形象。在商務(wù)交往中，個人便代表了整體，個人的所作所為，一舉一動，一言一行，就是企業(yè)的典型活體廣告。

東西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

一、商務(wù)禮儀的涵義

商務(wù)禮儀是指在商務(wù)活動中的禮儀規(guī)范和準(zhǔn)則。它是一般禮儀在商務(wù)活動中的運用和體現(xiàn)，在內(nèi)容上比一般的人際交往禮儀更為豐富。同一般的人際交往禮儀相比，商務(wù)禮儀具有很強的規(guī)范性和可操作性，并且與商務(wù)組織的經(jīng)濟效益密切相關(guān)。商務(wù)禮儀具體表現(xiàn)為禮貌、禮節(jié)、儀表、儀式等方面。

（一）禮貌

禮貌是指人們在商務(wù)活動中展現(xiàn)出來的得體的風(fēng)度和風(fēng)范。禮貌是禮的行為規(guī)范，是指人在儀容、儀表、儀態(tài)、語言和動作上待人接物的表現(xiàn)。禮貌主要通過言語和動作表現(xiàn)對他人的謙虛和恭敬，它是一個人文化層次和文明程度的體現(xiàn)。良好的教養(yǎng)和道德品質(zhì)是禮貌的基礎(chǔ)，我們可以通過自覺的培養(yǎng)和必要的訓(xùn)練，養(yǎng)成良好的禮貌習(xí)慣。在日常生活和工作環(huán)境中，習(xí)慣的微笑、主動打招呼、善意的問候、得體的舉止等都是禮貌的反映。商務(wù)交往中有禮貌的人往往熱情大方、待人謙恭、行為舉止得體，顯得很有教養(yǎng)。在商務(wù)會面時，他會自覺地向?qū)Ψ絾柡?，行致意禮或握手禮，說話彬彬有禮，一切禮儀的運用看上去自然和諧。

（二）禮節(jié)

禮節(jié)是指人們在社會交往過程中表示出的尊重、祝頌、問候、哀悼等慣用的形式和規(guī)范。禮節(jié)是禮的慣用形式，是禮貌的具體表現(xiàn)方式。比如現(xiàn)代商務(wù)交往中，初次見面要行握手禮、交換名片等禮節(jié)。禮節(jié)從形式上看，具有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定的儀式；從內(nèi)容上看，它反映著某種道德原則，反映著對人的尊重和友善。在行握手禮時，長輩、上級、女士先伸手，晚輩、下級、男士才能伸手相握；交換名片時一般是地位低的先向地位高的遞名片，對方人員較多時，先 將名片給職務(wù)高或年齡大的，分不清職務(wù)時，按照座次遞送名片，這都是禮節(jié)。在國際交往中，由于各國的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和文化的不同，禮節(jié)的具體表達具有明顯的差異。例如，握手、點頭、擁抱、鞠躬、合十、碰鼻子、折肚皮等，都是禮節(jié)的表現(xiàn)形式，而且不同國家、地區(qū)和民族的表達形式不同。禮節(jié)是社會交往中人與人之間約定俗成的“法”，是必須遵守的表示禮儀的一種慣用形式。因此，我們平時應(yīng)十分注重不同禮節(jié)的具體運用，以避免出現(xiàn)“失禮”行為而影響商務(wù)活動的進行。

二、中西語言文化差異

（一）中西方禮尚交往的區(qū)別

近代歷史上有兩則故事，相信大家會比較熟悉。故事一是：李鴻章曾應(yīng)俾斯麥之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐禮儀，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。當(dāng)時俾斯麥不了解中國的虛實，為了不使李鴻章丟丑，他也將洗手水一飲而盡，見此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。還有一個故事是：一個國民黨軍官攜夫人去機場迎接來自美國的顧問。雙方見面后，美國顧問出于禮貌說:“您的夫人真漂亮!”軍官甚感尷尬又不免客套一番：“哪里，哪里!”在中國，這本是一句很普通的客套話，可是蹩腳的翻譯卻把這句話譯成：where?where?美國顧問聽了莫明其妙，心想：我只是禮貌地稱贊一下他的夫人，他居然問起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好說：“從頭到腳都漂亮!”這兩個故事都是由于中西文化差異鬧出的禮儀上的笑話。通過以上兩則小故事可體現(xiàn)出：了解中西方禮尚交往之間的習(xí)慣差異是很有必要的。往大處來說，一個國家無論是在政治上，還是在經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易中，了解對方國家的禮儀習(xí)慣，將有利于各國之間的交往。從小處來講，一個人了解對方的禮儀民間習(xí)慣，是對對方的尊重，容易給對方留下一個好印象，以便交往的順利進行。隨著東西方文化的不斷發(fā)展，東西方的禮儀正在相互融合，西方人逐漸地接受了東方文化中重情感等合理因素，東方人也逐漸地接受了西方文化中先進文明的禮儀和交往方式。

（二）不同文化背景下的商務(wù)禮儀

跨國商務(wù)活動中,不同文化背景下的理解和溝通是極其重要的。人們在進行跨文化交流時,很容易出現(xiàn)誤解。雖然將一種語言翻譯成另外一種語言時,基本上可以直接而準(zhǔn)確傳達信息,但是實踐中也出現(xiàn)過因語言差異而造成國際商務(wù)活動失敗的案例。例如,百事可樂公司的“七-UP”(七喜)牌汽水在上海一直銷路不暢,經(jīng)過調(diào)查才發(fā)現(xiàn),這個品牌用上海方言來說即為“去死”,上海人當(dāng)然是不會去買這“去死”牌汽水了。再比如,法國雪佛萊汽車公司對“諾瓦”牌轎車在拉美地區(qū)的銷售狀況很是沮喪,隨后才發(fā)現(xiàn)該品牌在西班牙語中的意思是“不

走”。最終,雪佛萊公司只好改變銷往拉美國家的汽車品牌。

所以從種種生活中的小例子可體現(xiàn)出：所以說,對商務(wù)活動中難以理解事情的分析,從文化背景角度上考慮往往能得出正確的結(jié)論。與其他領(lǐng)域相比,許多國家的商界對跨文化活動 較為敏感。來自《1995國家競爭報告》的研究顯示,對跨國文化的理解程度最高的是瑞士,其下依次是新加坡、荷蘭、馬來西亞和瑞典,中國排在墨西哥之后列第十六位。在跨越文化鴻溝時,要有一雙傾聽的耳朵,敞開理解的胸懷,這樣雙方的溝通才不是一件難事。

三、中西方文化背景的差異

（一）交際語言的差異

日常打招呼，中國人大多使用“吃了嗎？”“上哪呢？”等等，這體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的一種親切感。可對西方人來說，這種打招呼的方式會令對方感到突然、尷尬，甚至不快，因為西方人會把這種問話理解成為一種“盤問”，感到對方在詢問他們的私生活。在西方，日常打招呼他們只說一聲“Hello”或按時間來分，說聲“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。而英國人見面會說：“今天天氣不錯?。　?/p>

（二）餐飲禮儀的差異

中國人有句話叫“民以食為天”，由此可見飲食在中國人心目中的地位，因此中國人將吃飯看作頭等大事。中國菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全，甚至于超過了對營養(yǎng)的注重，只要好吃又要好看，營養(yǎng)反而顯得不重要了。西方的飲食比較講究營養(yǎng)的搭配和吸收，是一種科學(xué)的飲食觀念。西方人多注重食物的營養(yǎng)而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何，他們的飲食多是為了生存和健康，似乎不講究味的享受。

在餐飲氛圍方面，中國人在吃飯的時候都喜歡熱鬧，很多人圍在一起吃吃喝喝，說說笑笑，大家在一起營造一種熱鬧溫暖的用餐氛圍。除非是在很正式的宴會上，中國人在餐桌上并沒有什么很特別的禮儀。而西方人在用餐時，都喜歡幽雅、安靜的環(huán)境，他們認(rèn)為在餐桌上的時候一定要注意自己的禮儀，不可以失去禮節(jié)，比如在進餐時不能發(fā)出很難聽的聲音。

（三）中西方服飾禮儀的差異

古今中外，著裝從來都體現(xiàn)著一種社會文化，體現(xiàn)著一個人的文化修養(yǎng)和審美情趣，是一個人的身份、氣質(zhì)、內(nèi)在素質(zhì)的無言的介紹信。從某種意義上說，服飾是一門藝術(shù)，服飾所能傳達的情感與意蘊甚至不是用語言所能替代的。在不同場合，穿著得體、適度的人，給人留下良好的印象，而穿著不當(dāng)，則會降低人的身份，損害自身的形象。在社交場合，得體的服飾是一種禮貌，一定程度上直接影響著人際關(guān)系的和諧。影響著裝效果的因素，重要的一是要有文化修養(yǎng)和高雅的審美能力，即所謂“腹有詩書氣自華”。二是要有運動健美的素質(zhì)。健美的形體是著裝美的天然條件。三是要掌握著裝的常識、著裝原則和服飾禮儀的知識，這是達到內(nèi)外和諧統(tǒng)一美的不可或缺的條件。西方人注重身份，把衣服變成象征，中國注重韻味。如果說西方服飾文化刻意追求表現(xiàn)人體美，而完全忽視了服飾倫理，那么，中國服飾文化由于受到傳統(tǒng)的倫理價值觀念的影響還或多或少地保留著一些道德上的體統(tǒng)。而最能代表我們國家的是中山裝，西方代表裝是西裝。

結(jié) 論

商務(wù)禮儀乃商務(wù)人員交往之藝術(shù)，只有在商務(wù)交往中做到“約束自己，尊重他人”才能使商務(wù)活動在更輕松更愉快地氛圍中順利進行?？梢哉f，正確運用商務(wù)禮儀既是一個人內(nèi)在修養(yǎng)和素質(zhì)的外在表現(xiàn)，又是企業(yè)展示形象，塑造企業(yè)文化的一種藝術(shù)。因此，只有正確掌握商務(wù)禮儀才能有助于提高我們自身素質(zhì)修養(yǎng)。從而，更好改善人際關(guān)系，通過自身良好的禮儀展示，樹立良好的企業(yè)形象。

參考文獻：

[1] 汪洪梅.禮儀在商務(wù)活動中的作用分析[J]；科技信息(學(xué)術(shù)研究)2007(33)[2] 呂維霞.現(xiàn)代商務(wù)禮儀及其發(fā)展的新特點[J]國際商務(wù);對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)報 2004(03)[3] 郭 華.淺談商務(wù)禮儀在商務(wù)活動中的作用[J]；黑龍江科技信息 2009(26)

第三篇：淺談中西方社交禮儀的差異

淺談中西方社交禮儀的差異

【摘要】 由于中西方社交禮儀上存在著差異,中西方人士在社會交往活動中常常會發(fā)生誤會和沖突,其根本原因則是文化環(huán)境的差異形成的認(rèn)知差異。本文主要分析了中西方禮儀在稱謂稱呼、見面交往禮節(jié)、宴客方面、禁忌與習(xí)俗、公務(wù)場合等的差異，歸納出中西方社交禮儀的各自特點，同時揭示了形成中西方禮儀差異性的社會環(huán)境和價值觀等因素。

【關(guān)鍵詞】社交禮儀 中西方差異 各自特點 表現(xiàn)和成因

禮儀，是整個社會文明的基礎(chǔ)，是社會文明最直接最全面的表現(xiàn)方式。中國是禮儀之邦，有著燦爛的五千年文化華夏文明，在世界上影響深遠。著名國學(xué)家錢穆先生就曾經(jīng)說過，“中國文化的核心就是禮”。中國的禮儀，始于夏商周，盛于唐宋，經(jīng)過不斷地發(fā)展變化，逐漸形成體系。文化。中國被稱為文明古國,禮儀之邦,禮儀在中國歷史上源遠流長。古語有云：人無禮則不立，事無禮則不成，國無禮則不寧。

西方社會則是幾大古代文明的繼承者，經(jīng)過中世紀(jì)的黑暗，最終迎來了文藝復(fù)興，并孕育了資本主義和現(xiàn)代文明，產(chǎn)生了現(xiàn)代科技和文化。當(dāng)在近200多年，隨著西方國家的崛起，西方主導(dǎo)著世界?，F(xiàn)今國際通行的禮儀基本上是西方禮儀。這種現(xiàn)象的原因并不僅僅是西方的實力強大，深層的原因在于西方人價值觀的統(tǒng)一，在于西方人對自身文化的高度認(rèn)同和深刻覺悟。

但是由于各國的歷史與文化底蘊不同，各國人民在進行禮尚交往時的習(xí)慣也有不少差異。尤其是中西方之間，禮儀上的差別很大。常常能聽到一些由于禮儀文化之間的差異而鬧出的笑話。例如中國近代史上，李鴻章曾應(yīng)俾斯麥之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐禮儀，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。當(dāng)時俾斯麥為了不使李鴻章丟丑，他也將洗手水一飲而盡，見此情景，其他文武百官只能奉陪。中國人歷來以謙虛為美德，而美國人對中國人“水平不高，能力有限”的自謙并不以為然，相反地他會認(rèn)為你缺乏自信，不知有多少留學(xué)生在美國因為“謙虛”而推掉了飯碗。因此，了解中西方禮尚交往之間的習(xí)慣差異是很有必要的。無論是在政治上，還是在經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易中，了解對方國家的禮儀習(xí)慣，是對對方的尊重，以便交往的順利進行。

（一）從不同的方面看中西方禮節(jié)的具體差異。

一、在稱謂和稱呼方面，西方人的稱呼通常是比較籠統(tǒng)的，通常一個稱呼可以涵蓋中國的很多個稱呼。例如西方人稱呼男的為先生，稱呼女的為女士或者小姐。而“先生”一詞在我國各類詞典中的第一解釋就是“教師”，是對教師最古老、最悠久的稱謂，已經(jīng)流傳了幾千年。我們在建國后熟人稱呼經(jīng)常在其姓名后面加上“同志”一詞，比如，開會的時候，某某領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話，“向XX同志學(xué)習(xí)”等諸如此類的言語就不必細(xì)說了。但是，在當(dāng)今生活中，隨著改革開放，現(xiàn)在“先生”成為社會上最流行的尊稱口語，二、在見面交往禮節(jié)方面，中國人通常是見面喜歡點點頭，握握手或行拱手禮，或者微微欠身然后握手，而西方人覺得欠身似乎顯得自卑。在西方，特別在歐美國家，擁抱禮卻是十分常見的見面禮與道別禮，親吻禮和吻手禮也是常見的西方見面禮。握手禮來源于西方人類半野蠻半文明時期。這種習(xí)慣逐漸演變成今天作為見面和告辭的“握手”禮節(jié)，被大多數(shù)國家所接受。在我國，握手禮不但在見面和告辭時使用，而且還作為一種祝賀、感謝或相互鼓勵的表示。因此是社交中應(yīng)用最廣泛的致意禮節(jié)。見面、道別時的禮貌演變到今天就是“你好”、“再見”兩個短語，客氣的頂多再互相握下手，在各種古怪疾病流行的今天顯得簡潔而衛(wèi)生而又體面。然而西方國家，見面就要先送貼面禮、親吻禮和吻手禮，讓我們很不習(xí)慣也不能接受。

三、在宴客方面，喝酒，歷來被中國人視為做生意、交朋友等社交場合不可缺少的一環(huán)。中國通常遵循的是酒杯不能空茶水不能太滿，在西方人他們通常喜歡啤酒、葡萄酒，不喜歡勸酒，他們的行為會隨女主人的動作而進行。中國是一個酒文化大國，幾千年流傳下來的釀酒工藝和人們賦予酒的美好寓意，使飲酒成為中國人宴請賓朋、交際應(yīng)酬等活動中不可缺少的內(nèi)容。中華民族博大精深的酒文化也令老外折服，使他們也對中國的白酒滿懷好奇心，但他們對中國酒桌上的強行勸酒有多反感。就如我們正常的中國人對老外的貼面禮排斥一樣。

四、在禁忌與習(xí)俗方面，中國人不喜歡說4，覺得8非常吉利，而西方人不喜歡13。中國人視4為不吉利，因為與“死”同音；而在荷蘭語中4卻是個喜慶的數(shù)字，因為與荷蘭語“慶?！币辉~的發(fā)言相近。

五、中國人通常以登門拜訪表現(xiàn)他的熱忱，而西方人在拜訪前先要跟主人預(yù)約，忌突然造訪。否則，受訪者會感到不快，因為這突如其來的拜訪打亂了工作安排，給他造成了極大的不便。約好的拜訪一般要準(zhǔn)時。

六、中國人見面客套時喜歡問去哪，吃飯了沒，而西方人卻認(rèn)為，這是在侵犯他們的隱私，西方人對此感到很怪異?！俺粤藛?？”這是中國人在吃飯前后打招呼的常用語。西方人們分手時通常說Good-bye，Bye－bye，相當(dāng)于中國人說“再見”。如有貴客或不大熟的人來訪或串門兒，客人離開時，按中國的習(xí)慣，主人要把客人送到房門口或大門口?？腿藢χ魅苏f“請留步”，主人最后要說“走好”、“慢走”、“慢點兒騎（自行車）之類的客套話。而西方人微微一笑并作個表示再見的手勢就可以了。

七、如今中國人穿著打扮日趨西化，正式場合男女著裝已與西方并無二異。

八、中國人通常會在女官員、女企業(yè)家、女學(xué)者、女明星面前遵循女士優(yōu)先原則，卻不理會女翻譯、女導(dǎo)游、女陪同、女記者等。而西方人對此一視同仁。

九、在國際會議上，我國傳媒總結(jié)出國人的種種陋習(xí)：電話多、屎尿多，常常在公開場合訓(xùn)斥下屬，男秘書給自己上級揉肩膀等。為此《國際先驅(qū)報》曾于2007年9月24日載文“中國人國際會議?七宗罪?成西方媒體嘲諷性花絮”。

正式的公務(wù)場合或宴會上，遵守禮儀是自身良好修養(yǎng)的體現(xiàn)，也是對一同參加宴會的人的尊重。

（二）中西方禮儀文化呈現(xiàn)出的各自不同的特色

中西方禮儀文化呈現(xiàn)出各自不同的特色，主要可以歸納為以下兩點：

一．中國傳統(tǒng)禮文化強調(diào)謙虛謹(jǐn)慎，西方是在得體的基礎(chǔ)上強調(diào)個體和個人價值。

西方人崇拜個人奮斗，尤其為個人取得的成就而自豪，從來不掩飾自己的自信心、榮譽感以及在獲得成就后的喜悅。而相反，中國文化卻不主張炫耀個人榮譽，提倡謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。大多反對或蔑視王婆賣瓜式的自吹自擂。然而中國式的自我謙虛或自我否定卻常常使西方人大為不滿。在西方人看來，這不僅否定了本身，還否定了贊揚者的鑒賞力，甚至有欺騙的嫌疑?？梢?，這種中國式的謙虛在西方的競爭市場是行不通的。因而，在中國人看來，西方人的思維方式更為簡單直接，表現(xiàn)在言語上就是表里如一，即“是”就是“是”，“不是”就是“不是”。

二。中國傳統(tǒng)文化提倡尊卑次序，西方社會提倡自由平等

東方文化等級觀念強烈，無論是在組織還是在家庭，都有一定的輩分等級。盡管傳統(tǒng)禮制中的等級制度已被消除，但等級觀念至今仍對東方文化產(chǎn)生影響。在中國，傳統(tǒng)的君臣、父子等級觀念在中國人的頭腦中仍根深蒂固。比如父親在兒子的眼中、教師在學(xué)生的眼中有著絕對的權(quán)威。在西方國家，除了英國等少數(shù)國家有著世襲貴族和森嚴(yán)的等級制度外，大多數(shù)西方國家都倡導(dǎo)平等觀念。特別在美國“崇尚人人平等”，在家庭中，美國人不講輩分，只要彼此尊重，在家庭成員之間，不分長幼尊卑，一般可互稱姓名或昵稱。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、媽媽的名字。對所有的男性長輩都可以稱“叔叔”，對所有的女性長輩都可以稱“阿姨”。這在我們中國是不行的，必須要分清楚輩分、老幼等關(guān)系，否則就會被認(rèn)為不懂禮貌。

（三）中西方禮儀文化差異的成因

造成中西方禮儀差異的根本原因，是中西方文化環(huán)境的不同，使得各國的人民有著完全不同的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系和價值觀。禮儀是與本土的思想文化相對應(yīng)的，由于形成禮儀的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同，使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人們遵守著各不相同的禮儀。梁啟超在有名的《勸學(xué)篇》里面講到:“中學(xué)為內(nèi)學(xué),西學(xué)為外學(xué);中學(xué)致身心,西學(xué)應(yīng)世事?！痹诙Y儀的表現(xiàn)中,西方更多的聚焦在行為、語言的面上；而中國禮儀在長期歷史發(fā)展過程中,不僅行為人的語言、行動本身具有話語意義,同時還需從行為人的語言、行動中去“悟”出一些東西,在言傳的同時,還需意會。東方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社會歷史條件下產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的，沒有孰優(yōu)孰劣的問題。就西方文明來說，它的歷史較短，而它的人民是從各個地方移民而來的，眾多不同民族和種族都融合在一起，文化的兼容性很強。他們信奉的西方精神，是在英雄主義和獻身精神的基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。

用“和而不同”的態(tài)度來對待中西禮儀文化差異，承認(rèn)和尊重差異，探尋禮儀文化的互通性，有助于增強對文化差異的敏感性和對他文化的適應(yīng)力，從而提高交際效率。認(rèn)清中西禮儀文化的差異，將二者合理有效的融合，方能建立適合中國當(dāng)代社會的禮儀文化體系，達到和諧社會的理想。

創(chuàng)建和諧社會，必須先從禮儀開始。中國今天面臨前所未有的挑戰(zhàn)，無論是物質(zhì)，精神，文化各個方面，都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的價值觀進行統(tǒng)一。17大報告中著重指出，以文化為核心的“軟實力”，是一個國家綜合國力的重要組成部分。隨著中國經(jīng)濟實力和國際影響力的提高伴隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，中國正在各個方面趕超西方國家，包括文化領(lǐng)域……

我國是個開放的國家，我們要不斷加強國際禮儀交往等知識的學(xué)習(xí)，向世界人民展示我們的形象。

第四篇：淺談中西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

2016屆畢業(yè)論文

江 西 應(yīng) 用 科 技 學(xué) 院

畢 業(yè) 論 文（設(shè) 計）

中文題目：淺談中西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

外文題目:Comparison between Chinese and Western Business Etiquette

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摘要

商務(wù)禮儀是商務(wù)活動中的行為規(guī)范，它是一門行為科學(xué)，在商務(wù)交往中扮演著重要的角色,了解中西方的禮儀及其差異對促進國際間商務(wù)交往的順利進行有著舉足輕重的作用。隨著中國在國際交往的角色發(fā)生改變，中國的對外交流和合作日益頻繁，國際地位越來越明顯，國際間的交往，尤其是和西方國家的商務(wù)交往就更應(yīng)該規(guī)范化、禮儀化。本文主要介紹了中西方禮儀在問候，拜訪，談判，等方面表現(xiàn)出的不同的形態(tài)，并從文化背景的不同，價值取向的差異，宗教信仰的影響等方面分析了影響中西方商務(wù)禮儀差異的因素。最后得出“和而不同”的態(tài)度對待中西方文化差異,將二者合理有效的融合，方能建立適合中國當(dāng)代社會的禮儀文化體系，達成和諧社會的理想。

摘要：商務(wù)禮儀；差異；商務(wù)交往

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Abstract

Business etiquette, a behavior science, is the norms in the business activities, which plays an important role in the business communication.Understanding Chinese and western etiquette and their distinctions is of great importance in promoting international business exchanges.With the changing role, China played in the international exchanges, We communicate and cooperate frequently with foreigners.It is the notable position that makes us have a more normative and courteous criteria in the international business communication especially in the business activities with westerners.This paper mainly introduces the different forms of Chinese and Western etiquette reflected in greeting,visiting,negotiation etc, and analyzed the factors that affect the difference of etiquette between East and West Only have a clear understanding of the cultural differences between Chinese and Western etiquette and merge them reasonably effectively,can we build the cultural system etiquette that is suitable for Chinese contemporary society, and achieve the ideal of harmonious society

Key words : business etiquette;distinction;business exchange

ii

Contents

摘要 ………………........……………………………………………………………...............i Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..................ii Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..............….1 Chapter One : Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette ………………....….........2

1.1 Honesty and tolerance......................................................................................................2

1.2 The principle of moderate equality..................................................................................2

1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect..............................................................................3

1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline..................................................................................3

Chapter Two : Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and Westerners...............4

2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Greeting.............................................................4 2.1.1 Forms of Address........................................................................................................4

2.1.2 Position titles...........................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Professional title.........................................................................................................4 2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings...................................................................................................5

2.2 Comparison in Etiquette for Business Visiting................................................................5

2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation.........................................................6 2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies.........................................................................7 2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions.......................................................................7 2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal..........................................................................8 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................9 Works Cited……………………………………………………….........................................10 Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………....................11

Introduction

Business etiquette is a code of conduct, which embodies mutual respect in the day-to-day business activities.It is also the norms for people who is engaged in commercial activities and business communications, in other words, how to master basic business activities, so you can meet the requirements for business;how to make yourself familiar with the norms and disclose your dignified demeanor;how to avoid the embarrassing questions you encountered : such as dress wrong ,dining at a loss;how to eliminate a small matter ,which will have the unexpected negative image to the individuals or companies.Only have you know some Chinese knowledge and English etiquette all these problems can be easily solved.Therefore business etiquette helps to create good personal image and corporate image.Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than just knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client.Unfortunately, in the perception of others, the devil is in the details.People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do.Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously.Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people(and making them comfortable around you)

People are a key factor in your own and your business' success.Many potentially worthwhile and profitable alliances have been lost because of an unintentional breach of manners.Dan McLeod, president of Positive Management Leadership Programs, a union avoidance company, says, “Show me a boss who treats his or her employees abrasively, and I'll show you an environment ripe for labor problems and obviously poor customers relations.Disrespectful and discourteous treatment of employees is passed along from the top.”(Dan McLeod：2008)Which strongly emphasize the importance of courtesy, therefore , it’s necessary to know etiquette, especially the business etiquette.Chapter One The Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette

As regional and historical reasons, understandings of people from different regions and ethnic varies , as the development of whole world.Chinese people have attached great importance to the foreigners , especially the westerners ,trading between the two regions is becoming more and more frequent ,establishing good relations with western people is of great importance ,therefore ,knowing the business etiquette is essential.As China's reform and opening up the pace accelerated, people’s living and working in foreign exchanges increased.Understanding the content of foreign-related rituals and requirements, and mastering the skills of contacts with foreigners is particularly important.In the business occasions , how to make business etiquette effect completely and how to create the best interpersonal relationships is closely related to the principles of business etiquette , which can be concluded into four aspects: 1.1 honesty and tolerance

Honesty stresses the principle of credibility , Confucius , a great philosopher ,made the statement : people can’t live without credit , if you affiliate with your friends,honesty should be laid in the first place;Which also emphasize the principle of keeping promises.Trustworthiness is the virtue of the Chinese nation , in particular ,it is necessary to stress punctuality , and people should not delay when they go to the fixed appointments, meetings , talks and conferences, etc.One should not make promise so easily ,unless you are really sure about it ,or else you would end with a bad image of dishonest , especially in the business activity , honesty is of great importance.Tolerance is a great human thinking , the idea of tolerance is a magic weapon to create a harmonious interpersonal relationship in interpersonal exchanges.Tolerate others ,understand others and do not always pursue perfection.For a famous saying goes : failure is the mother of success.All in all ,if you consider things from others’ position , I think you have found the best way to win friends ,to win business guests.1.2 The principle of moderate equality

In the social field ,ritual behavior is always expressed as the two sides , for instance, if you treat your business guests sincerely and thoughtfully , others would show the identical courteous respond to your hospitality ,and they would become the potential regular customers.If you performed impatiently and hasty ,there is no doubt that you would get the same response.The purposes of this protocol must emphasize the principle of equality, equal exchanges between the two parts, for equality is the foundation to establish emotion with other people.If you want to maintain a good interpersonal relationship with your business partners or your customers , you should locate modesty in the first place ,because it is the essential way to make more friends.Moderate principle requires us to measure the criteria of etiquette , in accordance with specific circumstance , specific situation and the exercise of the corresponding ritual.For instance ,when doing business with some people both warm and

urbane are required ,one can not be rude and frivolous ,lively and modest ,but lethargic and sophisticated.1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect

Socrates had made a very famous statement: “ there must not be a gift to a friend, you have to contribute to your sincere love ,learning how to use legitimate means to win a person’s heart.”(Voice of English，2005)Which tells us that if you contact with the people , sincere respect for the ritual is the primary principle.Only you treat others sincerely and courteously ,can you create a harmonious happy relations, for good faith and respect are complementary to each other.Sincerity is a practical and realistic approach to communicate with other people ,especially in the business activities , it can be directly reflected.Sincere and respect for the first performance with some people :do not lie ,not hypocrisy ,do not insult people ,the so called “cheating once ,for life no friends.” also the practical reflection of business dealing.Sincere dedication, be fruitful harvest, only sincere respect for the two sides can be affiliated, friendship for a long time.1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline

The principle of self-confidence is a mental health principle in the social occasion , especially in the commercial contact.Only someone is self-confident ,can he master things freely.Self-confidence is a very valuable psychological quality, people who have full confidence will not discourage when they encounter difficulties , on the contrary , they will counterattack when they are reduced to a rattrap, they are also willing to show their helping hand to people who are involved in jeopardy.People who are not confident enough will run into snags everywhere , even despair of their life.In the process of social interaction and business communication , establishing a sense of moral values and norms of self-cultivation in the mind to our behaviors.Achieving the balance of self education ,self management and self-confidence correctly , placing a rational and active attitude to fulfill the great obligation the life leaves us , refusing self-righteous and arrogant.Nothing great can be achieved without these traits

Chapter Two Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and

Westerner

With the increasingly close business contacts , people’ conduct in the business exchange reflected more frequently in the past ,the actions and manners in business interactions can be best and directly embodied during their communications ,therefore , learning and understanding the appropriate business behaviors between Chinese and foreigners become special significant.2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business greeting

All of us have heard of “start well and end well” sometimes before, so it is very important to make a good first impression in business communication to achieve the purpose desired.In this subsection several aspects in the interaction of business greeting will be examined to see common grounds Chinese and English-speaking peoples share and what dissimilarities they have.2.1.1 Forms of Address

In 2000 Ralph Fasold mentioned “When people use language, they do more than just try to get another person to understand the speaker's thoughts and feelings.At the same time, both people are using language in subtle ways to define their relationship to each other, to identify themselves as part of a social and to establish the kind of speech situation they are in.”From what he said we can conclude that address behavior is governed by politeness and successful maintenance of interpersonal relationships.So far,have been various definitions of address form made by various linguists and other scholars.2.1.2 Position titles

In formal occasion, the chief guest and the host are usually addressed in the way of position titles.To address people by their position titles is to address them according to the positions they hold.This is the unique feature in business setting.People often address others in the manner of title plus name when they address others by their position title.For example, Mr.White.List is the president of IP International Investment Bank.People often address him `President White List'.Equally, businessmen often address ”Hu Jian“(胡建)，the General Manager of ABC Company, as ”General Manager Hu Jian“(胡建總經(jīng)理).It is worth notice that some former mannish professional form of address gets changed with the social progress.As more and more women achieve inary achievement in many varied areas.For example, it is believed that `Chairman' in English language can serve as an obvious example.A lot of women believe that `Chairman' is a word with sex discrimination.Therefore, people often use ”Chairperson“ instead of ”Chairman“ in many modern businesses activities.2.1.3 Professional title

Businessmen in both China and the west often address others professional title.Compared with the position titles, the professional titles is much smaller.To address people

by way of professional titles is to address them according to what profession they are engaged in to the tradition and development of society some professional titles are regarded as honorific such as professors, doctors while some other are derogatory, such as peddler, waiter, boy.2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings

Nonverbal greetings include nodding, smile, shaking hands, bowing and kissing.In different situation we choose different nonverbal greetings to show our graciousness and hospitality.American deaf-and-dumb woman once said: ”Hands can keep people thousands miles away;they can also be filled with sunshine and you can feel comfortable...” Shaking hands is the expression of mutual trust and respect, and it's a good way to send greetings in business situation.It is said that it was used by ancient knights to show his amicableness originally.When two knights met in the old times, they would put down the weapon in the hand and offer the hand in which the weapon had been held to each other and shake the hands with each other to show there was no weapon in the hand now.Gradually, this kind of ritual becomes a kind of etiquette of meeting to show friendliness to interact.In order to shake hands correctly in business.2.2 The Comparison in Etiquette of Business visiting

Business visiting plays a very important role in business interactions, but every nation has their own practice when one is paying a visit in business Occasion.In western cultural , the first step prior to visiting is to make an appointment for a visit to make sure whether the host is free or not.Due to the increasingly fast pace of life and work, business person in the west is afraid of interrupting others’ planned schedule unexpectedly, it's a common practice to make an appointment in advance.He/She often discusses the purpose , time and place before visiting.After mutual consultation, the two sides may decide on the time and place.Once the appointment is made, it must be rigidly observed.Chinese businessmen also observes the international practice to make an appointment before a formal visit, especially for the first formal visit in business setting.They, just as illustrated in E.Hall's theory of uncertainty avoidance, belong to those who try to avoid uncertainty.They may like to use “go-between” to get linked for initial business contacts, even though they may also get connected by telephone call or formal letter of request.If two Chinese business people have done business for many times, they will not make an appointment seriously before visiting.Sometimes they make an oral appointment like“我明天去你辦公室找你?！眔r“下午去你辦公室看看?！盜n Chinese tradition, advance notice or appointment is unnecessary between friends.Another reason is that they usually choose a day when the host is not much occupied to pay a visit according to the experience before.In China, hosts rarely ask the guests to take off their gloves and caps although it's polite to put off gloves and caps when entering into the office in western culture.After being asked to sit down, the host may offer something to drink like tea or coffee.The offer is normally

phrased as a question, such as“Would you like a cup of coffee?” The guest is expected to answer honestly, and if they say no, then the host will not offer any drink.If they accept the drink, they will be expected to drink it all before leaving.On the contrary,when the Chinese host ask the Chinese guest, “Would you like something to drink?”, the typical answer is“隨便(just any)“.Sometimes, the host will offer a cup of tea to the guest without asking.During the visit, if a visit is for business rather than a socially one, the Westerners expect the visitors to come straight to the point, rather than go through lengthy preliminary chatting.However, Chinese visitors prefer to make some preliminary remarks in business visits to soften the atmosphere, assume close relationship or show concern for the host.After finishing the business affairs, westerners often indulge a couple of minutes' small talk while preparing for leaving: On the other hand, the Chinese guest often stands up suddenly and moves to the door and bids farewell without giving notice in advance.The hosts always insist that the guests stay longer.Some fixed conversational formulas preceding leave-taking are:“請留步”, “不要送了” ,“再見”.And the common way for the host to respond,“請慢走”“請走好”.2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation

Business negotiations play an important role in foreign trade business between he two sides.However, as cultural differences have a direct impact on all aspects of business negotiations, people who lack sensitivity of cultural differences will evaluate people's actions, viewpoints, customs with their own cultural models, and this often leads to cultural conflict.So culture difference plays a very important role in Sino-U.S.business negotiation.Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two parties for the purpose of reaching an agreement;haggling, bargaining and out are resorted to for passing an obstacle and bleaching out a conflict of opinion.According to conventional rules in business, business negotiation is counted as conciliating the conflicts of interest of the parties concerned.Just as John F.Kennedy said ”Let us begin anew一remembering on both sides that civility is not a

sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate“

2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies

Based on objective differences, negotiators from different cultures presents the differences in decision-making form a sequential decision-making method and integrated decision-making method of conflict.Chinese-US negotiations, Chinese representatives at the outset by the parties concerned to abide by general principles and discuss common interests.Chinese negotiators think that general principle is the starting point for solving other problems.Only when the General principles identified, possible negotiations on the details of the contract.This ”first principles on details after“ way of negotiating, China's negotiating strategy is one of the most obvious features.Americans believe that the world is made up of facts rather than a concept, so they do not believe too much of something purely rational.Negotiations during them specific rather than General, when faced with a complex negotiation task, sequential decision making method of Americans used to break large tasks into a series of smaller tasks.Price, delivery, warranties and service contracts, problem solving, solving a problem at a time, from beginning to end with concessions and commitments, the final agreement is the sum of a series of small agreements.Negotiations start, they went straight to the point-specific payments.They think the overall principle is optional, only truly to make progress in negotiations on specific issues.Negotiation strategy reflects the difference between the two different ways of thinking.Chinese people attach importance to integrated mode of thinking stems from China's traditional culture.Therefore, the negotiations, the Chinese delegates from the whole to the part, from big to small, from the General to the specific, ”start with matters of principle, after the details".Americans favor a linear way of thinking.Therefore, they tend to pay great attention to details.They are practical, eager to discuss specific amounts at the outset, they regarded the contract which is integrated ,and to be legally binding.2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions

Different decision mechanisms have their own different reasons.Chinese culture belongs to the high power distance cultures, experience from person to person, position, educational level and other aspects of the different lines of vertical relationships.Member of the Chinese negotiating team can only act in their own right, final decisions are often made by the superiors did not participate in the negotiations.United States culture is a low power distance culture.In the United States under the influence of the concept of equality, relationships are generally horizontal, AC is equal on both sides.Negotiations between business landscape(equal)relationship.They are informal, as equals, on proper business etiquette, civility ,seating and less attention.Negotiations the United States highlighting the role of the individual, will often specify a person solely responsible for the negotiation, is responsible for establishing the 7

necessary decisions and to complete the necessary tasks, while the exercise of the corresponding rights, within its mandate, to make their own decisions.2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal

Chinese negotiators attached particular importance to the establishment of long-term business relationships.For them, negotiations process is the process of building relationships and negotiations is aimed more for the establishment and development of a long term relationship, signed the contract on behalf of the beginning of a long-term and mutually efficient cooperation.If negotiations fail to establish relations of mutual trust on both sides trading often ended in failure.Americans believe that the ultimate objective of the negotiations was signed the contract for the realization of economic benefits.For the US side, contract signing is the first and fundamental task of the negotiations, is the embodiment of value of their personal interests.They each signed the contract as a separate process.Unlike the Chinese emphasis on friendly and cooperative partnership established, they focus more on the actual value of.In the aspect of negotiation strategies, it is a common way for Chinese businessmen to discuss the general principle and common interest at the of the negotiation.They think the general principle is the point of solving all other problems and it is possible to discuss specific details Only when the is set down.On the western businessmen believe specific details are more important then the general principle.When the negotiation begins, they will go straight to discuss the specific details.When it comes to make decision in negotiation, there are also difference between the east and the west.The Chinese way is that decision comes from the result of collective negotiations.Generally, Chinese businessmen usually avoid making decision individually.Chinese businessmen will exchange their opinion with their colleagues or their leader before and after the negotiation.However, some in the west individual can represent Chinese culture, negotiators pay much attention to establish friendly relationship.They believe the course of negotiation is also the course of establishing relationship.The purpose of negotiation is to establish a long-term corporation.If the both sides fail to build the trust between them, the transaction will end up in nothing.In contrast, western businessmen consider the final result of negotiation is to sign a contract to realize economic benefits.represent the company to make decision after being empowered by the company.Last, thanks all of them again

Conclusion

With the globalization of the world economy, organizations are culturally diverse in handling all kinds of business activities, especially multinational cooperation.More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture.And they should have a good understanding of the other business etiquette culture beforehand, which is beneficial for both sides of the business people.Only in this way will it be possible for them to expand their business and make it more prosperous.This thesis mainly tells us some principles of exchanging in business occasions，which would be beneficial to those who want to do business with people who from different areas and cultures ,meanwhile ,what you should remember is to be courteous and thoughtful to the people around you, regardless of the situation.Consider other people's feelings, stick to your convictions as diplomatically as possible.Address conflict as situation-related, rather than person-related.Apologize when you step on toes.You can't go too far wrong if you stick with the basics you learned in Kindergarten.(Not that those basics are easy to remember when you're in a hard-nosed business meeting!).With the development of society, the business relations are getting wider and wider.A variety of business contacts gradually formed a code of conduct and guidelines, which can help us survive in the society , coordinate human relations and human and social relations.It is also beneficial to promote communication and cooperation.The thesis will be helpful to us;especially to those who would like to engage themselves in international trade and business exchanges.Works Cited

[1]Martin, J.N.and Nakayama, T.K.2004, Experiencing Intercultural Communication: an Introduction [M].McGraw Hill: Boston.[2]De Mente, B.L.1994.Chinese Etiquette and Ethics in Business [M].Lincolnwood, IL;NTC Publishing.Corp.[3]Hsu, F.L.1981.American and Chinese:Passage todifferences.Honolulu [M].University of Hawaii.[4]Hall, E.T.1976.Beyond Culture [M].New York,NY:Random House.[5]胡文仲，1999, 文化與交際[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.[6]胡文仲，1999, 文化交際學(xué)概論[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.[7]胡文仲，2004, 超越文化的屏障[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.[8]郭桃桃，2004, 論跨文化交際中的文化障礙[M].湖南師范大學(xué)教育科.[9]賈玉新，2003，跨文化交流學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社.[10]金正昆，1998, 商務(wù)禮儀教程[M].北京:中國人民大學(xué)出版社.Acknowledgment

At the point of finishing this paper, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the people who have offered me generous help and valuable suggestions in the course of my writing this paper.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my dear supervisor, whose guidance and useful advice have ensured the accomplishment.In the past Three years, although Miss Xu had never given me lessons and did not know me, she was quite outgoing and kind when we met at the first time, and then gave me much advice about the title and outline of my paper.Later, she not only walk through and modify each draft again and again, but send me some new inform from school in time.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper could not have reached its present form.Last but not the least, my thanks would go to my beloved family, friends and my colleagues.The forth year may be my busiest year in my university.My loving family and friends offered their substantial support and relevant information to me on many aspects.Because in a foreign company, my colleagues generally told me many different customs and culture, which offered lots of first hand information about the topic of my paper.Finally, thank all of them again.

第五篇：中西方餐桌禮儀差異

第一張：Hello everyone, my name is 范慧建，my name is 潘文杰

Today we will introduce the difference in table manners between China and western countries to you.第二張： This is Chinese table

第三張: This is western-style table 第四張：Let’s analyze the difference between Chinese table and western-style table.Chinese table is round and it has a meaning of reunion.Western-style table is square.It has a romantic feel 第五張：This is Chinese tableware.Chinese eat with chopsticks.第六張：This is Western-style tableware.第七張： The main of Chinese tableware

Chopsticks and spoon

Chopsticks are the main tableware of Chinese food.It should be held between the thumb（拇指）and fingers of the right hand

Spoon’s main function is scoop(舀取)the food.When you get the soup with spoon.Please be careful and don’t take full soup overflow

The main of western-style tableware

Fork

knife

goblet(高腳杯)

The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right.At first you hold down the food with a fork, then cut it into small piece with knife , and then fork it into your mouth.第八張:In china, people have dinner in a restaurant.They almost aren’t concerned about their clothes.In western countries, when they have dinner to restaurant.They are very concerned about their clothes.第九張: The arrangement for Chinese food seats(中餐席位的安排)

In the banquet（宴會）, the guests of honor sit on the honored seats.The host and the hostess sit on the seats opposite to them.The other guests take the rest seats in order.(在宴會上相對重要的客人坐特定的座位上。男主人和女主人坐在他們的對面)第十張：Western countries seats arrangement（西餐席位安排）

The western banquets are used to using the long table.In normal situation which both the host and the hostess attend, the host and the hostess sit on the two ends of the table.The

guests of honored sit on the right side of the hostess while the wife of the honored guest sits on the right side of the host.（男主人和女主人坐在桌子的兩端，宴請的男的客人做在女主人的右手邊，女的客人坐在她的左手邊）

When they leave their seat, they should be left out from the seat.（從座位的左邊走出離開）第十一張：The order of dishes in Chinese food（中餐的上菜順尋）

According to traditional manners, the meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of meat and vegetable dishes.And then the soup will be served, to be followed by dumplings or noodles or fruit.第十二張：The order of dishes in the western countries

The first dish of western is the first plate and also called appetizer（開胃菜）.What’ more, the appetizer is of high quality.Second course was soup.The kinds of soup is a little but is high nutritional.The main course as the fourth western dishes，including beefsteak and vegetable.Western desserts are followed after the main course, such as ice cream, chees, fruit and so on.第十三張：中餐進餐禮儀during Chinese dinner ：

Maintain your body straight

Your hands remain stationary 不動

Don’t make any talk with a mouthful 第十四張：西餐進餐禮儀

During western dinner，don’t stare at anyone

Don’t make any worse noise

When you are finished, place your knife and fork together with your fork on the left and knife on the right

第十五張：不同的思維方式

不同的價值觀