第一篇：國(guó)際英文合同范本

國(guó)際英文合同在現(xiàn)代國(guó)際化的時(shí)代越來(lái)越重要，是國(guó)際的交易、國(guó)際的合作等活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)。下面又小編來(lái)給大家提供一篇國(guó)際英文合同范本，給予參考。

關(guān)于英文銷(xiāo)售合同范本

合 同 CONTRACT

日期：

合同號(hào)碼： Date: Contract No.:

買(mǎi) 方：(The Buyers)

賣(mài)方：(The Sellers)

茲經(jīng)買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方同意按照以下條款由買(mǎi)方購(gòu)進(jìn)，賣(mài)方售出以下商品： This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers;whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter:

(1)商品名稱(chēng): Name of Commodity：

(2)數(shù) 量： Quantity:

(3)單 價(jià)： Unit price:

(4)總 值： Total Value:

(5)包 裝： Packing:

(6)生產(chǎn)國(guó)別： Country of Origin :

(7)支付條款： Terms of Payment:

(8)保 險(xiǎn)： Insurance:

(9)裝運(yùn)期限： Time of Shipment:

(10)起 運(yùn) 港： Port of Lading:

(11)目 的 港： Port of Destination:

(12)索賠：在貨到目的口岸45天內(nèi)如發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物品質(zhì)，規(guī)格和數(shù)量與合同不符，除屬保險(xiǎn)公司或船方責(zé)任外，買(mǎi)方有權(quán)憑中國(guó)商檢出具的檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)或有關(guān)文件向賣(mài)方索賠換貨或賠款。Claims: Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable.The Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers.(13)不可抗力：由于人力不可抗力的原由，發(fā)生在制造、裝載或運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^(guò)程中導(dǎo)致賣(mài)方延期交貨或不能交貨者，賣(mài)方可免除責(zé)任。在不可抗力發(fā)生后，賣(mài)方須立即電告買(mǎi)方及在14天內(nèi)以空郵方式向買(mǎi)方提供事故發(fā)生的證明文件，在上述情況下，賣(mài)方仍須負(fù)責(zé)采取措施盡快發(fā)貨。Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after.The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident.Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.(14）仲裁：凡有關(guān)執(zhí)行合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議應(yīng)通過(guò)友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商不能解決，則將分歧提交中國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會(huì)按有關(guān)仲裁程序進(jìn)行仲裁，仲裁將是終局的，雙方均受其約束，仲裁費(fèi)用由敗訴方承擔(dān)。Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.The Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties.And the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.買(mǎi)方： 賣(mài)方:

（授權(quán)簽字）（授權(quán)簽字）

第二篇：國(guó)際專(zhuān)利許可合同(附英文譯本)

國(guó)際專(zhuān)利許可合同(附英文譯本)

甲方：_________乙方：_________鑒于乙方擁有合同所述專(zhuān)利技術(shù)；乙方有權(quán)，并且也同意將專(zhuān)利技術(shù)的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和合同產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售權(quán)授予甲方；甲方希望利用乙方的專(zhuān)利技術(shù)制造并銷(xiāo)售合同的產(chǎn)品；雙方授權(quán)代表經(jīng)友好協(xié)商，同意就以下條款簽訂本合同。第一條 定義本合同下列詞語(yǔ)的含義：1．1 專(zhuān)利技術(shù)，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來(lái)獲得的和／或有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的，適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產(chǎn)品的專(zhuān)利和專(zhuān)利申請(qǐng)。1．2 合同產(chǎn)品，系指本合同附件二中規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品及其改進(jìn)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品。1．3 甲方系指_________，或者該公司的法人代表、代理或財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承者；1．4 乙方系指_________，或者該公司的法人代表、代理或財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承者；1．5 合同工廠系指生產(chǎn)合同產(chǎn)品的場(chǎng)所，即_________；1．6

備件，系指用以代替合同產(chǎn)品或其任何部分的備用件；1．7 部件，系指乙方隨時(shí)書(shū)面允許甲方生產(chǎn)和銷(xiāo)售的合同產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)件及零配件；1．8 技術(shù)資料，系指列于附件一與制造和維修合同產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的圖紙、藍(lán)本、設(shè)計(jì)圖表、材料規(guī)格、照片、影印資料和一般資料，設(shè)計(jì)及其說(shuō)明書(shū)等。但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的資料；1．9 凈銷(xiāo)售價(jià)，是指在扣除合同產(chǎn)品的包裝費(fèi)、安裝費(fèi)、運(yùn)輸費(fèi)、商業(yè)和數(shù)量折扣、傭金、保險(xiǎn)旨和稅費(fèi)之后的發(fā)票金額；1．10 合同生效日，系指本合同雙方管理機(jī)構(gòu)和有關(guān)權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)中最后一方批準(zhǔn)合同的日期。第二條 合同的內(nèi)容和范圍2．1 甲方同意從乙方獲得，乙方同意向甲方轉(zhuǎn)讓合同產(chǎn)品的專(zhuān)利技術(shù)。這種技術(shù)應(yīng)與乙方最新產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)完全一致。2．2 乙方以非獨(dú)占方式許可甲方在中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)和制造合同產(chǎn)品，以及銷(xiāo)售和出口產(chǎn)品 的權(quán)利。2．3 乙方須向甲方提供與合同產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的專(zhuān)利技術(shù)資料和樣機(jī)所需的配件，其具體內(nèi)容和支付時(shí)間，詳見(jiàn)本合同附件二。2．4 本合同產(chǎn)品不包括乙方外購(gòu)件的專(zhuān)利技術(shù)，但乙方必須問(wèn)甲方提供外購(gòu)件的樣本和技術(shù)說(shuō)明資料與制造廠商的名稱(chēng)。2．5 乙方有責(zé)任接收、安排甲方赴乙方培訓(xùn)的技術(shù)人員，乙方應(yīng)設(shè)法使其掌握上述合同產(chǎn)品專(zhuān)利技術(shù)。（詳見(jiàn)本合同附件五）2．6 乙方負(fù)責(zé)自費(fèi)派遣技術(shù)人員赴甲方進(jìn)行技術(shù)服務(wù)。（詳見(jiàn)本合同附件六）2．7 如甲方需要，乙方同意以最優(yōu)惠的價(jià)格向甲方提供合同產(chǎn)品的零件、材料和配件等。具體內(nèi)容雙方另行協(xié)商2．8 乙方同意甲方有權(quán)使用其商標(biāo)，在合同產(chǎn)品上亦可以采取雙方的聯(lián)合商標(biāo)、或者標(biāo)明根據(jù)售證方的許可制造字樣。第三條 合同價(jià)格3．1 按照第二條規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和范圍。本合同采用提成方式計(jì)算價(jià)格，計(jì)價(jià)的貨幣為_(kāi)________。3．2 本合同提成費(fèi)的計(jì)算時(shí)間從合同生效之日后的

第_________個(gè)月開(kāi)始，按日歷計(jì)算，每年的十二月三十一日為提成費(fèi)的結(jié)算日。3．3 提成費(fèi)按當(dāng)合同產(chǎn)口銷(xiāo)售后的凈銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格計(jì)算，提成率為_(kāi)________％，合同產(chǎn)品未銷(xiāo)售出去的不應(yīng)計(jì)算提成費(fèi)。3．4 在提成費(fèi)結(jié)算日后10天之內(nèi)甲方應(yīng)以書(shū)面通知的形式向乙方提交上一合同產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售數(shù)量、凈銷(xiāo)售額和應(yīng)支付的提成費(fèi)，凈銷(xiāo)售額和提成費(fèi)的具體計(jì)算方法詳見(jiàn)本合同附件三。

第三篇：國(guó)際標(biāo)語(yǔ)英文

學(xué)中玩，玩中學(xué)，不出國(guó)的留學(xué)，不一樣教育，不一樣的學(xué)生.中文：成長(zhǎng)快樂(lè)，智慧領(lǐng)航。英文：study your minds,enjoy yourselves!以先進(jìn)的國(guó)際化教育理念關(guān)愛(ài)您的孩子，讓孩子快樂(lè)的走向成功。

快樂(lè)學(xué)習(xí)，陽(yáng)光生活！

快樂(lè)教育快樂(lè)求知

簡(jiǎn)單并快樂(lè)著

1.來(lái)吧！給英語(yǔ)插上快樂(lè)的翅膀，讓我們飛遍全球！2.國(guó)際化理念，歡樂(lè)化英語(yǔ) 3.笑伴英語(yǔ)，走向國(guó)際 4.快樂(lè)英語(yǔ)伴你快樂(lè)成長(zhǎng) 5.學(xué)英語(yǔ)，不亦樂(lè)乎？ 6.國(guó)際化！快樂(lè)化！英才化！7.我們是英才，快樂(lè)英語(yǔ)小專(zhuān)才！8.專(zhuān)業(yè)的國(guó)際理念，培養(yǎng)專(zhuān)業(yè)的英語(yǔ)人才！

英式的教育，中國(guó)的色彩。我快樂(lè)所以我學(xué)習(xí)。

走進(jìn)新魔法，快樂(lè)每一刻；踏入社會(huì)，成就每一天！

快樂(lè)學(xué)習(xí)，快樂(lè)成長(zhǎng)英文口號(hào)：happy learning，happy growing！education works wonders 快樂(lè)學(xué)習(xí)，讓教育升級(jí)！以最快樂(lè)的方式，讓孩子愛(ài)上英語(yǔ)。

寓教于樂(lè)，共創(chuàng)輝煌

融入世界的起點(diǎn)，接軌國(guó)際的橋梁

快樂(lè)的起點(diǎn)，成長(zhǎng)的鑰匙

原來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)可以如此快樂(lè)！

停留一分鐘，別錯(cuò)過(guò)精彩！

致力于讓中國(guó)的每一位兒童成為英語(yǔ)方面的no.1！

用更好的方式讓中國(guó)的孩子愛(ài)上英語(yǔ)，！

拒絕死板，拒絕枯燥，可以讓英語(yǔ)更有趣！

原來(lái)英語(yǔ)可以更有趣！

have funwork hardbe myself 新魔法英語(yǔ)，新式教學(xué)，開(kāi)心上課，輕松學(xué)會(huì)。

雅普教育，先進(jìn)的教育理念，輕松的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，在歡樂(lè)中成長(zhǎng)。

內(nèi)外兼修，告別平凡。

游戲中輕松學(xué)英語(yǔ)，說(shuō)一口流利的英語(yǔ)不再是夢(mèng)想。

讓孩子的英語(yǔ)令英國(guó)人自卑。雅普很自信！

跟我學(xué)，你會(huì)更輕松-----follow me,you will be more easily！

新魔法，新英語(yǔ)，新起點(diǎn)，新太陽(yáng)，新教育。在新英語(yǔ)中沉醉，在玩耍中進(jìn)步，在教育中升華

純正英語(yǔ)從輕松游戲中學(xué)來(lái)，我們做得到！

讓孩子在快樂(lè)學(xué)習(xí)中變成英語(yǔ)精靈，我們對(duì)您的承諾！艷陽(yáng)中起航，讓家長(zhǎng)放心，讓孩子開(kāi)心

玩樂(lè)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)，成長(zhǎng)中受教育，最新國(guó)際理念，雅普教育歡迎您！

寓知識(shí)于娛樂(lè)，在實(shí)踐中培養(yǎng)孩子的能力；立教育之前沿，從素質(zhì)上造就國(guó)際化人才 1 多說(shuō)多滋味 say more.taste more 2 dont be shy.just try.3 豐富自己的口語(yǔ)吧 abundant own vernacular speech 4 生命的樂(lè)趣在于說(shuō)the vital fun consist in saying 5 無(wú)論何時(shí)何地都要說(shuō)say regardless and when and where and all 世紀(jì)之星的搖籃，讓您的孩子輕松走世界

有夢(mèng)有追求，雅普第一步！過(guò)硬的師資，全新的理念，是您成功的基石，成才的搖籃！

全新教育方式，挖掘無(wú)限潛力！

贏在起點(diǎn)，一生輕松。

視野成就卓越，快樂(lè)孕育智慧----國(guó)際的雅普，助力孩子跨越人生！different style!different future!非應(yīng)試教學(xué)，玩樂(lè)中成長(zhǎng)，學(xué)習(xí)的天堂

never give you up!對(duì)孩子的教育成長(zhǎng)，雅普(yup)永不放棄！

在歡笑中成長(zhǎng)，在快樂(lè)中成材，學(xué)英語(yǔ)就到“雅普”來(lái)！

孩子是主角，從他的角度喊出他的心聲。

和新魔法英語(yǔ)一起成長(zhǎng) 作明天的太陽(yáng)！

興趣是船，新魔法是帆，帆是引導(dǎo)你成功的方向!孩子英語(yǔ)的殿堂，國(guó)際視野 的成長(zhǎng)。

1、嬉戲的童年，玩耍的學(xué)習(xí)，雅普英語(yǔ)abc。

2、yup使孩子變得可愛(ài)！yup讓孩子熱愛(ài)學(xué)習(xí)！

3、abcde，學(xué)習(xí)就像玩游戲；12345，天天進(jìn)步在雅普！

4、呀呀學(xué)英語(yǔ)，噗噗玩游戲，雅普英語(yǔ)abc。

5、隨性童趣，寓學(xué)于樂(lè)；英語(yǔ)天下，盡在雅普。

予學(xué)與樂(lè)，越樂(lè)越學(xué)。新魔法英語(yǔ)讓孩子快樂(lè)學(xué)習(xí)。

教學(xué)雅俗共賞，普通中卻方見(jiàn)不凡 1；‘英’歌燕舞，寓教于樂(lè)。2；英才搖籃?！居?；在這里既是英語(yǔ)也是人才的意思。一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)?！?/p>

成功，我們共同創(chuàng)造！

success , we all create together!i hear, i forget;i see, i remember;i do , i understand.熱愛(ài)生活，學(xué)會(huì)生活，創(chuàng)造生活。learn how to love life;learn how to live a meaningful life;learn how to create your life.學(xué)校的目標(biāo)應(yīng)當(dāng)是培養(yǎng)有獨(dú)立行動(dòng)和獨(dú)立思考的個(gè)人，不過(guò)他們要把為社會(huì)服務(wù)看作是自己人生的最高目標(biāo)?！獝?ài)因斯坦

the goal of the school is to develop the human beings of independent thinking and action, however they should view serving the society as their ullimate goal in life.------einstein 教育是幫助被教育的人，給他發(fā)展自己的能力，完成他的人格，于人類(lèi)文化上能盡一分子的責(zé)任?！淘?/p>

education is supposed to help those being educated, to enhance their ability to develop themselves, to perfect their personalities, so as to fulfil the duty as a member of the human race.— by cai yuanpei 健康是最大的財(cái)富

知識(shí)是永恒的追求

health is the greatest fortune, and knowledge is our permanent pursuit.接受生活挑戰(zhàn) 培養(yǎng)全面素質(zhì)

播種生活，收獲習(xí)慣

播種習(xí)慣，收獲性格

播種性格，收獲命運(yùn) habits are framed in daily life;personalities are accumulations of one’s habits;destiny is partly determined by one’s personality.健康是最大的財(cái)富

知識(shí)是永恒的追求

health is the greatest fortune, and knowledge is our permanent pursuit.教師最佳的教育方法是做出榜樣。

the best way of the teacher to teach students is to set up a good example.學(xué)生的健康成長(zhǎng)和未來(lái)發(fā)展高于一切。

the first priority we should bear in mind is to ensure the healthy growth and promising future of our students.熱愛(ài)學(xué)生，尊敬家長(zhǎng)，團(tuán)結(jié)同事

love your students, respect their parents, and get along well with your peers.每位學(xué)生的潛能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的一切

every student can achieve much more than what he has done.創(chuàng)造愉快而又充實(shí)的人生

create a merry and full life.插上理想的翅膀，揚(yáng)起青春的風(fēng)帆

with my wings i fly to my ideal goal, with my sails i head for my safe harbor.篇二：企業(yè)文化標(biāo)語(yǔ)中英文

標(biāo)語(yǔ)：

1、人資行政：

耐心對(duì)待每一個(gè)問(wèn)題，嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待每一項(xiàng)制度，細(xì)心對(duì)待每一件事情，愛(ài)心對(duì)待每一位同仁

every problem needs to be patient, every system be strict, everything be very careful, and every colleague needs caring with love 敢為正直，勇于正氣，堅(jiān)持正義，倡導(dǎo)廉潔 dare to integrity, encourage healthy trends, persist in justice, advocate incorruption 弄虛作假，心懷不軌，私利團(tuán)體，背叛公司

保護(hù)環(huán)境是每一個(gè)公民應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)，請(qǐng)節(jié)約每一滴水，每一度電，每一張紙。。

protecting the environment is the obligation of every citizen, please save every drop of water, each unit of electricity, every piece of paper...2、客服部飲水機(jī)兩旁

感到困難是能力不足，覺(jué)得麻煩是方法不對(duì)

feel difficulty because of incapability，feel trouble because of wrong way 認(rèn)真做事，能把事做對(duì)。用心做事，才能把事做好

work seriously can do right things，work diligently can do things well

3、第二接待室墻上：

創(chuàng)新是企業(yè)的生命之源，創(chuàng)新就是創(chuàng)造新的價(jià)值！

innovation is the sources of an enterprise’s life, innovation is to create new value!只有步入國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的軌道，才能步入無(wú)限延伸的空間！

only into the orbit of international standard, there will be infinite space!考核目的是提升，考核來(lái)源是目標(biāo)。目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向！the purpose for assessment is to improve, the source is target.target is guidance.沒(méi)有完美的個(gè)人，只有完美的團(tuán)隊(duì)！團(tuán)隊(duì)無(wú)敵！

there is no perfect individual, only a perfect team!team, the greatest power!

4、會(huì)議室

會(huì)而必議，議而必決，決而必行，行而必果 necessary, execution, action and result 無(wú)事不學(xué)，無(wú)時(shí)不學(xué)，無(wú)處不學(xué)，成功之道也

learning in any time at any places, it is way of success.匯報(bào)工作說(shuō)結(jié)果，請(qǐng)示工作說(shuō)方案，總結(jié)工作說(shuō)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

report means a result, request means a solution, summary means the experience 學(xué)習(xí)改變觀念，觀念改變行動(dòng)，行動(dòng)改變命運(yùn)

an idea change from learning, action from an idea, fate from an action

5、采購(gòu)部

供應(yīng)商優(yōu)化——雙贏、高效、廉潔合作

supplier optimization: cooperation based on win-win, efficiency and sincerity 關(guān)注技術(shù)的改進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新，促進(jìn)采購(gòu)成本的改善和績(jī)效的提高

to pay attention to technology improvement & innovation and facilitate to improve the cost and performance

6、財(cái)務(wù)部

真實(shí)性、可比性、準(zhǔn)確性、及時(shí)性是財(cái)務(wù)分析的基本要求 want to be a good man, not to offend people, is essentially a cunning man, useless people.7、市場(chǎng)部

左右溝通求進(jìn)步，上下溝通達(dá)共識(shí)，內(nèi)外溝通做方案

8、銷(xiāo)售部

用計(jì)劃和行動(dòng)管理，用事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)話

management through a plan & action, speaking with facts & data 二十一世紀(jì)唯一不變的就是變，創(chuàng)造變化，并帶來(lái)績(jī)效突破性的提高

in 21 century, the only unchanging thing in the world is changing.create change to bring the break through

9、總經(jīng)理辦公室：

抓住不落實(shí)的事+抓住不落實(shí)的人=落實(shí)

pending work + pending person = implementation 正確指導(dǎo)+強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行=管理

correct guidance + enforcement = management

10、東邊樓梯：態(tài)度篇

只想到成功與失敗而不要想到放棄，只為成功找方法，不為失敗找理由，把平凡做到不平凡

“impossible” will be only in the dictionary of the eliminated individuals 社會(huì)充滿著不公平現(xiàn)象，不要抱怨，抱怨自身的原因是努力還不夠

當(dāng)你陷入人為困境時(shí)，不要抱怨，你只能默默吸取教訓(xùn)，悄悄的振作起來(lái)。

11、大餐廳：為人篇

同心可以走得更遠(yuǎn)，同德才能走得更近

more longer with one-heart, more closer with same virtue 你把公司當(dāng)成別人的公司，公司也會(huì)把你當(dāng)成外面的人 when you treat the enterprise as others, you will be also treated as the outsider 黃金定律：你希望別人如何對(duì)你，你就如何對(duì)人

golden rule: you hope to treat others as the way to you 白金定律：別人希望你如何對(duì)他，你就如何對(duì)他

platinum rule: others hope to treat you as the way to him/her 愛(ài)護(hù)公共設(shè)施，保持餐桌衛(wèi)生

care of public facilities and maintain table clean

12、技術(shù)中心：

分析測(cè)和試法規(guī)辦公室：

文件受控易管理，貫徹執(zhí)行要落實(shí)

it is easy to manage the controlled documents, but the implementation should be carried out.研發(fā)大辦公室：

鷹一樣的個(gè)人，雁一樣的團(tuán)隊(duì)！要像老鷹一樣看得遠(yuǎn)，不斷激發(fā)自己的潛能；要像大雁一樣的合作，才能飛得更高!both individuals and team like eagle with far-sighted eye, and constantly stimulate its potential, the team work similar to eagle and will achieve good performance!市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不同情弱者，不創(chuàng)新突破只有出局

大實(shí)驗(yàn)室：

滿足客戶(hù)取決于性能價(jià)格比，今天，你做到了嗎？

技術(shù)總監(jiān)辦公室：

持續(xù)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，是企業(yè)永恒的目標(biāo)

continuous innovation of technology is an eternal target of the enterprise篇三：標(biāo)語(yǔ)翻譯

標(biāo)語(yǔ)翻譯(一)跳出標(biāo)語(yǔ)譯標(biāo)語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)見(jiàn)效最相宜

──中文標(biāo)語(yǔ)英譯的語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)效果(作者:吳偉雄)1.標(biāo)語(yǔ)英譯的通病分析

標(biāo)語(yǔ)英譯的通病，大體可分三類(lèi)：硬譯，誤譯和亂譯。1.1鸚鵡學(xué)舌的硬譯

例1：創(chuàng)一流服務(wù)，迎四海嘉賓。

改譯：first class service to all guests.例2：北嶺旅游度假區(qū)是您的投資寶地。

原澤：beiling tourist & holiday spending area? 上譯以“電報(bào)譯碼”，逐字注音的方式來(lái)譯“度假區(qū)”，因而拖泥帶水，令人聽(tīng)了不舒服，看了很刺目。這和陸谷孫教授2005年8月6日在鳳凰電視臺(tái)的世紀(jì)大講堂上批評(píng)把“收銀臺(tái)”譯成silver receiving counter一樣,實(shí)在離譜。

改譯：beiling resort is a promising land for investment.愛(ài)潑斯坦、林戊蓀、沈蘇儒在《呼吁重視對(duì)外宣傳中的外語(yǔ)工作》一文中指出: “死譯”、“硬譯”、“字對(duì)字翻譯”之所以不可取，就因?yàn)檫@種作法違反了翻譯的本質(zhì)，違反了語(yǔ)言的規(guī)律，從而達(dá)不到交流的目的，甚至造成誤解?？梢?jiàn),標(biāo)語(yǔ)翻譯之道，不是機(jī)械式的對(duì)應(yīng)復(fù)制，而要根據(jù)原文的意思，運(yùn)用譯文的語(yǔ)言?xún)?yōu)勢(shì)，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)明的表述。有的時(shí)候，我們還要“跳出標(biāo)語(yǔ)譯標(biāo)語(yǔ)”，即跳過(guò)標(biāo)語(yǔ)原文的語(yǔ)義表述，譯出標(biāo)語(yǔ)深層的語(yǔ)用真意。1.2 囫圇吞棗的誤譯

例3：創(chuàng)優(yōu)秀旅游城市，為名城爭(zhēng)光。

原譯：build a china best tourist city to win honor for our famous city.這是筆者的初稿譯文。漢英詞典也譯“爭(zhēng)光”為to win honor for。筆者有個(gè)習(xí)慣，譯文出來(lái)之后，總怕有所不妥，或求同行推敲，或向外賓請(qǐng)教。適逢有朋自澳洲來(lái)，于是趨前請(qǐng)教。他問(wèn)：既是名城，這honor是原有的呢，還是以后才有?真是一語(yǔ)驚醒“囫圇”人。筆者馬上從囫圇吞棗的誤解中跳出來(lái)，作出令他稱(chēng)許的譯文。

改譯：build a top tourist city of china for the honor of our famous city.例4：弘揚(yáng)體育精神，促進(jìn)國(guó)際往來(lái)。

另外，細(xì)細(xì)咀嚼之下，“弘揚(yáng)”與“促進(jìn)”，可用“多枝共干”的譯法,以promote一詞譯之。改譯；promote sportsmanship and int’l exchanges.好的標(biāo)語(yǔ)，總是很簡(jiǎn)潔凝練的。動(dòng)手翻譯之前，必須以邏輯思維為基礎(chǔ)，即對(duì)原文的表象、概念進(jìn)行分析、綜合、判斷和推理，才能正確理解原文，得出準(zhǔn)確的譯文。囫圇吞棗，則消化不良,不可能理解和吸收原文的思想，譯文就無(wú)從正確,或無(wú)法適用了。1.3 隨心所欲的亂譯

例5：××市人民爭(zhēng)創(chuàng)優(yōu)秀旅游誠(chéng)市。

原譯：the peoples of xx want to be an excellent travel city.這是隨心所欲亂譯的典型，用詞不當(dāng)，拼寫(xiě)有錯(cuò)不說(shuō)，整個(gè)句子不合邏輯，“人民”變成“城市”了。就是這條英譯標(biāo)語(yǔ)，居然在南方一座爭(zhēng)創(chuàng)優(yōu)秀旅游城市的鬧市區(qū)傲視全城市民和八方游客好幾天。認(rèn)真一點(diǎn)，是可以譯得好的。

改譯：build xx into a top tourist city of china.例6：xx市人民政府?? 原譯：the government of peoples republic of xx.這一有嚴(yán)重政治錯(cuò)誤的譯文曾赫然印在xx市一本對(duì)外宣傳畫(huà)冊(cè)上，而畫(huà)冊(cè)是在境外印制的。那么，譯者若非別有用心，就是極不負(fù)責(zé)任了，把一個(gè)城市譯成個(gè)“共和國(guó)”！

應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，境外有不少認(rèn)真嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)淖g品，由于文化背景、語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和外語(yǔ)思維的緣故，水平是高的或比較高的；但是，要譯起中國(guó)大陸的社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)，政府機(jī)構(gòu)人員職務(wù)，技術(shù)職稱(chēng),以及有地方特色的專(zhuān)有詞語(yǔ)等，則由于情況不明、背景不清，準(zhǔn)確率往往不高。對(duì)此，我們應(yīng)有實(shí)事求是的認(rèn)識(shí)。

標(biāo)語(yǔ)翻譯，是一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、認(rèn)真的學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)，萬(wàn)萬(wàn)馬虎不得，更萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不能隨心所欲，不懂裝懂，視嚴(yán)肅之事為兒戲。2.標(biāo)語(yǔ)英譯的語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)

研究標(biāo)語(yǔ)問(wèn)題，先要了解什么是標(biāo)語(yǔ)。標(biāo)語(yǔ)的英文是slogan；而slogan的中文是標(biāo)語(yǔ)、□號(hào)。何物slogan?它是古時(shí)蘇格蘭和愛(ài)爾蘭人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)吶喊battle cry,也是一種集合信號(hào)gathering word，有引人注意和令人難忘的特點(diǎn)(striking and easily remembered)，有很強(qiáng)的號(hào)召力和鼓動(dòng)力。slogan,喊出來(lái)是口號(hào)，寫(xiě)出來(lái)是標(biāo)語(yǔ),有如下的語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)： 2.1 引人注意，令人難忘

標(biāo)語(yǔ)引人注意、令人難忘的特點(diǎn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生引起人們興趣的視覺(jué)效果，使人易于記憶。海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，筆者在夏威夷就見(jiàn)過(guò)一條畢生難忘的標(biāo)語(yǔ)：

例7：i want you to the army！

其時(shí)，美國(guó)出兵伊拉克，國(guó)內(nèi)征兵起高潮，大街上的海報(bào)中，征兵官員伸出的手指著觀者的鼻子似的，產(chǎn)生迎頭一喝的效果：我要你去當(dāng)兵！適齡應(yīng)征者見(jiàn)了，怎么也忘不了。筆者認(rèn) 識(shí)的一些入了美國(guó)籍的華裔青年,頓有惶惶之感。

例8：tobacco kills more people than heroin & cocaine.美國(guó)三藩市要求大麻合法化的人拋出上述的口號(hào)標(biāo)語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明那個(gè)社會(huì)無(wú)奇不有。但標(biāo)語(yǔ)本身，委實(shí)引人注目。

例9：肇慶市公安局報(bào)警中心

原譯：zhaoqing city center of reporting to the police.此譯與香港街上常見(jiàn)的“報(bào)案中心”的譯文police report centre相比，就遜色多了。先讓police赫然入目，真讓急于找地方報(bào)案的人心頭一亮：可找到了！原譯文卻拖泥帶水，不夠利落。

改譯：police report centre of zhaoqing city(其實(shí),此處的of zhaoqing city也不必用上).例10：來(lái)肇慶兩天，游兩個(gè)名城: 國(guó)家級(jí)歷史文化名城，國(guó)家級(jí)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)。

標(biāo)語(yǔ)的設(shè)計(jì)者在一巨幅廣告牌上把“來(lái)我市兩天，游兩個(gè)名城”寫(xiě)成較大的字體，把后邊的解釋性文字寫(xiě)成較小的字。英譯時(shí)，可先把引人注意的兩句話譯出來(lái),然后譯解釋的部分,如下：

two days in zhaoqing，a visit to two cities.i.e.the city famous for historical culture and scenic attractions at state level.2.2 語(yǔ)聲鏗鏘，語(yǔ)韻感人

slogan是由戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)吶喊和集合信號(hào)演變而來(lái)的，自然應(yīng)有聽(tīng)覺(jué)效果，使人如聞其聲，易于 上口。

例11：酒后勿駕駛。

譯文：if you drink, you cant drive.用押頭韻的drink和drive一氣呵成，鏗鏘的音響效果,給人以深刻的印象。

例12：服務(wù)傳統(tǒng)，以您為尊。

原譯:your satisfaction is our pride 譯文脫乎原文的形式，但忠實(shí)地保留了原文的精神。如改用有和諧腳韻的譯法,朗朗上□,效果會(huì)更好。

改譯：its our pride(that)youre satisfied.例13：龍舟傳友誼, x x奔世界。（x x 兩字是某市之名）

原譯：dragon boat delivering friendship / x x city facing the outside world.在一場(chǎng)中外交流音樂(lè)會(huì)上，外賓給音樂(lè)會(huì)命名為friendship through music，眾人皆曰好。上例可以以此為鑒，再以近韻處理。

改譯：friendship through dragon boats, / x x city towards the world.2.3 語(yǔ)言洗練，言簡(jiǎn)意賅

例14：提高生活質(zhì)素，邁向美好未來(lái)。

這是香港地鐵站海報(bào)上的標(biāo)語(yǔ)。如果亦步亦趨地硬譯出來(lái)，既破壞了畫(huà)面效果，又使匆匆趕乘地鐵的人看不下去。但該譯文洗練簡(jiǎn)明，使人過(guò)目不忘： better living, brighter future.例15：今年更多新貨，價(jià)格更加優(yōu)惠。more for less this year.2.4 句法獨(dú)特，扼要有力

筆者的一位中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)短的句子時(shí)，說(shuō)：揮舞短棒比舞弄長(zhǎng)竹竿更加有力。有時(shí)可用省略句和適當(dāng)?shù)男揶o方法，加強(qiáng)標(biāo)語(yǔ)的感染力。

例16：惠康超級(jí)市場(chǎng)，價(jià)格始終最平。例17：安全環(huán)境齊手創(chuàng)，各行各業(yè)樂(lè)安康。

原譯：work for a safer,，healthier work place.原譯已無(wú)鸚鵡遺風(fēng)了，然而神似十足。假如以a safer place為一固定的詞組,來(lái)點(diǎn)回文韻味，順讀倒讀都一樣,豈不更好? 改譯：work for a safer place for work.例18：立足中華，面向世界，走向未來(lái)。

原文是排比句，譯文也排比譯來(lái)：

base on china, orient to the world and aim at the future.例19：全面開(kāi)創(chuàng)社會(huì)王義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的新局面。

原譯：create a new situation of the socialist modernization construction in an all round way.譯文內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)法規(guī)范，可謂滴水不漏。但是，念起來(lái)要換氣,寫(xiě)出來(lái)又太長(zhǎng)，不是一條好標(biāo)語(yǔ)。用對(duì)偶句的形式斷句來(lái)譯，效果會(huì)好一些。

改譯：create a new situation, modernize in all fields.3.標(biāo)語(yǔ)英譯的可接受性 3.1文化背景與可接受性

標(biāo)語(yǔ)翻譯，由于要求簡(jiǎn)潔，不便交代背景，又罕有上下文作參考，因而要考慮讀者的欣賞習(xí)慣和文化背景，使人容易接受。李長(zhǎng)栓在中譯英遣詞造句的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談中說(shuō):人們?cè)诒磉_(dá)思想時(shí)，遵守“成語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則”（idiom principle），即首先選用語(yǔ)言中業(yè)已存在的表達(dá)方式，當(dāng)找不到現(xiàn)有的表達(dá)方式時(shí)，再使用自由選擇原則（open-choice principle），即根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則創(chuàng)造新的表達(dá)方式。業(yè)已存在的表達(dá)方式就是指成語(yǔ)、搭配、句套子等。如: 例20:桂林山水甲天下。

桂林市政府和中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)2005年4月14日召開(kāi)新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，面向世界征集“桂林山水 甲天下”的最佳譯文, 要求譯文優(yōu)美、貼切，既能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)“桂林山水甲天下”的涵義，又符合譯語(yǔ)受眾的欣賞習(xí)慣及文字表達(dá)方式，易于傳頌。很明顯,這就是文化背景與可接受性的問(wèn)題了。英諺有云：east or west, home is best.我獲優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)第一名的應(yīng)征譯文是: east or west, guilin landscape is best!我的這一譯文，已經(jīng)于9月下旬在北京召開(kāi)的全國(guó)首屆公示語(yǔ)翻譯研討會(huì)上我的大會(huì)主題發(fā)言中發(fā)表，11月30日在桂林舉行的“桂林山水甲天下”名句譯文研討會(huì)上被評(píng)為“優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)第一名”，可謂摘了“桂”冠。據(jù)中新社記者唐咸威的采訪報(bào)道，偉人毛澤東在生時(shí)的隨身翻譯，中國(guó)譯協(xié)常務(wù)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)唐聞生評(píng)點(diǎn)時(shí)認(rèn)為，這樣翻譯，押韻，比較上口，既能準(zhǔn)確地表述這一名句的涵義，也易于英語(yǔ)受眾傳誦和流傳。她還說(shuō)，天下，指中國(guó)還是全世界？這種翻

譯，避開(kāi)了這些，大家都能接受。這可以說(shuō)是跳出“天下”譯“天下”了。

例21：發(fā)展是硬道理。

原譯：development is the only way.珠海特區(qū)原來(lái)的譯文,把發(fā)展的重要性表達(dá)得淋漓盡致，但讓人感到難于接受，可謂過(guò)

猶不及。不少人對(duì)這種譯法都有參與熱烈討論的興趣。外交界資深翻譯過(guò)家鼎大使在一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告中提出如下兩譯：

改譯一：development is the top priority.改譯二：development leads top prosperity.當(dāng)然,如果是development is the only way to invigorate china(“發(fā)展是振興中華的必由之路”),則另當(dāng)別論。

例22：您的意見(jiàn)是我們決策的重要參考。原譯：your views will be very important reference for us to make our policies.如果是在□譯場(chǎng)合，這樣翻譯還是不錯(cuò)的。作為標(biāo)語(yǔ)，就不如下譯更具可接受性了。改譯：your views will help shape our policies.例23：做名城市民，講社會(huì)公德。

原譯：be citizens with social morality in our famous city.詞典上確有社會(huì)公德的譯文：social morality;social ethics；public-spirited。但英美人士覺(jué)得難以理解,不知所云，不如用civic virtues。

改譯：be virtuous citizens in our famous city.例24：請(qǐng)勿亂丟宣傳單張，違者可被檢控。

譯文：it is an offense to litter handbills.這條在香港灣仔天橋上的中英對(duì)照標(biāo)語(yǔ)，一針見(jiàn)血地指出亂宣傳單張是違法行為。違法 可被檢控，照當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕尘?也在情理之中,不言自明了。3.2 心理因素與可接受性

標(biāo)語(yǔ)翻譯，由于要求簡(jiǎn)潔，既要考慮讀者的文化背景，還要考慮讀者的心理因素，使人容易接受,而且樂(lè)意接受。

例25：法律規(guī)定：前面座位必須讓給耆英或傷殘人土。

這是美國(guó)三藩市公共汽車(chē)上的標(biāo)語(yǔ)。英美人士，不喜歡被人說(shuō)老，也不喜歡說(shuō)別人老。在美國(guó)華人社會(huì)，連“老人”、“長(zhǎng)者”也不寫(xiě)了，來(lái)一個(gè)“耆英”。還鄭重聲明，這是法律，叫人不接受也不行。美國(guó)的老人公寓,叫g(shù)olden age village, 敬老院則叫home for golden agers。例23標(biāo)語(yǔ)的英譯,也須做到不言其“老”而“老”意自明，其譯文是： it’s law.front seats must be vacated for seniors and persons with disabilities.香港，傷殘人土還可用the disabled。美國(guó)的這條標(biāo)語(yǔ)，則要讓他們也可以和正常人一樣，有享用person的權(quán)利。而its law的句型,使筆者想起美國(guó)進(jìn)攻伊拉克時(shí)夏威夷報(bào)紙的通欄大標(biāo)題：its war!人人都接受了前方的信息：開(kāi)戰(zhàn)了。

例26：讓wic（婦孺計(jì)劃）幫助你。let wic work for you.不用help，而用work，更具可接受性。3.3語(yǔ)句選擇與可接受性

這里說(shuō)的語(yǔ)句選擇,既包括可接受性詞語(yǔ)的選擇,又包括可接受性句型的選擇。

例27：有困難，找派出所。

第四篇：英文合同

Sales Agreement

銷(xiāo) 售 協(xié) 議

Agreement No:---

This Agreement is made on this date as of June 01, 2011 , by and between the following Parties:

下列買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方經(jīng)友好協(xié)商，同意2011年 月日訂立本協(xié)議。

The Buyer 買(mǎi)方：BEIJING ZHONGYANG GLOBAL TUNACO.LTD.：北京中洋環(huán)球金槍魚(yú)有限公司

Address 地址：NO.200 Jingshun Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, China

中國(guó)北京市朝陽(yáng)區(qū)京順路200號(hào)

Tel 電話：86-10-89669988 Fax 傳真： 86-10-6435 9456

The Seller 賣(mài)方：

Address 地址:

Tel 電話：

Fax 傳真：

Consignee and Payer are appointed by the Buyer as below for the time being.The Buyer should inform the Seller in written form if any change of consignee or payer.買(mǎi)方目前指定的收貨人和付款人如下。若收貨人或付款人有變動(dòng)，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)以書(shū)面形式通知賣(mài)方。

… Page 1/5 …

The Consignee 收貨人：BEIJING ZHONGYANG GLOBAL TUNA CO.LTD.北京中洋環(huán)球金槍魚(yú)有限公司

Address 地址：NO.200 Jingshun Road Chaoyang District, Beijing北京市朝陽(yáng)區(qū)京順路200號(hào)

Tel 電話：86-10-89669988 Fax 傳真： 86-10-6435 9456

The Payer 付款人：BEIJING ZHONGYANG GLOBAL TUNACO.LTD

北京中洋環(huán)球金槍魚(yú)有限公司

Address 地址：NO.200 Jingshun Road Chaoyang District, Beijing北京市朝陽(yáng)區(qū)京順路200號(hào)

Tel 電話：86-10-89669988 Fax 傳真： 86-10-6435 9456

Whereas, the Buyer contemplates to import the agreed products and holds all necessary permits for this kind of importation, and the Seller has the capacity to provide these products.買(mǎi)方需要進(jìn)口協(xié)商確定的產(chǎn)品并具有進(jìn)口該類(lèi)產(chǎn)品所需的所有許可；賣(mài)方具有以供應(yīng)該類(lèi)產(chǎn)品的能力。

Therefore, the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned Product during the period of this Agreement according to the terms and conditions stated below:

為此，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方同意在本協(xié)議有效期內(nèi)按照以下的條款購(gòu)買(mǎi)/供應(yīng)下述產(chǎn)品：

1.PRODUCT & PRICE 產(chǎn)品及價(jià)格

Product 產(chǎn)品：------------Frozen Tuna(---------)冷凍金槍魚(yú)

COMMODITYGRADENET/CTNQ’TYUNIT PRICEAMOUNT 品 名等級(jí)單箱凈重?cái)?shù)量單價(jià)(CFR 新港)總價(jià)

Origin 產(chǎn)地：

… Page 2/5 …

Negotiated and agreed according to market price per season and the Buyer confirmed in written form of Purchase order(See Annex One).The Seller confirmed in form of Invoice.參照市場(chǎng)行情價(jià)格每季度協(xié)商確定。買(mǎi)方以定單（參見(jiàn)附件一）的書(shū)面形式確認(rèn)價(jià)格及數(shù)量，賣(mài)方以發(fā)票形式確認(rèn)價(jià)格及數(shù)量。

2.INSURANCE : TO BE COVERED BY THE SELLER

3.保險(xiǎn)由賣(mài)方負(fù)擔(dān)。

3.PURCHASE ORDER 訂貨單

During the Period of this Agreement, as for each shipment, the Buyer should contact in advance with the Seller on the quantity, delivery time and other particulars of this shipment, and based on the consultation results, issue a written Purchase Order to the Seller, stating the quantity, unit price and delivery time and other particulars agreed by the Seller.The Seller shall arrange the shipment as agreed and issue an invoice to the Buyer.在本協(xié)議期內(nèi)，對(duì)于每批貨，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)事先與賣(mài)方就數(shù)量、交貨時(shí)間及其它特定條件進(jìn)行洽談。

在賣(mài)方認(rèn)可這些條件后，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)向賣(mài)方發(fā)送注明數(shù)量、交貨時(shí)間及其它特定條件的訂貨單。賣(mài)方應(yīng)按照訂貨單的要求安排發(fā)貨并開(kāi)具銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票。

The Purchase Order will be prepared by the Buyer.Its format is enclosed as Annex One of this Agreement and shall be adopted by the Buyer.買(mǎi)方應(yīng)使用并填寫(xiě)本協(xié)議附件一所示的訂貨單。

4.DELIVERY TERMS 發(fā)貨條款

CFR XINGANG

Period of shipment：

The specific time for each shipment will be showed on the purchase order and should be determined when the Seller receives the Buyer’s purchase order.發(fā)貨期：

具體交貨日期會(huì)顯示在訂貨單上，并應(yīng)在賣(mài)方接到買(mǎi)方的訂貨單后確定。Transportation 運(yùn)輸方式：By sea container海運(yùn)

The seller will provide the completed documents required by Buyer and conform to the law of CIQ and china customs.賣(mài)方所提供的單據(jù)必須齊全,并符合中國(guó)有關(guān)法律。

… Page 3/

55.PAYMENT TERMS 付款方式

The Buyer should pay byT/T ：15 days after declaration of the goods by the buyer and T/T to the account of the seller.買(mǎi)方應(yīng)在其收到貨后15天之內(nèi)將貨款付給賣(mài)方

6.收款人賬號(hào)信息:

INFORMATION OF BANK ACCOUNT OF THE SELLER:

7.CLAIMS 索賠條款

The products must be checked upon delivery.Claims due to quality of the Tuna must be made in

written immediately and for maximum 7 days after delivery.Tuna subject to claim must not be resold

without Agreement.The seller should issue credit note for the claim within 1 month after claim.買(mǎi)方應(yīng)在貨物運(yùn)抵后即刻檢查貨物的狀態(tài)。對(duì)于提出索賠的貨物，買(mǎi)方不得在未經(jīng)賣(mài)方許可的情況下銷(xiāo)售。賣(mài)方在接到買(mǎi)方提交的索賠報(bào)告后，應(yīng)在1個(gè)月內(nèi)開(kāi)具索賠通知單。

The Invoiced amount must always be paid in full as agreed.Deduction from an invoice can only be

done if the Seller has issued a credit note.只有賣(mài)方開(kāi)具索賠通知單（Credit Note）的情況下，買(mǎi)方才可沖抵發(fā)票金額。否則，發(fā)票金額必須全額支付。

8.CONFIDENTIALITY 保密條款

Both parties are obliged not to publish the content of this Agreement, also including cases of

disagreement, to competitors, press, TV etc.and not to disclose any content of this Agreement to any

other third party unless the PRC laws and regulations require otherwise.買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都不得以任何形式向競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手、新聞媒體及任何第三方透露本協(xié)議中的內(nèi)容，除非中國(guó)的法律和法規(guī)要求如此。

9.PERIOD OF AGREEMENT 協(xié)議期限

The period of this Agreement is June 2011 – Dec.2011

本協(xié)議有效期為自------

… Page 4/5 …

10.TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT 協(xié)議的解除

One Party has the right to terminate this Agreement unilaterally prior to the expiry of this Agreement

if any of the above terms/conditions are breached by the other Party.The unilateral termination will

take effect when a written notice has been duly issued to the default Party.若協(xié)議一方有任何違反上述條款的行為，則另一方有權(quán)在協(xié)議到期前單方解除協(xié)議。當(dāng)違約方收到另一方解除協(xié)議的書(shū)面通知時(shí)，本協(xié)議自動(dòng)失效。

The Termination of this Agreement will not relieve the default Party of any responsibility and

obligations under this Agreement which has occurred prior to termination of this Agreement.本協(xié)議的終止并不免除違約方在協(xié)議終止前、協(xié)議中規(guī)定的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。

11.DISPUTE RESOLUTION 爭(zhēng)議的解決

Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Agreement which cannot be amicably settled

between the parties, shall be submitted to No.2 Intermediate People’s Court of Beijing for hearing.If

the disputed amount is too low to meet the acceptance criterion of the above said Court, the dispute

shall be submitted to People’s Court of Beijing Chaoyang District for resolution.任何有關(guān)本協(xié)議的爭(zhēng)議或糾紛應(yīng)先通過(guò)友好協(xié)商解決。若協(xié)商仍無(wú)法解決，則應(yīng)提交北京市第二中級(jí)人民法院審理。若標(biāo)的不足以達(dá)到上述法院的受理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，則應(yīng)遞交北京市朝陽(yáng)區(qū)人民法院受理。

Buyer：Beijing Zhongyang Global TunaCo.Ltd.買(mǎi)方：北京中洋環(huán)球金槍魚(yú)有限公司

For & On behalf of:

授權(quán)代表

Seller:

賣(mài)方：

For & On behalf of :

授權(quán)代表：

… Page 5/5 …

第五篇：英文合同

美國(guó)資深律師經(jīng)驗(yàn)：二十一世紀(jì)寫(xiě)好合同的五十招（英漢對(duì)照）作者：James.Martin 來(lái)源： 梅世杰的日志美國(guó)資深律師經(jīng)驗(yàn)：二十一世紀(jì)寫(xiě)好合同的五十招（英漢對(duì)照）

作者：James.Martin

FIFTY TIPS FOR WRITING THE 21ST CENTURY CONTRACT THAT STAYS OUT OF COURT

二十一世紀(jì)寫(xiě)好合同的五十招

作者：James.Martin

譯者：胡清平

Published in The Florida Bar Journal, Nov.2000

（本文于2000年11月發(fā)表于美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州的律師雜志上）

Note: This article is for background purposes only and is not intended as legal advice.作者注：本文僅供參考，并不旨在提供法律意見(jiàn)

譯者注：翻譯本文并未得到原作者同意，故譯文僅供學(xué)習(xí)和研究使用.------------------Welcome to the 21st Century.Where practicing law requires us to don the garb of computers and the Internet.And where litigation is as costly as ever.Lawyer bills running $10,000 a month are not unusual in a hotly contested breach of contract lawsuit.With every word, phrase and sentence carrying the potential for winning or losing, the stakes are high.Simple logic, therefore, directs us to cautious and thoughtful drafting.新世紀(jì)的到來(lái)，要求我們?cè)诜蓪?shí)踐中應(yīng)該多用電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，不過(guò)，訴訟成本還是那么地高，面對(duì)日益競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的違約訴訟，律師每月開(kāi)出1萬(wàn)美元的賬單也是常有的事。合同中的每一個(gè)字，每一個(gè)詞，每一句話，都意味著潛在的輸或贏，換句話說(shuō)，押在這上面下的賭注也很大，所以，在起草合同時(shí)要把握兩條原則：小心謹(jǐn)慎和深思熟慮。

Drafting contracts is actually one of the simple pleasures of practicing law.Just 3 years ago at this Convention I presented 50 tips for contract writing.This article updates those tips in the context of our new tools and abilities.Following these tips could result in your writing a contract so clear no one will want to litigate it, saving your client from the trials and tribulations of litigation, truly a good reason to write the contract that stays out of court.然而，起草合同的確又是法律實(shí)踐中一件有意思的事兒。大約三年前，也是在這樣一個(gè)會(huì)議上，我提出了合同起草的50招。本文在那些招數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合一些新的工具和技能，推出了下面這個(gè)新版本,但愿它們能幫助你起草無(wú)可挑剔的合同，讓你的客戶(hù)免受訴訟的困擾。

These tips apply to writing all kinds of agreements: office leases, real estate contracts, sales agreements, employment contracts, equipment leases, prenuptial agreements.They even apply to stipulations and settlements in litigation, where you want an agreement so clear that it avoids future litigation.Wherever clarity and simplicity are important, these tips will guide you there.The Appendix provides a few sample forms to illustrate these tips.這些招數(shù)適用于各種合同，比如，辦公租賃合同、不動(dòng)產(chǎn)合同、買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同、勞動(dòng)合同、設(shè)備租賃合同、婚前協(xié)議。同樣，如果你不想讓你在訴訟中所起草的和解條款與協(xié)議再起爭(zhēng)議的話，也可以參考一下這些招數(shù)。另外，通過(guò)了解這些招數(shù)，你就會(huì)明白，起草合同，清晰、簡(jiǎn)明是多么地重要。本文的附錄提供了一些簡(jiǎn)單的法律文書(shū)范本-----這將有助于你理解這些招數(shù)。

Before You Write the First Word

第一部分：在動(dòng)筆之前

1.Ask your client to list the deal points.This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration.Doing this will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement.1.要求你的客戶(hù)列出合同交易的要點(diǎn)，也可以說(shuō)是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶(hù)弄清合同的重點(diǎn)所在。

2.Engage your client in “what if” scenarios.A good contract will anticipate many possible factual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those facts arise.Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may not otherwise consider.2.讓你的客戶(hù)提供一些假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預(yù)見(jiàn)到許多可能發(fā)生的情況，而且還能清楚地描述出發(fā)生這些情況后合同雙方的立場(chǎng)。和客戶(hù)聊這些情況將有助于你發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你可能沒(méi)有考慮到的問(wèn)題。

3.Ask your client for a similar contract.Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the past or they have access to contracts for similar transactions.3.請(qǐng)求你的客戶(hù)提供類(lèi)似的合同。通常情況下，客戶(hù)都保留著過(guò)去的交易記錄或者是類(lèi)似合同。

4.Search your office computer or the Internet for a similar form.Many times you can find a similar form on your computer.It may be one you prepared for another client or one you negotiated with another lawyer.Just remember to find and replace the old client's name.Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errors of typing.Here are some Web sites where you can find forms:

http:// 5.Obtain forms in books or CD-ROM.Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West's Legal Forms(a nationwide set)and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatises and Florida Bar CLE publications.These can be used as the starting point for drafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording to include in the contract.Many treatises and form books now come with forms on disk or CD-ROM.5.從書(shū)中或者是光盤(pán)上獲取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例書(shū)中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書(shū)（全國(guó)版）佛羅里達(dá)州文書(shū)期刊，另外，在有些論文和佛羅里達(dá)州律師協(xié)會(huì)的法律繼續(xù)教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同時(shí)，你可以把這些范本當(dāng)做原始資料，利用其中某些典型的條款和措詞。更為方便的是，許多論文和書(shū)中的合同范本都有電子文本儲(chǔ)存在磁盤(pán)或光盤(pán)中。

6.Don't let your client sign a letter of intent without this wording.Sometimes clients are anxious to sign something to show good faith before the contract is prepared.A properly worded letter of intent is useful at such times.Just be sure that the letter of intent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely an outline of possible terms for discussion purposes.See Appendix C.6.如果沒(méi)有特別申明，不要讓你的客戶(hù)在意向書(shū)上簽字。有時(shí)候，在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶(hù)為了表示誠(chéng)意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果客戶(hù)急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書(shū)，這也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向書(shū)并非合同，只是雙方為了更好地溝通協(xié)商，而擬定的對(duì)未來(lái)?xiàng)l款的概述。類(lèi)似意向書(shū)的范例見(jiàn)附錄C。

Writing that First Word

第二部分：開(kāi)始起草合同

7.Start with a simple, generic contract form.The form in Appendix A is such a form.It provides a solid starting point for the structure of the contract.Like a house, a contract must have a good, solid foundation.7.從簡(jiǎn)單、典型的合同入手。附錄A就是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、典型的合同，它提供了一個(gè)合同的基本支架。像房子一樣，一個(gè)合同必須有一個(gè)牢固的根基。

8.State the correct legal names of the parties in the first paragraph.As obvious as this is, it is one of the most common problems in contracts.For individuals, include full first and last name, and middle initials if available, and other identifying information, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc.For corporations, check with the Secretary of State where incorporated.8.在合同的第一段要寫(xiě)清楚雙方的名稱(chēng)。，這是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單而又不得不引起重視的問(wèn)題。如果是個(gè)人，要寫(xiě)清姓和名,中間有大寫(xiě)字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯(cuò)，寫(xiě)名稱(chēng)時(shí)可以到公司注冊(cè)地的相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)去核對(duì)一下。

9.Identify the parties by nicknames.Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make the contract easier to read.For example, James W.Martin would be nicknamed “Martin.”

9.確定合同雙方的別稱(chēng)（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)）。為便于閱讀，一般要在合同的第一段為雙方弄一個(gè)別稱(chēng)，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為“馬丁”。

10.Be careful when using legal terms for nicknames.Do not use “Contractor” as a nickname unless that party is legally a contractor.Do not use “Agent” unless you intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specify the scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements.10.使用法定術(shù)語(yǔ)作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱(chēng)時(shí)，要小心。除非一方當(dāng)事人在法定上就是承包人，否則不要將“承包人”作為其別稱(chēng)。同樣，除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱(chēng)其為“代理人”，如果堅(jiān)持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來(lái)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的方案。

11.Include a blank for the date in the first paragraph.Putting the date in the first paragraph makes it easy to find after the contract is signed.It also makes it easy to describe the contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the “December 20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate.”

11.在合同的第一段要為書(shū)寫(xiě)簽約時(shí)間留下空格。把簽約時(shí)間放在第一段，當(dāng)合同簽署后，你就能夠很容易地找到它，而且，這樣做還可以給你在其他相關(guān)文件中準(zhǔn)確地描述這個(gè)合同提供幫助，范例如：不動(dòng)產(chǎn)買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同，訂立于2000年12月20日

12.Include to provide background.Recitals are the “whereas” clauses that precede the body of a contract.They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader(party, judge or jury)up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are, why they are signing a contract, etc.The first paragraph in the body of the contract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are true and correct.This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitals are a legally binding part of the contract.12.書(shū)寫(xiě)引述語(yǔ)。引述語(yǔ)是指那些放在合同主體前面的“鑒于”條款。書(shū)寫(xiě)此類(lèi)條款的目的是為了讓讀者（通常指合同雙方，法官，陪審團(tuán)）很快地了解到合同的主要內(nèi)容是什么，合同雙方是誰(shuí)，以及他們?yōu)槭裁春炗喓贤?，等等。?dāng)然，合同主體的第一段也可以加上引述語(yǔ)并陳述其是真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確的，如果這樣做了，合同雙方將來(lái)就不會(huì)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)：引述語(yǔ)作為合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？

13.Outline the contract by writing out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order.The paragraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion.It is not necessary to write them all at once;you can write them as you think of them.Try to group related concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs.For example, write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this: Recitals.Employment.Duties.Term.Compensation.13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標(biāo)題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順序組織起來(lái)的，當(dāng)然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的標(biāo)題詞，想到多少就寫(xiě)多少，不過(guò)，這些標(biāo)題詞要力求總結(jié)出每個(gè)段落或相關(guān)段落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫(xiě)勞動(dòng)合同時(shí)列出的標(biāo)題詞就像下面這些：

引述語(yǔ)

聘用

職責(zé)

期限

賠償

14.Complete each paragraph by writing the contract terms that apply to that paragraph.This is simple.You learned this in elementary school.Just explain in words what the parties agree to do or not do paragraph by paragraph.14.在撰寫(xiě)每一段時(shí)要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡(jiǎn)單，你可能上小學(xué)時(shí)就學(xué)過(guò)，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說(shuō)明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。

15.Keep a pad at hand to remember clauses to add.It is normal to think of additional clauses, wording and issues while writing a contract.Jot these down on a pad as you write;they are easily forgotten.Also keep your client's outline and other forms in front of you as you write, and check off items as you write them.15.放一個(gè)便箋簿在手邊，以便記下需要添加的條款。在書(shū)寫(xiě)合同的同時(shí)，你可能隨時(shí)會(huì)想到一些需要添加條款、措詞和問(wèn)題，要盡快記在便箋簿上，因?yàn)樗麄兲菀淄?。另外，你最好將客?hù)列出的要點(diǎn)和一些類(lèi)似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在書(shū)寫(xiě)過(guò)程中隨時(shí)查對(duì)。

16.Repeat yourself only when repetition is necessary to improve clarity.Ambiguity is created by saying the same thing more than once;it is almost impossible to say it twice without creating ambiguity.Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write it in more than one way.In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficult concept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and that the example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded.16.除非是為了更清晰地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述某個(gè)內(nèi)容。將一個(gè)事實(shí)來(lái)回地說(shuō)很容易讓人模棱兩可。如果你將一個(gè)概念重復(fù)地解釋?zhuān)抢斫馄饋?lái)就更有困難。另外，如果你想通過(guò)一個(gè)例子來(lái)闡明一個(gè)難以理解的概念或規(guī)則時(shí)，一定要考慮到其所有的含義、這個(gè)例子的準(zhǔn)確性以及它和概念的相符性。

What to Watch Out for When Writing

第三部分：撰寫(xiě)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)

17.Title it “Contract.” Do not leave this one to chance.If your client wants a contract, call it a contract.A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled “Proposal” was not a contract even though signed by both parties.The lesson learned is, “Say what you mean.” If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word “Contract” in the title.17.標(biāo)題上注明“合同”兩字。不要為碰運(yùn)氣而忽略這個(gè)。如果你的客戶(hù)需要合同，就要注明是合同。一個(gè)仍在聯(lián)邦法院里任職的法官就曾經(jīng)裁定：有雙方簽字，但標(biāo)有“建議書(shū)”的文件并非合同。這給我們的教訓(xùn)就是，你怎么想，就應(yīng)該怎么說(shuō)。如果你想讓你的文件成為具有法律效力的合同，就要在標(biāo)題中注明“合同”字樣。

18.Write in short sentences.Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones.18.寫(xiě)短句子，因?yàn)槎叹渥颖乳L(zhǎng)句子讓人更容易理解。

19.Write in active tense, rather than passive.Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent.Example of active: “Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer.” Example of passive: “The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller.”

19.用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)而不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。相對(duì)而言，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子更簡(jiǎn)短，措詞更精練，表達(dá)更明白。還是讓我們來(lái)來(lái)看一個(gè)例子吧，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：賣(mài)方將把此物賣(mài)給買(mǎi)方;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣(mài)方賣(mài)給買(mǎi)方。

20.Don't use the word “biweekly.” It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week.The same applies to “bimonthly.” Instead, write “every other week” or “twice a week.” 20.不要用“雙周”之類(lèi)的詞，因?yàn)檫@有可能產(chǎn)生歧義----是兩周還是每隔一周？類(lèi)似的詞還有“雙月”,所以最好這樣寫(xiě):“兩周”或“每隔一周”。

21.Don't say things like “active termites and organisms”.Avoid ambiguity by writing either “active termites and active organisms” or “organisms and active termites.” When adding a modifier like “active” before a compound of nouns like “termites and organisms”, be sure to clarify whether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one.If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write the modifier in front of each noun.If you intend it to apply to just one noun, place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in front of it.21.不要說(shuō)“活動(dòng)著的白蟻和有機(jī)體”之類(lèi)的話，為了避免模棱兩可，最好這樣寫(xiě)：“活動(dòng)著的白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”或是“白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”。當(dāng)一組名詞（如“白蟻和有機(jī)體”）前有一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)（如“活動(dòng)著的”）時(shí)，你一定要弄清楚這個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)是修飾兩個(gè)名詞還是僅僅修飾第一個(gè)名詞。如果是修飾兩個(gè)詞，可以用排比的手法分別在這兩個(gè)詞之前加上修飾語(yǔ)，如果你只想修飾一個(gè)名詞，那么你就應(yīng)該把這個(gè)詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語(yǔ)。

22.Don't say “Lessor” and “Lessee.” These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped.Use “Landlord” and “Tenant” instead.The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B.This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract.22.不要說(shuō)“出租人”和“承租人”。這對(duì)一個(gè)租賃合同來(lái)說(shuō)是些不好的別稱(chēng)，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)菀妆活嵉够蛘叱霈F(xiàn)打印錯(cuò)誤。可以用“房東”和“房客”來(lái)代替他們。同樣，在合同中也不要說(shuō)留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當(dāng)事人A和當(dāng)事人B......到底怎么說(shuō)，這就要看你駕馭語(yǔ)言的能力了，不過(guò)，要把握的一條原則，即在整個(gè)合同中，對(duì)合同一方只能用一個(gè)別稱(chēng)。

23.Watch out when using “herein.” Does “wherever used herein” mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.23.使用術(shù)語(yǔ)“本文（herein，也可譯為”“在這里”）時(shí)要當(dāng)心。為了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”時(shí)最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個(gè)合同，還是指其所在的某一段落。

24.Write numbers as both words and numerals: ten(10).This will reduce the chance for errors.24.寫(xiě)數(shù)目時(shí)要文字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字并用，如：拾（10）。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯(cuò)誤。

25.When you write “including” consider adding “but not limited to.” Unless you intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intent that it is merely an example.25.如果你想用“包括”這個(gè)詞，就要考慮在其后加上“但不限于.....”的分句。除非你能夠列出所有被包括的項(xiàng)，否則最好用“但不限于....”的分句，來(lái)說(shuō)明你只是想舉個(gè)例子。

26.Don't rely on the rules of grammar.The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal.The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules.Write the contract so that no matter what rules they learned, the contract is clear and unambiguous.Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it.Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation.26.不要依賴(lài)于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。那些你在學(xué)校里得到的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則并不是放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的東西，因?yàn)橛袡?quán)力來(lái)解釋此合同的法官或陪審團(tuán)成員學(xué)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則可能和你學(xué)的不一樣，但不管學(xué)的是什么規(guī)則，撰寫(xiě)合同都要遵循一個(gè)基本原則：簡(jiǎn)潔、明確。檢測(cè)你寫(xiě)的東西是否達(dá)到這個(gè)要求有個(gè)好辦法，那就是去掉所有的句號(hào)和逗號(hào)，然后去讀它。在沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的情況下，選擇正確的詞語(yǔ)放在正確的位置上，這將使你寫(xiě)出來(lái)的東西更簡(jiǎn)明，更流暢。

27.Don't be creative with words.Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning.Contract writing is clear, direct and precise.Therefore, use common words and common meanings.Write for the common man and the common woman.27.不要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造詞語(yǔ)。合同文書(shū)不是創(chuàng)造性的作品，也就不能因?yàn)橐馑嫉募?xì)微差別而引起思考或爭(zhēng)論。合同文書(shū)應(yīng)該是清晰、直接而準(zhǔn)確的。因此，要使用普通的詞語(yǔ),表達(dá)普通的意思，為普通人撰寫(xiě)合同。

28.Be consistent in using words.If you refer to the subject matter of a sales contract as “goods” use that term throughout the contract;do not alternately call them “goods” and “items.” Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition.Don't worry about putting the reader to sleep;worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting for ambiguities to get your contract into court.28.用詞一致。在一份銷(xiāo)售合同中，如果你想用“貨物”來(lái)指整個(gè)合同的標(biāo)的物，就不要時(shí)而稱(chēng)它們?yōu)椤柏浳铩保瑫r(shí)而又改稱(chēng)它

們?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復(fù)更加重要。不要擔(dān)心這會(huì)讓讀者打瞌睡；你應(yīng)該提防的是對(duì)方律師會(huì)因?yàn)楹磺宓暮贤鴮⒛愀嫔戏ㄍァ?/p>

29.Be consistent in grammar and punctuation.The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had better be consistent in your use of them.Be aware of such things as where you put ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style.29.在文法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)上保持一致。你可能學(xué)過(guò)許多不同類(lèi)的文法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)規(guī)則，但在使用它們時(shí)最好保持一致。要特別注意句末的引號(hào)、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)之后的逗號(hào)以及文風(fēng)的相似性。

30.Consider including choice of law, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses.If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some “ammunition” for the fight.Examples of these clauses appear in Appendices A and C.30.可以在合同中加入準(zhǔn)據(jù)法、審判地、律師費(fèi)等條款。有了這些條款，一旦合同引起訴訟，你就已經(jīng)為了你的客戶(hù)打這場(chǎng)訴訟戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備了一些“彈藥”。類(lèi)似的條款見(jiàn)附錄A和B。

Write for the Judge and Jury

第四部分：要為法官和陪審團(tuán)考慮

31.Assume the reader is a knowledgeable layman.If your writing is so clear that a layman could understand it, then it is less likely it will end up in court.31.要假設(shè)合同的讀者是一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的外行,如果你書(shū)寫(xiě)的合同簡(jiǎn)明得連一個(gè)外行都能理解，那么即使到了法庭上，你也不用害怕。

32.Define a word by capitalizing it and putting it in quotes.Capitalizing a word indicates that you intend it to have a special meaning.The following are two sample clauses for defining terms: Wherever used in this contract, the word “Goods” shall mean the goods that Buyer has agreed to purchase from Seller under this contract.Buyer hereby agrees to purchase from Seller ten(10)frying pans, hereinafter called the “Goods.” 32.強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)合同術(shù)語(yǔ)可以這樣做：加上雙引號(hào)并將其開(kāi)頭的字母大寫(xiě)。將一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的開(kāi)頭字母大寫(xiě)表明你想讓它有一個(gè)特別的意思。下面有兩個(gè)定義術(shù)語(yǔ)的例子：

一.本合同中使用的“貨物”(“Goods”)是指買(mǎi)方已經(jīng)同意向賣(mài)方購(gòu)買(mǎi)的貨物;

二.本合同中買(mǎi)方同意向賣(mài)方購(gòu)買(mǎi)的拾（10）只平底鍋，即下文中的“貨物”(“Goods”)。

33.Define words when first used.Instead of writing a section of definitions at the beginning or end of a contract, consider defining terms and concepts as they first appear in the contract.This will make it easier for the reader to follow.33.第一次使用某個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)就要下定義。定義合同術(shù)語(yǔ)不是在合同的開(kāi)頭，也不是在合同的結(jié)尾，而是在這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)第一次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，這樣做，有利于讀者更好地理解合同。

34.Explain technical terms and concepts.Remember that the parties might understand technical jargon, but the judge and jury who interpret and apply the contract do not.Therefore, explain the contract's terms and concepts within the contract itself.Let the contract speak for itself from within its four corners.34.勤于解釋合同中的術(shù)語(yǔ)和概念。要記住合同雙方的當(dāng)事人可能會(huì)理解合同中某些專(zhuān)用術(shù)語(yǔ)，但法官和陪審團(tuán)卻可能一無(wú)所知。所以撰寫(xiě)合同時(shí)要讓合同自己為自己釋義。

Keep Your Client Informed While You Write

第五部分：書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)要常和你的客戶(hù)溝通

35.All contracts should come with a cover letter.This gives you a place to instruct your client on how to use and sign the contract.35.所有的合同都應(yīng)該有一封說(shuō)明書(shū)---用來(lái)告訴你的客戶(hù)如何使用和簽署合同。

36.Tell your client the ideas that come as you write.Many ideas will occur to you as you write: things that could go wrong with the deal, things that might happen in the future, things that happened in the past, ways to structure things better.Write these in your letter to the client.36.告訴客戶(hù)你在撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程中的一些想法。比如：哪些事情可能會(huì)隨著交易變得很遭，哪些事可能會(huì)在將來(lái)發(fā)生，哪些事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，哪些可以讓事情朝好的方向發(fā)展的方法.....你最好在給客戶(hù)的說(shuō)明書(shū)中都將這些都寫(xiě)上。

37.Inform your client of the risks.Writing a letter to the client as you write the contract is the perfect way to inform the client of the risks and rewards of entering into the contract.Frequently, problems do not become apparent until time is spent trying to word a contract.37.告訴客戶(hù)合同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所在。在撰寫(xiě)合同時(shí)，你最好向客戶(hù)說(shuō)訂立合同需要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和能夠得到的利益。通常情況下，只要你花時(shí)間來(lái)起草合同，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)真正的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在哪里。

What To Do After the First Draft Is Written

第六部分：完成初稿后做什么

38.Check spelling, paragraph numbering, and cross references both manually and with your word processor's sp

elling and grammar checker.This almost goes without saying today, especially since Microsoft Word now checks your spelling and grammar as you type.(Unfortunately it also changes “per stirpes” to “per stupid” if you fail to watch it closely.)And now there are even computer programs that check contract documents for undefined terms.DealProof is packaged with Corel WordPerfect for law offices, and DocProofReader is available for download for MS Word 97 and 2000.38.核實(shí)合同的拼寫(xiě)情況、段落序號(hào)以及上下文的注解，你可以自己手動(dòng)來(lái)做，也可以用文字編輯軟件中的拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法檢查功能來(lái)完成，特別是自從有了微軟的 word軟件后，做這樣的工作你似乎不要費(fèi)多少精力（但機(jī)器有時(shí)也不可靠，如果你不看仔細(xì)，它就會(huì)把“per stirpes”改變?yōu)?“per stupid”）?，F(xiàn)在，這類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)的軟件甚至可以幫你檢測(cè)到合同中沒(méi)有釋義的術(shù)語(yǔ)，如：Corel公司專(zhuān)門(mén)為法律辦公開(kāi)發(fā)的文字處理軟件包中的 DealProof軟件，還有可供word97和word2000下載安裝的DocProofReader軟件。

39.Let your secretary or paralegal read it.Not only will your staff frequently find spelling and grammar errors missed by your word processor's spell checker, but they will find inconsistencies and confusing areas that you missed when drafting.39.讓你的秘書(shū)或者助手閱讀你草擬的合同。你的同事不僅能通過(guò)文字處理軟件來(lái)幫你檢查到你沒(méi)有查到的拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，而且他們還能發(fā)現(xiàn)你起草時(shí)沒(méi)有察覺(jué)到的矛盾和混淆之處。

40.Sta