第一篇：中南大學(xué)口語(yǔ)考試

Item One

A: Honey, you promised me to see a film tonight, now I am ready to go.When do you pick me up? B: Honey, I am afraid I can't go with you tonight.A: Why? What had happened to you?

B: I am sorry honey.I really want to go with you.But boss gave me a lot of work to do today.I finish all of them just now.I am exhausted.I am afraid I will fall into sleep in the cinema if I go to see the film.And all I want to do now is just going home and having a nice dream.A: But you promised me.I have dressed up and get ready for everything.B: Forgive me.I promise tomorrow I will go with you.And I will take you to a new restaurant for dinner.A: what kind of restaurant ? B: A restaurant which is good of French food.A: oh..you still remember French dish is my favorite food B: of course.How can I forget the thing that my girlfriend likes most.A: Make sure you can do that!B: Yes, madam.A: OK...enjoy your quiet night and have a nice sleep.B: Thank you honey, it's nice of you, see you tomorrow.A: See you.Task 2 B: Hi, lily.What are you doing.A: Hi John ,it's good to see you, i am doing a research about the modernization of the city.Can you tell me any place that has undergone modernization? B: Of course, I can take my hometown for example.You know, I'm from Guangzhou.And it's one of the most modern city in china.My home is in a town in the north of Guangzhou.I can remember when I was a little child there just were five roads.Nearly all the stores, schools and houses were build alone this five roads.The roads were small but seldom had traffic problem because most of people didn't have a car.It was a place full of peaceful.A: What about now? B: Now my hometown has become much bigger than before.The roads are becoming longer and longer.And the number of the roads has risen up to dozens.Though the roads are wide, they still sometime have traffic problem because of the booming of cars.But I like my hometown even more than before.Because I can go shopping in super market.I can go to different restaurant to have different delicious food easily.I think my hometown is becoming more and more attractive.That's all.What about you? What place is in your research? A: I am writing something about Sanya in Hainan province.I can still remember what a wonderful trip it was to go to Sanya twelve years ago.There had excellent free beach with golden and soft sand, clean and blue sea.And people there is very hospitable.B: It sounds great.What about now? A: Well.When I went there again in this summer, I felt great change.There were lots of big and high hotel along the beach.The beach was still beautiful but most of them were not for free.You had to pay or check in the hotel, or you can just watched the beach but could not get into it.People there always wanted you to pay even just give you a help.Sanya now is just make me feel unhappy.Item two Task one B: what can I do for you, Miss? A: I want to buy this jacket, how much is it? B: it's just 399 yuan

A: 399 ?!I can't believe it.It is so expensive.B: oh, miss.You can see the material of the jacket , it's very soft and warm.It is worth the price.A: But it is out of my budget.Can you give me a 20% discount? B: oh miss, I am afraid I can't do it.But I think this jacket fits you very much, so I can give you 5% discount.A: 5%, it's still expensive.And I think the color of it is a little dark.How about 15% ,I will take it.B:Miss, let me recommend this one to you.It has a nice color, beautiful design and a lower price than that one.It's just 299.A: En...But I think it don't have a good quality.299 is too expensive for it.B: 259, I can hardly get profit of that.A: But I don't like it at all.It looks cheap and do not have a high quality.I just like the first one.B: ok miss, I can give you the highest discount of 10%.I am sure you will not regret to buy it with this price.A: All right.Wrap it up.Here is the money.B:Ok, thank you.here you are.Have a nice day.Task two A: last month my cost was out of budget again.I have to think of some way to save money.B: So how to save money as far as you are concerned? A: I think I should not eat out all the time.I know it is convenient and tempting to eat out frequently, but it can end up costing me a lot of money.I think I should eat in the school canteen more often to save money.B: you are right , I think it's very effective to save money.A: and I remember I bought a pear of shoes just because of its appearance, and it cost me about 500yuan, but it didn't fit me at all, So I think I should think more before I buy one thing.B: haha, Impulsion is always a devil.A: And I think I can find a part-time job.It can not only give me some extra cash but also give me social experience.B: yes , it's a good idea.A: Can you give me some suggest? B: Of course.I think you can buy many things online such as books, cloths, stationery and so on.Shopping online is always much cheaper than in the school store.Take books as an example , buying book online always has about 50% discount.I am sure you can save lot of money by shopping online.But you need to be careful, you shouldn't buy what you want but buy what you need.A:En, it is reasonable, what else? B: I think the best way to save money is to study hard.If you do good in your study, the and thousands of yuan your parent spent to let you go to school will have been that much better spent.Besides, you can also get the scholarship if you study well.A: you are right, now I have already know how to save my money.Thank you.Item three A:I just can’t put up with meal in our canteen.They’re always the same even the place won’t be changed B;Yeah,m I sometimes eat out.A:Eat out?That sounds good,more choices

B:Indeed.I often find p;ace that clean and serving quickly so that we won’t wait for a long time.A:Hmm,a clean environment is very important.B:I’ve gotten a spoon that there was still oil on it.A:Oh ,no..B:And I saw some restaurants cleaning their dishes without cleanser essence.A:How can they do that!so disgusting!B:Yeah,so I’ve never been there after that.It seems restaurants around school are always not very clean enough, A:Well,I haven’t gone many restaurants around shool,but I always have meal out when I travel, B:It can’t be without cate when we’re traveling.A:Of course.and it can help we know the custom and cooking culture in that place.For example， people in Guangdong province don’t like hot peppermbu people in Hunan just like it,even when they cook vegetable ,they also add hot pepper in it.And,if I want to tet more quthentic cate, I need eat at some place in the street, that means dishes may very delicious but not very clean B:But you feel it deserves A:Indeed.Task 2 A:I’ve bought a new mobile phone recently(show)B:Wow iphone A:Yeah,but it seems I have a little regret that I spent almost my three months living expenses B:Oh,are you a credit-card binger? A:Though I don’t want to admit that, but I am.Except the phone, I bought things just within my wants but not my needs.So,I am always lacking of money at the end of each month B:So,you borrow money from classmates? A:Ha-ha,no,I still have some saving by myself.But I sometimes hate this habit and I try to control my impulsion ,setting the limits of consumption.It comes a little effect,but I just find that it just away that putting off the date I bought it but not put an end to the thought B:Take it easy,you’re a local tyrant A:Oh,please...B:Ha..A:So you will control yourself to buy thing that you need? B:Almost a lot of time A:A savvy speeder!How can you control yourself? B:Well,may be I haven’t find something I really like so I don’t need to spend a lot.But I remember I bought a pair of shoes just because of its appearance,but it was a bit small.A:But you bought it,girls always like this.B:yeah..The first time I wore it,it made my ankle to bleed for it can’t fit my feet.It was so small and rub my ankle and my heel.I have never worn it after the first time.That pair of shoes have gotten dusty now,and it gives me a warn not to consume with impulsion for these pair of shoes,for my half of living expenses.A:Oh,I feel I should make up my mind not being a credit-card binger now..Item four

A:Have you ever heard of the story that ‘Alice in Wonderland’

B:I heard it long before,it seems an very interesting story but I almost forget it ,tell me.A:Ok.Alice is a girl who bored with tutor’s teaching,and she just round a rabbit with a clock running fast,then she ran after the white rabbit.Unexpectedly,she fell the rabbit hole,and went into a fantsty world populated by pechliar,anthropomorphic creatures.B:Oh,I remembered,the hatter,a strang cat..A:Yeah,they are part of the wonderful land.after the first strange white rabbit with clock running,the next is Dodo B:Dodo?A bird?..A:Yeah.he was dancing when Alice saw him,and he called and even pushed Alice to dance together.But Alice just impatient wanted to follow the white rabbit, and than,oh,she became small after she went into the wonderland.B:She seems ate a cookie A:Yeah, and though she cried but it is convenient for her to stay in this small world,you know, a world for rabbit cat and so on..B:ha,then? A:Then she met met a pair of twins,listened a ridiculous story ,and a crazy rabbit ,that’s the Hatter,to had an unbirthday party, and listened a concert in the garden sang by throw flower but was driven out.then she met a wise cat who like teasing her.And the heart queen,Alice did something annoyed the queen so she was sent to the court and even was punished to be cut head.B:Oh no A:But she just came back, back to the real world.B:Are all of these her dream? A:Yeah,but this just like the real world..I have CD of this.If you want to watch it ,I can borrow you B:Really?Thank a lot!I did want to watch it again,it’s a fantastic story.Task 2 A:The winter vocation is coming,will you go somewhere? B:Yeah,and of course a warm place.A:Well,which capital city would you want to spend a weekend in? B:Hmm maybe Kunming.in Yunnan province.Kunming is the spring city in china, it just like spring all the year.A:Though it have snowed several days ago B:Ha..This is anomaly,but it still has the mild climate,and buildings there are also the old style I like.It can make me calm and get rid of the trouble from my life.And in summer, there is a water-sprinkling Festival in Kunming.A:It sounds good.B:Yeah,the more water poured on your body,the more lucky you’ll have.And you?which capital city will you spend ? A:Maybe Nanjing.I’ve been to Nanjing before,but I still want to go there again.Nanjing is a city with cultural heritage.It was the capital city of six dynasties in Chinese history.Xuanwu Lake,Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum,Office of President,all of these record the history of Nanjing,and the history of China.and you will see the sycamore trees along the street,especially in summer, in some narrow streets, the trees shut out almost the whole street.I like the feeling.And foods in Nanjing are also attract me so long.It is the important reason that I want to go there again.B:You could go there this vocation,don’t forget bring some speciaties from there A:Ha,I will.Item five A:Would you mind doing me a favor? B:Not at all.What can I do for you? B:I wonder if you could lend me your car tomorrow? A:Can I know what you use it for? B:Er....You know my elderly aunt is going to catch the early flight tomorrow.She has difficulty walking,and my cousin isn’t here.So I want to take her to the airport.A;I’m afraid that I can’t lend you my car.Some days ago ,my friend C used my car and have a minor traffic accident.B;I am very sorry to here that.By the way ,was he hurt? A:Thank goodness,he was in perfect condition(完好無(wú)損).But my car got scratched.And I just took my car from the Auto Service yesterday.What’worse ,I got the ticket and also had my licence endorsed with eight penalty points.B:That’s too bad.You really should be more careful with you car.A:why not choose buses or trains？

B：There are no buses or trains as it is an early flight.A: Let me see.Er...Maybe I can take you to the airport.B:Really？It’s so kind of you.Thanks so much.A:You are welcome.What’s the exact time？ B：6:30 am.A:ok.I get it.I will see you that time.Task 2 A：How do you think of the urban life? B:Asforme, life in the city is more convenient.More goods are available and stores are open later.Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around.I can find almost anything I want easily in the city.Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city.There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun.A:yes,haha.you are right.Maybe you leave out something more important, the city offers more educational and career opportunities.The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies.There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder.B:You are visionary.So for all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city.Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that the city offers me.If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city.A：Don’t label the fixture decisive too early.You konw ,there also have so many disadvantages in urban life ,some may really affect our life ,even our health.For example,the pollution problem in the city exit in every aspects,water ,air ,noise ,light...and so on.Urban life may means you will have a life surrounded by many invisible public health emergency.Item six A: hello, long time no see.How are you? B: fine.I want to go to Beijing on vacation.It is my first time to Beijing.So, I am a little worried about it.A:in fact.I come from Beijing.I can give you some advice B:really? It is so kind of you.A:Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.You can go to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on

B:Well, that sounds good.You know that I am a gourmet, I cannot wait to know what are the

characteristic food in Beijing.Can you tell me something? A:Of course, in Beijing most famous foods include sugar-coated haws, Ai Wo Wo, Wandou Huang, Lvda Gun, enema, lib, Chaogan.B:These names sound very interesting.There are so many kinds of food.I'm sure I can satisfy the stomach.I have heard of ice-sugar gourd, it is a kind of very sweet food, right?

A:Yes, mainly,it is a good chance to enjoy the Beijing Oriental style of architecture and customs, and the royal culture.This would be a unique experience for the westerners.B:I deeply think so.I'm looking forward to this holiday.I'm sure I'll like the city A:But recently there are a lot of visitors, it will be more crowded.you need to pay attention to that.B:Ok, thank you for your advice, A:You're welcome.Good-bye B:goodbye

Task 2 A: did you hear of the discussion about abolishing the death penalty? B:Yes, I heard that.They all have their own opinions.A:Can you tell me something about your opinion ? B:Of course, in fact, as everyone in society, in essence, there is no difference.We have similar genes, the same nature A:Well B:The death penalty is a very horrible thing.Crime is sometimes be compelled helpless, some situations are worth to discuss.A:However, if one has broken the law and he doesn't get the corresponding punishment, this is not fair for the victim.B:Yes, I am very approve of your opinion.A:If there is no fairness, people will launch riots, leading to social instability, causing more crimes.B:but, society needs to protect every life.We don't want to see more people die.A:If the odious sinners were not sentenced to death, what do you think should do to punish the them?

B:Maybe life imprisonment can take the place of death, which is also a bad news for sinners.A:I don't think so.What the society need more is fair.If you murder someone, you should be condemned to death , which is a fair decision to victims' families.B:In many western countries, they have abolished the death penalty, which is their respect for life, we should learn as they are.A: indeed.I think this is really a dilemma.I finally know why there are so many different opinions.B:Yes, we have no right to decide, we should pay more attention to these things.Item seven A: Look, this is the photo about my last summer vacation to Beijing.very beautiful, isn’t it? B:of course,so beautiful.so many photos.Have you ever been to many places ?

A: Not so many.going to Beijing is my most impressive trip, so I took a lot of photos

B:really? Then can you tell me something about your experience in Beijing? I have never been

there.A: you know, Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.I went to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on.It was a colorful trip.B:It sounds very charming.The food there is also very colorful, right? A: Yes, I eat a lot of special food there.B:I hope one day I can go there too.A: You will.How about your most impressive trip?

B:My favorite travel is going to Hong Kong.It is a modern city, with all kinds of modern architecture, modern style, there are a lot of fun place, such as Ocean Park, Disneyland, Disney, Wong Tai Sin, the Avenue of Stars

A: Oh, that's a good place.I hear it is very crowded.B:Yes, however, being in a tour group was quite good.There also has a lot of food.Although I

regret not to appreciate the night view of Hong Kong, after all,it was a good experience.A: Yes, perhaps.Through your introduction, I also want to go to Hong Kong and have some fun.B:May you have the opportunity in the future A:thank you.Task 2 A: Have you ever heard of this sentence “men are from Mars, women are from Venus” ? B:Yes, heard of it.But I don't fully agree with the content of this sentence A: Can you talk about your opinion

B:You know, martians value power, competence, efficience, and achievement.They are always doing things to prove themselves and develop their power and skills.They experience fulfilment primarily through success and accomplishment.They always handle problems on their own, seldom ask for someone’s aid.A: Yes, why don't you agree?

B:Because it is the general situation, I am not quite like that.Sometimes I will also pay attention to my appearance, the feeling with others, and so on.In some cases, I will also need someone’s help.In fact the man also will have some same place as the woman.Do you identify with “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus” given of your sex ? A: Not completely.Venusians have different values.They attach more importance to love, communication, beauty, and relationships.They spend a lot of time supporting one another.They experience fulfilment through sharing and relating.Communication is their favourite thing.So, it also takes much time.B:Yes, in my eyes a woman really is like this.They are very talkative.A: But I have some different places, I also very pay attention to success, which lets me feel a sense of accomplishment.And in common situation I am also very rational not intuitive.I hate talking all the time , this is the most difference on me.One thing I want to mention is that we women all like shopping.B:Haha.We have the same point of view for this phrase.Anyhow , just keep it in mind : be you want to be A: do you want to do ,for the best yourself

Item eight A: Hi, long time no see.How are you?

B:fine, thank you.But there is one thing makes me very depressed A: What's the matter ? B:last Single Day, I took a fancy to a coat on the Internet.That dress looks good, and winter was coming, I wanted to buy a clothes for the winter.What’s more the price is low.Then I bought this dress.A: This is a good thing.You have another dress.B:When I got the dress, I found the color of the clothes had a deviation, which was not what I wanted.The dress felt not comfortable.Inside clothes there is a terrible smell.So I wanted to return it.A: how was it going on? B:the seller said it couldn't be returned because I opened the parcel.But according to the law it is to be able to return it.So I feel very disappointed.A: Cheer up, actually I don't think buying things on the Internet is a good choice.I prefer to buy something in the physical store.Last weekend I bought a scarf.It is very beautiful, and very warm and comfortable.B:Really? It should be very expensive, right? A: it is not expensive, only 50 yuan.firstly the boss wanted to charge me 100yuan.Through my bargaining, I finally bought it only with 50 yuan.Bargaining is actually a good skill.B:It sounds very interesting.I also think it is better buying something in the physical store, although it is troublesome.A: Yes, online shopping is convenient, but people are easy to be deceived.Task 2 A:Hi, you look very happy.Why? B:Oh, I just saw a joke.It is so funny.A:Isn't it? Can you tell me the joke?

B:Of course.The Teacher say: If I had seven oranges in one hand and eight oranges in the other, what I have order?

Student answer: Big hands.What do you think of this joke? It is very funny, isn't it?

A:just So-so.In fact, I don't think this joke is very funny.B:Why is it?

A:I don't know, probably because I don't think this thing is very humorous.This may be an eastern joke.B:I'm not sure, but I think it is good.A:well.Then I tell you a joke.Tom: Mom, can I have two pieces of cake, do?

Mom: Certainly--take this piece and cut it two.That’s all.B:Oh, a little interesting,just a little.A:This is our typical joke.Maybe in a different country and region, the joke is also different.B:Yes, our customs are different.And humor is from our daily life.The joke about other cultures is really hard to understand.A:I cannot agree with you more.It is just like you and me.B: yes, so afterwards, when telling jokes with foreign friends, we should pay attention to this matter.A:Actually some jokes in life is very good, which can maintain the physical and mental health B:and it can let us in a good mood, helping us learn more effectively

A:at the same time, to understand other cultures is very necessary.This will broaden our horizons.Well, thank you for your jokes, goodbye B:goodbye

第二篇：中南大學(xué)期末英語(yǔ)對(duì)話口語(yǔ)考試,大一下

Situation one A:Candy, have you found the umbrella doesn't work in Changsha? B:What's your point? A;You know , it's impossible to use such an umbrella to keep away from the downpour(傾盆大雨)in Changsha.B:Yes ,I agree with you ,and it seems never let up(停止).When you reach school through the rain,you get wet.A:To be honest, I really can't stand the climate in Changsha, it is so humid and hot in summer and too cold in winter.when rainy days,the clothes is always sticky,so there is a terrible smell on them.B:It is ture,I often miss the lovely sunshine,because I can hardly see the sun here.It's always cloudy and never clear up.A:I dislike the humid and cold rainy days,it make me unhappy and I often caught a cold because of that.B:You're really unlucky!I think you should put on more close to keep warm in winter,though they make you feel a little uncomfortable.Well,let's keep our fingers crossed that tomorrow will be a sunny day！

Situation two A:Oh,Candy,have you ever finished your work? B:Yes, I just got them done ,so,I'm free now~!Whant can I do for you? A:Well,what about dining out?I know there is a restrant just opened yesterday.B:It is lunch time

B:That sounds great!Are you ready to order? A:I want to try the chef's special recommendations —— Sichuan style crispy whole fish ,home-sryle bean curd(家常豆腐)and egg drop soup(蛋花湯).As for dink, Bud Light(百威)is fine to me, what'll you have to drink ,Candy? B:I'd like a glass of Orange juice.And A:Okay,and It's my treat!B:I think we should sharing the expenses,We are friends,so we are equal,and I can pay for my part.A:Come on ,it's my Birthday,so let me pay for it.Situation three B: Candy,you looks pale,what happened? A:It's my sister, she finds a boyfriend recently.....I'm really worring about her.B:How old is your sister? A:She's 16.B:Well,I think she 's not a little girl any more,and she owns the ability to cope it.A:But I think she should spends her times on her study.The boy might take her attention away!B: So ,as her elder sister,you should give her some advice,and tell her what ture love is and how to love.And you know,in fact ,sometimes,loves make people active.A:Yes,it's time for me to have a talk with her.Thank you!B:No worries,things will be better~-----------------------------Doctor ：Hello,miss.Sit down,please.你好，小姐。請(qǐng)坐。Mary：Hi，I am feeling terrible.你好，我感覺(jué)糟糕透了。Doctor：Oh，what's wrong with you?哦，你怎么了？ Mary：I think I have a sore throat.我想我得了咽喉炎。DoctorWhat cause the illness?什么導(dǎo)致了這個(gè)病? Mary：I didn't close the window before went to bed last night.我昨晚睡覺(jué)前沒(méi)關(guān)窗 Doctor：Oh,I know.Open your mouth and say‘Ah’.哦，我知道了。張開你的嘴說(shuō)‘啊’。Mary：Ah.啊。

Doctor：Please open your mouth wide so that I can look at your throat.請(qǐng)把你的嘴張大一些以便于我能看到你的喉嚨。Mary：Ah.Is it serious?啊。嚴(yán)重嗎？

Doctor：Hmm，I think it's nothing serious.Don't worry about it.嗯，我想沒(méi)什么嚴(yán)重的。不要擔(dān)心它。

Mary：But what should I do to get well?但是我需要怎樣做去康復(fù)? Doctor：I will give you some medicine.Here，take these pills。Three pills a time and three times a day.我將會(huì)給你一些藥。這里，吃這些藥片。一次三片，一日三次。Mary：What else should I do?我還需要做些別的什么嗎？

Doctor：You should have a good rest.And you must remember don't eat hot food and don't drink cold water.你要好好休息。你必須記住不要吃辣的食物和不要喝冷水。Mary：Ok,I will.好的，我會(huì)。

Doctor：I hope you will get well soon.我希望你快點(diǎn)好起來(lái)。Mary:Thank you.謝謝你。

Doctor：It's a pleasure.Bye.不用謝。再見(jiàn)。Mary：Bye-bye,doctor.再見(jiàn)，醫(yī)生。Doctor：Next.下一個(gè)。Situation Four A:hey, Kitty look at the two mp4 on the computer screen,which one do you think better? B:I prefer the green one.Are you shopping on line? A:Yes,I have do this several times,and I love it.It's so convinient!B:But I think it's not a good way.Imagine that you pay for the goods,but when they post it to you,you found it is far from what you expected.You know the picture doesn't always tell trueth.A:But you can go to the shop to pick up things,then keep their style and grand in mind.When you come back home,you can use the Internet researching them and buy them from Internet.Usually,their price on Internet is much less than in shops.B:That's okay, however,you have to wait for long time before you got the things,the feeling is so terrible...A:Well,if you try several times , you'll be used to it.Situation five

A:I like your hair syle very much!...How nice of you to say so.B:Oh,Candy, what are you saying? A:Ur,well,I'm just practising my spoken English on line.B:oh,what a special way!So you can communicate with many excellent English speaker from many other places,don't you? A:Yes!And you can choose to practice alone too.So you needn't worry the problem that your partner get bored!B:So,can you recommends some useful web to me? A:Of course!

Situation six A:What can I do for you? B:I need a dress for my friend's birthday party.A:Okay,so what color do you prefer?the lovely pink or the serious black? B:Neither,I love white.A: Yeah,white always suits beautiful ladys~ladys look elegant in white,and it's fashionable this season.How about the one overthere? B:That's good.Well,I need a middle size.A:Oh, I'm afraid that there is only a small size ,but if you like,we can order one for you.B:How long does it take? A:About one week.B:What a pity, the party is at tomorrow evening.Thank you ,but I think I should choose some other dress.Situation six B:Hi!Joe,what are you thinking? You look quite exciting.A:Listen,I got a strange dream last night ,there was a beautiful girl in it ,and she tells me some numbers.I keep it in my mind and brought a lottery with the numbers I heared today.I think I will win a lot of money!B:So, you are considering how to spend the money ? A:Right, I can buy many new dress with it and never worries about the rest life.Should I make a trip aroud the world? B:no,no,no.I think you should put it in the bank for a rainy day.A:But I want a new life different from now!B:Well, you can devided the money into two parts ,and put one part of it into banks,and you can.use the other part to change your life!A:That's a useful advice,thank you Joe~

第三篇：大學(xué)口語(yǔ)考試

1)What will you do to get well prepared for an earthquake?

I will regularly check and reinforce my home, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten doors so that we will not open accidentally during an earthquake.I will have supplies of water and food at home and at work.I will also prepare some survival supplies including a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, a tent, some rope, and warm clothing.I will have a fire extinguisher handy.Plus, I will work out an earthquake emergency plan.Last, I will have all of my family members call to check in with a friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away 2)How do you see one’s academic performance at school in relation to their future achievement?

Personally, I think one’s academic performance at school doesn’t affect his future achievement too much.One’s academic performance at school does reflect his hard-working and leaning ability to some extent.But in the society, we need more abilities like management, ability to cooperate, creative thinking and so on.So one’s academic performance at school just reflects his potential to be successful, not determine his future achievement.3)Do you believe so-called “the tall, the handsome, and the rich”(高帥富)and “the white, the rich, and the beautiful”(白富美)are the universal pursuit of Mr.Right and Miss.Right for all young people? From my point of view, I don’t believe so-called “the tall, the handsome, and the rich”(高帥富)and “the white, the rich, and the beautiful”(白富美)are the universal pursuit of Mr.Right and Miss.Right for all young people.And as I know, many people around me don’t believe it as well.Regardless of “the tall,the handsome,and the rich”or “the white,the rich,and the beautiful”,those people are not common in our daily life and they have the same title “the rich”.So some people like them maybe just because they have lots of money.As the saying goes,beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.I think if someone fall in love with you sincerely ,he will love you no matter who you are.4)do you prefer as signments that need teamwork or that can be done individually?Why? Each of them has its own benefits as well as disadvantages.I prefer working alone on my assignments, because it provides me with privacy.To sum up, working individually helps me prepare for the future, to learn to make my own choices as well as to improve my methods of studying.I wouldn't need to rely on anyone else, but myself to get my work done.But i do understand the advantages of working in a group, and having the help of others, who can provide the team with new knowledge and ideas.5)Do you want to be a boss who is starting a company or an employee with a high salary? Actually, I want to be an employee with a high salary.It seems that the answer will reflect that I’m short-sighted and out of ambition.But actually I know it is more suitable for me.First, a boss needs the quality of management, ability to cooperate, creative thinking and so on, while I’m not equipped of them.Second, I want to have a long term development of my own major.Third, I think being a boss will be very busy, tired and worried all the time, and I’m bored of that.Last, I just want to make enough money instead of being a millionaire, so I don’t need to undertake such a large burden like a company

A: I just read an article about parent-child relationship, I am absorbed in it.B: Really.I am also interested in it.Let’s talk about this topic.A: OK!I think the relationship of parent and child is very complicated.There are many different parent-child relationships.B: I heard some relationships of parents and children are called “specialist and fool”.A: It sounds interesting.But I really don’t understand this kind of relationship.Can you tell me what it is in detail? B: Of course.When this relationship happens in a family, parents always tell children to do what they think is right.So, children cant help but accept their parents’ views.A: I don’t like this kind of parent-child relationship.I think if parents always tell children their own views, children may lose themselves and have no minds of their own.B: Of course.There’s another parent-child relationship called “a relationship between brothers”.Under this relationship, parents give children advice and respect them.If children don’t want to accept parents’ advice, parents never force them.A: I think this parent-child relationship is quite good.Under this relationship, children can feel happy.B: Yes.I hope more and more family can have this relationship.It can bring harmony to a family.A:I think communication conflict seems to be the biggest problem between children and parents.Do you think so? B:Yes.Parents worry about their children no matter how old they are.Children tend to strive for more independence as they age.These two competing feelings can cause conflict.A:If parents or children can realize the importance of communication and take some actions to improve it,they can have

’a better relationship.B:What do you think parents and children can do ? A: Regular and consistent communication, even about little things such as current events or even the weather can help parents and children practice communication and prevent communication conflicts.B Active listening, meaning responding to and absorbing what children have to say also can create a positive environment for family communication.A:Yes,you are right.I am very happy to talk with you.B:So am I.

第四篇：中南大學(xué)管理學(xué)考試資料

第一章第一節(jié)管理在組織與社會(huì)中的作用

一、在迅速變化的全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中開展業(yè)務(wù)

二、適合自己的管理原則就是最好的原則

第二節(jié)管理的核心概念

一、管理與管理者

1、管理：為了有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)，對(duì)可利用的資源進(jìn)行組織、指揮、控制、優(yōu)化、創(chuàng)新等適應(yīng)環(huán)境的動(dòng)圖過(guò)程。作業(yè)活動(dòng)：直接達(dá)成目標(biāo)的活動(dòng)管理活動(dòng)：促進(jìn)作業(yè)活動(dòng)

管理的職能：計(jì)劃、組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、控制管理學(xué)目的：尋找這些客觀規(guī)律，總結(jié)管理的知識(shí)原理以指導(dǎo)管理實(shí)踐

管理的科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性：科學(xué)性：自管理學(xué)誕生以來(lái)近百年積累了一套比較完整的知識(shí)體系，反映了管理過(guò)程的客觀規(guī)律；藝術(shù)性：管理學(xué)所需要的一系列根據(jù)實(shí)際情況行事的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、訣竅和準(zhǔn)則，對(duì)事態(tài)發(fā)展的感知能力和謀斷能力等，都只能從長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐中領(lǐng)悟，難以用言辭傳授。

管理無(wú)效原因：完成任務(wù)方式不當(dāng)：各部門缺乏明確目標(biāo)、政策的的缺陷使手段途徑目標(biāo)化、操作層的計(jì)劃缺陷、操作人員的技術(shù)技能訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃欠缺。人力資源管理不當(dāng)：業(yè)績(jī)考核與薪酬制度不合理、管理人員晉升任免制度缺陷、中底層管理人員的培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃缺陷、內(nèi)部政治。提高管理工作成效：工作方法、組織管理、人力資源管理提高組織成效：服務(wù)顧客、適應(yīng)環(huán)境、建設(shè)文化 第二章第一節(jié)早期管理實(shí)踐與管理理論萌芽管理思想、企業(yè)終極目標(biāo)是生存與發(fā)展，即長(zhǎng)期的盈利能力

一、早期實(shí)踐與管理思想：董仲舒“義利論”企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略管理精髓

工程管理：威尼斯兵工廠成本控制、存貨管理、人事管理國(guó)家管理：意大利馬基雅維利《君主論》四原則

二、管理理論的萌芽（不系統(tǒng)）薩伊紐曼馬歇爾生產(chǎn)要素：土地勞動(dòng)資本

專業(yè)化和勞動(dòng)分工思想：1.地域與國(guó)家之間的勞動(dòng)分工（貿(mào)易自由化）2.組織間的勞動(dòng)分工（形成產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈）3.職業(yè)上的分工（職業(yè)專業(yè)化）●動(dòng)作研究和工時(shí)研究是計(jì)件工資制和激勵(lì)工資制度的基礎(chǔ)●勞資矛盾●泰勒的科學(xué)管理學(xué)理論誕生于鋼鐵公司

1.事業(yè)部制（大型企業(yè)沿用至今）組織機(jī)構(gòu)按產(chǎn)品、客戶、地域、流程劃分不同戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務(wù)單元，分別成立事業(yè)部

2.以流水線為基礎(chǔ)的同步作業(yè)法 第二節(jié)科學(xué)管理理論

一、泰勒科學(xué)管理之父科學(xué)管理學(xué)派創(chuàng)立者推廣者“搬運(yùn)生鐵塊”“鐵鍬實(shí)驗(yàn)”《科學(xué)管理原理》

理論要點(diǎn)：1.制定合適的工作定額2.挑選合適的人并將他訓(xùn)練成“一流的工人”3.推行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理（通過(guò)科學(xué)研究得到最佳工作程序與工作方式，并制定成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行）4.實(shí)行有差別的計(jì)件工資制（超額提高25%，未完成則低）5.教育勞資雙方換位思考（雇主雇員戰(zhàn)友關(guān)系）6.主張計(jì)劃職能與執(zhí)行職能分離（why）科學(xué)方法取代經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法科學(xué)方法通過(guò)科學(xué)的動(dòng)作研究和時(shí)間研究來(lái)確定

計(jì)劃部門工作：時(shí)間和動(dòng)作研究；制定合理工作定額和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化操作方法，選用、設(shè)計(jì)適合各種工序的專用工具；擬定計(jì)劃，發(fā)布命令；比較實(shí)際執(zhí)行的情況和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行有效的控制例外管理原則：管理者應(yīng)把日常事務(wù)性工作交給下屬，并授予相應(yīng)權(quán)利，只有當(dāng)例外事件發(fā)生時(shí)，才親自到場(chǎng)

二、吉爾布雷斯夫婦砌磚《動(dòng)作研究》甘特“甘特圖”“計(jì)件獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)工資制”人不是完全經(jīng)濟(jì)人有安全需要《工業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)》《工作組織》 第三節(jié)古典組織理論

古典管理理論：泰勒“科學(xué)管理理論”法約爾“一般管理理論”韋博“理想的行政組織理論”（后兩者組成古典組織理論）

一、法約爾現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營(yíng)管理之父開創(chuàng)管理過(guò)程學(xué)派 1.管理職能的劃分：技術(shù)的（生產(chǎn)制造加工）；商業(yè)的（采購(gòu)銷售交換）；財(cái)務(wù)的（資金的籌集運(yùn)用控制）；安全的（財(cái)產(chǎn)和人身保護(hù)）；會(huì)計(jì)的（包括統(tǒng)計(jì)和核算）；管理的（計(jì)劃組織指揮協(xié)調(diào)控制）大力倡導(dǎo)管理教育2.管理原則管理職能：全社會(huì)組織的手段和工具，只對(duì)人起作用 十四項(xiàng)管理原則：勞動(dòng)分工（職能專業(yè)化權(quán)利分散有一定限度）；職權(quán)與職責(zé)；紀(jì)律；統(tǒng)一指揮（一個(gè)下屬只接受一個(gè)上級(jí)的命令）；統(tǒng)一指導(dǎo)（一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人一向計(jì)劃）；個(gè)人利益服從整體利益；個(gè)人報(bào)酬（首先取決于不收雇主意愿和個(gè)人才能，再看人員能力，最后看報(bào)酬方式）；集中（降低部下作用的重要性做法就是集中，反之分散）；等級(jí)系列；秩序；公平；人員穩(wěn)定；首創(chuàng)精神；集體精神（一個(gè)原則：統(tǒng)一指揮兩個(gè)危險(xiǎn)：使自己下屬人員分裂和濫用書面聯(lián)系；漠視集體協(xié)作和信息溝通的重要性）報(bào)酬方式：按勞動(dòng)日付款按工作任務(wù)付款計(jì)件付款如獎(jiǎng)金分紅實(shí)物補(bǔ)助精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

二、韋博組織理論之父只有理性合法的權(quán)力才適于作為理想組織體系的基礎(chǔ)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化、正式的非人格化的行政組織體系

理想的行政組織體系特點(diǎn)：1.明確的分工2.自上而下的等級(jí)系統(tǒng)3.人員的選拔（通過(guò)正式考評(píng)教育訓(xùn)練）4.職業(yè)管理人員5.組織成員間及組織與外部環(huán)境間的理性關(guān)系（不受個(gè)人感情影響）6.行政管理人員不是所在組織的所有者

三、巴納德第一個(gè)將組織特性與人類特性相結(jié)合溝通是實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)同的手段；誘因大于貢獻(xiàn)論；權(quán)利來(lái)源于接受論 第四節(jié)古典管理理論的綜合與完善 第五節(jié)行為科學(xué)

一、梅奧霍桑實(shí)驗(yàn)人際關(guān)系學(xué)說(shuō)1.工人是社會(huì)人，不是經(jīng)濟(jì)人2.正式組織中存在非正式組織3.生產(chǎn)率不僅與生產(chǎn)方式有關(guān)，也與工人的態(tài)度有關(guān)4.新型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在于提高工人的滿意度

二、馬洛斯需求層次理論人的需求與行為的關(guān)系目前的主導(dǎo)需求（決定人的行為）取決于已得到了什么生理安全社交尊重自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需求

三、行為科學(xué)（人而不是任務(wù)）工業(yè)心理學(xué)的出現(xiàn)——管理的社會(huì)學(xué)的發(fā)展——霍桑實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功 第六節(jié)近現(xiàn)代管理理論發(fā)展 第三章環(huán)境與企業(yè)道德

第一節(jié)管理與外部環(huán)境環(huán)境對(duì)組織管理者有選擇作用

內(nèi)部環(huán)境：一般環(huán)境因素（間接）政治經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)社會(huì)法律因素任務(wù)環(huán)境因素（直接）供應(yīng)商顧客競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者合作者政府管理部門壓力集團(tuán) 第二節(jié)對(duì)環(huán)境因素的管理

首先是評(píng)估復(fù)雜（簡(jiǎn)單）X穩(wěn)定（動(dòng)蕩）類型管理：1.聘請(qǐng)專業(yè)顧問(wèn)乃至建立職能型組織2.一體化專業(yè)化3.建立虛擬企業(yè) 第三節(jié)社會(huì)責(zé)任與企業(yè)倫理道德

社會(huì)責(zé)任：企業(yè)在追求經(jīng)濟(jì)利益時(shí)要同時(shí)考慮到它的活動(dòng)對(duì)社會(huì)的影響和應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任，超越了法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)所要求的義務(wù)公眾期望；道德；預(yù)防勝于治理；企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略；企業(yè)文化；為了股東利益

公司倫理：一個(gè)公司在誠(chéng)實(shí)、公正、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中處理公共關(guān)系、履行社會(huì)責(zé)任、維護(hù)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益等的行為準(zhǔn)則功利主義權(quán)利公平社會(huì)契約整合理論準(zhǔn)則：忠誠(chéng)積極公正無(wú)私紀(jì)律（與激勵(lì)政策配合）第四章計(jì)劃與決策

第一節(jié)計(jì)劃與決策辨析計(jì)劃：一個(gè)包括環(huán)境分析、目標(biāo)確定、方案選擇的過(guò)程決策：這一過(guò)程的某一階段 差別：決策包含了對(duì)策的意思，計(jì)劃中有些是安排選擇，有一些對(duì)策的意思，另一些只是預(yù)算 第二節(jié)決策

1.古典決策理論：在所有可能方案中，選擇最優(yōu)；建立一個(gè)自上而下的執(zhí)行命令的組織體系；目的在于使組織獲得最大經(jīng)濟(jì)利益（最優(yōu)原則求最優(yōu)解）缺點(diǎn)：完全理性人不存在決策者對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好不一致；絕對(duì)意義最優(yōu)解找不到

2.行為決策理論：管理就是決策；滿意原則；有限理性人假設(shè)（求次優(yōu)解）滿意標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模糊，每人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好不同，存在太多不確定性 3.當(dāng)代決策理論：決策貫穿整個(gè)管理過(guò)程（哲學(xué)上繼承行）；廣泛運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)系統(tǒng)論計(jì)算機(jī)等輔助因地制宜原則

3.決策邏輯過(guò)程：識(shí)別問(wèn)題確定決策準(zhǔn)則并確定各目標(biāo)的權(quán)重預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)目標(biāo)可能生產(chǎn)影響的未來(lái)事態(tài)擬定備選方案評(píng)估備選方案（狹義）選擇目標(biāo)方案實(shí)施目標(biāo)方案監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)估決策實(shí)施業(yè)績(jī)并修正（狹義計(jì)劃）

4.結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題——程序性決策按程序規(guī)則政策強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間順序通用性非結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題——非程序性決策唯一不可重復(fù)專用性 確定性決策風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性決策不確定性決策 第三節(jié)計(jì)劃

1.作用：未來(lái)活動(dòng)指導(dǎo)性文件；其他管理職能基礎(chǔ)；降低達(dá)到組織目標(biāo)的不確定性2.類型：按時(shí)間長(zhǎng)中短；按計(jì)劃內(nèi)容涉及職能研發(fā)營(yíng)銷財(cái)務(wù)人力資源；按計(jì)劃涉及范圍和表現(xiàn)形式宗旨或使命愿景目標(biāo)策略政策程序規(guī)則方案預(yù)算3.制定：識(shí)別機(jī)會(huì)確定方案評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并分配權(quán)重制定目標(biāo)擬定計(jì)劃的前提條件開發(fā)備選方案評(píng)選備選擇方案擬定行動(dòng)性計(jì)劃（what when 達(dá)到的程度資源誰(shuí)）編制預(yù)算 第四節(jié)預(yù)算計(jì)劃的重要工作之一財(cái)政預(yù)算最重要彈性預(yù)算零基礎(chǔ)預(yù)算 第五章目標(biāo)與目標(biāo)管理

目標(biāo)提供決策計(jì)劃方向高層目標(biāo)時(shí)間跨度更長(zhǎng)越抽象不能直接操作目標(biāo)多樣定量化2-5為宜企業(yè)目標(biāo)包含組織發(fā)展目標(biāo)和個(gè)人目標(biāo) 目標(biāo)期限決定因素：環(huán)境變化速度和幅度產(chǎn)品技術(shù)進(jìn)步速度產(chǎn)品生命周期自信與所取得成就成正比，與設(shè)立目標(biāo)成反比 目標(biāo)體系包括財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)和戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)基本原則：建立一個(gè)更加強(qiáng)大的長(zhǎng)期競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位，長(zhǎng)期為股東帶來(lái)利益生存是第一目標(biāo)

目標(biāo)管理制定：期望達(dá)到的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量水平、可考核、具有一定挑戰(zhàn)性、能促進(jìn)個(gè)人與組織同步成長(zhǎng)、與組織目標(biāo)協(xié)調(diào)（應(yīng)避免以活動(dòng)代替目標(biāo)，過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)量化指標(biāo)）優(yōu)點(diǎn)：促進(jìn)組織目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)；增強(qiáng)激勵(lì)效果；促進(jìn)組織明確結(jié)構(gòu)；促進(jìn)組織成員成熟缺點(diǎn)：強(qiáng)調(diào)短期目標(biāo)；目標(biāo)定量化困難；缺乏相關(guān)指導(dǎo)的目標(biāo)管理可能導(dǎo)致途徑目標(biāo)化；環(huán)境影響 第八章 有形組織：有目標(biāo)；內(nèi)部關(guān)系理順，投入資源有效的利用；分工協(xié)作；有不同層次的權(quán)利和制度

無(wú)形組織：實(shí)體組織的建立、改變或撤銷然后再建立的過(guò)程，是指在不同的特定環(huán)境中為有效實(shí)現(xiàn)新的共同目標(biāo)和任務(wù)，動(dòng)態(tài)地確定組織成員、任務(wù)及各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系，對(duì)人力資源進(jìn)行合理配置的過(guò)程（包括組織機(jī)構(gòu)權(quán)利系統(tǒng)人力資源管理系統(tǒng)組織文化）組織吸引力取決于人的選擇當(dāng)時(shí)目標(biāo)愿望推動(dòng)力；個(gè)人認(rèn)識(shí)到的在他以外的其他可供選擇的機(jī)會(huì) 構(gòu)成要素：協(xié)作意愿共同目標(biāo)信息交流（無(wú)形）確立目標(biāo)選配適合的人必要的物質(zhì)資源（有形）

1.古典組織理論最具可操作性以經(jīng)濟(jì)人為假設(shè)圍繞工作任務(wù)中心把組織當(dāng)做封閉系統(tǒng)提高生產(chǎn)效率和獲得更大利益重視工作任務(wù)物質(zhì)資源、基層操作、人物質(zhì)經(jīng)濟(jì)需求忽視對(duì)人的重視、高層發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略管理、人的社會(huì)心理需求2.行為組織理論以人為中心強(qiáng)調(diào)人際關(guān)系信息溝通發(fā)揮人在組織中的主導(dǎo)作用沒(méi)有否定古典3.現(xiàn)代組織理論組織是開放系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境的動(dòng)態(tài)性和組織必須對(duì)環(huán)境變化做出反應(yīng)

組織的類型：1.按組織內(nèi)部是否有正式分工關(guān)系：正式組織非 2.按性質(zhì)：經(jīng)濟(jì)政府文化特殊利益宗教 3.按組織權(quán)威基礎(chǔ)：強(qiáng)制型功利型規(guī)范型 組織作用：避免集合在一起的個(gè)體力量互相抵消，而尋求對(duì)個(gè)體力量進(jìn)行匯聚和放大的效應(yīng)

組織設(shè)計(jì)原則：1.勞動(dòng)專業(yè)化原則有限度勞動(dòng)分工 2.部門化原則產(chǎn)品顧客地理位置我職能流程部門化 3.管理跨度原則款跨度扁平化趨勢(shì) 4.統(tǒng)一指揮原則指揮鏈 5.目標(biāo)原則 6.適應(yīng)創(chuàng)新原則 7.效率原則 8.管理層級(jí)原則 9.系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作原則

組織設(shè)計(jì)程序：確定組織目標(biāo)分解業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)確定組織結(jié)構(gòu)配備職務(wù)人員規(guī)定職責(zé)權(quán)限聯(lián)合各個(gè)部門 組織結(jié)構(gòu)

U型：1.純直線型小型組織低度部門化寬跨度 2.職能型利：加強(qiáng)對(duì)各部門的業(yè)務(wù)監(jiān)督和專業(yè)性指導(dǎo)弊：出現(xiàn)多頭指揮，為部門利益損害公司利益 3.直線-職能型延緩信息傳遞速度打擊積極性形式化

M型：多頭化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司最上層一元矩陣型組織：加強(qiáng)任務(wù)過(guò)程的負(fù)責(zé)制一維是直線組織，一維是任務(wù)利：考慮多于一個(gè)的部門化因素弊：多頭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)現(xiàn)象，需要特別能協(xié)調(diào)的管理者事業(yè)部型組織：集中政策、分散經(jīng)營(yíng)事業(yè)部擁有較大的自主權(quán)

H型：控股公司多頭組織經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)合體

1.法人型企業(yè)聯(lián)合（股權(quán)形式）稱為合資或合營(yíng)企業(yè)任何股東不能直接干預(yù)聯(lián)合體的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng) 2.合伙型聯(lián)合經(jīng)營(yíng)根據(jù)出資比例或協(xié)定比例負(fù)無(wú)限連帶責(zé)任 3.合同形式的聯(lián)合（虛擬組織或動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)盟）臨時(shí)性組織無(wú)法律約束 4.企業(yè)集團(tuán) 第九章權(quán)力指揮和要求別人服從的權(quán)利

指揮鏈：決定權(quán)利、職責(zé)和聯(lián)系的正式渠道由上而下的權(quán)力線（統(tǒng)一指揮原則和連續(xù)分級(jí)原則）

一、權(quán)力的原則：必須從上到下建立不中斷的指揮鏈，且當(dāng)情況需要的時(shí)候，有必要給以越過(guò)正式鏈的機(jī)會(huì)

二、權(quán)力有效性：1.有時(shí)間和空間限制 2.權(quán)力的本質(zhì)：正式組織中信息交流的一種性質(zhì)，組織的貢獻(xiàn)者或成員支配自己所貢獻(xiàn)的行為 3.權(quán)利與責(zé)任要對(duì)等

三、權(quán)力的類型：1.職位權(quán)力與個(gè)人權(quán)力（專長(zhǎng)權(quán)力和個(gè)人影響權(quán)力）結(jié)合能更好發(fā)揮職權(quán)作用

2.直線權(quán)力、參謀權(quán)力與職能職權(quán)直線：上級(jí)監(jiān)督、指揮和命令下級(jí)的職權(quán)（命令指揮權(quán)）參謀：顧問(wèn)性服務(wù)性建議性的影響力（協(xié)助顧問(wèn)權(quán)）分為個(gè)人參謀（助理）和專業(yè)參謀職能職權(quán)：有決策權(quán)的參謀

3.名義權(quán)力與實(shí)際權(quán)力

授權(quán)基本過(guò)程：任務(wù)委派授予職權(quán)明確下屬的責(zé)任

影響授權(quán)因素：上司的態(tài)度下屬的成熟度（心理工作）任務(wù)環(huán)境上下級(jí)關(guān)系 授權(quán)原則：因事設(shè)人，因能授權(quán)不可越級(jí)授權(quán)適當(dāng)控制

集權(quán)與分權(quán)分權(quán)是在組織結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)是就要考慮的，授權(quán)是在分權(quán)程度確定以后的職權(quán)分配的落實(shí) 影響集權(quán)分權(quán)度的因素：決策的重要性政策一致性的要求組織規(guī)模與業(yè)務(wù)多樣性組織在地理上的分散度歷史因素管理哲學(xué)獲得高級(jí)管理人才的難易程度控制手段環(huán)境因素委員會(huì)責(zé)任制個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)制

溝通基本因素：信息的發(fā)送者信息的接受者所溝通信息的內(nèi)容溝通的渠道四階段：信息發(fā)出傳遞接受反饋 正式溝通通過(guò)指揮鏈非是補(bǔ)充；口頭溝通和書面溝通 第十五章激勵(lì)

激勵(lì)：運(yùn)用各種手段刺激被管理者的需要，激發(fā)其動(dòng)機(jī)，使其朝所希望的目標(biāo)前進(jìn)的過(guò)程三個(gè)要素：努力組織目標(biāo)需要 激勵(lì)在管理中的作用：1.在管理職能中：人力資源 2.在組織目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn) 3.激勵(lì)對(duì)員工提高功效 激勵(lì)的要素：動(dòng)機(jī)（核心）需要（起點(diǎn)與基礎(chǔ)）外部刺激（條件）行為（目的）

一、內(nèi)容型激勵(lì)理論（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)容而非過(guò)程）：1.需要層次理論（馬斯洛）2.雙因素理論（赫茨伯格）保健因素：與工作客觀情況有關(guān)的因素（工資福利工作條件聘任保障人際關(guān)系）激勵(lì)因素：與工作有內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的因素（成就績(jī)效認(rèn)可獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)工作責(zé)任的加強(qiáng)對(duì)未來(lái)的期望）防止激勵(lì)因素轉(zhuǎn)化為保健因素3.egr理論（奧爾德弗）三種核心需要：生存相互關(guān)系成長(zhǎng)發(fā)展4.成就動(dòng)機(jī)理論（麥克利蘭）成就需要權(quán)力需要親和需要

二、過(guò)程型激勵(lì)理論（研究動(dòng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)生到采取行動(dòng)）：1.期望理論弗魯姆調(diào)動(dòng)工作積極性條件：努力與績(jī)效的聯(lián)系績(jī)效與獎(jiǎng)賞的聯(lián)系獎(jiǎng)賞與滿足個(gè)人需求的聯(lián)系 2.公平理論亞當(dāng)斯公開公平公正

三、行為改造型激勵(lì)理論：1.凱利的歸因理論將人的行為歸因于行動(dòng)者客觀刺激物情境參照點(diǎn)：區(qū)別性（低內(nèi)）一貫性（高內(nèi)）一致性（低內(nèi)）內(nèi)部歸因外部2.維納的歸因理論能力努力工作難度運(yùn)氣身心狀況別人反應(yīng)（穩(wěn)定性可控性內(nèi)外因）第三節(jié)激勵(lì)的應(yīng)用

對(duì)普通員工：金錢認(rèn)可與贊賞帶薪休假更多的自由、更好的工作環(huán)境個(gè)人發(fā)展、晉升機(jī)會(huì)和挑戰(zhàn)性的工作參與管理 對(duì)管理者：授權(quán)晉升合理的報(bào)酬結(jié)構(gòu)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制 第十六章領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)理論

管理與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)區(qū)別：管理是建立在合法的，有報(bào)酬的強(qiáng)制性權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)上的對(duì)下屬命令的行為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)既可能建立在合法的，也可能更多的是建立在個(gè)人影響和專長(zhǎng)權(quán)以及模范作用的基礎(chǔ)上

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：影響別人的思想與行為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者：能影響別人并擁有管理職權(quán)的人功能：組織與監(jiān)督計(jì)劃的指定與執(zhí)行授權(quán)激勵(lì)溝通和創(chuàng)造和諧的組織氛圍實(shí)質(zhì)因素：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)目標(biāo)任務(wù)環(huán)境主要職能：指揮激勵(lì)協(xié)調(diào) 管理者都是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者未必是管理者

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者類型：1.按制度權(quán)力的集中與分散程度：集權(quán)式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者民主式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 2.按領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同：事務(wù)性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（生產(chǎn)技術(shù)服務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)行政后勤）變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（技術(shù)開發(fā)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷）戰(zhàn)略型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（CEO 董事會(huì)高層）領(lǐng)袖魅力型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)理論：

一、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)理論觀點(diǎn)：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力是天生的缺點(diǎn)：不能解釋領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者有時(shí)成功有時(shí)失??；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)難以界定

二、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為理論觀點(diǎn)：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)效能與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格有關(guān)

三、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的權(quán)變理論觀點(diǎn)：有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)受情境影響

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者心理素質(zhì)：健全的性格穩(wěn)定的情緒堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志廣泛的興趣強(qiáng)烈的進(jìn)取心 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的心理素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)：調(diào)節(jié)氣質(zhì)塑造性格鍛煉意志修煉世界觀 第十七章控制工作概述 第一節(jié)控制工作

控制的涵義：1.組織的一項(xiàng)重要管理活動(dòng) 2.是一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)計(jì)劃執(zhí)行成效和計(jì)劃正確性的過(guò)程 3.控制過(guò)程要有一套科學(xué)的程序 4.控制具有明確的目標(biāo) 目標(biāo)：1.維持現(xiàn)狀 2.打破現(xiàn)狀

功能：1.及時(shí)了解組織環(huán)境的變化 2.協(xié)調(diào)組織各部門和各層次的活動(dòng) 3.協(xié)調(diào)組織成員的行為 4.提供修改計(jì)劃的依據(jù)

控制的基本原理：1.反應(yīng)計(jì)劃要求原理：控制是實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃的保障，目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃 2.控制關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)、注意例外原理 3.控制效率原理 4.直接控制原理 5.控制趨勢(shì)原理：重要的是現(xiàn)狀所預(yù)示的趨勢(shì)

確立：確定控制范圍大小;根據(jù)控制對(duì)象分類制定出具體的控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 方法：統(tǒng)計(jì)方法；經(jīng)驗(yàn)估計(jì)法；工程方法 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：時(shí)間成本費(fèi)用數(shù)量質(zhì)量

衡量績(jī)效：確定衡量項(xiàng)目明確衡量方法（現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀測(cè)法個(gè)別詢問(wèn)法召開會(huì)議法書面報(bào)告法）及時(shí)反饋信息檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

糾正偏差：分析偏差信息，找出偏差發(fā)生原因（計(jì)劃脫離實(shí)際實(shí)施中出現(xiàn)新問(wèn)題指揮不善）確定糾偏對(duì)象采取糾偏措施 第三節(jié)控制的類型與方法

控制類型：1.按時(shí)間：事前（前饋控制實(shí)際問(wèn)題發(fā)生之前就采取管理措施）事中（現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制避免主觀意志）事后（反饋控制）2.按性質(zhì)：反饋控制（指導(dǎo)現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成本分析）前饋控制（預(yù)測(cè)）3.按控制主體：直接間接

控制方法：1.預(yù)算控制：經(jīng)營(yíng)預(yù)算資產(chǎn)預(yù)算財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)算（不能預(yù)算不可計(jì)量外部環(huán)境變化）2.比率控制：財(cái)務(wù)變現(xiàn)能力資產(chǎn)管理負(fù)債盈利能力經(jīng)營(yíng)（絕對(duì)市場(chǎng)占有率相對(duì)）3.審計(jì)控制：外部?jī)?nèi)部管理（外部專家）4.盈虧分析法計(jì)劃控制目標(biāo)控制

第五篇：大學(xué)口語(yǔ)考試對(duì)話

一．（1）

圣誕節(jié)快到了，你打算在節(jié)日里做些什么？ 我還沒(méi)有想好呢，你有什么建議嗎？ 我打算買一個(gè)像房子那么大的圣誕樹。

歐！那一定很壯觀！我可以幫忙裝飾你的圣誕樹嗎？ 當(dāng)然可以。好的，我想

我們一定會(huì)過(guò)一個(gè)快樂(lè)的圣誕節(jié)的！對(duì)了，新年你打算做什么？

我想韓國(guó)首爾，在那里我可以盡情的購(gòu)物。

哇，真棒！沒(méi)有一個(gè)女人不喜歡購(gòu)物。首爾是購(gòu)物的天堂。哈哈，你是不是也想去？ 對(duì)，我要和你一起去，歡迎我不? 當(dāng)然，我們會(huì)有一個(gè)愉快的旅游的。

Christmas is coming, what are you going to do in the holiday? I haven't thought good, do you have any Suggestions? I'm going to buy a Christmas tree as big as a house.Oh!It must be very spectacularl!Can I help you decorate your Christmas tree? Of course I can.Ok, I think We will have a happy Christmas!By the way, what are you going to do on New Year's day? I want to Seoul, South Korea, where I can enjoy shopping.Wow, that's great!None of the women don't like shopping.Seoul is a paradise for shopping.Ha ha, you also want to go? Yes, I want to go with you, welcome me? Of course, we'll have a pleasant travel.（2）

嗨，Alice，你知道奧黛麗赫本嗎？ 她好像是一個(gè)電影明星，你崇拜她嗎？ 對(duì)，她的氣質(zhì)非常優(yōu)雅，她的微笑讓人著迷。據(jù)說(shuō)她是很多人的夢(mèng)中情人，她是一個(gè)世界聞名的影星。

對(duì)，但這些都不是我崇拜她的原因。她是聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)特使，幫助了許許多多無(wú)家可歸的兒童。她的善良才是我崇拜她的原因。

好的，我覺(jué)得我有必要深入了解一下這樣一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的女人。我決定今晚去看電影《羅馬假日》。據(jù)說(shuō)那是她主演的最棒的電影，她在電影里飾演了一位高貴又調(diào)皮的公主。

對(duì)，她的俏皮給我留下了深刻的印象。好的，我將有一次愉快的觀影！

Hi, Alice, do you know that Audrey Hepburn? She seems to be a movie star, you admire her? Yes, she is very elegant temperament, her smile fascinates people.It is said that she is a lot of people dream lover, She is a famous film star in the world.Yes, but these are not the reason why I admire her.She is the United Nations children's fund envoy, has helped many homeless children.Her kindness is the reason why I adore her.Ok, I think it is necessary to deeply understand my such a good woman.I decided to go to the movies tonight “Roman holiday”.It is said that that was her best film, starring in the movie, she portrayed a noble and naughty princess.Yes, she is nifty and left a deep impression on me.Ok, I will have a pleasant viewing!I'm looking forward to.二．（1）

嗨，Jack，體育館正在舉行一場(chǎng)籃球比賽。要不要一起去觀看比賽？ 太棒了！籃球是我最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)了。快點(diǎn)！

籃球使人瘋狂，我經(jīng)常癡迷于打籃球以至于忘記了寫作業(yè)。哈哈，我也一樣。我有時(shí)還忘記了吃飯。

現(xiàn)在我天天打籃球，我的身體變得越來(lái)越健康了。

我覺(jué)得籃球改變了你。我記得你以前經(jīng)常生病的?，F(xiàn)在的你外向而健康。不止如此，打籃球需要合作，在練習(xí)的過(guò)程中，我與隊(duì)友的友誼越來(lái)越深厚了。秋季也有了很大的進(jìn)步。

哈哈，看來(lái)你對(duì)自己的球技很有自信，要不咱們找個(gè)時(shí)間比一比？ 不如我們現(xiàn)在就比賽吧。好的，我們球場(chǎng)見(jiàn)。

Hi, Jack, the gym is being held a basketball game.Do you want to go to watch the game? That's great!Basketball is my favorite sport.Hurry up!Basketball makes people crazy, I often obsessed with playing basketball that I forgot the homework.Haha, so do I.I sometimes forget to eat.Now I play basketball every day, my body is becoming more and more healthy.I think basketball changed you.I remember you used to get sick.Now you are outgoing and healthy.More than that, we need cooperation to play basketball, in the process of practice, my friendship with teammates more and more deep.Autumn also has made great progress.Ha ha, it seems that you are confident about their skills, or let's find a time to compare? Why don't we race right now.Ok, see our stadium.（2）

你好，劉老師。我很高興在這里遇到您。你好，Alice。你是來(lái)圖書館學(xué)習(xí)嗎？

對(duì)，您知道的，我的英語(yǔ)水平不太好?？谡Z(yǔ)考試快要到了，我必須加緊練習(xí)英語(yǔ)。

我知道你的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)不太好。這學(xué)期上課你都在認(rèn)真聽(tīng)，課后作業(yè)也完成的很好，我相信小小的口語(yǔ)考試難不倒你。但是老師，我將會(huì)緊張的。

別緊張，我不會(huì)為難你們的。重在態(tài)度。

我覺(jué)得您美麗而仁慈，你是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最好的老師！

那當(dāng)然。但是我是不會(huì)放水的。祝你考試成功，可愛(ài)的女孩。好吧，謝謝老師。嗯，認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備，考場(chǎng)見(jiàn)。

A: hello, ms liu.I'm glad to meet you here.Hi, Alice.You come to the library to study? Yes, you know, my English is not very good.Oral exam is coming , I must to practice English.I know your English is not good.You are listening to in class this semester, the homework is done very well, I believe that a little speaking test elude you.But teacher, I will be nervous.Don't be nervous, I won't embarrass you.Attitude.I think your beauty and kindness, you are the best teacher I've ever seen!Of course.But I won't drain.I wish you success in the examination, lovely girl.Ok, thank you teacher.Well, careful preparation, see the examination room.三．（1）

莉莉，你怎么了，你看上去很疲憊。哦，我快瘋了，數(shù)學(xué)作業(yè)實(shí)在太難了。不要直接做題目，你應(yīng)該先把基礎(chǔ)概念搞懂。

可是我已經(jīng)沒(méi)有時(shí)間了，我肯定不能完成了。哦，我最好的朋友，你一定完成了，能借我抄一下嗎？

正是因?yàn)槲沂悄阕詈玫呐笥?，我才不能借給你抄。但是我可以教你。但是作業(yè)這么多………

沒(méi)事的，你可以和老師解釋一下。請(qǐng)求老師允許你下午交作業(yè)。老師不會(huì)怪你的。這樣你就有足夠的時(shí)間完成了。

好吧，你可以從最基礎(chǔ)的開始教我嗎？我最近一直在忙運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的是，課業(yè)拉下了好多。

沒(méi)問(wèn)題，那我現(xiàn)在就開始教你吧！謝謝你了！

不客氣。

Lily, what's wrong with you, you look very tired.Oh, it's driving me crazy, it's too hard for me maths homework.Don't directly do topic, you should first understand the basic concept.But I have no time, I'm sure I can't complete.Oh, my best friend, you must complete, can you lend me to copy it? Because I am your best friend, I can't lend you copy.But I can teach you.But work so much.........It's okay, you can with the teacher to explain.Requests the teacher allows you to hand in your homework in the afternoon.The teacher will not blame you.So you have enough time to finish.Ok, you can start from the most basic teach me? I have been busy doing games, schoolwork down a lot.No problem, I began to teach you now!Thank you!You're welcome.（2）

莉莉，你空閑時(shí)間喜歡做什么？

我所有空閑時(shí)間都用來(lái)打網(wǎng)球了。我愛(ài)網(wǎng)球！這周末也去打網(wǎng)球了嗎？

對(duì)，我周六一整天都泡在網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)。我告訴過(guò)你嗎？我是一個(gè)網(wǎng)球迷！

哈哈，那太好了，下個(gè)周末我們一起去打網(wǎng)球吧，我很擅長(zhǎng)打網(wǎng)球的！看來(lái)你對(duì)你的球技很有自信。下周末我們比一比吧。

好啊，我最近學(xué)會(huì)了一種新的發(fā)球方法，我特別想讓你見(jiàn)識(shí)一下它的厲害。沒(méi)問(wèn)題，我的球技也很好的。那到時(shí)候就網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)見(jiàn)吧！

好的。

Lily, what do you like to do in your free time? All my free time to play tennis.I love tennis!Also to play tennis this weekend? Yes, I all day in court on Saturday.I told you? I am a tennis fan!Ha ha, that's too good, let's go to play tennis next weekend, I am good at playing tennis!It seems that you are confident about your skills.Let's compare next weekend.Yes, I have recently learned a new service method, in particular, I want you to see it.No problem, my skill is also very good.That I'll see the tennis court!All right.四．（1）

莉莉，你要去哪？

我現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)備去見(jiàn)我的網(wǎng)友戴維。他是一個(gè)幽默而英俊的男孩。你是怎么認(rèn)識(shí)他的？他邀請(qǐng)你去哪里見(jiàn)面？

我們?nèi)齻€(gè)月前在一個(gè)論壇里認(rèn)識(shí)的。我們之間有許多共同話題，我們?cè)谝黄鹆牡梅浅ｉ_心。他邀請(qǐng)我去參加他朋友的生日派對(duì)。

好吧，莉莉。作為你的朋友。我建議你不要去。因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)上許多信息都是虛假的。你并沒(méi)有真正了解戴維這個(gè)人。你不能保證他不是一個(gè)騙子。

別擔(dān)心，我相信戴維不是騙子。我覺(jué)得他陽(yáng)光而善良，是個(gè)討人喜歡的男孩。歐，莉莉。你知道嗎，最近報(bào)道的新聞中說(shuō)，有騙子在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上冒充陽(yáng)光大男孩騙了女生好多錢。我真的非常擔(dān)心你，聽(tīng)我的吧，別去了。那好吧，為了安全我還是不去了，謝謝你，安娜。不用謝。

Lily, where are you going? I'm going to see my net friend David.He is a humorous and handsome boy.How do you know him? He invited you to where to meet? We met in three months ago, in a BBS.There are a lot of common topic between us, we are together chat very happy.He invited me to go to his friend's birthday party.Ok, lily.As your friend.I advise you not to.Because a lot of information on the network is false.You don't really know David this person.You can't ensure that he is not a liar.Don't worry, I believe David is not a liar.I think sunshine and kind, he is a lovable boy.Oh, lily.You know, recently reported in the news, said a cheater as sunshine big boy lied to the girl on the Internet a lot of money.I'm really worried about you, listen to me, don't go.Well, then, in order to secure me or not, thank you, Anna.you are welcome（2）

莉莉，我發(fā)現(xiàn)你最近變了很多。哦，是嗎?說(shuō)說(shuō)看我哪里變了。

我發(fā)現(xiàn)你的脾氣變得溫和了，以前你幾乎天天都在生氣，一點(diǎn)小事都能引起你的怒火。

其實(shí)，我確實(shí)在努力改變自己。我覺(jué)得太暴躁，做事情也不夠耐心，對(duì)別人不夠友善。所以最近我一直努力是自己保持良好的心態(tài)，莉莉，事實(shí)證明你的努力使你改變了自己。大家都很喜歡你甜蜜的微笑。你變得溫和而友善。我喜歡這樣的你。謝謝。

我也要改變自己，我要克服我懶惰的生活習(xí)慣，做一個(gè)勤奮的大學(xué)生。你會(huì)成功的。每天進(jìn)步一點(diǎn)，時(shí)間一長(zhǎng)就會(huì)有質(zhì)的飛躍。改變重在積累。好的，我會(huì)記住你的話的。從明天起我就要開始行動(dòng)了！嗯，加油！祝你成功！

Lily, I found that you recently changed a lot.Oh, really? Tell me where I changed.I found your temper became gentler, almost every day you angry before, little things can make you anger.Actually, I'm really trying to change yourself.I feel too violent, not enough patience in doing things, is not friendly to others.Recently I have been trying to is oneself so keep good state of mind, Lily, have proved your trying to make you change yourself.Everyone is like your sweet smile.You are warm and friendly.I like you.thank you I also want to change myself, I will overcome my lazy habits, do a diligent student.You will be successful.A bit of progress every day, over time there will be a qualitative leap.Change is gained by accumulation.Ok, I will remember your words.Starting from tomorrow I will start action!Well, come on!Wish you success!

1）Alice：What’s wrong , Fiona? You look really sad.怎么了,菲奧娜嗎?你看起來(lái)很傷心。Fiona：A misunderstanding happened between I and my friends several days ago.我和我的朋友之間發(fā)生了誤會(huì)幾天前。Alice：Cheer up!things will work out for the best.高興點(diǎn)兒！事情會(huì)有好結(jié)果的。

Fiona：I don't know how to get along with her, I feel our friendship is broken.我不知道如何和她相處了，我感覺(jué)我們的友誼破裂了。

Alice： Things are never as bad as they seem.You should take the initiative（主動(dòng)的）to contact her, express your thoughts.事情往往不像看上去的那么糟。你應(yīng)該主動(dòng)和她聯(lián)系，說(shuō)出你內(nèi)心的想法。Fiona：I know what I should do., I will go to call her in a minute.We need to dissolve the misunderstanding.Thank you, Alice 我明白了，我一會(huì)就去給她打電話。我們需要化解誤會(huì)。謝謝你，愛(ài)麗絲Alice：Don't mention it, Friendship needs two people to run together.不用客氣，友誼需要兩個(gè)人共同來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)。

Fiona：Yes，Though time may change so many things, the happiness that frie ndship brings is never changed.是的，盡管歲月使萬(wàn)物變遷，但友誼帶給我們的快樂(lè)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)變。

Alice：Well, we should understand others,because friendship is love with understanding.恩，我們應(yīng)該理解別人，因?yàn)橛颜x是基于理解的愛(ài)。

Fiona：I'm confident I can manage well the two of us friendship 我有信心我可以經(jīng)營(yíng)好我們倆的友誼 Alice：Best wishes to you 祝福你

Fiona：Thank you very much 非常感謝

2）Alice：I miss you so much.Fiona。我想你了，費(fèi)歐娜 Fiona：Me too, I am now in nanjing library.我也是，我現(xiàn)在在南京圖書館。

Alice：I am in xinjiekou, how can I find you? 我在新街口，我該怎么找到你呢？

Fiona：That's great, we are very close to the.We don't have to change back and forth.太棒了，我們距離非常近了。不需要來(lái)回的換車了。

Alice：I now in xinjiekou subway station, which direction should I take the subway ? 我現(xiàn)在在新街口地鐵口了，我應(yīng)該乘坐什么方向的地鐵呢？ Fiona：You just need to sit in the direction of the jingtianlu station to station daxinggong.你只需要沿著經(jīng)天路方向坐一站到大行宮。

Alice：Ok, I can just find out after you?And I also have never been to nanjing library, I want you to accompany me to look.好的，我出來(lái)之后就可以看到你了嗎？而且我也沒(méi)有去過(guò)南京圖書館，我想讓你陪我好好看看。

Fiona： Yes, I'll wait for you in that, we will arrive at the nanjing library 2.3 minutes on foot, It looks tall majestic.是的，我會(huì)在那等你，我們走2.3 分鐘就會(huì)到的，南京圖書館看起

來(lái)高大宏偉。

Alice：Oh，It looks so spectacular, I can't wait to visit inside.哦，它看來(lái)如此壯觀，我迫不及待的想進(jìn)去參觀。Fiona：Let's go together, I think you will like it here 讓我們一起進(jìn)去吧，我想你會(huì)喜歡這里的。

1）Fiona：I am very unhappy, because others laugh at me is a fat woman.我非常不高興，因?yàn)槲冶粍e人嘲笑成胖子。

Alice：Don't lose heart, my dear, I also used to be a fat woman, but I have made a plan to a reasonable diet, his body becomes slender, I can help you become big beauty.別灰心，親愛(ài)的，我也曾經(jīng)是個(gè)胖子，但是我制定了合理的飲食計(jì)劃，是自己身材變得苗條了，我可以幫助你變身大美女。

Fiona：Is it true? I want to be a big beauty.If you can help me will surely thank you.真的嗎？我想成為一個(gè)大美女。如果你可以幫助我，我肯定會(huì)

特別感謝你的。

Alice： First of all, you should reduce the number of your diet, you not to eat greasy things, such as junk food like hamburgers.首先，你應(yīng)該減少你飲食的數(shù)量，你不要吃油膩的東西，比如說(shuō)漢堡之

類的垃圾食品。

Fiona：Ok, I listen to you, I later don't eat those things.Everything to me useful things I would do to lose weight 好吧，我聽(tīng)你的，我以后不會(huì)吃那些東西了。一切對(duì)我減肥有用的事情我都會(huì)去做

Alice：You need to exercise more, burn fat, this need your unremitting efforts.你還要加強(qiáng)鍛煉，消耗脂肪，這需要你堅(jiān)持不懈的努力。Fiona： I will try to refuel.For a slim figure I have to take to complete these.我會(huì)努力加油的。為了一個(gè)苗條的身材一定要好好去完成這些。

Alice：You can also choose a few more comfortable way to lose weight, such as yoga.You can also eat more vegetables，and fruit to supplement energy.你還可以選擇一些比較舒適的減肥方法，比如瑜伽。你也可以

多吃一些蔬菜和水果來(lái)補(bǔ)充能量。

Fiona：Thank you very much for your help, I will strictly carry out the plan.I want to be a beauty like you.非常感謝你的幫助，我會(huì)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行這個(gè)計(jì)劃的。我想成為像

你一樣的美女。

Alice：You can, believe in yourself.Come on!你一定可以的，相信你自己。加油！

2）Fiona：Hi Alice！Are you all right now？你怎么了，愛(ài)麗絲 Alice：Not really.My nose’s stuffed up and I’m having trouble breathing.I had a bad cold我鼻子塞了而且呼吸困難。我得了嚴(yán)重的感冒。

Fiona：You are too easy to get sick, it's summer, my dear 你太容易生病了，現(xiàn)在是夏天，親愛(ài)的 Alice：Yes, I particularly weak resistance.I don't know how to strengthen it。

是的，我的抵抗能力特別弱。我不知道該怎么樣加強(qiáng)它。Fiona：I often catch a cold when I'll go to eat some tablets, if serious you need to see a doctor.通常我感冒的時(shí)候我會(huì)先自己吃一些藥片，如果很嚴(yán)重就需要去看

醫(yī)生了。

Alice： I also eat some medicine, but if not, I should go to see a doctor.我也吃了一些藥，但是好像沒(méi)有用，我應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生了。Fiona：You don't rely on doctors, to enhance immunity need to exercise and eat some vitamin pills.你不要依賴醫(yī)生，想提高免疫力需要加強(qiáng)鍛煉和吃一些維生素片。Alice：You need to health that do physical examination doctor regularly, so you can better improve their physical condition.你需要定期去健康醫(yī)生那做身體檢查，這樣你可以更好地提高自己的身體狀況。

Alice：Thank you for giving me so much advice.謝謝你給我提了這么多的建議。Fiona：you are welcome 不用客氣

1）Alice：Hello，F(xiàn)iona。You are from xinjiang。Are you used to the diet of nanjing?Do you have any dietary taboos? 你來(lái)自新疆，那你習(xí)慣南京的飲食嗎？有沒(méi)有什么飲食的禁

忌？

Fiona：Yes, I come from xinjiang, I believe in Muslim.So I do not eat pork.是的，我來(lái)自新疆，我信仰穆斯林。所以我不吃豬肉。Alice：Why don't you eat pork? 為什么不吃豬肉呢？

Fiona：Because pigs are our ancestors, and pork is not clean.What do you have that diet taboo? 因?yàn)樨i是我們的祖先，而且豬肉是不潔凈的。那你有你沒(méi)有

什么飲食禁忌嗎 ？

Alice：Yes, I can't eat seafood, because I'll allergies.有的，我不能吃海鮮，因?yàn)槲視?huì)過(guò)敏。

Fiona：Seafood is delicious, you can't enjoy it is a pity that they are in.海鮮非常美味，你不能享用它們是在很可惜。

Alice：Yes, if we go to a restaurant to choose food range will be smaller.是的，如果我們一起去吃飯選擇的食物范圍會(huì)比較小吧。Fiona：I can only in halal restaurant.Would you like to go with Me? 我只可以在清真的飯店吃飯。你愿意和我一起去嗎 ? Alice：No problem, we can go next time 沒(méi)問(wèn)題，下次我們可以一起去。Fiona

2）what is living in the dormitory or homestay.Alicewhat kind of life do you like the environment? Fionawant to rely on others.Alice dormitory, so I can make you more independent.Fionafamily to enjoy.I am very good food.：ok。：I want to go to America to study, but I don't know 我想去美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)，但是我不知道是住在宿舍還是寄宿家庭。：Both have their own advantages and disadvantages, 兩者有各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，你喜歡什么樣的生活環(huán)境呢？ ：I like quiet life, a very regular life, and don't 我喜歡安靜的生活，非常規(guī)律的生活，不想依賴別人。：I think you are more suitable for living in the 我覺(jué)得你更適合住在宿舍，這樣可以使你更獨(dú)立。：But I can't cook, I can have food in the host Fiona 但是我不會(huì)做飯，在寄宿家庭我可以有美食享用。我非常

美食。

Alice：Oh, that's a problem.You may be learning to cook yourself.哦，這是個(gè)問(wèn)題。你也許應(yīng)該自己學(xué)習(xí)做飯。

Fiona：I'll study, I also prefer freedom, in the dormitory can I free myself from the time.我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)的，我還比較喜歡自由，在宿舍我可以自由支配自

己的時(shí)間。

Alice：You have grown up, learn to adapt to the new life, wish you can have a good life in the new environment.你也已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了，要學(xué)會(huì)適應(yīng)新的生活了，祝福你在新的環(huán)

境中可以好好生活。

Fiona：Thank you, I would not like a kid again.謝謝，我不會(huì)再像個(gè)小孩子一樣了。