第一篇：自學高教自考英語翻譯技巧

定語從句：定語從句是由一些關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句組成，用來修飾名詞中心詞。

Person has pieced together the world of hundreds of researcher around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森匯集了??生產(chǎn)出獨特的千年歷，這種千年歷（它）能夠??

定語的翻譯要特別注意位子上的變化，即：如果是單詞修飾名詞就放在中心詞的前面，這和漢語的詞序是一樣的；如果定語太長，定語就要放在中心詞的后面，這時就要注意斷句，重復(fù)先行詞，例如：1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在學英語的問題上，我和你有同樣的問題。

2.She has a perfect figure.她身材不錯。

3.This is indeed a most pressing problem.這的確是一個非常棘手的問題。

4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother.別的知道這個秘密的人就是他的父母。

5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities 有效的維持紀律通常是由一些學生來做的，而這些學生則負責給學校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)提建議。

6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35，00 B.C.and ended about 10，000 B.C.作出這些刻記的游牧人，依靠狩獵和捕魚生活在冰河時代的晚期。這段時期大約始于公元前35，000 年而結(jié)束于公元前10，000 年。

7.For several hundred years，cases have been reported of children who have been reared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在過去的幾百年中，已經(jīng)有記載說，確實有被動物養(yǎng)大的與世隔絕的狼孩的存在。

另外，翻譯成漢語時還要注意未省略關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的定語從句，翻譯時所遵守的原則和上述的一樣：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句：8.He is the very person（whom）I‘m looking for.他正是我要找的人。

9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently.這就是我們政府一直追求的靈活政策。

10.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receive scholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的學生可以得到獎學金。

11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.有些形式是不能告訴給學生的。

關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句：12.I took Mr.John to the village，where I had spent my carefree childhood.我把約翰先生帶到我度過無憂無慮童年的鄉(xiāng)村。

13.I still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我還記得我們一起上大學的日子。

具體翻譯來說，定語從句的翻譯可分為限制性和非限制性定語從句兩種，翻譯成漢語時不論是在語序方面還是重復(fù)先行詞方面都有一定的講究：

限制性定語從句的翻譯可分為以下幾方面：1.前置：這種定語從句一般比較短，翻譯起來比較方便，和漢語的詞序完全一樣，例如：a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month.這是這個月我所看到的最好的天氣。

b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.我們兩國是友誼長存的友好鄰邦。

c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老師通常喜歡考試中成績好的學生。

d.他不是一個輕易服輸?shù)娜薍e is not the one who will give up easily.以上的這些例子告訴我們，如果定語很短的話，我們可以把他象漢語一樣放在中心詞的前面。

但是，有的時候，如果定語太長，讀起來就不符和漢語的習慣，因此，往往要后置，重復(fù)先行詞，這就是下面要提到的定語從句的“后置”問題，例如：

2.后置：a.Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death.吝嗇鬼經(jīng)常是看起來年很孤單、不為人所主意，可他們的財富只有等到他們死了以后才暴露出來。

3.“綜合性”的翻譯法。

綜合性“的翻譯就是，翻譯時不需要關(guān)系詞，其中的關(guān)系完全靠上下文的意思來表現(xiàn)出來，例如：a.This is the place where the accident occurred.這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。

b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor.他的鄰居把信交給了他。

c.There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象樹d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly，honestly，and frankly about their trouble.大多數(shù)病人想找人坦率、誠實地傾訴他們的苦衷。

非限制性定語從句：這里，也可以分為以下幾種：1.前置：a.We need a chairman，in whom everyone has confidence 我們需要一個人人都信賴的主席。

b.The worldly well-known actor，who had been ill for two years，meet thunderstorm applause when reappeared on the stage.那個病了很多年的著名演員，一上臺觀眾就報以雷鳴般的掌聲。

c.Piccaso，whose works inspired many artists，lived until he was a ripe old age.畢加索的作品曾鼓勵了很多人，后來年紀很大時，作品也日趨成熟。

2.后置：這里包括：重復(fù)先行詞，譯成并列分句。這是比較常見的翻譯方法：

a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank，by which means he hopes to deal with any potential emergency easily.我們每個月都在銀行里存一些錢，這樣，碰到有任何危機時，我們就可以應(yīng)付了。

b.A table has four legs，one of which is broken.桌子有四條腿，其中的一條腿是壞的。

c.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems，of which obtaining water is not the least.生活在澳大利亞中部有很多問題，其中取水還不算最艱苦的。

d.He decided to resign，which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.他決定辭職，而這是他目前所能做的最好的事。

e.He is late for class today，as is often the case.他今天遲到了，而這是經(jīng)常的事。

以上的句子在翻譯成漢語后，要重復(fù)先行詞。其中的“which ”可以是指前面的整個句子，也可以單指某個先行詞。

3.省略先行詞這種句行就象前面講的“綜和性”翻譯一樣，直接把整個句子的意思講出來，例如：a.The two universities signed an agreement，under which they would exchange students and scholars.這兩個大學，簽定了協(xié)議，決定交換學生和學者。

b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse，whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood.他看見一個士兵走進農(nóng)舍，臉色因失血過多而蒼白。

c.He passed the exam，which can be read from his the light on his face.我從他臉上就可以看出他已通過了考試。

d.He arrived at the railway station in time，which is expected.他果然準時到了火車站。

4.譯成狀語從句有些作定語的句子聽起來卻有點象狀語從句，因此翻譯時可以將其譯成狀語似的從句：a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well，which is very valuable.（原因）

你應(yīng)該利用這個機會好好學習英語，這太重要了。

b.We examine the quality of our products，which is why they are so reliable.（原因）

我們檢驗產(chǎn)品很仔細，因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。

c.I never believe the stories，which is appealing.（讓步）

我從不相信他所說的故事，即使它很動聽。

5.“as”引導(dǎo)的句子：除了以上這些例子以外，還有一些特殊的由“as”引導(dǎo)的句子，翻譯時可參考“as”的比較結(jié)構(gòu)從句：a.He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。

b.They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of.這些問題可不是那么容易就能處理好的。

c.It wasn‘t such a good dinner as she had promised us.這頓飯可沒有她向我們說的那么好 直譯與意譯

直譯是基礎(chǔ)，意譯是補充能直譯就盡量直譯，不能直譯就采取意譯

1.Their accent couldn‘t fool a native speaker.A.他們的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不會聽不出他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。

C.本地人一聽他們的口音便知道他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。

2.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful，nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意譯：砸鏡子并不能解決實際問題。

直譯：砸鏡子并不能使丑八怪變漂亮，也不能使社會問題煙消云散。

3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直譯：他感到一陣恐懼涌上胃口意譯：他感到一陣恐懼涌上心頭

4.He bent solely upon profit.A.他只屈身與利潤之前B.只有利潤才使他低頭。

C.他惟利是圖

5.Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decanted in Munich ？

A.當我們在慕尼黑被騰出車廂之前有任何在火車上吃早飯的可能性嗎？

B.我們在慕尼黑被騰出車廂之前，有可能在火車上吃早飯嗎？

6.He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的機會和當選芝加哥市長的機會差不多B.他找到工作的機會簡直跟當選芝加哥市長同樣困難。

C.他找到工作的機會簡直微乎其微。

正說與反說

1.The administration was free corruption.這屆政府沒有腐敗現(xiàn)象

2.Wet paint.油漆未干

3.I remained confused about the problem.這個問題我還是不懂

4.They are dependent on each other.他們誰也離不開誰

5.He is far from what I expected.他遠不是我想象的那樣。

6.let bygones be bygones.既往不咎

7.As was expected，he passed the exam easily.果不出所料，他輕而易舉地通過了考試

8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我們決不辜負黨對我們的期望。

9.I hate the lack of privacy in the dormitory.我討厭宿舍里沒有獨處的機會。

10.You evidently think otherwise.你顯然有不同的看法

11.He will die of hunger before he will steal.他寧愿餓死，也不愿去偷。

12.That little bridge is anything but safe.那座橋一點也不安全。

13.So far from taking my advice，he went and did just what I warned in ~ainit.他不但不聽我的勸告，反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。

14.He was more frightened than hurt.他沒有受什么傷，倒是受驚不小

正說

15.Don‘t unstring your shoes.把鞋帶系上

16.Ml the teachers，without exception are to attend the meet Sunday.所有的老師都要參加星期五的會議。

17.She carne into the room without shoes on.她光腳走進了房間。

18.The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.醫(yī)生立即把病人送往醫(yī)院。

19.I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你會成功。

20.It‘s no distance at all to the school，only a short walk.從這到學校很近，只需要很短一段路。

正、反說分析

21.If he had kept his temper，the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾氣，談判可能早就成功了。

22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome.有些人不愿意表達他們的感激之情，因為覺得著有可能不受歡迎。

23.If you forward the transcripts yourself，they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed.如果證件由申請人本人遞交，則本人不得擅自啟封，否則證件將被視為無效。

24.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我們對生活要永遠抱樂觀的態(tài)度。

25.We strongly disapprove of the company‘ s new policy.我們強烈反對公司的新政策。

拆句單詞拆譯26.Incidentally，I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the sitting-room.順便說一句，我建議你把電話移至起居室。

27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有個習慣叫人受不了，意思反復(fù)不定，一會一個主張。

短語拆譯28.Throughout his life，Benjamin Franklin continued his education，learning from human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富蘭克林整個一生都在受教育，他不僅從書本中學習，而且也從與人交往中學習。

29.Energy can neither he created nor destroyed，a universally accepted law.能量即不能創(chuàng)造也不能消滅，這是一條公認的規(guī)律。

30.The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone.會議結(jié)束，人人表示彼此將友好相處。

31.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因為他沒能遵守安全規(guī)則，機器出了故障。

32.His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds.他的肺部很弱，冬天容易感冒。

33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide，then narrowed in-indignation.他搖了搖頭，兩眼睜的圓圓的，接著有瞇成一條線，臉上露出了憤怒的神情。

句子拆譯這里主要指英語復(fù)合句，尤其是長句的拆譯。

34.He had left a note of welcome for me，as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信，對我表示歡迎，那信寫的熱情洋溢，一如其人。

35.While I was waiting to enter university，I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.當我等著進大學期間，我在一份地方報紙上看到一則廣告，說是在離我住處大約10英里的倫敦某郊區(qū)，有所學校要招聘一名教師。

順序法

36.Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false.你認為我會和你同住一套公寓，那就錯了.37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged，biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（認知的）areas such as attention and memory.研究人員證實：人們在動腦筋時，頭腦會產(chǎn)生很多的變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認知領(lǐng)域中更有效地活動

38.During the ice ages，human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves.在冰河時代，人們面臨當時較為寒冷的氣溫，常常在洞穴里安家。

逆序法

39.It was extended and preserved in the 19th century，when our nation spread across the continent，saved the union，and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世紀，我們的國家橫跨大陸，拯救了聯(lián)邦，廢除了恐怖的奴隸制的蹂躪，這一信念才得以流傳可擴展。

40.By January 16，just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition，the German forces were back to line from which they had set out.到1 月16日，德軍又回到了他們當初出擊的戰(zhàn)線，這恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、彈藥儲備孤注一擲、發(fā)動進攻的一個月之后。

41.Five score years ago，a great American，in whose symbolic shadow we stand by，signed the Emancipation Proclamation.100 年前，一位偉人簽署了《奴隸解放宣言》，今天，我們正是站在這位偉人富有象征意義的雕象下集會。

變序法（綜合法）

42.Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me？

我有個問題弄不懂，想請教你，你能回答嗎？

43.He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had the same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance.藥名混亂，有的由于不同藥物同一名稱所引起，而有的則由于同一藥物不同名稱所造成，他對此一一作了澄清。

44.One teacher writes that instead of drowning students‘ compositions in critical red ink，the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time，and commenting favorably on them.一位老師這樣寫到：如果我們能從學生作文中找出一兩處比上次做的更好的地方，并提出表揚性評語，而不是用紅墨水把學生的作文批改的一塌糊涂，我們就能從中的更富有建設(shè)性的結(jié)果。

45.Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth‘5 sake，and that is as far as possible do no harm.我們的職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)上格守一個信條，那就是盡可能的不造成傷害，這一信條勝過為講真話而講真話的美德。

46.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.在一次記者招待會上，問題集中于昨天的選舉結(jié)果，總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言。他說他無法解釋為何共和黨遭到如此大的失敗。這種情況最終使共和黨在眾議院中失去了長期享有的優(yōu)勢。

為何要拆句？

47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.文獻讓我們了解到，恐懼癥在人類中具有漫長的歷史。

48.What is good，I suppose，is that many people a“e concerned about TV‘ s influence and that we have the power to change what we don’ t like.我看，好在有許多人關(guān)心電視的影響，而我們也有能力改變我們所不喜歡的東西。英漢互譯時的詞序問題I.兩種語言的總體比較：一方面，英漢兩種語言都是按照事物發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律進行的，因而有其共同點，例如：In order to communicate thoughts and feelings，people invented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.（為了更好的交流思想和感情，人們設(shè)計出了通常用的標記和符號系統(tǒng)，而這標記和符號交流雙方都能看的懂。）

以上的幾個例句在英漢兩種語言里的詞序都是一樣的；而除此以外，還存在著很多不同點。另一方面，兩種語言又有許多不同點。下面就英漢兩種語言的不同點進行比較：漢語比較注重事物發(fā)展的客觀順序，先發(fā)生什么，后發(fā)生什么，結(jié)果怎樣，最后才加上作者的評論和觀點，不管有多少動詞都可以并列、排比使用，不會出現(xiàn)詞法、句法等的沖突.主題顯著，突出主題，而非單單的一個主語，注重句子的“意和”，這就要求我們透過句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu)，深入到句子的內(nèi)涵，先抓“整體”印象，充分理解過以后再把原文的意思形象翻譯出來。

而英語則不然，英語突出主語，往往是評論、觀點在前，敘述、原因在后；表面形式上追求句子的“形和”，對句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴謹，特別強調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡，往往借助于句法、詞法（如主從句、分詞、不定式等手段）來維持句子表面上的平衡、完整性，極力避免句子的“頭重腳輕”（因此，也就出現(xiàn)了許多“it is said that ?”等等無主句）。所以，英文則是把作者的觀點、主張放在前面，以后再跟著原因、結(jié)果和目的等等從句。這些現(xiàn)象在新聞英語里尤其明顯，難怪有人說，“漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一根竹子，一節(jié)一節(jié)地連下去，而英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一竄葡萄，主桿可能很短，累累的果實附著在上面?！本唧w情況如下：

II.英漢互譯時的時間順序?qū)Ρ龋?.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.This is，perhaps，a pity，because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally.舊時的百貨店很快就消失了。過去，店主私下里都認識他的老主顧們，而在今天這種事情再也不復(fù)存在了，這實在是太可惜了。

2.American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson ??

托馬斯。杰弗遜為美國的教育作出了很大的貢獻。

下面的句子屬倒裝句型，是典型的英漢在翻譯時的順序差異：

1.Under the dust was a color map of Paris.（巴黎地圖上布滿了灰塵。）

2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday.（卡片上“生日快樂”字樣的下面寫著一條消息。）

正是由于以上的原因，才會出現(xiàn)兩種語言在思維習慣、邏輯推理上的不同：

III.英漢互譯時邏輯思維順序上的差異：如上所述，如果一個句子里既有敘事的部分，又有表態(tài)的部分，在漢語里往往是敘事在前，表態(tài)在后，敘事部分可以很長，表態(tài)部分一般都很短。而在英語里則往往相反，表態(tài)在前，敘事在后。例如：1.表原因：a ??I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.接到你們的賀函，我十分愉快和感謝。

不過，處理這種句行時要注意英漢互譯時的順序問題，例如：

My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn‘t want to be considered for an administrative position.He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up： money and power.所有美國人受的教育就是：長大成人后應(yīng)該追求金錢和權(quán)力，而我卻偏偏不要明明是朝這個目標 “邁進” 的工作，他對此大或不解。

2.表目的The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples.雙方同意，擴大兩國人民之間的了解是可取的。

3.表條件和結(jié)果時的順序：a.One can never succeed without making great 1（結(jié)果）2（條件）

efforts.譯文：（不努力就不會成功。）

2（條件）1（結(jié)果）

4.在表示讓步的句子里，通常也是原因在前，結(jié)果在后：Young as he is，he works hard.（盡管他很年輕，可他工作很買力。）

另外：下面的這個句子也可以視為結(jié)果一類的句子，它的英漢兩種語言的順序很能說明問題：

c.在當今的教育界，已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)出了大批的優(yōu)秀人才。

Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in today‘s education circle.d.Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人們關(guān)于終生飲酒的效果卻知道的很少

III.因語法手段而造成的英漢次序不一1.另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可見到大量的英漢次序不一的現(xiàn)象：There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness ； something very precious that he wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.（他心里涌起一種難言的焦灼，因為他原來一直想保住的東西現(xiàn)在好象要毀滅了。）

另外，英語里的有些形式主語也大都采用了倒裝詞序：2.無主句：It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour，but barely chugging along at thirty.（后來，我才突然明白，這次快車并非以90英里的時速疾弛而下，而只不過是以30英里的時速慢慢向前行駛。）

It is reported that ????

3.在某些表示“融合性”的定語從句中：a.There are many people who want to see the film.（許多人要看這部電影）

b.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.（樓下有人要見你）

4.倒裝句形a.Not a single word have we written down as yet.（否定）

（我們連一個字都沒有寫。）

b.Little does he realize the danger he is in（否定）

（他一點都沒有意識到危險性。）

IV.因句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換而造成的詞序不一：Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.運動中心也提供冷飲。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語）

V.注意下面的一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)：

中國自從改革開放以來，發(fā)生了很大的變化。

有人竟然翻譯成：1.誤：Since China ‘s policy of reform and opening，China has taken place a great many changes.正：A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.2.輪子是公元前六世紀發(fā)明的。

600 B.C.saw the invention of wheel.英漢互譯時的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

I.英語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的動詞：英漢兩種語言具有不同的辭語結(jié)構(gòu)。在漢語里，一個句子可以有多個動詞并排使用，不管有多少動詞，都可以按照先后的順序一個一個地排下去；而英語則是一門靜止的語言，在同等條件下，選擇用名詞的情況居多數(shù)，例如：

1.在名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞的句子中：a.My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her（我星期三發(fā)現(xiàn)媽媽在流眼淚而感到震驚、尷尬，這就表明我對媽媽所承受的壓力知道的多么少。）

在這個句子當中，shock，embarrassment，index等等都是英語趨向于用名詞而不用動詞的最好例子b.Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion and they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.（他們一想到在公共場穿不時髦的衣服，就感到渾身不自在，而一些商店和設(shè)計師們正是利用了他們的這種弱點。）

c.As a boy and then as an adult，I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein.（不論是在兒時還是長大以后，我一直都對愛因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。）

d.Most of my friends live in the city，yet they always to into raptures at the mere mention of the country.（我的大多數(shù)朋友都住在城里，然而，他們只要一提起鄉(xiāng)村就欣喜若狂。）

e.The availability of information on the INTERNET，for example，widens the possibilities of informal education immensely.（比如，由于人們能在INTERNET網(wǎng)上可以得到信息，這就大大擴大了獲得非正規(guī)教育的可能性。）

2.在一些特定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如：介詞+ 名詞= 副詞a.It is wise of him to deal with the delicate problem with care and with calmness.（他很明智，在處理這一敏感問題時及盡仔細和謹慎。）

b.Einstein watched it in delight，trying to deduce the operating principle.（愛因斯坦很欣喜地看著它，想推斷出其中的操作原理。）

c.The soldier stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl.（那個士兵很震驚地看著那個老農(nóng)夫和女孩。）

d.The old man looked closely at the row of puddings with great interest（老人很感興趣地仔細打量起一排布丁。）

3.由形容詞變成的名詞：這類詞通常都是表示一類人，如：the poor/ oppressed/ exploited 4.在某些詞組中a.a good case in point after a while，as a result，at any rate，break（burst）into tears，go into service，in a sense in addition in exchange for，in other words in reality，out of place，run（fly）into rage take account of to certain extent to his disappointment to one ‘s taste b.To his surprise，Mr.Beck failed to come as expected.（奇怪的是，貝克先生來晚了。）

c.In all probability，I‘m sure that he’ll come.（我敢肯定，他完全可能來晚。）

d.He has said in all seriousness that their performance is perfect.（他很正經(jīng)地說他們的演出很成功。）

e.I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me.（我看到一個人穿過大街，明顯地想跟我交談。）

f.Of course，daydreaming is no substitute for hard work ??

（當然，白日夢不可能代替艱苦的工作。）

另外，還有一些句子也大量用名詞而不用動詞，翻譯時要特別注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換，如：g.That will help lead you to the attainment of your goals.（那會有助于你達到目標。）

h.But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development，it might make a critical difference.（但是，如果與通常的自我發(fā)展的方法相結(jié)合，他就能產(chǎn)生很大的不同。）

i.He said that this exercise of privilege of high-rank government officials will produce bad influence on people ‘s mind concerning our Party ’s image.（他說，政府高級官員濫用職權(quán)，將會在人們的心目中產(chǎn)生很壞的影響，損壞黨的形象。）

j.Those significant progress had been made in some industries，the general quality of industrial products leaves much to be desired.（一些工業(yè)取得了長足的進步，但是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品總的質(zhì)量還亟待提高。）

k.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion，the conclusions to be drawn are obvious.（如果把男人和女人就流行款式方面作個比較，結(jié)論就很明顯了。）

l.In the light of these he puts further questions，and so on.（根據(jù)這些，他又提出了另外一些問題，如此等等。）

6.在一些特定的詞組中或格式中也趨向于用名詞。

a.be of（great）significance/（little）use /（no）value/（some）help /（vital）

importance（很有意義的）/ 很有用的）/ 很有價值）/（很有幫助）/（很重要）

b.My suggestion/ motion/ recommendation /idea

is that he（should）go there 我建議（想，提議，認為，主張）他去。

7.在一些表示結(jié)果的特定詞組中如： be shocked into stillness（驚呆了）

those people who toil to death（累得要命的人）

bore somebody to death（枯燥得要死）

be worried to death.（擔心得要命）

8.英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，漢語里一個有主語有謂語可以獨立的分句，譯成英語可能就變成了一個名詞詞組，這就更說明了英語的名詞性特征。

a.The outbreak of the civil war totally damaged his splendid dream of contributing what he had for his country.（戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)徹底破壞了他那為國奉獻一切的夢想。）

b.The train was delayed by the heavy snowfall.（火車因為積雪而晚點。）

II.英語的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)反過來轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞：一些由名詞派生的表示意愿、情緒等的動詞，在翻譯成漢語時往往還將其返回來譯成名詞：1.This course is intended to provide aid to those women who，for this reason or that，fail to get the opportunity to receive education.（這門課的目的就是給那些因為種種原因沒有機會上學婦女們提供幫助。）

2.A well-dressed man，who looked and talked like a millionaire，turned out to penniless。（那個穿著講究，外表和談吐都象百萬富翁的人卻身無分文。）

3.Gordon Allport，an American psychologist，found nearly 18，000 English words characterizing differences in people‘s behavior.（美國的心理學家高頓。愛爾波特發(fā)現(xiàn)有一萬個英語單詞可以用來表達人們行為的不同特征。）

III.名詞轉(zhuǎn)移成形容詞：1.The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerable excitement in his mind（那位到訪學者的演講著實讓他感到很激動。）

2.The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.（這間房間很小但很舒適，從他臉上一眼就可看出他很滿意。）

IV.其它詞匯的轉(zhuǎn)譯方法：1.介詞譯成動詞a.If it‘s academic success you’re after，you can ‘t neglect studying.（如果你追求學術(shù)上的成功，一定不能忽視了學習。）

b.Those who are for the program please raise your hand.（同意這項計劃的人請舉手。）

c.Will those in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ？

（贊成這項提議的人下星期六來開會好嗎？）

d.It wasn‘t that I was after money.I just wanted to make sure that he was found guilty again in the civil suit.（并不是因為我想要錢，我只是想讓他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。）

2.副詞或形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞：a.In an overcrowded country，very few people own enough to make them financially independent.在一個人口過度稠密的國家里，很少有人能在財政上獨立。）

b.To be economically prosperous，China will apply more flexible policies of opening to the outside.（為了能達到經(jīng)濟上的繁榮，中國將實行更為靈活的開放政策。）

c.Aside from offering financial support，work can keep us healthy not only physically but also mentally.（工作除了能給我們提供財政上的支持外，還能夠使我們在身體上和心理上保持健康。）

一些短語中：To be mentally prepared ?。，心理上做好準備To be materially equipped???，物資上作好準備During the politically eventful late-1960s?。，政治上正置多事之秋的60年代。

關(guān)于加詞、減詞等在翻譯時應(yīng)注意的問題。

所謂加詞就是根據(jù)原文的思想內(nèi)涵透過文字表達上的表面現(xiàn)象，充分照顧到另一種語言的文法特征、描述規(guī)律，在將其翻譯成另一種語言時該加詞的地方加詞，該減詞的地方減詞，千萬不可以為了可以追求所謂的“精練、簡潔”而隨隨便便地減詞；也不可以離開原文，憑空膩測，隨隨便便加詞。具體地說：

加詞：

I.由于詞匯方面的原因而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象：1.加動詞由于英語是一門“靜止”的語言，在所有的詞匯當中，用名詞的居多；而相比較而言，漢語則無此限制，不管有多少動詞都可以并排使用。因此，許多英語的名詞翻譯成漢語時都要加上一些動詞，否則，意思則很不完整，例如：a.But by 1981 he had to have further surgery on his hand.And a month later，he suffered as stroke.（到了1981年，他的手不得不又做了一次手術(shù)。一個月以后，他又中風了。）

b.His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mind of the people present that day.（他那天在會上所做的報告使所有在場的人深受鼓舞。）

c.He maintain that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improved performance.（他堅持認為，只有通過勤奮工作加上不懈的努力才會取得好的成績。）

d.The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governments at all levels on the alert.（偽劣建筑奪取了很多人的生命，這一點足以使我們的各級部門提高警惕。）

e.Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseas tourists.（為了一百萬的國內(nèi)外旅客的利益，我們一定為改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量而進行努力。）

f.You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.（你不應(yīng)該一吃過飯，馬上就去游泳，這是很不明智的。）

2.加名詞：在漢語中，及物和不及物動詞的區(qū)別不是很明顯，有時所謂及物動詞后面的賓語如果上下文中能夠看的出，往往可以省略不說；而英語則不然。由于英語對及物動詞和不及物動詞的區(qū)別很明顯，因此翻譯成漢語時則很麻煩。特別是一些不及物動詞必須帶上它后面的賓語句子意思才能顯得完整。因此，我們在翻譯時往往就需要增補。

a.Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating，playing，meetings，classes，etc.（作一個時間表，然后，將吃飯、睡覺、開會、上課等等的時間填上。）

b.It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up and called the police and they explained that they‘d done that after much deliberation.（直到兩個小時以后，那對老夫妻才有勇氣敢從床上爬起來給警察打電話，并解釋說那也是經(jīng)過仔細考慮才敢作的。）

c.這見事?lián)f是一個組織嚴密團伙干的。

（The operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group.）

d.我是為友誼和求學而來。

（I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning.）

有時形容詞前面也可以加上名詞：e.His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensive and，moreover looks very ugly.（他妻子認為，這件家具價格昂貴而且外表難看。）

f.I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.（然后，我繼續(xù)裝著對這種事情很內(nèi)行的樣子，結(jié)果更使他們認定我是一個名聲很壞的人。）

有時，一些名詞或者數(shù)量詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式翻譯成漢語后前面也要加詞表示重疊：g.Thousands of students from the city‘s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting the arrival of their football team.（成千上萬的高校學生一起涌到火車站歡迎他們的足球隊凱旋。

h.These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to her by many friends to help her in the Crimea（她用朋友們給她的一筆筆錢購買醫(yī)療設(shè)備。）

i.To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctor who were helpless before such scene of suffering and misery.（只有這些老醫(yī)生來照看一群群的傷員，他們在如此的痛苦、悲傷面前，顯得無可奈何。

3.加代詞：這里的代詞主要是指作動詞賓語的代詞，因為英語中的所有及物動詞都必須帶有賓語，所以漢語翻譯成英語時也需要增補：a.If you like this novel，I can lend it to you.（如果你喜歡這本小說，我可以借給你。）

b.I think she‘d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.（我覺得如果我們能幫她一把，她回很感激的。）

c.Would you please look for the key once more？ I remembered clearly putting it in the drawer last time.（能不能再找一遍鑰匙？我記得上次放在抽屜里了。）

4.加連詞和介詞：漢語可以通過上下文來連接句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，而英語則靠一些連接詞來完成：a.If you want to go，I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.（你要去，我建議你別忘了帶把傘。）

b.Since its opening five years ago，the shop has attracted a lot of customers.（這家商店五年前開業(yè)以來，吸引了大批顧客。）

c.Since the beginning of this century，more and more scientists have become interested in the way the human brain works.（本世紀以來，越來越多的科學家已經(jīng)開始對人腦活動的方式感興趣。）

d.His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got there.（他的朋友要他到了那兒就給他們寫信。）

e.He went so far as to cheat openly on test.（他居然敢公開作弊。）

f.The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost.（這家工廠已經(jīng)決定低成本、大批量的生產(chǎn)這種儀器。）

g.Why was he absent from school yesterday？

（他昨天為什么不上學？）

h.The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashness.（老領(lǐng)導(dǎo)告戒我們要戒驕戒躁。）

i.This，he said，deprived him of his civil rights，and he asked for $150，000 in damages.（他說，這等于是剝奪了他的公民權(quán)力，因此申請$150，000 的賠償。）

j.His marriage suffered and ended in divorce.（他的婚姻也受到影響，最后還是離了婚。）

k.After a few rounds of talks，both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.（幾輪會談以后，雙方認為邊界問題可以解決了。）

l.As her year as chief resident drew to a close，Mrs.White decided to specialize in children ‘s diseases.（在她作住院總醫(yī)師要結(jié)束時，懷特太太決定專攻病理。）

5.下面的一些句子則是為了修辭目的而加詞：a.He was sentenced as much as six months in jail for drunk driving.（他因酗酒駕駛而被判入獄半年。）

b.As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.（二十個人在昨天的事故當中喪生。）

c.I came here as early as eight o‘clock this morning.（我今天八點鐘就來了。）

6.在某些作定語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞有時需要加上：a.I‘d like to find someone to play with（我想找人玩。）

b.Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on.（你能否遞張紙給我，我想寫點東西。）

c.Totally alone in the room，her mother wanted to find someone to talk to（她媽媽覺得一個人在房間里太孤單了，想找個人說說話。）

7.某些獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中：With a book in his hand，the teacher came into the class.（老師走了進來，手里拿本書。）

8.加副詞a.They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.（他猛地抬頭往天空看，直到火箭發(fā)射的聲音漸漸遠去。）

b.He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him.（他偷偷地瞥了他一眼。）

9.有時還要根據(jù)實際需要，加上一些表示“范疇”的詞，即表示籠統(tǒng)意思的單詞，意見、想法、道理等等。

a.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.（因此，對社會活動家來說，培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛好和新的興趣就成為頭等重要的事情了。但這不是一蹴而就的事情，也不能單靠毅力就能臨時湊成。）

b.A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam and escape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long（如此多的學生作弊，居然沒人管，是很危險的，也不可能持久。）

c.So he began to study the children‘s responses in situation where no milk was provided（所以，他開始研究小孩子得不到牛奶時的反應(yīng)是什么樣的。）

以上的幾句雖然沒有“局面”、“情況”等詞，但其意思卻已經(jīng)包含在了里面。如果不加上“policy”，“business”，“situation ”等詞，意思就不是很清楚，句子也不通順。

II.由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同而造成的加詞現(xiàn)象：

1.由上下文的邏輯關(guān)系而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象：句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面：a.In most cases，this action will produce results.However，if it does not，there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.（在大多數(shù)情況下，這樣做有一定效果。如果還不行，顧客可以采取許多措施直至滿意為止。）

b.They illustrate，for one thing，the underlying American faith that our future rests on the way our children turn out，and that a basic way to affect children‘s development is through their education.（有一點，他們表明了美國人內(nèi)心深處的一個信念，那就是，我們的孩子如何成長將決定我們的未來，而影響他們發(fā)展的一個基本途徑就是通過教育。）

c.That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.（人類已經(jīng)從動物的行為中學到了很多東西的說法并不是什么新鮮事。）

下面的例句都是一些需要加關(guān)系代詞的現(xiàn)象：d.He passed the exam，which can be read from his the light on his face.（我從他臉上就可以猜出他已通過了考試。）

e.He was late on that very morning for the interview，which totally damaged the possibilities of promotion.（他偏偏在面試的那天早晨遲到，結(jié)果喪失了一次晉升的絕好機會。）

f.As is expected，he arrived at the railway station in time.（他果然準時到了火車站）

2.在無主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主語。

因為在這些句子中，主語雖然沒有表示出來，但卻早已隱含在句子里面；加上英語對句子表面上的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴謹，因此在漢語翻譯成英語時往往要加上省略的部分（主語）意思才能完整，例如：a.進行社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)必須尊重知識、尊重人才。

（In our drive for socialist modernization，we must respect knowledge and talented people.）

b.你還是帶把雨傘吧，以防下雨。

（You ‘d better take an umbrella in case it rains.）

c.已經(jīng)快七點種了，他怎么還沒有到？

（It is nearly seven o ‘clock now，why hasn ’t he arrived yet？）

d.一定不要忘記離家前父母對你所說的話。

（Remember what your said to you before you left home.）

有時，英語的動名詞需要加上其邏輯主語才能顯得意思完整：e.His father-in-law doesn‘t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.（他的岳父對他抽這么多的煙很不以為然。）

3.加賓語她媽媽說，他們應(yīng)該帶孩子一起去參加馬麗的生日晚會。

（Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary ‘s birthday party.）

4.有時需要加上語氣詞：There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlands on the Long March，we just slept where we could.（我們長征時根本就沒房子住，隨便找個地方就睡下了。）

The audience was not interested at all（in any sense）in his long and boring speech.（觀眾對他那又臭又長的講話一點都不感興趣。）

減詞：

I.和一些單詞有關(guān)系的減詞法1.省略“范疇”詞：先看下面的例子：a.系里的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來找他做說服工作。

（The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion）

b.這次考試不及格，使他深切認識到寫好作文在學習英文中的重要性。

（The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learning English.）

c.這本書的目的是改進學生們的理解能力。

II.表示邏輯關(guān)系上的減詞：1.省去句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)只保留關(guān)聯(lián)詞：a.The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer.If so，the consumer should do this，stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.（商店的老板會建議顧客給制造商寫信。要真是這樣的話，顧客應(yīng)該盡量把投訴書寫的禮貌些、措辭更堅定一些。）

b.And how can it be otherwise，when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty.（可是不這樣，有能有什么別的更好的辦法呢？知識的范圍如此廣袤，一旦越出其專業(yè)范圍，連專家也會變得一無所知。）

c.It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points.If not，how can it survive ？

（每個民族都有它的優(yōu)點，不然，怎么可以生存下來？）

2.省去主語：d.When completed，this bridge will be the largest in Asia.（這座橋一旦竣工將是亞洲最大的。）

e.In some organization，important papers，letters，speeches，documents，etc，are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed.（在許多組織里，重要的文件、信函、演講材料、檔案都保存在文件夾里，以便需要時很容易查到。）翻譯時句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換：

英譯漢時，有時為了通順，往往需要將原文的某一句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯成另一部分進行句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換：

非主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語：

定語譯為主語a.If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time，we‘ll contact you by telephone.開船時間假如臨時有更改，我們會用電話通知你。

（狀語譯為主語）

b.In many countries，free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established，where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones.許多國家都建立了自由港和保稅區(qū)，在那里，外國商人只要是在本區(qū)內(nèi)，未卸船的貨物可以不納稅。

c.The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C.One can not be pleasant living in that place.夏天的平均溫度高達攝氏35C，生活在那里不可能舒服。

d.A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year.外文出版社去年出版了許多新書。

謂語譯為主語e.When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results.當一種材料的應(yīng)力超過彈性極限時，就會產(chǎn)生永久變形。

表語譯為主語f.Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures.電視和無線電的不同點在于電視能收發(fā)圖象。

賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語g.The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases.（明智的購買者盡量做到購買時不讓錯誤的想法干擾。）

His father flew into rage with what he had done.（他的所作所為讓他的父親大為光火。）

被動 語態(tài)一般是，主謂語的位子翻譯成漢語時需要顛倒，即原來的主語作賓語：

h.Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution.（如果他們想減少交通事故和污染，就必須迅速采取措施。）

i.I was totally upset by what he did in the exam.（他考試時的表現(xiàn)確實讓我很擔心。）

j Asia was passed over by the industrial revolution.（工業(yè)革命沒有光顧亞洲。）

譯成帶“是”的結(jié)構(gòu)：

k.We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness.（最讓我感激涕零的是，他帶病堅持來開會。）

譯成： “由”“把”，“使”等字引導(dǎo)的句子：

l.His mother was dismissed due to the fact that she couldn‘t type fast enough.（老板把他的媽媽給解雇了，因為他打字不夠快。）

m.She was worried，because her son had written for a long time.（她兒子很長時間沒給她寫信了，這可把她給擔心壞 了。）

n.Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region.（風是由冷暖地區(qū)流動著的空氣引起的。）

非謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語：

The new rule is applicable to foreigners.這一項新規(guī)定適用與外國人。（表語譯為謂語）

There is a need for improvement in your study habits你的學習習慣需要改進（主語譯為謂語）

非賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語：

主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語a.After he was elected chairman of the committee，Mr.Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.（史密斯當選以后，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他一大早就到辦公室工作了。）

b.Much progress has been made in computer science in less than a century.c.不到一個世紀，計算機科學取得了很大進步。（主語譯為賓語）How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity？

（一個國家會在國際化中會有喪失自己的危險嗎？）

主語譯為賓語，狀語譯為主語The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication.小心加以潤滑能大大地減少這樣所損失的能量并延長機器壽命。

狀語譯為賓語Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.結(jié)構(gòu)上用的材料必須選擇得使它們在周圍環(huán)境條件下具有彈性。

非定語轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語主語譯為定語a.The service university is characterized by several features： the existence of professional schools，short tailor-made course，contracting of services and funding by contracts.（大學提供服務(wù)的主要特征有以下幾點：建立職業(yè)學校、短期培訓(xùn)學校以及提供服務(wù)與資助之間的合同簽定等。）

b.The satellite system use this device in varied forms.衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)上的這種裝置有各種不同的形狀。（賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語c.His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject.（他的關(guān)于目前國際經(jīng)濟形式的講話，對我們的研究工作產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。

狀語譯為定語d.In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.他在作文中的拼寫錯誤很少。

主語譯為定語，謂語譯為主語The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.這一通訊系統(tǒng)的主要特征是容易維修。

非狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語

賓語補足語譯為狀語a.Don‘t you see it was just in fun ？ You got it all wrong.你沒看出那不過是開開玩笑嗎？你完全誤解了。

The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching.教授對她很關(guān)心，給他一些個別輔導(dǎo)。（定語譯為狀語）

主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語b.After that，his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.（在那之后，由于他年輕時候?qū)W習毫不關(guān)心，以及不愿意考慮與運動無關(guān)的事情，他終于得到了報應(yīng)。）

定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語c.We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.（我們需要對話來推進我們兩國對國際社會所應(yīng)承擔的責任。）

d.We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holding the entire relationship captive.（我們需要對話來防止任何有礙兩國關(guān)系的事情發(fā)生。）

e.His lack of interest in the project upset his colleagues who were trying every possible means to have it carried out.（他對該計劃表露出了不感興趣，這使得他的同事們很擔心，因為他們正在盡一切辦法來履行這項計劃。）

賓語譯成狀語：

f.There is high probability that in the 21st century a good number of universities will excel in service rather than conventional academic research.（在21世紀，很多大學極有可能會在（大學提供）服務(wù)而不是傳統(tǒng)的學術(shù)研究方面大顯身手。）

轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語或者主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：

a.I would like to draw your attention to those sides of introduction of information technologies which can pose new problems for education.（我想請大家注意的是，介紹信息技術(shù)會給教育提出一些新的問題。）

b.The security and warmth of the destroyer‘s sick bay were wonderful.（驅(qū)逐艦的病房非常安全，同時，也非常溫暖。）翻譯時句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換：

在英譯漢時有時需要將整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。例如，把英語的簡單句譯成漢語的復(fù)合句，把一種從句譯成另一種從句，把并列句譯成復(fù)合句等，這主要是為了使譯文通順自然，符合漢語的習慣。

轉(zhuǎn)譯成主從復(fù)合句1.簡單句轉(zhuǎn)譯成復(fù)合句a.At the slightest improvement in my work they woiuld show warm approval.我工作梢有改進，他們就熱情肯定。

b.His wish is to become a doctor born of a desire to help sick people.他之所以想當醫(yī)生是因為他想幫助病人。

c.With the boy leading，the two started towards the village.孩子在前面帶路，兩人朝村里走去。

d.Now we have shown their srory to be false.現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)證明他們的這套話是虛假的。

e.I have read of people living sevral weeks on nothing but a gladss of warter a day.我曾經(jīng)從書報上看到過有人一連幾個星期只靠一杯水維持生命。

F.He differed from his workmates in spending his spare time reading.他跟他的伙伴們不同，他把業(yè)余時間用在讀書上了。

并列句轉(zhuǎn)譯成復(fù)合句：有時，英語的幾個小分句譯成漢語后就變成了一個主從復(fù)和句，例如：

a.Choosing the right career is very important.Most of us spend a great part of our lives at our jobs.For that reason we should try to find out what our talents are and how we can use them.（選則適合自己的工作是很重要的，因為工作占據(jù)了我們一生中的大部分時間，所以，我們應(yīng)盡可能認識一下自己的天賦在什么地方以及怎么樣發(fā)揮等。）

分詞短語還原譯成復(fù)合句：b.People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat，and blood pressure； red is exciting.（如果將人暴露給紅顏色，他們就會顯露出心跳加快、血壓增高等；紅顏色讓人興奮。）

c.Those living in countries with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climate is more equable（穩(wěn)定的）。

（一些人如果生活在有漫長、灰暗冬天的農(nóng)村比起氣候穩(wěn)定地區(qū)的人來說較容易沉默寡言，也不活潑。）

短語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主從復(fù)合句a.He always tries his utmost to extend help to others whenever necessary.（不管什么時候，只要有可能，他都會幫助別人。）

b.If pressed further，they would become angry.（如果追問急了，他們會很生氣的。）

c.Although he didn ‘t like his job，Bill didn’t want to disappoint his wife by giving up his well-paid new position.（盡管不喜歡他的工作，可他不想放棄，因為那樣會讓他的妻子很失望。）

d.Something fell in，for I heard a splash.有東西掉進去了，因為我聽到撲通一聲。

e.This machine is simple in design，yet it is efficient in operation.雖然這臺機器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但功效很高。

2.復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)譯成簡單句While I sympathize，I can‘t really do very much to help.我真是愛莫能助。

This is what the molecular frmula means.這就是此分子式的含義。

There ‘s something（that）you don ’t know.這些事你不知道。

I must get down to work tonight，as I ‘ve got exams next week.今晚我得開始認真復(fù)習功課，下星期要考試了。

This cause the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.這樣就蓋起了許許多多聚居的高樓大廈。

When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite.（我們贊美中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和中國人民不僅僅是出于禮貌。）

3.轉(zhuǎn)譯成并列句主從復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)譯成并列句a.It couldn‘t have happened except that it did.按理說，那是不會發(fā)生的，但卻發(fā)生了。

Besides that the teacher explained the theory，he gave the students a lot of examples.教師不僅講解了理論，而且還給學生舉了許多例子。

b.While wheels have brought better and more convenient transportation，they have also brought new and unforeseen problems.（輪子帶來了更便利的交通手段，可也帶來了新的、原來沒有過的問題。）

獨立結(jié)構(gòu)譯成并列句：a.With the job finished，they went to the seaside for a holiday.（工作做完以后，他們就到海邊度假去了。）

b.With all his savings gone，he started to look for a job.（積蓄都用完以后，他就開始去找工作。）

簡單句轉(zhuǎn)譯成并列句：He was terribly frightened.He had no gun in the shop.His only weapon was the pair of scissors he used for cutting cloth.（他一下子給嚇懵了，店里有沒有武器，唯一有的就是剪布用的一把剪刀。）

3.副詞譯成介詞短語：And although you may not like it，if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night，it is morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog.（不管你喜不喜歡，如果她把你家的門廊作為她晚間棲息的場所，從道義上講，你很難將她趕走，這就象很難趕走一個喪家犬一樣。）

4.不同種類從句的相互轉(zhuǎn)換Electonic computers，which have many advantgages，cannot carry out creative work and replace man.雖然電子計算機有很多優(yōu)點，但它們不能進行創(chuàng)造性工作，因此代替不了人。（定語譯成狀語）

Gases are different from solic in that the former have greater comprssibililty than the latter.氣體不同與固體，因為氣體比固體有更大的壓縮性（定語從句譯為狀語從句）

英語翻譯課程學習方法

一、傳統(tǒng)教材與新教材的關(guān)系從今年始，英漢互譯的自學考試將由全國高等教育自學考試指導(dǎo)委員會統(tǒng)一組織實施和管理。這對統(tǒng)一全國考生的要求，提高翻譯實踐能力和水平都是件好事。目前，相關(guān)的統(tǒng)編教材，由莊繹傳所編寫的《英漢翻譯教程》已出版發(fā)行。這本教材采用了與傳統(tǒng)教材不一樣的編寫思路。不再是以詞、句為單位進行翻譯方法，如直譯、意譯等方法及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，增詞、減詞之類的技巧進行學習，而是直接進入篇章，以各種文體的篇章為單位進行練習。這是一種創(chuàng)新，是有助于提高考生實際翻譯能力的。因為我們在翻譯實踐中很少情況只是譯詞或譯句，而是篇章的翻譯。所以，這將更接近于我們的工作實際了。但這也會為初學翻譯的學生帶來一些不利條件，那就是對翻譯的基本方法與技巧缺乏認識。所以在新教材的第404 頁“有關(guān)說明與實施要求”中提到參考書，明確指出由張培基等人編寫的《英漢翻譯教程》（上海外語教育出版社）一書，以及呂瑞昌等人編寫的《漢英翻譯教程》（陜西人民出版社）一書仍是重要的參考書，我認為作為初學翻譯的同志這兩本書是一定要看一看的。

當然這兩本教材也有其明顯的不足，即僅以詞、句為單位探討翻譯，而沒有進入篇章的層次。我們?nèi)绻褍煞N教材結(jié)合起來，以老教材為輔，以新教材為主，會有較好的成效。

二、篇章翻譯的幾個問題首先，凡是一個篇章，就會遇到文體的問題，就是我們必須明確我們所要譯的文章是文學作品還是科學、法律方面的文章，是一篇簡介性的文字還是一篇講演詞。因為不同文體的文章在表現(xiàn)形式上是很不一樣的，如法律文體有一些法律常用詞語，科技也會各自有一些專門術(shù)語，應(yīng)用文有時有嚴格的格式要求，文學則更為復(fù)雜，因為其中對話，描述，心理描寫，景物或人物描寫又各有不同。議論文句式嚴謹，語言正式，長句較多，等等，這在遣詞用句上都有差異。這本教材在P395頁“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標”都有粗略的說明。請學員認真看一下，并可結(jié)合其他有關(guān)參考書豐富其內(nèi)容，以便有更好的掌握。

其次是語域問題。

所謂“語域”（register）是指具有某種具體用途的語言變體，我們可以從交際領(lǐng)域、交際方式和交際關(guān)系把語言分成不同的語域，如從交際雙方的社會地位和社會關(guān)系來說，英語可以分為冷漠體，正式體，商量體，隨便體，親密體等五種，如果從交際領(lǐng)域來分又可以分成正式體，半正式體，公共核心體，半非正式體，非正式體等。不同的語域語言變體彼此是有區(qū)別的，如果用幾個簡單的例子來說明一下就會看得很清楚。如“湯姆病了，今天沒去上學”，如果說Tom didn‘t go to school，because he was ill.這就是一句公共核心語，而如果說Tom was ill，so he didn’t go to school.這就是口語體，即非正式語體，如果說：Being ill，Tom didn‘t go to school 或Tom didn’t go to school because of illness.都是正式語體（當然這句話的內(nèi)容用這種句式表達并不合適）。從中我們可以看到用原因從句的表達方式是比較正常的，用so連接的句子顯得不怎么正式，用抽象名詞和分詞短語的形式都顯得十分正式。另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有語域方面的區(qū)別。如according to和in accord ance with，前者為公共核心語，而后者為正式用語，It is important 和It is of importance相比，也是前者為公共核心語，而后者為正式體。甚至連冠詞的用法都可以表示這種區(qū)別，The horse is a useful animal；A horse is a useful aninal；Horses are useful animals.第一種用定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的是正式用法，而用不定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的則為公共核心語，最后一種，復(fù)數(shù)泛指的類屬表示法則為非正式語體。所以，我們在接觸一個篇章時，弄清它的語域情況是十分重要的。

因為這將決定我們在翻譯時如何選詞組句，例如，我們看到下面一個句子：After an hour of climbing，we finally found ourselue‘s at zhurong Peak，the very apex of Mt，Hengshan，towering 1，296m above the sea level.我們可以從after ??climbing這種動名詞用法看出比較正式，它不是用短句表示（After we had climbed for an hour），如用短句則顯得更為常見的公共核心語體，另外，apex，頂峰，巔峰，與之同義的詞還有summit，top 等詞，但apex更為典雅，正式程度高于summit，更高于top.再有towering這一分詞的使用，也說明其正式性，不是用短句（it towers 1，296m above sea level）。那么，我們在翻譯這句時則用比較正式的語言，如可譯為：“一小時后，我們終于登上高達海拔1296公尺的衡山之巔祝融峰。”而不譯作：“我們爬了一個鐘頭，終于到了祝融峰的山頂，它是衡山的最高峰，有1296公尺”。

一般情況，法律、科技、報道，講演詞，政論文等都比較正式，而小說中文體，語域最復(fù)雜，要視情況而定，不可一概而論。關(guān)于這方面的更多內(nèi)容可以參閱一些關(guān)于文體學，語義學等方面的書。

最后，談一下語篇的銜接和連貫問題。信息的傳遞一般都遵循由已知信息引導(dǎo)出未知信息的，表示已知信息（舊信息）的部分叫主位，（theme）表示未知信息的部分叫述位，（rheme）而主述位的不斷推進是有一定規(guī)律的，如果破壞了這種規(guī)律，語言就不那么順，也就是破壞了銜接與連貫。例如：At noon，we picnicked in a dense forest，through which ran a murmuring creek.The water was so clear that we could see reflections of bamboos and trees and soft lazy clouds drifting across the sky.我們可以看出原文從時間（中午）引導(dǎo)出一系列新的信息，其中上文提到的那一天，在此說“中午”這一時間時可視為已知信息。在新信息中提到了密林中的野炊，林中有小溪，而第二句話用“溪水”來引導(dǎo)，因第一句中提到小溪，故在第二句中“溪水”當然已成已知信息了，它又引出一系列新的信息。所以，我們在翻譯時也應(yīng)如此。可譯為：“正午時分，我們野宴于密林深處，林中小溪潺潺流過，溪水清冽，岸邊竹樹，天上閑云，盡映水底?！边@種譯文就意思上連貫，讀起來順暢。如果破壞了這種規(guī)律，情況就不同了。例如：We are met on a great battle－field of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of the fied，as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is a Hogether fitting and proper that we should do this.原文中均以we（我們）作為已知信息，引導(dǎo)出不同的新的信息。所以，我們在譯時不應(yīng)破壞它。而有的譯文則沒有遵守，譯為：我們在這場戰(zhàn)爭中的一個偉大戰(zhàn)場上集會。烈士們?yōu)槭惯@個國家能夠生存下去而獻出了自己的生命，我們在此集會是為了把這個戰(zhàn)爭的一部分奉獻給他們作為最后安息之所。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)該而且非常恰當?shù)摹?/p>

這樣讀起來就不順，因為這段都是在講“我們”應(yīng)如何，如何，中間突然插進一個“烈士們”，有些突兀，故應(yīng)改為：我們在這場戰(zhàn)爭的一個偉大戰(zhàn)場上集會，是為了把戰(zhàn)場的一角奉獻給那些為捍衛(wèi)國家生存而在這里英勇獻身的烈士，作為他們的永久安息之地。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)當?shù)?，是義不容辭的。

這樣才合乎信息傳遞的習慣。由于這方面的問題還有很多，所采取的模式也有好幾種，不能一一列舉，如果有的人感興趣，可以看一看有關(guān)篇章語言學和有關(guān)語篇銜接與連貫方面的語言學書籍。

鑒于《英漢翻譯教程》一書有關(guān)這方面的內(nèi)容沒有提及，而我又認為以上幾點很重要，故此多說了幾句。當然，有關(guān)篇章的翻譯問題還有一些，如作品或作者的風格問題，但這些問題較為復(fù)雜，也不對本科自考生做過高要求，就不贅述了。

三、關(guān)于漢譯英中的對原文理解問題新教材的特點是把英譯漢與漢譯英綜合在一張試卷上考，但對英澤漢要求比漢譯英要求高一些。這是可以理解的。但對于漢譯英問題，《教程》指出“漢譯英時，原文是漢語，理解一般不構(gòu)成很大問題?！边@是很容易產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)的。其實，我們說漢語容易理解是指交際中的理解，它與翻譯中的理解很不相同，翻譯中的理解要深得多，透得多才行，否則極易譯錯。所以，我想提醒考生在漢譯英時，對漢語原文一定要仔細思考才行，不可以以為一望便知，動手便譯。如我們舉一個小例子，來看一看漢譯英時理解的困難。

例如，我國一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在談到對臺政策時，曾說過一句話：“大陸和臺灣統(tǒng)一后，大陸不派人去，軍隊不去，行政人員也不去，臺灣的黨、政、軍都由臺灣自己管起來?！边@句話一聽似乎就懂，但一旦動筆來譯，情況就不同了，其中“不派人去”的“人”該怎么譯？總不能譯為people或persons 吧！

那又是什么呢？這時必須認真思考，參照上下文，根據(jù)講話人的身份（是黨的領(lǐng)袖人物），下文中“黨、政、軍”與上文中的“軍隊不去，行政人員也不去”相對照，可以斷定“人”應(yīng)是指“黨方面的代表性人物”，故可譯為representatines of the Communist Party.再如在全國英語（專業(yè)）八級考試中有一處寫徐霞客的文章，說：“他常選擇不同的時間和季節(jié)多次重游各地名山，反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景”。

初學者往往字對字的翻譯。如“挑選”譯為choose，或select，“時間”譯為time.實際上，這種情況，“挑選”可不譯為動詞，而“時間”根據(jù)上下文則為“一日中的不同時刻”。所以這句話應(yīng)譯為He visited and revisited the famous mountains all over the country in different hours of a day and different seasons of a year to observe the ever －changing scenes.另外，選擇譯詞時一定要吃透原文的上下文，不急于立即確定譯詞。例如，下面一句：三年前，他因參與了盜竊團伙而被判刑三年，在勞改農(nóng)場，因表現(xiàn)突出被提前一年釋放。

我們的學生一看到“被判刑三年”馬上就選擇了be sentenced to 3 years‘ imprisonment.這類短語，而不注意下文的“在勞改農(nóng)場”。實際上這句話已告訴你他判的“刑”不是“坐牢”（imprisonment）

而是“勞改”，（reform through labour）。另外，句中“在勞改農(nóng)場”一語也會被初學者直接譯為on the reform farm，而實際上，根據(jù)上下文來看，這一段（包括這句話的更大的上下文）都是以“時間”為主線的，所以這個短語也應(yīng)從時間著眼來考慮，應(yīng)譯為when the worked on the reform farm.這樣體現(xiàn)的是他在農(nóng)場的那段時間，而非地點。故此這句話應(yīng)譯為：Three years ago，he was arrested and sentenced to three years‘ reform through labour.When he worked on the reform farm，he be haved himself so well that he got released one year earlier.值得一提的是，我們在be sentenced to前又加了一個動詞，be arrested，這是因為在英語中直接說be sentenced to 令人感到太突兀。在英語中這個詞前常加上一個詞，如be tried and sentenced to ??等。當然，這方面對初學者來說就較難一些了，暫不作要求。但卻可以讓同學們留心觀察一些英語詞匯的用法特點。

實際上，中國學生在進行翻譯實踐時，理解問題出得多的并不是英譯漢，而恰恰是漢譯英。當然，漢譯英的表達就更有難度了。因篇幅所限不再多說。

四、如何使用新教程，并抓住難點和重點看慣傳統(tǒng)翻譯教材的學生看不慣這本教程，就是沒接觸過翻譯教材的學生也不知該怎樣使用新教材，更談不上該怎樣把握其難點和重點了。

下面根據(jù)我個人的看法，談一談該如何使用新教材和如何把握難點以及重點。

1、翻譯課不同于其他一些課程，它不僅是一些知識，更在于能力的培養(yǎng)上。這就是翻譯的實踐性。這就要求學習者一定親自動手。這本書共分十個單元，有三十個課文，其中英譯漢占三分之二（計20篇），漢譯英占三分之一（計10篇），此外還有一些供練習的原文，沒有附參考譯文、而前面的三十篇雙語閱讀則附有參考譯文。學習者可以根據(jù)文后提示，即介紹某文體特點的內(nèi)容進行翻譯練習，但先不去參考所提供的譯文，待自己譯好后再去對照，這樣極易找出自己譯文的差距與不足。然后思考一下為什么自己的譯文不好，問題存在在哪兒？這樣經(jīng)過一段學習、實踐能會有較大提高，對自己存在的問題會更清楚。對沒有附譯文的短文翻譯練習也要做，如不知自己做得如何，可以通過社會助學，請教老師，或與別人共同商討等方法來解決。因為考試的短文很可能從書外或這部分中選題。、認真研究“提示”和“解說”及“小結(jié)”的內(nèi)容。應(yīng)一句一句地仔細琢摸，一個詞一個詞地思考，我們細心的學生會注意到，考試題是以句子為主的，而大部分要從書上選擇句子，而這部分又恰是翻譯的難點，是極易成為考試的具體內(nèi)容的。當然，我們并不是為了應(yīng)付考試才關(guān)注這些內(nèi)容的，主要是因為它們也是翻譯實踐中常會出現(xiàn)問題的地方。

3、關(guān)于翻譯理論和語言對比。

該書“關(guān)于命題考試的若干規(guī)定”中說得十分清楚。即“關(guān)于英漢語對比和翻譯理論的考題不超出《英漢翻譯教程》的范圍?！币簿驼f，只要認真把書中這部分的內(nèi)容好好地看一看，這項分數(shù)就是十拿九穩(wěn)的。但這部分內(nèi)容也較雜亂，看書應(yīng)細，可以按教材P401頁的順序去復(fù)習。如果介紹的內(nèi)容是英語原文的節(jié)選，則一定首先把其意義理解。、認真研究每單元的考核要求在教材的P395頁的“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標”中，作者已將每單元的考核要求明確列出，所以，我們在做翻譯實踐練習時，先應(yīng)看一看這里的內(nèi)容，弄清重點和要點。

做到練習時更具針對性。也對應(yīng)試有好處。

但這里所提示的一些要求有時失之過簡，學員可以再找一些其他相關(guān)參考書，補充和系統(tǒng)某項知識。例如，第四單元中考核要求中提到“數(shù)字的譯法”一項，可教程中所提供的內(nèi)容并不全面，也不夠系統(tǒng)，這時，你可以找一些相關(guān)的書來補充它，完善它，使自己在這一方面會有更大的收獲。

如，數(shù)字大小的表示法，數(shù)的增減以及倍數(shù)表示法，分數(shù)的表示法等，都應(yīng)一并掌握，最好作出筆記，以備復(fù)習。尤其應(yīng)注意一些特殊的表示法，例如英語中常用“減少（縮小）??倍”的用法，而漢語卻沒有，這時應(yīng)用漢語的習慣表示法表示。如：Switching time of the new type transistor is shortened 3 times.如果譯為：“新型晶體管的開關(guān)時間縮短了三倍?！边@是不合漢語習慣的，因為漢語的“倍”只用于“增加”“增長”之類，這時應(yīng)改為：新型晶體管的開關(guān)時間縮短了三分之二，或“??縮短到三分之一?！?/p>

類似這些英漢語差異性較大的地方也往往是重點內(nèi)容。

總之，英漢與漢英翻譯是一種綜合能力的檢驗，絕不是讀一本翻譯教程書就可以有多大提高的，每個人都應(yīng)從其他各門學科，包括英語的各門課程中去吸取知識，提高能力，提高各方面的文化素質(zhì)，才能以不變應(yīng)萬變，立于不敗之地。

第二篇：自學高教自考英語翻譯技巧5

自學高教自考英語翻譯技巧5

關(guān)于加詞、減詞等在翻譯時應(yīng)注意的問題。

所謂加詞就是根據(jù)原文的思想內(nèi)涵透過文字表達上的表面現(xiàn)象，充分照顧到另一種語言的文法特征、描述規(guī)律，在將其翻譯成另一種語言時該加詞的地方加詞，該減詞的地方減詞，千萬不可以為了可以追求所謂的“精練、簡潔”而隨隨便便地減詞；也不可以離開原文，憑空膩測，隨隨便便加詞。具體地說：

加詞：

I.由于詞匯方面的原因而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象：

1.加動詞由于英語是一門“靜止”的語言，在所有的詞匯當中，用名詞的居多；而相比較而言，漢語則無此限制，不管有多少動詞都可以并排使用。因此，許多英語的名詞翻譯成漢語時都要加上一些動詞，否則，意思則很不完整，例如：

a.But by 1981 he had to have further surgery on his hand.And a month later，he suffered as stroke.到了1981年，他的手不得不又做了一次手術(shù)。一個月以后，他又中風了。

b.His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mind of the people present that day.那天在會上所做的報告使所有在場的人深受鼓舞。

c.He maintains that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improved performance.他堅持認為，只有通過勤奮工作加上不懈的努力才會取得好的成績。

d.The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governments at all levels on the alert.偽劣建筑奪取了很多人的生命，這一點足以使我們的各級部門提高警惕。

e.Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseas tourists.為了一百萬的國內(nèi)外旅客的利益，我們一定為改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量而進行努力。

f.You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.你不應(yīng)該一吃過飯，馬上就去游泳，這是很不明智的。

2.加名詞：在漢語中，及物和不及物動詞的區(qū)別不是很明顯，有時所謂及物動詞后面的賓語如果上下文中能夠看的出，往往可以省略不說；而英語則不然。由于英語對及物動詞和不及物動詞的區(qū)別很明顯，因此翻譯成漢語時則很麻煩。特別是一些不及物動詞必須帶上它后面的賓語句子意思才能顯得完整。因此，我們在翻譯時往往就需要增補。

a.Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating，playing，meetings，classes，etc.作一個時間表，然后，將吃飯、睡覺、開會、上課等等的時間填上。

b.It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up and called the police and they explained that they’d done that after much deliberation.直到兩個小時以后，那對老夫妻才有勇氣敢從床上爬起來給警察打電話，并解釋說那也是經(jīng)過仔細考慮才敢作的。

c.這見事?lián)f是一個組織嚴密團伙干的。

The operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group.d.我是為友誼和求學而來。

I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning.有時形容詞前面也可以加上名詞：

e.His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensive and，moreover looks very ugly.他妻子認為，這件家具價格昂貴而且外表難看。

f.I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.然后，我繼續(xù)裝著對這種事情很內(nèi)行的樣子，結(jié)果更使他們認定我是一個名聲很壞的人。

有時，一些名詞或者數(shù)量詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式翻譯成漢語后前面也要加詞表示重疊：

g.Thousands of students from the city’s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting the arrival of their football team.成千上萬的高校學生一起涌到火車站歡迎他們的足球隊凱旋。

h.These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to her by many friends to help her in the Crimea.她用朋友們給她的一筆筆錢購買醫(yī)療設(shè)備。

i.To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctors who were helpless before such scene of suffering and misery.只有這些老醫(yī)生來照看一群群的傷員，他們在如此的痛苦、悲傷面前，顯得無可奈何。

3.加代詞：這里的代詞主要是指作動詞賓語的代詞，因為英語中的所有及物動詞都必須帶有賓語，所以漢語翻譯成英語時也需要增補：

a.If you like this novel，I can lend it to you.如果你喜歡這本小說，我可以借給你。

b.I think she’d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.我覺得如果我們能幫她一把，她會很感激的。c.Would you please look for the key once more？I remembered clearly putting it in the drawer last time.能不能再找一遍鑰匙？我記得上次放在抽屜里了。

4.加連詞和介詞：漢語可以通過上下文來連接句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，而英語則靠一些連接詞來完成：

a.If you want to go，I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.你要去，我建議你別忘了帶把傘。

b.Since its opening five years ago，the shop has attracted a lot of customers.這家商店五年前開業(yè)以來，吸引了大批顧客。

c.Since the beginning of this century，more and more scientists have become interested in the way the human brain works.本世紀以來，越來越多的科學家已經(jīng)開始對人腦活動的方式感興趣。

d.His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got there.他的朋友要他到了那兒就給他們寫信。

e.He went so far as to cheat openly on test.他居然敢公開作弊。

f.The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost.這家工廠已經(jīng)決定低成本、大批量的生產(chǎn)這種儀器。

g.Why was he absent from school yesterday？

他昨天為什么不上學？

h.The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashness.老領(lǐng)導(dǎo)告戒我們要戒驕戒躁。

i.This，he said，deprived him of his civil rights，and he asked for $150，000 in damages.他說，這等于是剝奪了他的公民權(quán)力，因此申請$150，000 的賠償。

j.His marriage suffered and ended in divorce.他的婚姻也受到影響，最后還是離了婚。

k.After a few rounds of talks，both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.幾輪會談以后，雙方認為邊界問題可以解決了。

l.As her year as chief resident drew to a close，Mrs.White decided to specialize in children’s diseases.懷特太太在作住院總醫(yī)師要結(jié)束時，她決定專攻病理。

5.下面的一些句子則是為了修辭目的而加詞：

a.He was sentenced as much as six months in jail for drunk driving.他因酗酒駕駛而被判入獄半年。

b.As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.二十個人在昨天的事故當中喪生。

c.I came here as early as eight o‘clock this morning.我今天八點鐘就來了。

6.在某些作定語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞有時需要加上：

a.I’d like to find someone to play with.我想找人玩。

b.Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on? 你能否遞張紙給我，我想寫點東西。

c.Totally alone in the room，her mother wanted to find someone to talk to.她媽媽覺得一個人在房間里太孤單了，想找個人說說話。

7.某些獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中：

With a book in his hand，the teacher came into the class.老師走了進來，手里拿本書。

8.加副詞

a.They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.他猛地抬頭往天空看，直到火箭發(fā)射的聲音漸漸遠去。

b.He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him.他偷偷地瞥了她一眼。

9.有時還要根據(jù)實際需要，加上一些表示“范疇”的詞，即表示籠統(tǒng)意思的單詞，意見、想法、道理等等。

a.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.因此，對社會活動家來說，培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛好和新的興趣就成為頭等重要的事情了。但這不是一蹴而就的事情，也不能單靠毅力就能臨時湊成。b.A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam and escape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long.如此多的學生作弊，居然沒人管，是很危險的，也不可能持久。

c.So he began to study the children’s responses in situation where no milk was provided.所以，他開始研究小孩子得不到牛奶時的反應(yīng)是什么樣的。

以上的幾句雖然沒有“局面”、“情況”等詞，但其意思卻已經(jīng)包含在了里面。如果不加上“policy”，“business”，“situation ”等詞，意思就不是很清楚，句子也不通順。

II.由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同而造成的加詞現(xiàn)象：

1.由上下文的邏輯關(guān)系而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象：句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面：

a.In most cases，this action will produce results.However，if it does not，there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.在大多數(shù)情況下，這樣做有一定效果。如果還不行，顧客可以采取許多措施直至滿意為止。

b.They illustrate，for one thing，the underlying American faith that our future rests on the way our children turn out，and that a basic way to affect children’s development is through their education.有一點，他們表明了美國人內(nèi)心深處的一個信念，那就是，我們的孩子如何成長將決定我們的未來，而影響他們發(fā)展的一個基本途徑就是通過教育。

c.That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.人類已經(jīng)從動物的行為中學到了很多東西的說法并不是什么新鮮事。

下面的例句都是一些需要加關(guān)系代詞的現(xiàn)象：

d.He passed the exam，which can be read from his the light on his face.我從他臉上就可以猜出他已通過了考試。

e.He was late on that very morning for the interview，which totally damaged the possibilities of promotion.他偏偏在面試的那天早晨遲到，結(jié)果喪失了一次晉升的絕好機會。

f.As is expected，he arrived at the railway station in time.他果然準時到了火車站

2.在無主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主語。

因為在這些句子中，主語雖然沒有表示出來，但卻早已隱含在句子里面；加上英語對句子表面上的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴謹，因此在漢語翻譯成英語時往往要加上省略的部分（主語）意思才能完整，例如：

a.進行社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)必須尊重知識、尊重人才。

In our drive for socialist modernization，we must respect knowledge and talented people.b.你還是帶把雨傘吧，以防下雨。

You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.c.已經(jīng)快七點種了，他怎么還沒有到？

It is nearly seven o’clock now，why hasn’t he arrived yet？

d.一定不要忘記離家前父母對你所說的話。

Remember what your said to you before you left home.有時，英語的動名詞需要加上其邏輯主語才能顯得意思完整：

e.His father-in-law doesn’t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.他煙癮很大，他岳父對此很反感。

3.加賓語

她媽媽說，他們應(yīng)該帶孩子一起去參加馬麗的生日晚會。

Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary’s birthday party.4.有時需要加上語氣詞：

There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlands on the Long March，we just slept where we could.我們長征時根本就沒房子住，隨便找個地方就睡下了。

The audience was not interested at all（in any sense）in his long and boring speech.觀眾對他那又臭又長的講話一點都不感興趣。

減詞：

I.和一些單詞有關(guān)系的減詞法

1.省略“范疇”詞：先看下面的例子：

a.系里的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來找他做說服工作。

The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion.b.這次考試不及格，使他深切認識到寫好作文在學習英文中的重要性。

The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learning English.c.這本書的目的是改進學生們的理解能力。

II.表示邏輯關(guān)系上的減詞：

1.省去句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)只保留關(guān)聯(lián)詞：

a.The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer.If so，the consumer should do this，stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.商店的老板會建議顧客給制造商寫信。要真是這樣的話，顧客應(yīng)該盡量把投訴書寫的禮貌些、措辭更堅定一些。

b.And how can it be otherwise，when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty.可是不這樣，有能有什么別的更好的辦法呢？知識的范圍如此廣袤，一旦越出其專業(yè)范圍，連專家也會變得一無所知。）

c.It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points.If not，how can it survive？

第三篇：自考 商務(wù)英語翻譯

廣東外語外貿(mào)大學公開學院輔導(dǎo)資料

商務(wù)英語翻譯課程試卷（課程代碼：05355）

考生注意：1.答案必須寫在答卷上，寫在問卷上無效。

2.考試時間150分鐘。

I.Multiple Choices(20 points, 2 points for each)第一套試卷

1.In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.A.除了這種進出口商品的可視貿(mào)易以外，還有一種國與國之間進行交換服務(wù)的無形貿(mào)易。

B.除了這種進出口商品的有形貿(mào)易以外，還有一種國與國之間進行交換服務(wù)的看不見貿(mào)易。

C.除了這種進出口商品的看得見貿(mào)易以外，還有一種國與國之間進行交換服務(wù)的難捉摸貿(mào)易。

D.除了這種進出口商品的有形貿(mào)易以外，還有一種國與國之間進行交換服務(wù)的無形貿(mào)易。

2.But our products have never been all that dominant on the American market, a result which goes against our expectation.A.但是我們的產(chǎn)品從未在美國市場占據(jù)那樣的主導(dǎo)地位，這樣的結(jié)果和我們的預(yù)計相反。

B.但是，我們的產(chǎn)品從未在美國市場壟斷過，這樣的結(jié)果和我們的預(yù)計相反。

C.但是，我方的產(chǎn)品從未在美國市場上占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位，這樣的結(jié)果同我方的預(yù)計剛好相反。

D.但是，我方的產(chǎn)品從未像那樣在美國市場上占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位，這一結(jié)果同我方的預(yù)計剛好相反。

3． The financial information provided by an accounting system is needed by managerial decision makers to help them plan and control the activities of the economic entity.A.會計系統(tǒng)提供的金融信息對于幫助管理層決策人員制定計劃和控制該經(jīng)濟實體的活動而言是不可或缺的。

B.金融信息是由會計系統(tǒng)提供，它對于管理決策者是必須的，能制訂計劃和提供經(jīng)濟活動。

C.會計系統(tǒng)提供的金融信息對于幫助管理決策者計劃和控制經(jīng)濟部門非常重要。D.金融信息由會計師提供，對于管理部門制定計劃和控制經(jīng)濟部門非常重要。

4.As each currency?s value is stated in terms of other currencies, French francs, then, have a value in US dollars, which have a value in British pounds, which have a value in Japanese yen.A.由于每一種貨幣的價值是用另外的貨幣說明出來的，那么法國法郎的價值可以用美元來體現(xiàn)，美元可以用英鎊來體現(xiàn)，英鎊可以用日元來體現(xiàn)。

B.由于每一種貨幣的價值是用另外的貨幣表現(xiàn)出來的，那么法國法郎的價值可以用美元來體現(xiàn)，美元可以用英鎊來體現(xiàn)，英鎊可以用日元來體現(xiàn)。

C.由于每一種貨幣的價值是用另外的貨幣表達出來的，那么法國法郎的價值可以用美元來表達，美元可以用英鎊來表達，英鎊可以用日元來表達。D.由于每一種貨幣的價錢是用另外的貨幣表現(xiàn)出來的，那么法國法郎的價值可以用美元來體現(xiàn)，美元可以用英鎊來體現(xiàn)，英鎊可以用日元來體現(xiàn)。

5.Our prices already make full allowance for large orders and, as I am sure you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.A.我們的價格已經(jīng)是大量批發(fā)的價格。另外，你也知道，我們所處的行業(yè)競爭十分激烈，逼得我們將價格壓制最低。

B.我方報價已考慮到大批量訂貨的因素。相信貴公司了解我們是在一個競爭十分激烈的市場上經(jīng)營銷售業(yè)務(wù)，因而已經(jīng)不得不把利潤減到最低限度。

C.我方報價已充分考慮到大訂單的因素。相信貴方一定清楚，我方是在競爭十分激烈的市場上經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)，我方已被迫將價格降至最低。

D.我方報價已充分考慮到大宗訂貨的因素。相信貴方一定清楚，我方是在競爭十分激烈的市場上經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)，迫于市場壓力，我方已將價格降至最低。

6．Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.A.商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)，配送，銷售等一切活動的組合，通過這些活動，創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟增值。

B.商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)，配送，銷售等一切活動的組合，通過這些活動，創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟滿足。

C.商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)，配送，銷售等一切活動的組合，通過這些活動，創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟盈余。

D.商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)，配送，銷售等一切活動的組合，通過這些活動，創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟超額。

7．And it allows me the variety of work that working at a large multi-billion bank does not have to offer as you will be working in narrow job description handling one type of lending.A.這使我擁有多份工作，而這在擁有億萬資產(chǎn)的大銀行里是不大可能的，因為在那種大銀行里，你的工作范圍很窄，只處理一種貸款。

B.在擁有億萬資金的大銀行里使我的工作變化多樣，因為在那種大銀行里，你的工作范圍只處理一種貸款。

C.這使我的工作變化多樣，而這在擁有億萬資金的大銀行里是不大可能的，因為在那種大銀行里，你的工作范圍很單一，只處理一種貸款。

D.這使我的工作變化多樣，而這在擁有億萬資金的大銀行里是不大可能的，因為在那種大銀行里，你的工作范圍很窄，只處理一種貸款。

8．This appliance is not intended for use by persons(including children)with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities, or lack of experience and knowledge, unless they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance by a person responsible for their safety.A.為了安全起見，身體、精神上有問題的人或缺少相應(yīng)的指示經(jīng)驗的人不能使用本產(chǎn)品，除非在別人的監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)下使用。

B.為了安全起見，除非在別人的監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)下使用，否則身體、精神上有問題的人或缺少相應(yīng)的指示經(jīng)驗的人不能使用本產(chǎn)品。

C.本品不適合體力漸衰者、知覺衰退者、神經(jīng)衰弱者或缺乏相關(guān)知識和經(jīng)驗者（包括）兒童）使用，除非他們有安全責任人監(jiān)督或指導(dǎo)方可使用本品。

D.本產(chǎn)品不適合肌體不健全、感覺或精神上有障礙或缺乏相關(guān)經(jīng)驗和知識的人（包括兒童）使用。他們需要有負責其安全的人員在旁監(jiān)督或指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品的使用方法，方可使用。

9.The Great Depression gave rise to the fear that such catastrophes would recur or even that the American economy would live in a state of permanent depression unless radical changes were made in the economic system.A.二十世紀三十年代的經(jīng)濟大倒退曾使人們害怕這種災(zāi)難會重演，甚至使人們擔心美國經(jīng)濟會陷入永久性蕭條狀態(tài)，除非對其經(jīng)濟制度進行大幅度改革。B.二十世紀三十年代的經(jīng)濟大蕭條曾使人們害怕這種災(zāi)難會重演，甚至使人們擔心美國經(jīng)濟會陷入永久性蕭條狀態(tài)，除非對其經(jīng)濟制度進行大幅度改革。

C.二十世紀三十年代的經(jīng)濟危機曾使人們害怕這種災(zāi)難會重演，甚至使人們擔心美國經(jīng)濟會陷入永久性蕭條狀態(tài)，除非對其經(jīng)濟制度進行大幅度改革。D.二十世紀三十年代的經(jīng)濟大蕭條曾使人們害怕這種災(zāi)難會重演，甚至使人們擔心，除非對其經(jīng)濟制度進行大幅度改革，否則美國經(jīng)濟會陷入永久性蕭條狀態(tài)。

10．Pursuant to the Buyer?s Purchase Order, the Seller agrees to supply the Buyer with the goods, and the names, types, serial numbers, quantity and unit price of the goods as stipulated in the annex to this contract.The annex shall form an integral part of the contract.A.根據(jù)買方購貨單，賣方同意按合同附件所列貨物的名稱、型號、數(shù)量、單價的規(guī)定，向買方予以提供。該附件是本合同不可分割的組成部分。

B.根據(jù)買方購貨單，賣方同意按合同附件所列貨物的名稱、型號、序列號、數(shù)量、單價，向買方供貨。該附件是本合同的組成部分。C.根據(jù)《買方購貨單》，賣方同意按合同附件所列貨物的名稱、型號、序列號、數(shù)量、單價的規(guī)定，向買方予以提供。該附件是本合同不可分割的組成部分。D.根據(jù)《買方訂購單》，賣方同意向買方提供本合同附件中所訂貨物的名稱、型號、序列號、數(shù)量以及單價。該附件是本合同的組成部分。

第二套試卷

1.Owing to the heavy commitments of our manufacturers, we regret to say that we are not in a position to meet your requirements for the time being in this respect.A.由于我方廠商不堪負重地承約，我方很遺憾地告知：眼下在這方面無法滿足你方要求。

B.由于我方廠商不堪負重，我方很遺憾地告知：眼下在這方面無法滿足你方要求。C.由于我方廠商大量承約，我方很遺憾地告知：眼下在這方面無法滿足你方要求。D.由于我方廠商沉重的責任，我方很遺憾地告知：眼下在這方面無法滿足你方要求。2.No wonder the multinational corporations have been growing fantastically and now dominate many sections of the international market.A.難怪跨國公司一直以驚人的速度發(fā)展并且控制著國際市場的許多領(lǐng)域。B.難怪跨國公司一直以較快的速度發(fā)展并且控制著國際市場的許多領(lǐng)域。C.難怪跨國公司一直以飛快的速度發(fā)展并且控制著國際市場的許多領(lǐng)域。D.難怪跨國公司一直以瘋狂的速度發(fā)展并且控制著國際市場的許多領(lǐng)域。

3.Multinational corporations have become so dominant in some foreign markets that they are now the object of political and economic scrutiny.A.由于跨國公司已占據(jù)了一些外國市場，他們已成為政治、經(jīng)濟關(guān)注的目標。B.由于跨國公司已控制了一些外國市場，他們已成為政治、經(jīng)濟關(guān)注的目標。C.由于跨國公司已壟斷了一些外國市場，他們已成為政治、經(jīng)濟關(guān)注的目標。D.由于跨國公司已制服了一些外國市場，他們已成為政治、經(jīng)濟關(guān)注的目標。4.If you admit that your company is in error or is willing to take responsibility for the claim, you should write a letter to the customer, expressing apologies and indicating what steps the company is taking to set the matter right.A.如果你的公司確實有誤，而且愿意承擔責任，應(yīng)該在信中承認這一點并向?qū)Ψ奖硎厩敢猓瑫r說明你將采取什么行動。

B.如果你公司承認自己有誤，或者愿意承擔索賠責任，應(yīng)該給客戶寫信承認這一點并向?qū)Ψ奖硎厩敢猓瑫r注明將采取什么舉措來解決。

C.如果貴公司確實有誤，或者愿意承擔索賠責任，應(yīng)該寫信給客戶，向?qū)Ψ奖硎厩敢?，同時說明你將采取什么行動。

D.如果貴公司承認自己失誤，或者對索賠愿意承擔責任，那么，貴公司就應(yīng)該向客戶寫一封信，表達歉意并說明公司將采取什么措施來最終解決問題。

5．Unemployment in America(as of mid-1990)was running near 5.25 percent.That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure in the aggregate.A.失業(yè)在美國達5.25%，比以前認為的高一些，但問題不嚴重，雖沒有充分就業(yè)。B.1990年年中美國的失業(yè)率近5.25%，按以往的標準，這個比例偏高，沒有達到充分就業(yè)，但就整體來說問題并不嚴重。

C.失業(yè)率在美國達5.25%，雖然比充分就業(yè)比率高，但整體不嚴重。

D.1990年年中美國失業(yè)高達5.25%，比過去計劃的比例高，沒有達到充分就業(yè)，但這并不嚴重。

6． Nations will usually produce and export those goods in which they have the greatest comparative advantage, and import those items in which they have the least comparative advantage.A.國家將通常生產(chǎn)和出口那些他們最有競爭力的產(chǎn)品，進口那些最無競爭力的產(chǎn)品。B.國家通常生產(chǎn)出口最有競爭力產(chǎn)品，進口最無力競爭產(chǎn)品。

C.各國通常都生產(chǎn)和出口那些他們最具有比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品，而進口那些他們最不具備比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。

D.各國將總是生產(chǎn)和出口那些最有競爭力產(chǎn)品，而往往進口最無力競爭產(chǎn)品。

7．Since the initiation of economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has achieved impressive economic growth coupled with significant structural transformation.A.自從20世紀70年代末中國的經(jīng)濟改革以來，獲得了很大的經(jīng)濟增長，并轉(zhuǎn)變了經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)。

B.20世紀70年代中國首創(chuàng)經(jīng)濟體制改革，取得了巨大經(jīng)濟增長和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。

C.中國自從20世紀70年代末開始經(jīng)濟改革以來，經(jīng)濟增長顯而易見，結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整也日新月異。

D.中國自從20世紀70年代末開始經(jīng)濟改革以來，已取得了令人矚目的經(jīng)濟增長和重大的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變。

8．Most notably, China has avoided the large output declines and severe macroeconomic instability that have tended to characterize the transition experiences in central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.A.最值得注意的是，中國避免了生產(chǎn)大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性，生產(chǎn)的大滑坡曾經(jīng)是中、東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟過渡時期的特點。

B.最值得注意的是，中國避免了生產(chǎn)大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性，而宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性曾經(jīng)是中、東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟過渡時期的特點。

C.最值得一提的是，中國避免了生產(chǎn)大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性，生產(chǎn)的大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性曾經(jīng)是中、東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟過渡時期的特點。D.最值得注意的是，中國避免了生產(chǎn)大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性，生產(chǎn)的大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟的嚴重不穩(wěn)定性曾經(jīng)是中、東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟過渡時期的特點。

9.Multinational bank?s services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker?s acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.A.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開證行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行推銷歐洲貨幣債券。

B.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開立銀行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行歐洲貨幣債券。

C.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外幣、開立銀行承兌、接受歐洲各國存款、提供貸款及援助債券。

D.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)如下：開立信用證、買賣外幣、開立銀行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣存儲、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行推銷歐洲貨幣債券。

10．Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be, when you think of refreshment, think of ice-cold Coca-Cola.A.無論你是誰，無論你做什么，無論你在哪里，當你想要神清氣爽，請喝冰鎮(zhèn)的可口可樂。

B.無論你是誰，無論你做什么，無論你在哪里，想醒腦提神，別忘了冰鎮(zhèn)可口可樂。C.無論何人，無論何事，無論何地，要提神醒腦，請喝冰鎮(zhèn)可口可樂。D.無論誰在哪里做了什么事，想要提神醒腦，請喝冰鎮(zhèn)可口可樂。第三套試卷

1.All the banking charges incurred in Licensee?s Bank shall be borne by Licensee while those incurred outside Licensee?s Bank shall be borne by Licensor.A.所有在許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由其承擔，所由在許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由許可方承擔。

B.所有在被許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由被許可方承擔，所有在被許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由許可方承擔。

C.所有在許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由被許可方承擔，所有在被許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由被許可方承擔。

D.所有在被許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由被許可方承擔，所有在許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由被許可方承擔。

2.Shipping details, including whether transshipments are allowed.Also recorded should be the latest date for shipment and the names of the ports of shipment and discharge.A.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否允許轉(zhuǎn)運以及裝船的最后日期和裝船、卸貨的港口名稱。B.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否轉(zhuǎn)運以及裝船的最后日期和裝船、卸貨的港口名稱。C.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否允許轉(zhuǎn)運以及裝船的最后日期和裝船、卸貨方案。

D.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否允許分船以及裝船的最后日期和裝船、卸貨的港口名稱。3.The L/C value may include port congestion surcharges, but they must be shown separately on the invoice, and the documentary evidence must be issued by the shipping company.A.本信用證總金額含港口擁擠附加費，但該筆費用須在發(fā)票上單獨注明，且書面證明須由運輸公司出具。

B.本信用證總金額包括港口擁擠附加費，但必須在發(fā)票上單獨注明，書面憑證必須由運輸公司出具。

C.本信用證總金額含港口擁擠費，但該筆費用須在發(fā)票上單獨注明，且書面證明須由運輸公司出具。

D.本信用證總金額含港口擁擠附加費，須在發(fā)票上單獨注明，書面證明由運輸公司出具。

4.Advertisers must realize that people usually are motivated by the goal of satisfying some combination of two or more needs, and the needs may be both conscious and unconscious.A.廣告人必須明白，通常能夠滿足兩個或者更多需要的綜合目標才能促使人們購買，而且這些需要既可能是有意識的，又可能是無意識的。

B.廣告人必須明白，通常能夠滿足兩個或者更多需要的結(jié)合體才能促使人們購買，而且這些需要既可能是有意識的，又可能是無意識的。

C.廣告人必須明白，通常能夠滿足兩個或者更多需要的聯(lián)合才能促使人們購買，而且這些需要既可能是有意識的，又可能是無意識的。D.廣告人必須明白，通常能夠滿足兩個或者更多需要的共同目標才能促使人們購買，而且這些需要既可能是有意識的，又可能是無意識的。

5.A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise.A.一個對中國既無過度好感又無過度惡感的企業(yè)代表,在代表公司在華投資,與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前,必須考慮許多因素。

B.一個對中國既無同情感又無過度丑感的企業(yè)代表, 在代表公司在華投資, 與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前, 必須考慮許多因素。

C.一個對中國既無過度感情又無過度感覺的企業(yè)代表, 在代表公司在華投資, 與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前, 必須考慮許多因素。

D.一個對中國既無過度諒解又無過度反對的企業(yè)代表, 在代表公司在華投資, 與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前, 必須考慮許多因素。

6.Differences in language understanding between negotiating opposites raise some peril in every international business transaction because each negotiating party prefers quite naturally to use the language whose nuances he knows best.A.談判雙方在語言理解上的分歧會嚴重影響每一筆國際貿(mào)易的成交，因為參加洽談的任何一方自然都愿意使用自己喜歡的語言。

B.談判雙方在語言理解上的分歧會嚴重影響每一筆國際貿(mào)易的成交，因為參加洽談的任何一方自然都愿意使用自己感興趣的語言。

C.談判雙方在語言理解上的分歧會嚴重影響每一筆國際貿(mào)易的成交，因為參加洽談的任何一方自然都愿意使用自己了如指掌的語言。

D.談判雙方在語言理解上的分歧會嚴重影響每一筆國際貿(mào)易的成交，因為參加洽談的任何一方自然都愿意使用自己有意識的語言。

7.Because some hand gestures and body movements are acceptable in one culture yet deeply offensive in another culture, they are rarely an appropriate communications aid in international negotiations.A.由于有些手勢與形體動作在一種文化習俗中可以接受，而在另一種文化背景中卻讓人反感，因此這些手勢與動作在國際談判中就不適合作為思想交流的主導(dǎo)手段。

B.由于有些手勢與形體動作在一種文化習俗中可以接受，而在另一種文化背景中卻讓人反感，因此這些手勢與動作在國際談判中就不適合作為思想交流的輔助手段。

C.由于有些手勢與形體動作在一種文化習俗中可以接受，而在另一種文化背景中卻讓人反感，因此這些手勢與動作在國際談判中就不適合作為思想交流的另一種手段。

D.由于有些手勢與形體動作在一種文化習俗中可以接受，而在另一種文化背景中卻讓人反感，因此這些手勢與動作在國際談判中就不適合作為思想交流的重要手段。

8.Exports and imports of goods between nations with different units of money introduce a new economic factor, the foreign exchange rate, which gives the price of the foreigners unit of money in terms of one?s own.A.在使用不同貨幣單位的國家之間對商品進行進口和出口會引出一個新的經(jīng)濟因素，這就是外匯比率。外匯比率是指以自己國家貨幣的形式標出外國貨幣的價格。B.在使用不同貨幣單位的國家之間對商品進行進口和出口會介紹一個新的經(jīng)濟因素，這就是外匯比率。外匯比率是指以自己國家貨幣的形式標出外國貨幣的價格。C.在使用不同貨幣單位的國家之間對商品進行進出口會引出一個新的經(jīng)濟因素，這就是外匯比率。外匯比率是指以自己國家貨幣的價格來標記外國貨幣的價格。D.在使用不同貨幣單位的國家之間對商品進行進口和出口會引出一個新的經(jīng)濟因素，這就是外匯比率。外匯比率是指以自己國家貨幣的形式出賣外國貨幣的價格。

9.These days, the U.S.economy isn?t ?graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,? frets Charles C.Leighton, ?That?s a real concern?.A.近來，美國經(jīng)濟“未畢業(yè)出足夠的科學家來滿足今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，”查爾斯C.頓抱怨說，“這才是真正需要關(guān)注的問題?！?/p>

B.查爾斯C.頓抱怨說，近來美國經(jīng)濟“未培養(yǎng)出足夠的科學家來滿足今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，這才是真正需要關(guān)注的問題。”

C.近來，美國經(jīng)濟“未使足夠的科學家畢業(yè)來滿足今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，”查爾斯C.頓抱怨說，“這才是真正需要關(guān)注的問題?！?/p>

D.近來，美國經(jīng)濟“未培養(yǎng)出足夠的科學家來填補今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，”查爾斯C.頓抱怨說，“這才是真正需要關(guān)注的問題?！?/p>

10.Marketing involves product development, pricing, distribution, and communication;and in the more progressive firms, continuous attention to the changing needs of customers and the development of new products, with product modifications and services to meet these needs.A.營銷包括產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，定價，推銷和產(chǎn)品信息交流；在那些觀念較新的企業(yè)里，營銷還包括關(guān)注客戶需求的不斷變化，不斷開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，并且不斷改進產(chǎn)品，改進服務(wù)，以滿足客戶的需求。

B.營銷包括產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，定價，推銷和產(chǎn)品信息交流；在那些觀念發(fā)展的企業(yè)里，營銷還包括關(guān)注客戶需求的不斷變化，不斷開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，并且不斷改進產(chǎn)品，改進服務(wù)，以滿足客戶的需求。

C.營銷包括產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，定價，推銷和產(chǎn)品信息交流；在那些觀念上進的企業(yè)里，營銷還包括關(guān)注客戶需求的不斷變化，不斷開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，并且不斷改進產(chǎn)品，改進服務(wù)，以滿足客戶的需求。

D.營銷包括產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，定價，推銷和產(chǎn)品信息交流；在那些觀念較新的企業(yè)里，營銷還包括關(guān)注客戶需求的不斷變化，不斷發(fā)展新產(chǎn)品，并且不斷改進產(chǎn)品，改進服務(wù)，以滿足客戶的需求。

第四套試卷

1.This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention.A.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與本公約范圍內(nèi)事項有關(guān)的條款的任何國際協(xié)定。

B.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與本公約有關(guān)條款的任何國際協(xié)定。

C.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與屬于本公約事項有關(guān)條款的任何國際協(xié)定。D.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)的與本公約有關(guān)條款的任何國際協(xié)定。2.The duplicate shipping documents including bill of lading, invoice, packing list and inspection were airmailed to you today.A.包括提單，發(fā)票，包裝單和檢驗證書在內(nèi)的裝運單證副本今日航郵貴處。B.包括提單，發(fā)票，裝箱單和檢驗證書在內(nèi)的裝運單證各一份今日航郵貴處。C.包括提單，發(fā)票，裝箱單和檢驗證書在內(nèi)的裝運單證副本今日航郵貴處。D.包括提單，發(fā)票，裝箱單和檢查證明在內(nèi)的裝運單證副本今日航郵你處。

3.Please be informed that, on account of the fluctuations of foreign exchanges the quotation is subject to change without previous notice.A.茲告知貴方，由于外匯的波動，報價隨時可能改變，不另行通知。B.茲告知貴方，由于外幣的波動，報價隨時可能改變，不另行通知。C.茲告知貴方，外匯的波動，報價隨時可能改變，不另行通知。

D.茲告知貴方，由于外匯的波動，報價隨時可能改變，不通知貴方。

4.International business as a field of management training deals the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries.A.作為管理訓(xùn)練一個領(lǐng)域的國際商務(wù)處理跨國家邊界商務(wù)活動的專門特征。B.作為管理訓(xùn)練一個領(lǐng)域的國際商務(wù)具有跨國家邊界商務(wù)活動的專門特征。C.作為管理訓(xùn)練一個領(lǐng)域的國際商務(wù)對付跨國家邊界商務(wù)活動的專門特征。D.作為管理訓(xùn)練一個領(lǐng)域的國際商務(wù)涉及跨國家邊界商務(wù)活動的專門特征。

5.I have pleasure in apprising you that, under the auspices of several highly respected and influential houses here, I have commenced business as Shipping and Assurance Broker and General Agent.A.我十分高興地令您驚奇，在當?shù)貛准矣忻?，有影響力公司的支持下，我開設(shè)了輪船與保險的經(jīng)紀業(yè)以及總代理店。

B.我十分高興地通知您，在當?shù)貛准矣忻?，有影響力公司的支持下，我開設(shè)了輪船與保險的經(jīng)紀業(yè)以及總代理店。

C.我十分高興地通知您，在當?shù)貛准沂苋俗鹁矗杏绊懥镜闹С窒?，我開設(shè)了輪船與保險的經(jīng)紀業(yè)以及總代理店。

D.我十分高興地通知您，在當?shù)貛准矣忻杏绊懥⒌闹С窒拢议_設(shè)了輪船與保險的經(jīng)紀業(yè)以及總代理店。

6.Should for certain reasons the Buyers not be able to inform the Seller of the foregoing details 10 days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the Sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.A.由于某種原因，買方不能于裝運輪抵達裝運港十天前，將有關(guān)詳情通知賣方或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人須立刻通知賣方做出必要的安排。B.由于某種原因買方不能于裝運輪到達裝運港10天前將上面具體內(nèi)容通知賣方獲裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人需立刻通知賣方并做出必要的安排。

C.若買方由于某種原因不能于裝運輪到達裝運港10天前將上述詳細情況通知賣方，或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人須立刻通知賣方并做出必要的安排。

D.若買方由于某種原因不能于裝運輪到達裝運港10天前將有關(guān)內(nèi)容通知賣方，或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人需馬上通知賣方并做出必要的安排。

7.A firm?s involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firm?s survival and growth...A.公司在產(chǎn)品中融入程度不一，從最低程度的參與到將出口視為公司生存和發(fā)展必要條件的參與都會存在。

B.公司在產(chǎn)品中參加程度不一，從最低程度的參與到將出口視為公司生存和發(fā)展必要條件的參與都會存在。

C.公司在產(chǎn)品中卷入程度不一，從最低程度的參與到將出口視為公司生存和發(fā)展必要條件的參與都會存在。

D.公司在產(chǎn)品中參與情況程度不一，從最低程度的參與到將出口視為公司生存和發(fā)展必要條件的參與都會存在。

8.Often an individual must supply personal accounting information in order to buy a car or home, to qualify for a college scholarship, to secure a credit card, or to obtain a bank loan.Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders, to governmental agencies, and to the public.A.一般來說，個人為了買車、房和獎學金，信用卡或從銀行貸款，都必須出具證明，大公司必須出具財物證明給政府代表和大眾。

B.通常，個人為了買車，買房，為了獲得大學獎學金，申請信用卡或從銀行貸款，都必須出具本人的財務(wù)資料，大公司有責任向其股東，政府機構(gòu)和廣大公眾說明公司的財務(wù)狀況。

C.通常, 個人為房為車會向銀行貸款，并提供財務(wù)資財，而公司出具財產(chǎn)說明給股東和政府機關(guān)。

D.通常，個人為了買車，買房，為了獲得大學獎學金，申請信用卡或從銀行貸款，都必須出具本人的財務(wù)資料，大公司有責任向股東,政府代表和廣大公眾說明公司的財務(wù)狀況。

9.The underwriter realizes this and certainly does not set out to make life difficult for his agency colleagues.However, he has a job to do.Part of that job is to ensure that people who attempt to buy policies because they expect to ?die? soon do not succeed in fooling him and his company.A.核保人認識到這一點，當然不會給他的代理同事出難題，但是他又有工作要做，其中部分工作是，確保那些因預(yù)期很快死亡而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不能得逞。

B.寫字人認識到這一點, 當然不會給他的代理同事出難題, 但是他又有工作要做, 其中部分工作是, 確保那些因預(yù)期很快?死亡?而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不能得逞。

C.核保人認識到這一點, 當然不會給他的代理同事出難題, 但是他又有工作要做, 其中部分工作是, 確保那些因預(yù)期很快死亡而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不得成功。

D.核保人認識到這一點, 當然不會給他的代理同事出難題, 但是他又有工作要做, 其中部分工作是, 確保那些因預(yù)期很快消沉而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不能得逞。

10.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade;it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g.where the insured has to supply an overseas importer, under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.A.統(tǒng)保單對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要。它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物，如當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨,或在國外委任了銷售代表，設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。B.流動性對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要。它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物，如當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨，或在國外委任了銷售代表，設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。C.流動基金對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要，它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物, 如, 當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨, 或在國外委任了銷售代表, 設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。D.流動政策對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要。它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物, 如, 當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨, 或在國外委任了銷售代表, 設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。

第五套試卷

1.Speculation that some major banks may find themselves with capital shortfalls and then nationalized is driving investors to dump the banks? shares.A.一些大的銀行可能會產(chǎn)生資金短缺，而后又有被國有化并進行投機，這使得投資者大量拋售銀行股票。

B.一些大的銀行可能會產(chǎn)生資金短缺，而后又有被國有化的擔心，這迫使投資者大量拋售銀行股票。

C.一些主要銀行可能會出現(xiàn)資金短缺，而后被國有化，這使得投資者大量拋售銀行股票。

D.由于擔心一些大銀行可能會因為資金短缺而被國有化，投資者大量拋售銀行股票。2.It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system.Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.A.在這種情況下，世界各國又恢復(fù)浮動匯率就不足為奇了。各國中央銀行也就無須維持本幣的匯價了。B.不足為奇，全世界看到了匯率的回歸，因此各國中央銀行無需維持本幣的匯價了。C.此時此刻，世界各國又恢復(fù)了移動的交換比率，因此各國中央銀行無需維持本幣匯價。

D.在這種情況下，全世界又恢復(fù)了浮動交換率，這已不足為奇了，因此各國中央銀行也就無需維持本幣價格了。

3.The packing method is normally chosen by the seller, but the packing shall be strong enough to withstand the hazards of ocean transportation.A.包裝方法按慣例是賣方選擇的，不過包裝務(wù)必堅固，以應(yīng)付海運時的危險。B.至于包裝方法，買方通常不做選擇，但包裝必須牢固，經(jīng)受得起海運過程中的各種危險。

C.按慣例，包裝是由賣方來選擇，但是包裝必須牢固，經(jīng)受得住海運過程中的種種風險。

D.關(guān)于包裝方法，按慣例是賣方選擇的，不過包裝必須堅固得以應(yīng)付海運時的危險。4.This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.A.本合同是在買方和賣方之間訂立的，買方愿意買，賣方愿意賣，他們同意訂立以下規(guī)定的條款。

B.這個合同是被買方和買方即它們之間訂立的，買賣雙方同意照下列條款訂立合同內(nèi)容。

C.本合同由買賣雙方共同訂立，并按照下列條款設(shè)定內(nèi)容及買賣商品。

D.本合同由買賣雙方訂立，因此買賣雙方同意按照下面規(guī)定的條款購買以下商品。5.Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we would certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis.A.假定實驗室檢驗順利，并且你的報價有競爭力，我們會大量向貴公司訂貨的。B.若實驗室檢驗合格，且你們給我們的報價具有競爭力，我們一定會定期大量訂貨的。C.若實驗室檢驗良好，且你們給出的報價具有競爭性，我們一定會定期定量訂貨的。D.假定實驗室發(fā)展良好，且你們的報價具有競爭力，我們一定會大量定期訂貨的。6.Although efforts to rein in the money supply resumed in October, investment grew rapidly as local governments, heedless of central efforts to tame the economy raced to boost local growth rates.A.雖然對貨幣供應(yīng)量的限制在十月重新啟動，但地方政府不顧中央抑制經(jīng)濟過熱的努力，繼續(xù)爭著提高經(jīng)濟增長，使得投資急速增加。

B.雖然限制貨幣供應(yīng)量的努力在十月重新啟動，但地方政府不顧中央抑制經(jīng)濟過熱的努力，爭著加快經(jīng)濟增長，使得投資急速增加。

C.盡管在十月份又恢復(fù)了對貨幣供應(yīng)量嚴格控制的努力，但由于地方政府不顧中央抑制經(jīng)濟過快增長的努力，競相提高當?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟增長率，因此，投資急速地增加了。

D.雖然十月份重新開始對貨幣供應(yīng)量進行限制，但投資急速增加，因為地方政府不顧中央抑制經(jīng)濟過熱的努力，繼續(xù)爭著提高經(jīng)濟增長。

7.Such is the so-called “Business cycle” that has characterized the industrialized nations of the world for the last two centuries---ever since an elaborate, interdependent money economy began to replace the relatively self-sufficient precommercial society.A.這正是近兩個世紀（即自從一種復(fù)雜的、相互依賴的貨幣經(jīng)濟開始取代相對自足的前商業(yè)化社會）以來表現(xiàn)全世界工業(yè)化國家特色的“經(jīng)濟周期”。

B.這正是近兩個世紀（即自從一種復(fù)雜的、相互依賴的貨幣經(jīng)濟開始取代相對自足的前商業(yè)化社會）以來具有全世界工業(yè)化國家特色的所謂的“經(jīng)濟周期”。C.這正是近兩個世紀（即自從一種復(fù)雜的、相互依賴的貨幣經(jīng)濟開始取代相對自足的前商業(yè)化社會）以來以全世界工業(yè)化國家為特色的所謂的“經(jīng)濟周期”。

D.這正是近兩個世紀（即自從一種復(fù)雜的、相互依賴的貨幣經(jīng)濟開始取代相對自足的前商業(yè)化社會）以來全世界工業(yè)化國家所謂的“經(jīng)濟周期”。

8.Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.A.我們唯一的信念就是要滿足購買者的需要，生產(chǎn)更可靠的，質(zhì)量更高的產(chǎn)品，讓使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。

B.我們唯一的信念就是要適應(yīng)購買者的需要，生產(chǎn)更可靠的，質(zhì)量更高的產(chǎn)品，讓使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。

C.我們唯一的信念就是要反映購買者的需要，生產(chǎn)更可靠的，質(zhì)量更高的產(chǎn)品，讓使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。

D.我們唯一的信念就是要回復(fù)購買者的需要，生產(chǎn)更可靠的，質(zhì)量更高的產(chǎn)品，讓使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。

9.It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border.A.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家出售它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算得多。

B.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家購買它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算得多。

C.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費較低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家購買它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算得多。D.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)。一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家購買它們用最低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算的多。

10.As to direct and indirect exporting, which approach is best depends on such factors as the company?s size ,its export volume, the number of foreign countries involved, the investment required to support the operation, the profit potential, the risk present, and the desires of overseas buyers.A.至于直接出口業(yè)務(wù)和間接出口業(yè)務(wù)，哪一種手段最好取決于許多因素，比如公司的大小，出口數(shù)量的多少，公司業(yè)務(wù)所牽涉國家的多少，出口所需投資的多少，可賺利潤的多少，存在風險的大小，以及海外買主的要求等等

B.至于直接出口業(yè)務(wù)和間接出口業(yè)務(wù)，哪一種方式最好取決于許多因素，比如公司的大小，出口數(shù)量的多少，公司業(yè)務(wù)所包含國家的多少，出口所需投資的多少，可賺利潤的多少，存在風險的大小，以及海外買主的要求等等

C.至于直接出口業(yè)務(wù)和間接出口業(yè)務(wù)，哪一種方式最好取決于許多因素，比如公司的大小，出口數(shù)量的多少，所牽涉國家的多少，出口所需投資的多少，可賺利潤的多少，存在風險的大小，以及海外買主的需要等等。

D.至于直接出口業(yè)務(wù)和間接出口業(yè)務(wù)，哪一種方式最好取決于許多因素，比如公司的大小，出口數(shù)量的多少，公司業(yè)務(wù)所涉及國家的多少，出口所需投資的多少，可賺利潤的多少，存在風險的大小，以及海外買主的要求等等。

Ⅱ.Phrase Translation from English to Chinese(20 points, 1 point for each)

第一套試卷

11.Financial standing

12.Capital injection

13.Financial institutions

14.Serial number

15.Named vessel

16.Bill of Lading

17.Visible trade

18.Earning reports

19.Bad loans 20.Counter-trade

21.Royalty

22.Double dip

23.Income tax

24.Port of destination 25.Vested interests

26.Technology-intensive products

27.Capital resources 28.Barter trade

29.Assembling trade 30.Leasing trade 第二套試卷

11.Money laundering 12.Public funds 13.Anti-money laundry

14.International hot money

15.Money claims 16.Inquiry sheet 17.Force majeure

18.Immovable assets 19.Current account

20.Overdue account

21.Running account

22.Account payable 23.Active stock

24.Underwriter

25.Capital stock authorized

26.Common stock

27.Preferential tax treatment

28.Share prices

29.Average real return

30.Home appliances

第三套試卷

11.Accelerated depreciation

12.Reserve for depreciation 13.Bond transaction

14.Speculative transaction

15.Anti-dumping

16.Procurement cost

17.Subsidiary company

18.Foreign exchange fluctuations 19.Base salary 20.Capital goods

21.Pension

22.Employee pension funds

23.Quoted company 24.Mutual aid pension 25.Marketing

26.Customs duties

27.Stamp duties

28.Tax relief

29.Bear market

30.Sluggish performance 第四套試卷

11.Financial recession 12.Merger and acquisition 13.Storage expense 14.Insurance premium 15.Loading port 16.Negotiating bank 17.Contracting party 18.Immunity

19.Documentary credit 20.Chartering agent 21.Loading capacity

22.Lay days 23.Trade surplus 24.Competitive advantage 25.Payroll 26.Infant industry

27.Portfolio investment

28.Capital flow

29.Interest margins

30.Joint ventures

第五套試卷

11.Grace period

12.Accrued interest

13.Original voucher 14.Exclusive rights 15.Infringement 16.Deferred payment 17.Acceptance 18.Invoice value 19.Discount charge 20.Expiry date 21.Inspection certificate 22.Partial shipment

23.on board Ocean Bill of Lading 24.Blank endorsed 25.Packing list 26.Weight Memo 27.Certificate of Origin 28.Certificate of Quality 29.Bona-fide holder 30.Sight payment

Ⅲ.Translation Improvement from English to Chinese.For each English sentence, there is one or more errors in the translation provided.Please write the whole of your improved version in the space provided.(20 points, 2 points for each)

第一套試卷

31.原文：Huge investment costs, such as those for developing environmental friendly technology, have made it difficult for an automaker to survive competition on its own.譯文：大筆成本的投資，例如發(fā)展對環(huán)境有利的技術(shù)，會使得汽車制造業(yè)者面臨生存競爭的困難。改進的譯文：

32.原文：We regret the four of the items enquired for in you Fax are unfortunately not available for export.譯文：很遺憾，貴方傳真所詢商品有4項無貨可供。改進的譯文：

33.原文：We are pleased to advice you that your order No.103 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction.譯文：我方高興的通知你們：第103號訂單貨物已遵照你方指示遣送。

改進的譯文：

34.原文：The success or failure of terrestrial digital broadcasting hinges on the prices of television sets and the development of new services.譯文： 地球上數(shù)碼電視廣播的成敗取決于電視機的銷售價格和新型服務(wù)的開發(fā)。改進的譯文：

35.原文：When a tariff is imposed on an import, the direct impact on price is to raise it by the amount of the tariff.譯文：對進口征收關(guān)稅時，對價格的直接影響就是通過稅額把它提高。改進的譯文：

36.原文： For our study please send us two copies in English of the methods of analysis you adopt in your lab of chemical fertilizes — like urea.譯文： 請將貴方尿素化肥實驗室采用的檢驗方法的英文本寄兩份給我們研究。改進的譯文：

37.原文：The corporate charter also authorizes the corporation to issue and sell shares of stock, or ownership in the corporation, to enable the corporation to raise money.譯文： 公司營業(yè)執(zhí)照授權(quán)公司發(fā)行和銷售股票，認購公司的所有權(quán)為公司籌措資金。改進的譯文：

38.原文：Direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.This can amount to a small percentage of the equity of the company being acquired, perhaps even as little as 10 percent.譯文：當投資受到控制時，企業(yè)往往采用直接投資，但這種投資只占企業(yè)所獲得資產(chǎn)凈值的一小部分，甚至只占10%。改進的譯文：

39.原文：If a firm anticipates the future imposition of quotas, its strategy will be to gain as much market share as possible regardless of profitability.譯文：如果公司預(yù)計未來會對配額征稅，該公司就會不考慮贏利性而實施盡可能拓寬市場的策略。改進的譯文：

40.原文：Under the existing law, properties that can be entrusted are limited to money, securities, money claims, and movable and immovable assets.譯文：依據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律，可以相信的財產(chǎn)限于金錢、證券、貨幣索賠、動產(chǎn)和不動產(chǎn)。改進的譯文： 第二套試卷

31.原文：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.譯文：9月20日后，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何訂單或收據(jù)。改進的譯文：

32.原文：It is obviously out of question to effect two shipments of crude oil by the end of October.譯文：十月底發(fā)運兩船原油顯然是辦不到的。改進的譯文：

33.原文：Future prospects are dim, and analysts are uncertain when the global IT-related recession will bottom out.譯文：發(fā)展前景非常暗淡，全球與信息技術(shù)相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟衰退探底的時候分析家們還不確定。

改進的譯文：

34.原文：Both heavy-duty trucks and platform trucks enquired for in your Fax under replay are not available for supply.譯文：貴方所詢載重汽車及平板車均無貨可供。改進的譯文：

35.原文：The goods we received contrary to our instructions are packed in wooden cases without iron hoops.譯文：收到的貨物與我們的指示不同，是包裝在沒有鐵腰子的木箱里。改進的譯文：

36.原文：To extend direct customer support, we launched the largest retraining and redeployment program in our history.譯文：為了擴大對顧客直接的支持，我們發(fā)射了歷史上規(guī)模最大的重新培訓(xùn)計劃和重新部署計劃。改進的譯文：

37.原文：Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders, to governmental agencies, and to the public.譯文：大公司有責任向其股東、政府代理機構(gòu)和廣大公眾說明公司的財務(wù)狀況。改進的譯文：

38.原文：International trade transactions refer to the exportation of goods or services from one country to another, which is the importing country.譯文: 國際貿(mào)易是指將商品或服務(wù)從一個國家出口到另一個國家，這另一個國家也就是進口的國家。改進的譯文：

39.原文：Preferential tax treatment that the US government extends to corporations runs counter to a WTO agreement that bans export subsidies.譯文：美國政府實行優(yōu)惠稅制的做法，傳遞給各企業(yè)，違反了WTO關(guān)于禁止出口子公司的協(xié)議。改進的譯文：

40.原文：It is regrettable that our business is still bad although we have marked down our price considerably.譯文：令人遺憾地是，我方的經(jīng)營狀況仍未好轉(zhuǎn)，盡管我方已經(jīng)大幅下調(diào)我方的價格，改進的譯文：

第三套試卷

31.原文：The number of bank accounts that are closed compulsorily has been increasing rapidly.譯文：被強制關(guān)閉的銀行賬戶數(shù)量在快速增長。改進的譯文：

32.原文：Your claim should be supported by sufficient evidence.譯文：你方聲稱必須有充分的證據(jù)。改進的譯文：

33.原文：Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.譯文：商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)、配送、銷售等一切活動的組合，通過銷售活動，創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟盈余。

改進的譯文：

34.原文：Plastics for industrial purposes are not valuable because they are colorful.譯文：工業(yè)用的塑料沒有價值，因為它們五顏六色。改進的譯文：

35.原文：As we have always received your payment punctually, we are puzzled to have had neither remittance nor report in connection with our current statement of June30.譯文: 在我方準時收到貴方的付款的同時，我方既未收到匯款，也未收到任何關(guān)于6月30日的報表的報告，深感不解。

改進的譯文：

原文: Marketing is a pervasive social activity that goes considerably beyond the selling of toothpaste, soap, and steel.譯文：營銷是一種不同于牙膏和鋼鐵銷售的活動。改進的譯文：

37.原文：Industries in which two leading companies compete head-to-head to the exclusion of all others, such as in the US soft drinks industry, are relatively rare.譯文：兩大龍頭企業(yè)所在的產(chǎn)業(yè)進行短兵相接的競爭，將其他所有企業(yè)排除在外，如在美國的軟飲料產(chǎn)業(yè)，這種情況相對來說還是少有的。

改進的譯文：

38.原文：Regarding the purchase of leans, the operational plans said one requirement would be to acknowledge the profitability and bright prospects of an enterprise in such fields as technology, brands and manpower.譯文：就貸款的購買而言，操作計劃規(guī)定了一個要求，就是要認可一家企業(yè)在諸如技術(shù)、商標和人力領(lǐng)域所具備的獲利能力和光明前景。改進的譯文：

39.原文：Multinational bank?s services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker?s acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.譯文：跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開立銀行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行歐洲貨幣債券。改進的譯文：

40.原文：The organization-wide strategic planning process consists of(1)defining the organization?s mission,(2)setting organizational objectives,(3)conducting an organizational portfolio analysis, and(4)designing organizational strategic to achieve the objectives.譯文：企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略計劃過程包括（1）確定企業(yè)的任務(wù)，（2）確定企業(yè)的目標，（3）進行組織文件分析，（4）制定實現(xiàn)目標的策略。改進的譯文：

第四套試卷

31.原文：There is no financial risk in selling to East European countries on credit.譯文：向東歐各國借記是沒有財務(wù)風險的。

改進的譯文： 32.原文：Considering the friendly business relationship between our two banks, we decided not charge you the overdue interests.譯文：鑒于貴我兩行之間的友好業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系，我行不決定收取貴行過期利益。

改進的譯文：

33.原文: The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency;it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.譯文: 計算機使人類的能力產(chǎn)生巨大的飛躍；它削弱了人類從事實踐工作甚至理論工作的智慧。

改進的譯文:

34.原文：The integration of computer systems is indispensable in unifying documentation and also for such task as the placing of orders with factories, product delivery and information management.譯文：電腦程序的統(tǒng)一在統(tǒng)一文件以及向工廠下單、產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨以及信息管理任務(wù)中是不可或缺的。改進的譯文：

35.原文：Sino-British links have multiplied---political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.譯文: 中英在政治、商務(wù)、教育、文化、國防和科技的聯(lián)系成倍地增加了。

改進的譯文：

36.原文: Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.譯文： 貨物保險會使貿(mào)易商免受許多風險所可能造成的損失。改進的譯文：

37.原文：The developed countries are rich in skilled work force and capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts, and so on.譯文: 發(fā)達國家熟練勞動力和資本方面非常富裕，所以能集中生產(chǎn)很多技術(shù)密集型的產(chǎn)品，比如計算機、飛機。改進的譯文：

38.原文: To avert the danger of major defaults and to restore security to the economic systems, Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries, terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.譯文: 為了轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生在重大的宣布無力償還債務(wù)事件的危險,并使經(jīng)濟體制恢復(fù)鞏固,西方各國金融機構(gòu)和政府必須確保對各發(fā)展中國家強制實行公平合理的還債條件,確保這些條件不至于引發(fā)革命或混亂。改進的譯文:

39.原文：The EEC?s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding ￡13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.譯文：歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體的共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策是個奇怪的政策，它要使英國家庭平均每周在食品開銷上多支出13.5英鎊。改進的譯文：

40.原文：Since silver and gold are inconvenient to carry and to assay for purity and for weight, it became customary for each state to stamp out in coin form a specified number of ounces of gold carrying the seal of the state to guarantee purity and weight.譯文：由于攜帶進金銀以及給金銀的純度和重量進行鑒別都不方便，因此，以往通常的做法是，每個國家把特定數(shù)量盎司的黃金沖壓成金幣，以此來保證純度和重量。改進的譯文：

第五套試卷

31.原文： Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.譯文：發(fā)貨收到了購貨訂單上所規(guī)定的時間的影響。改進的譯文：

32.原文：The installation should be commenced as soon as all the remaining problems have been cleared up.譯文：待剩下的問題都解決了之后安裝就應(yīng)立即被開始。改進的譯文：

33.原文：Concerns have been raised over the ability of Internet banking services to verify the identity of new depositors or to guarantee the security of customer transactions.譯文：就網(wǎng)上銀行服務(wù)是否有能力證實新存款人的身份或者是否有能力確?？蛻艚灰装踩@一問題，已經(jīng)受到人們的高度關(guān)注。改進的譯文：

34.原文：A plunging dollar could reignite inflations as imports grow more costly.譯文：隨著進口貨物的價格上漲，下降的美元會再次引發(fā)通貨膨脹。改進的譯文：

35.原文：Not only a panic run on banks, but snowballing deposit cancellation could trigger an ominous chain reaction leading to a financial crisis.譯文: 不僅僅是在各家銀行所發(fā)生的恐慌性奔跑，還有那如滾雪球般的取消存款，都有可能引發(fā)導(dǎo)致不良連鎖反應(yīng)的金融危機。改進的譯文：

36.原文: In the past few years companies from oil giant Shell to U.S.carmaker Ford have found common ground with environmental groups.譯文：在過去幾年中，從殼牌石油巨頭到美國制造商福特公司都和環(huán)境保護團體找到共同的基礎(chǔ)。改進的譯文：

37.原文：Personal experience and expert advice include past performances, professional education and training, and communication with policy makers, facility owners and users.譯文：個人的經(jīng)驗和專家的建議包括過去業(yè)績、職業(yè)教育和培訓(xùn)、與政策制定者的溝通及各種設(shè)施的所有者和使用者等。

改進的譯文：

38.原文：To promote high-speed internet connection in rural areas, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications plans to allow local government to provide rural residents with access to wireless broadband services.譯文：為了促銷農(nóng)村地區(qū)的高速網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接設(shè)備，內(nèi)務(wù)部計劃允許地方政府為農(nóng)村居民提供連接無線寬帶網(wǎng)的服務(wù)。改進的譯文： 39.原文：Over the period from 1978 to 1996, many of the distortions and rigidities of the former central planning system were eliminated and market forces came to play an increasingly important role in economic decision making.譯文：自1978到9996年這段時間里，在中央計劃經(jīng)濟體制下以往的那些歪曲和僵硬有許多都被拋棄了，市場力量在經(jīng)濟決策中起了越來越重要的作用。改進的譯文：

40.原文：The retailers perform many functions.First, he may provide a convenient location.Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells.Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising.譯文：零售商還發(fā)揮許多功能。其一，他可提供便利的場地；其二，零售商對他所售出的商品提供擔保和服務(wù)；其三，零售商幫助促銷產(chǎn)品，經(jīng)常進行商品展示活動和發(fā)布廣告。

改進的譯文：

Ⅳ.Business Letter Translation from English to Chinese(20 points)

第一套試卷 41.Gentlemen, We are in receipt of your telegram of May 6, from which we understand that you have booked our order for 2000 dozens of shirts.In reply, we have the pleasure of informing you that the confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit No.7634, amounting to $17 000, has been opened this morning through the Commercial Bank, Tokyo.Upon receipt of the same, please arrange shipment of the goods booked by us with the least possible delay.We are informed that S.S.“Wuxi” is scheduled to sail from your city to our port on May 28.We wish that the shipment will be carried by that steamer.Should this trial order prove satisfactory to our customers, we can assure you that repeat orders in increased quantities will be placed.Your close cooperation in this respect will be highly appreciated.In the meantime we look forward to your ship advice.Yours sincerely, 第二套試卷 41.Dear Sirs, Referring to our previous letters and cables, we wish to call your attention to the fact that up to the present moment no news has come from you about the shipment under the captioned contract.As you have been informed in one of our previous letters, the users are in urgent need of the machines contracted and are in fact pressing us for an early delivery.Under the circumstances, it is obviously impossible for us to extend L/C No.6735 again, which expires on 20th December, and we feel it our duty to remind you of this matter again.Yours truly, 第三套試卷 41.Gentlemen, More people are now saving their time and efforts by preparing meals the modern way —— the microwave cooking way.No longer do you need to wait hours for food to be prepared.Microwave cooking is quick, clean and inexpensive.What you need to do is just to press the switch, and then this new cooker will permit you to serve mouth-watering meals in no time at all.Read the enclosed brochure and learn why more and more people are rushing for microwave ovens.During the month of July we are ready to offer you Golden Star microwave ovens at a 10% saving on the regular price.Take a moment to fill in the enclosed order form and we are sure to deliver the goods you need promptly.We hope to do business with you soon!Yours sincerely, 第四套試卷 41.Dear Sirs，We have carefully studied your letter of Dec.14.As our two firms have done business with each other for so many years, we should like to grant your request to lower the prices of our underwear.But there are difficulties.Our cost of raw materials has risen sharply in the past three months and to reduce prices by 5% you mentioned could not be done without considerably lowering our standards of quality.This is something we are not prepared to do.Instead of 5% reduction on underwear, we suggest a reduction of 3% on all lines.On orders of this size we could manage to make the reduction without lowering our standards.We hope you will agree to our counter-suggestion and we look forward to receiving orders from you as in the past.Yours truly, 第五套試卷 41.Dear Sirs, On 1st March this year we wrote to you drawing your attention to what appeared to be an unpaid account amounting to $9000.00 for electronic equipment supplied to you between 10th December last year and 20th January this year.Statements of account had previously been sent to you on 28th December last year and 28th January this year, but we have not heard from your reply.I now enclose a further copy of your statement for your easy reference.We are surprised not to have heard any reply from you on this matter, but if you wish to query any details in the statement, we will be happy to discuss these with you.However, if the statement is in order, we will expect to receive your check in full settlement without further delay.Yours faithfully，Ⅴ.Contract translation from English to Chinese(20 points)

第一套試卷

42.Provided that if, in the opinion of the Engineer, the Contractor is liable to do such work at his own cost under the Contract, all the costs in question consequent thereon or incidental thereto shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, be determined by the Engineer, and shall be recoverable from the Contractor by the Employer, and may be deducted by the Employer from any monies due or to become due to the Contractor.43.The manufacturers shall, before delivery, make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods concerning their quality, specifications, performance and quantity and issue certificates certifying that the goods are in conformity with the stipulations of this contract.The certificates shall form an integral part of the documents to be presented to the Paying Bank for negotiation/collection of payment, but shall no be considered as final documents in respect of quality, specifications, performance and quantity.第二套試卷 42.Arbitration Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement is reached, the dispute shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(CIETAC), Shenzhen Commission, for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.43.If any enterprise with foreign investment goes into liquidation, and if the balance of its net assets or the balance of its remaining property after deduction of the enterprise?s undistributed profit, various funds and liquidation expenses, exceeds the enterprise?s paid-in capital, the excess portion shall be liquidation income on which income tax shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law, be paid.第三套試卷

42.In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative regulations of the Peoples? Republic of China, is to be formed with the approval of the state, the assignment of the contractual rights and obligations shall be subject to the approval of the authority which approved the contract, unless otherwise stipulated in the approved contract.43.Any and all claims, disputes or controversies arising under or in connection with this Agreement shall be brought solely and exclusively in the courts located in Santa Clara, California, which shall constitute the sole, exclusive and final forum for any resolution of any disputes between the parties.第四套試卷

42.If the purchaser receives a claim from any third party for the infringement, the purchaser shall notify the seller promptly in writing of the claim and give the seller information, assistance and the authority to evaluate, defend and settle such a claim.43.When, at the end of the year, the final settlement is made, no re-computation and re-conversion shall be made in respect of income in foreign currencies for which tax has already been paid on a quarterly basis.Provided that if the portion of the foreign currency income of the entire year has not been taxed, the taxable income in question shall be computed and converted into RMB at the exchange rate quotation on the last day of the tax year.第五套試卷

42.If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may, without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that my be known to him.43.Where by virtue of this Article, the Subcontractor is required to effect and maintain insurances and / or to allow the Contractor to take out insurances in the Subcontractor?s name, then at any time until such obligation has been fully performed, the Subcontractor shall produce to the Contractor?s satisfactory evidences thereof in the form required by the Contractor(such as copy of cover notes), including evidences that payment of the corresponding premiums have been made, and in the event of his failing to do so, the Contractor may himself effect such insurance and recover the cost of so doing from the Subcontractor.

第四篇：自考商務(wù)英語翻譯

第二套試卷

1.Often an individual must supply personal accounting information in order to buy a car or home, to qualify for a college scholarship, to secure a credit card, or to obtain a bank loan.Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders, to governmental agencies, and to the public.A.通常，個人為了買車，買房，為了獲得大學獎學金，申請信用卡或從銀行貸款，都必須出具本人的財務(wù)資料，大公司有責任向其股東，政府機構(gòu)和廣大公眾說明公司的財務(wù)狀況。

B.一般來說，個人為了買車,房和獎學金，信用卡或從銀行貸款,都必須出具證明，大公司必須出具財物證明給政府代表和大眾。

C.通常, 個人為房為車會向銀行貸款，并提供財務(wù)資財，而公司出具財產(chǎn)說明給股東和政府機關(guān)。

D.通常，個人為了買車,買房,為了獲得大學獎學金，申請信用卡或從銀行貸款，都必須出具本人的財務(wù)資料，大公司有責任向股東,政府代表和廣大公眾說明公司的財務(wù)狀況。

2.Should for certain reasons the Buyers not be able to inform the Seller of the foregoing details 10 days prior to the arrival

of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the Sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.A.由于某種原因，買方不能于裝運輪抵達裝運港十天前，將有關(guān)詳情通知賣方或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人須立刻通知賣方做出必要的安排。B.由于某種原因買方不能于裝運輪到達裝運港10天前將上面具體內(nèi)容通知賣方或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人需立刻通知賣方并做出必要的安排。

C.若買方由于某種原因不能于裝運輪到達裝運港10天前將上面的內(nèi)容通知賣方，或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人須立刻通知賣方并做出必要的安排。

D.若買方由于某種原因不能于裝運輪到達裝運港10天前將有關(guān)內(nèi)容通知賣方，或裝運輪提前或推遲到達，買方或其運輸代理人需馬上通知賣方并做出必要的安排。

3.All the banking charges incurred in Licensee’s Bank shall be borne by Licensee while those incurred outside Licensee’s Bank shall be borne by Licensor.A.所有在許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由其承擔，所由在許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由許可方承擔。

B.所有在被許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由被許可方承擔，所有在被許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由許可方承擔。

C.所有在許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由被許可方承擔，所有在被許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由被許可方承擔。

D.所有在被許可方銀行發(fā)生的費用均由被許可方承擔，所有在許可方銀行外發(fā)生的銀行費用由被許可方承擔。

4.It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border.A.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家出售它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算得多。B.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家購買它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算得多。C.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費較低得產(chǎn)品，而

從其他國家購買它們用較低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算得多。D.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)。一個國家只生產(chǎn)成本耗費最低的產(chǎn)品，而從其他國家購買它們用最低成本生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，這比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)自家所需要的一切產(chǎn)品要劃算的多。5.This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention.A.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與本公約范圍內(nèi)事項有關(guān)的條款的任何國際協(xié)定。

B.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與本公約有關(guān)條款的任何國際協(xié)定。

C.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與屬于本公約事項有關(guān)條款的任何國際協(xié)定。

D.本公約并不優(yōu)先于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)的與本公約有關(guān)條款的任何國際協(xié)定。

6.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade;it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g.where the insured has to supply an overseas importer, under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives

or subsidiary companies abroad.A.統(tǒng)保單對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要.它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物，如當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨,或在國外委任了銷售代表，設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。

B.流動性對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要.它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物，如當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨，或在國外委任了銷售代表，設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。

C.流動基金對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要，它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物, 如, 當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨, 或在國外委任了銷售代表, 設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。

D.流動政策對出口貿(mào)易至關(guān)重要.它實際上是貨物保險中的一種便利的方法，特別適合于分不同的時間出口的一批類似貨物, 如, 當被保險方根據(jù)獨家代理協(xié)議書向國外的進口方供貨, 或在國外委任了銷售代表, 設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)時用之。

7.A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic

toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to be convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise.A.一個對中國既無過度好感又無過度惡感的企業(yè)代表,在代表公司在華投資,與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前,必須考慮許多因素。

B.一個對中國既無同情感又無過度丑感的企業(yè)代表, 在代表公司在華投資, 與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前, 必須考慮許多因素。

C.一個對中國既無過度感情又無過度感覺的企業(yè)代表, 在代表公司在華投資, 與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前, 必須考慮許多因素。

D.一個對中國既無過度諒解又無過度反對的企業(yè)代表, 在代表公司在華投資, 與一定中國企業(yè)形成平等股權(quán)關(guān)系之前, 必須考慮許多因素。

8.The underwriter realizes this and certainly does not set out to make life difficult for his agency colleagues.However, he has a job to do.Part of that job is to ensure that people who attempt to buy policies because they expect to ‘die’ soon do not succeed in fooling him and his company.A.核保人認識到這一點，當然不會給他的代理同事出難

題，但是他又有工作要做，其中部分工作是，確保那些因預(yù)期很快死亡而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不能得逞。

B.寫字人認識到這一點, 當然不會給他的代理同事出難題, 但是他又有工作要做, 其中部分工作是, 確保那些因預(yù)期很快‘死亡’而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不能得逞。

C.核保人認識到這一點, 當然不會給他的代理同事出難題, 但是他又有工作要做, 其中部分工作是, 確保那些因預(yù)期很快死亡而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不得成功。

D.核保人認識到這一點, 當然不會給他的代理同事出難題, 但是他又有工作要做, 其中部分工作是, 確保那些因預(yù)期很快消沉而想方設(shè)法去購買保單的人其欺騙自己和公司的企圖不能得逞。

9.Shipping details, including whether transshipments are allowed.Also recorded should be the latest date for shipment and the names of the ports of shipment and discharge.A.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否允許轉(zhuǎn)運以及裝船的最后日期和裝船，卸貨的港口名稱。

B.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否轉(zhuǎn)運以及裝船的最后日期和裝船, 卸貨的港口名稱。

C.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否允許轉(zhuǎn)運以及裝船的最后日期和裝船, 卸貨方案。

D.裝船細節(jié): 包括是否允許分船以及裝船的最后日期和裝船, 卸貨的港口名稱。

10.A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.A.假設(shè)是科學家經(jīng)過特別觀察而發(fā)現(xiàn)的具體結(jié)論.B.假設(shè)是科學家經(jīng)過大量觀察而研討的特別結(jié)論 C.假設(shè)是科學家經(jīng)過特別觀察而得出的特定結(jié)論 D.假設(shè)是科學家經(jīng)過大量觀察而得出的具體結(jié)論.Ⅱ.Phrase Translation from English to Chinese(20 points, 1 point for each)11.Active demand暢銷 12.Actual price 實價

13.Acceptance sampling 抽樣認可 14.Advance sheet 樣本 15.Bargain sale 大減價 16.Business report 商務(wù)報告 17.Clearance sale清倉大甩賣 18.Commercial world 商界

19.Demand over supply 供不應(yīng)求demand exceeds supply /supply exceeds demand供過于求.depressed market市場蕭條 21.end-products制成品 22.Direct sales直接銷售 23.Credit man信用調(diào)查員 24.Corner the market壟斷市場 25.Consumer price index物價指數(shù) 26.Custom of trade貿(mào)易慣例 27.Deal direct直接交易

28.Develop new markets拓展新市場 29.Domestic price國內(nèi)價格 30.Express airmail特快專遞

Ⅲ.Translation Improvement from English to Chinese.For each English sentence, there is one or more errors in the translation provided.Please write the whole of your improved version in the space provided.(20 points, 2 points for each)31.原文:Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.譯文: 承包商根據(jù)恰當?shù)姆苫蚍职贤趯碛械娜魏螜?quán)力不帶成見的條件下，應(yīng)該有權(quán)扣留或暫緩支付在不同情況下應(yīng)由承包商支付給分包商的全部或部分金額.改進的譯文 ：應(yīng)由承包商支付給分包商的任何全部或部分金額 32.原文: We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrial certain sectors of the economy.譯文:我們也越來越認識到使某些經(jīng)濟部門實行產(chǎn)業(yè)化越來越多的重要。

改進的譯文：我們也認識到越來越需要在某些經(jīng)濟部門實施產(chǎn)業(yè)化 33.原文: To avert the danger of major defaults and to restore security to the economic systems, Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries, terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.譯文: 為了轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生在重大的宣布無力償還債務(wù)事件的危險,并使經(jīng)濟體制恢復(fù)鞏固,西方各國金融機構(gòu)和政府必須確保對各發(fā)展中國家強制實行公平合理的還債條件,確保這些條件不至于引發(fā)革命或混亂。

改進的譯文: 為了防止發(fā)生......34.原文: Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.譯文:貨物保險會使貿(mào)易商免受許多可能的損失。

改進的譯文：貨物保險會使貿(mào)易商免受許多風險所可能造成的種種損失。

35.原文: Marketing is a pervasive social activity that goes considerably beyond the selling of toothpaste, soap, and steel.譯文:營銷是一種超過牙膏和鋼鐵銷量的活動。

改進的譯文: 營銷是一種無處不在的社會活動，36.原文: A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit.譯文: 人們普遍批判美國強調(diào)物品生產(chǎn)，忽視精神生活。

改進的譯文: 過于強調(diào)物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的占有,忽視人們的精神生活。

37.原文: The developed countries are rich in skilled work force and capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts, and so on.譯文: 發(fā)達國家擁有富貴的熟練勞動力和資本，所以能集中生產(chǎn)很多技術(shù)密集型的產(chǎn)品，比如計算機、飛機。

改進的譯文：發(fā)達國家擁有大量的熟練勞動力和資本，38.原文: Since silver and gold are inconvenient to carry and assay for purity and for weight, it became customary for each state to stamp out in coin form a specified number of ounces of gold carrying the seal of the state to guarantee purity and weight.譯文:由于攜帶銀和金不便,故,以往的方案是做成金幣

改進的譯文: 由于攜帶金印以及給金印的純度和重量進行鑒別均不便,因此,以往通常的做法是，每個國家把特定數(shù)量盎司的黃金沖壓成金幣，同時印上該國的印記以保證純度和重量。

39.原文: In fact, one mould can produce many thousands of articles before it wears out.譯文:事實上,一個模子要生產(chǎn)許多產(chǎn)品前壞。

改進的譯文: 事實上,一個模子生產(chǎn)成千上萬件產(chǎn)品之后才會破壞。40.原文: A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.譯文: 科學家經(jīng)常設(shè)法否定自己的假設(shè), 理論及結(jié)論。

改進的譯文: 科學家經(jīng)常設(shè)法否定自己的假設(shè),推翻自己的理論及放棄自己的結(jié)論。

Ⅳ.Business Letter Translation from English to Chinese(20 points)41.Gentlemen, We enclose an application form for documentary credit and shall be glad if you will arrange to open for our account with your office in Tokyo an irrevocable letter of credit for US$ 8,888 in favor of the ×××Trading Company, the credit to be valid until October 1st.The credit which evidences shipment of 500 cases of Glass wares may be used against presentation of the following documents: Bills of Lading triplicate, one copy each of Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Insurance and Certificate of Origin.The Company may draw on your Tokyo office at 90d/s for each shipment.Ⅴ.Contract translation from English to Chinese(20 points)42.(1)Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between the two parties.If no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted to arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country.The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties.The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.(2)The Buyers are requested to sign and return one copy of this sales confirmation immediately after receipt of the same.Objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyers within five days after the receipt of this sales confirmation, in the absence of which it is understood that the Buyers have accepted the terms and conditions of the sales confirmation.

第五篇：英語翻譯技巧

淺談英譯漢注意事項

1．總的原則（1）翻譯時既要忠實于原文，又要符合漢語的習慣（2）翻譯不可太拘泥。拘泥、刻板的翻譯因死守原文語言形式而損害了原文思想內(nèi)容。好的譯文應(yīng)該是形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一（3）能夠直譯盡量不意譯（4）翻譯的過程應(yīng)該是先理解后表達?，F(xiàn)就這一點作進一步論述。

2．結(jié)合英文寫作特點對語言進行整體理解首先，英文段落的首句一般為topic sentence，然后展開說明。展開的寫法有多種，可分可總，可下定義，可同義重復(fù)，可以代詞復(fù)指等。利用這一技巧，先通 讀全文，便能更好的理解文章的意思，把握段與段之間的關(guān)系，在翻譯時就能在上下文中確定詞義，從而進行準確的翻譯.其次，具體而言：（1）對詞的理解可以從構(gòu)思法、詞的搭配關(guān)系和詞匯之間的邏輯關(guān)系等方面入手（2）對句子的理解可以從句子的內(nèi)在邏輯、成分之間的從屬關(guān)系和句子的語法組成等方面來實現(xiàn)（3）對于長句，可采用如下譯法：順譯法：按照原文順序譯逆續(xù)法：順序與原文順序相反重復(fù)法：重復(fù)前一個詞 分譯法：一個句子分成幾個部分來翻譯括號法：在譯文后加括號進行解釋和說明等終合法：綜合運用上述各種方法

3．表達 正確理解原文后，還要通過適當?shù)姆g技巧用規(guī)范的漢語表達出來。這些技巧有：（1）增詞法。根據(jù)需要增加一些詞語，如名詞等（2）減詞法。根據(jù)漢語習慣，刪去一些詞（3）肯否表達法。原文為肯定句，譯成漢語是為增強修飾效果，可以譯為否定句。反之亦然（4）變換法，名詞譯成動詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞等

（5）分合法。一個長句可分成若干部分來譯，或者把原文的幾個簡單句用一個句子表達出來。

（6）省略法：兩種語言由于存在差異，表達時不可能總是對等，經(jīng)?？梢允÷砸恍┰~和句子成分，如英語中的冠詞漢語里沒有，譯時可以省略4．應(yīng)試中還應(yīng)注意的問題（1）詞的指代問題要搞清楚（2）漢語知識的應(yīng)用，如修辭等（3）部分否定和否定重點。部分否定，如not all;否定重點，如I don't teach because I have knowledge.(我并非因為有知識才去教書)。否定重點為because, 而不是teach。（4）虛擬語氣。這種語法現(xiàn)象有時并非只表示字面意思，它經(jīng)常有感情色彩，譯時要注意。

（5）要認真地通讀全文，根據(jù)上下文來確定詞義、句意，切不可斷章取義，望文生義.5．核對原文 既要核對譯文是否準確、通順，還要注意關(guān)鍵詞的采分點。同時不要忘記全文結(jié) 構(gòu)的表達，這部分還有0.5分呢