第一篇：外國文學(xué)史論文 -淺析《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情婚姻觀

淺析《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情婚姻觀

摘要：《傲慢與偏見》這部小說通過對伊利莎白及其姐妹、朋友對終身大事的不同處理，反映了中產(chǎn)階級家庭出身的女性對婚姻愛情問題的不同態(tài)度，刻畫了當(dāng)時社會的婚戀世相，也借此表達(dá)了作者本人的婚姻觀：即以財產(chǎn)為目的的婚姻是沒有幸福的，結(jié)婚不考慮財產(chǎn)是愚蠢的，講究門第的包辦婚姻不堪忍受，把婚姻當(dāng)兒戲毫不足取，而強(qiáng)調(diào)幸福美滿的婚姻要以理智和真摯的感情為基礎(chǔ)，這也具有很大的現(xiàn)實意義。

關(guān)鍵詞：婚姻 愛情 正確的愛情觀 幸福的內(nèi)涵

小說發(fā)生在英國鄉(xiāng)村，貝納特家的五個女兒待嫁閨中，兩位貴族先生的出現(xiàn)，民兵團(tuán)的到來，給他們原本平靜的田園生活帶來了一些不平凡因子。而開頭那句“每一個有錢的單身漢，都得娶一位太太，這就像一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。”反映了當(dāng)時的社會情況。小說中“母親”形象的班納特太太給人留下了深刻的印象。作者將她描述為：“一個智力貧乏，孤陋寡聞，喜怒無常的女人。她生平最大的事就是把女兒們嫁出去?！必灤┱啃≌f的幾個婚姻故事，既有關(guān)于伊麗莎白好友夏洛特的，又有關(guān)于她自己姐妹的婚姻，但仔細(xì)思考看來，這幾個婚姻故事其實都是為了與伊麗莎白的愛情和婚姻形成對比和映襯。

下面簡要介紹下其中的四段婚姻：

一、夏洛特?盧卡斯的婚姻——最現(xiàn)實的婚姻

夏洛特是伊麗莎白最要好的朋友，但她們在婚姻上卻有不同的的選擇。和伊利莎白一樣，夏洛特沒有財富，貌不驚人，但很有頭腦，也可稱得上精明。她認(rèn)為“婚姻生活是否幸福，完全是個機(jī)會問題?！弊鳛橐粋€已經(jīng)二十七歲的女人，她對婚姻的選擇完全是出于現(xiàn)實的考慮。當(dāng)她第一次遇見柯林斯的時候，她就見識了他的愚蠢，而且當(dāng)他向她求婚時，她也清楚地知道“柯林斯肯定不是個通情達(dá)理的人，也不叫人喜歡”。但是她還是立刻答應(yīng)了，因為“婚姻一直是她的目標(biāo)，至于找什么樣的男人，婚后生活怎樣，則不太看重，對于受過良好教育但財產(chǎn)不多的年輕女子來說，嫁人是唯一的一條體面的路，而且盡管能否得到幸福毫無把握，嫁人也一定是她們最愜意的可以免于貧困的避難所”。夏洛特為了金錢而結(jié)婚，通過婚姻她僅僅得到一個富有的人，從而有了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的安全感?；橐鰧λ麄儊碚f可謂是一項任務(wù)，但他們都從婚姻中得到了自己想要的東西：夏洛特得到了安定富足的生活；柯林斯也得到了一個溫暖的家，這是他們對婚姻的理解。

二、莉迪亞.貝內(nèi)特的婚姻——最荒唐的婚姻

莉迪亞和維克漢姆的結(jié)合可說是荒唐至極。莉迪亞對維克漢姆的愛慕完全是由于對方“俊朗的面龐、標(biāo)致的身材還有迷人的談吐”。他們的關(guān)系完全是建立在情欲與外表上，沒有任何愛情基礎(chǔ)，可以說是既不實際，也不浪漫。他們的婚姻是有條件的，是在達(dá)西的幫助下兩人才勉強(qiáng)結(jié)了婚。但他們只顧眼前快活，不斷揮霍，靠接濟(jì)支付賬單，這樣的愛情注定不能長久。

三、簡?貝內(nèi)特的婚姻——最“美滿”的婚姻

簡和賓利的婚姻被認(rèn)為是最美滿。貝內(nèi)特家的大女兒簡溫柔可愛，漂亮大方，對人總是往好的一面去想。她的這些迷人氣質(zhì)完全吸引了年輕英俊、瀟灑富有的賓利。兩人相互吸引和愛慕，雖是曲折，最終他們也拋棄了身份地位的重重阻礙走到了一起。這是一樁令人艷羨的婚姻。然而，我覺得這美好的背后是潛伏著一定危機(jī)性的。簡和賓利男才女貌，彼此相配，任何人看來，他們都是最適合。但在我看來，他們的婚姻，愛情不是最主要的基礎(chǔ)，最主要的是一種吸引力。賓利為簡的美貌和善良所吸引，簡為賓利的英俊瀟灑和紳士風(fēng)度所吸引，他們之間的愛更多表現(xiàn)為一種相互之間的仰慕之情?；橐鍪且环輳?fù)雜的契約，雙方必須有足夠的愛的基礎(chǔ)來維持這份契約。而簡和賓利之間的愛情太過平淡，太過于理所當(dāng)然，以至于不夠刻骨銘心，讓我感覺不太安穩(wěn)，似乎潛藏著一絲絲危險的氣息。

四、伊麗莎白?貝內(nèi)特的婚姻——最讓人羨慕的婚姻

錢鐘書先生將婚姻比喻成一座圍城，“城外的人想沖進(jìn)去，城里的人想逃出來?！钡俏矣X得這個婚姻理論是不適合達(dá)西和伊麗莎白的。他們之間的婚姻是以曲折跌宕卻又刻骨銘心的愛情為基礎(chǔ)的。伊麗莎白和達(dá)西一開始就給對方留下了不好的印象。伊麗莎白認(rèn)為達(dá)西傲慢無禮，而達(dá)西也因為伊麗莎白所處的社會階層和她那些不甚體面的親戚而忽視了她的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和美德。后來，達(dá)西終于認(rèn)識到伊麗莎白的可貴之處，展開追求，不氣不餒，終于在經(jīng)過一次求婚的失敗，一封信的自白，消除了伊麗莎白對自己的偏見和誤解，從而兩人走到了一起。

以第一次求婚為界，使伊麗莎白和達(dá)西在思想上有了改變。伊麗莎白因為達(dá)西的信，認(rèn)識到了自己的偏見；達(dá)西因為伊麗莎白的話，認(rèn)識到了自己的傲慢。如果伊麗莎白對于達(dá)西的第一次求婚沒有拒絕的話，可能達(dá)西對于她的迷戀并不會持久。如果沒有拒絕時的對話，達(dá)西還是那個雖然家財萬貫，雖然一表人材，但太過傲慢的高高在上的人。對于這樣的人，伊麗莎白即使因為一時沖動而同意嫁給了他，在不久的將來，伊麗莎白仍會后悔的。而如果沒有拒絕后的那封信，伊麗莎白仍舊是那個雖然開朗，美麗，直率，卻太過主觀和偏見的人，對于這樣的人，達(dá)西不久便會厭倦的。也因為有這些波折，他們之間的愛情才顯得更加珍貴，更加深刻。

愛是沖動，是失去理智，是意氣用事，任由自己癲狂，愛情本身就是瘋狂。然而，又有多少人能為愛瘋狂呢？現(xiàn)實是殘酷的，婚姻不等于愛情，以至于“死生契闊，與子相悅；執(zhí)子之手，與子偕老?！边@個理想離我們越來越遠(yuǎn)。達(dá)西和伊麗莎白的婚姻是最幸福的，除了刻骨銘心的愛情，還有一個必要條件，那就是達(dá)西雄厚的財富。金錢在他們的婚姻中一點(diǎn)也不世俗，這份財富給他們的愛以陽光和養(yǎng)分，他們的婚姻是最讓人羨慕的。如果婚姻是這樣一座圍城，那么誰會不愿意被困在這樣一座城中，被愛圍困何嘗不是一種幸福呢？

幸福是一種主觀感受。一個人的婚姻是否幸福，與他對婚姻的態(tài)度有關(guān)。有人為愛結(jié)婚，有人為情欲結(jié)婚，有人為財富結(jié)婚，也有人為結(jié)婚而結(jié)婚。《傲慢與偏見》向我們展示了不同的婚姻觀，也讓我們思考，怎樣的婚姻才是我們想要的，怎樣的婚姻才是適合自己的。

當(dāng)今社會，隨著外來文化的影響，物質(zhì)生活的提高，自由戀愛的倡導(dǎo)，人們思想的解錮，特別是金錢與權(quán)力在更廣的領(lǐng)域影響人們生活及閃婚、閃離不斷上演的情況下，我們年輕人應(yīng)當(dāng)樹立什么樣的愛情觀，不能不令人認(rèn)真思考和認(rèn)真對待。

大家可以先看一份調(diào)查表：中國青年報社會調(diào)查中心聯(lián)合騰訊網(wǎng)新聞?wù){(diào)查中心，對8932名青年進(jìn)行了一次調(diào)查。調(diào)查顯示，67.9％的青年認(rèn)為與上一輩相比，愛情在人們心目中的地位在下降，但40.0％的青年認(rèn)為他們這一輩更追求真愛；85.5％的青年認(rèn)為這一輩人更看重對方的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件，也有59.0％的青年相信一見鐘情。

我個人認(rèn)為，真正的愛情必須以誠摯的感情為基礎(chǔ)。誠摯的感情，是以共同的生活經(jīng)歷、共同的興趣愛好、彼此心心相通、共同的想著對方為外在表現(xiàn)的。雖然感情可以經(jīng)過后天培養(yǎng)，但總不如從一開始就彼此相悅的感情。有了這種感情，就不會因金錢的多寡、權(quán)力的大小、地位的升降、生死的不測，而拋棄對所愛的人的責(zé)任。這樣的愛情才會更牢固，更美滿，更幸福。相反，為了追逐金錢、為了追逐地位、為了追逐門戶、為了追逐名譽(yù)，而只顧自己的感受，不管對方的意愿，就不可能真正為對方負(fù)責(zé)，最終可能因事態(tài)發(fā)生變化，而出現(xiàn)感情破裂，給生活帶來陰影，最終造成愛情的不幸。

從另一方面來講，愛情又不單單是男女兩個人之間的事情，而是兩個家庭，不同的生活習(xí)慣之間的磨合，并且還是關(guān)系到社會是否和諧穩(wěn)定的大問題。如果兩個人相敬相愛，白頭到老，不僅自己幸福，而且因為有了穩(wěn)固的家庭婚姻，社會也就少去了勸解、判離婚的問題，也就少去了家庭不斷重組的問題，社會就較為和諧穩(wěn)定。如果不是這樣，而是為了個人的愛，插足他人的家庭，不但會給他人帶來傷害，也會給社會帶來諸多不穩(wěn)定的因素，從現(xiàn)代社會情殺的案子日益增多中可窺一斑。同時，幸福的家庭對孩子的健康成長也是有很大影響的，有誰想讓自己的孩子一開始就看到的是不斷的爭吵，破裂的家庭而得不到父母雙方的疼愛呢？因此，不論是為了我們自己還是我們的父母或者是孩子，我們都應(yīng)該認(rèn)真對待感情，拋開虛浮的外表，找到屬于自己的真實愛情。

對金錢、地位、權(quán)力的追求，在一定程度上能夠給予我們物質(zhì)上的滿足，但心靈、精神上的滿足才是最重要、最難能可貴的而且我們也絕不是為金錢、地位、權(quán)力而活的。珍視感情，堅守愛情，呵護(hù)婚姻，永遠(yuǎn)值得我們贊頌！參考文獻(xiàn)

1http://bbs.xj71.com/frame.php?frameon=yes&referer=http%3A//bbs.xj71.com/viewthread.php%3Ftid%3D6974 2 http://wenku.baidu.com/view/013bc1d8a58da0116c174913.html 畢宇宏;;《傲慢與偏見》中的五樁婚姻[J];赤峰學(xué)院學(xué)報(漢文哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版);2010年02期

4王秋月：《淺談<傲慢與偏見>中的婚姻與愛情》常州信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院江蘇常州。

5李大鵬：《簡析<傲慢與偏見>中的婚姻觀》 安陽師范學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院河南?安陽。

6朱虹.奧斯汀研究[M].北京中國文聯(lián)出版社。

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圣地亞哥，一位讓人敬佩的英雄——海明威《老人與?！分惺サ貋喐绲娜宋镄蜗蠓治?68 對文化差異引起的誤譯的研究 69 豐田如何成為全球第一汽車生產(chǎn)商 70 論漢語成語中數(shù)字英譯的語用等效性

原版英語電影在大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的使用研究 72 對外交語言準(zhǔn)確性與模糊性的語言特點(diǎn)的研究 73 論石黑一雄《別讓我走》中新與舊的世界

從交際翻譯理論看幽默對話翻譯——以《老友記》第一季為例 75 從叔本華的哲學(xué)思想角度簡析《德伯家的苔絲》中苔絲的悲劇 76 從目的論角度看英語廣告中雙關(guān)語的翻譯 77 合作學(xué)習(xí)理論在中學(xué)英語課堂中的應(yīng)用 78 試析跨文化交流中文化休克現(xiàn)象及對策 79 文化差異對中美商務(wù)談判的影響

文化雜糅背景下的身份訴求——解讀奈保爾的《半生》 81 從《推手》看中美文化差異對家庭關(guān)系的影響 82 《赫索格》中瑪?shù)铝盏男愿?/p>

中美之間宴請禮貌原則的差異以及其產(chǎn)生原因

A Study on the Relationship between Geography and Language as Seen in English Idioms 85 淺析《簡愛》的主人公簡愛

凱瑟琳與苔絲悲劇命運(yùn)的比較 87 從歸化與異化之爭看四字格的運(yùn)用

The Glossology and Translation of Rhetorical Devices of Harry Potter 89 淺論《查泰萊夫人的情人》中的女權(quán)主義 90 游戲在學(xué)前兒童英語教學(xué)中的角色及作用 91 漢語中英語外來詞的翻譯 92 高中英語詞匯課堂教學(xué)策略 93 中西喪葬禮俗的對比研究

Are Indians Prisoners of Their Race-An Analysis of the Sources and Rise of National Awareness 95 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 96 從文化角度看品牌名稱翻譯 97 從“魚”淺談中西文化差異

從《嘉莉妹妹》看美國夢與道德觀

The Significance of Westward Movement in FormingWestern States Multi-culture in the U.S.100 淺談中學(xué)生中國式英語產(chǎn)生及對策 101 中學(xué)生英語互助學(xué)習(xí)研究

對《別對我說謊》中非言語因素的分析

淺析《寵兒》中三位黑人女性的身份尋求之旅 104 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 105 從心理學(xué)的角度論《兒子與情人》中保羅的戀愛模式 106 On Symbolism in The Wizard of Oz 107 《呼嘯山莊》中女主人公人物分析

從《夜鶯與玫瑰》看王爾德唯美主義的道德觀 109 文化視野下的中美家庭教育方法的比較 110 《霧都孤兒》中的正邪兒童形象

On the Disposal of Cultural Differences in the Translation 112 譯者主體性視角下的翻譯策略—楊氏夫婦《聊齋志異》英譯本個案研究 113 《了不起的蓋茨比》中喬丹?貝克的人物分析 114 英文電影片名漢譯的創(chuàng)造性叛逆原則 115 文本狂歡與女性主義理想：《馬戲團(tuán)之夜》之狂歡化理論解讀 116 The Narrative Strategies of O.Henry’s Short Stories 117 《傲慢與偏見》中的對立與統(tǒng)一

論羅伯特?佩恩?沃倫《國王的人馬》中對真理與自我認(rèn)知的追求 119 論廣告定位中的文化沖突及對策

淺析《理智與情感》中簡奧斯汀的婚姻觀 121 論《一個溫和的建議》中的黑色幽默 122 廣告英語中的隱喻研究

從麥琪的禮物中折射出歐亨利對已故妻子的愛 124 《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》中女主角的情感變遷研究 125 英語中的性別歧視

The Translation of English Film Title 127 小說《小公主》主人公薩拉的性格魅力 128 中國夢和美國夢的對比分析

英語報刊新聞標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)及解讀 130 中西方喪葬文化的對比研究

分析《傲慢與偏見》與《簡愛》中覺醒的女性意識 132 An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting 133 探討圖式理論對英語專業(yè)四級閱讀中的指導(dǎo)作用

The Study of Strategies on Cosmetic Marketing based on Female Consumption Psychology 135 On the Application of Newmark’s Theory in Tourism English Translation 136 弗吉尼亞?伍爾夫《到燈塔去》兩性意象的象征研究 137 霍桑的罪惡觀在《紅字》中的體現(xiàn) 138 《寵兒》女主人公賽斯人物形象分析 139 《了不起的蓋茨比》中的象征 140 廣告英語及其翻譯

簡析《卡斯特橋市長》中亨查德的悲劇命運(yùn) 142 英語委婉語負(fù)面影響研究

A Survey of the Manifestations of “Babel” in the Movie Babel 144

作為失敗者的淑：雙性同體視角 146 中美價值觀比較

淺析奧斯丁的女性意識

A Comparison between Scarlett O’Hara and Jane Eyre from the Perspective of Feminism 149 分析苔絲悲劇的形成原因

論《弗蘭肯斯坦》中怪物悲劇的必然性 151 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 152 從認(rèn)知的角度來看主動語態(tài)在商務(wù)信函中的語用功能 153 美國夢的幻滅——追問蓋茨比命運(yùn)的悲劇性根源 154 《小王子》中的象征意蘊(yùn)的分析 155 從《小王子》看成人世界的身份危機(jī) 156 中西方祭祀文化之異同

157 海明威的“冰山原則”與其短篇小說的人物對話 158 任務(wù)型教學(xué)在初中英語的實施情況研究

159 Characteristics of Interpretation and Roles of Interpreters 160 探索《小王子》中主人公的性格

161 負(fù)遷移在詞匯層面上對中國學(xué)生的英語作為第二語言寫作的影響 162 《小城畸人》里的象征主義手法分析

163 簡?奧斯汀《諾桑覺寺》中人物對愛情和婚姻的不同態(tài)度 164 《吉姆爺》的生態(tài)女性主義解讀 165 簡單原則：《瓦爾登湖》的主題分析 166 呼嘯山莊之人性的泯滅

167 英語歌曲在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 168 《紅字》中海斯特性格分析

169 合作原則視角下探析廣告語篇中省略的會話含意 170 英語基本味覺詞“甜/苦”的隱喻機(jī)制 171 旅游與文化

172 從中西文化差異的角度淺析商宴之道

173 《園會》中男性人物性格作用分析 174 艾米莉狄金森死亡詩歌的解讀 175 簡析比喻在《圍城》中的運(yùn)用

176 美國牛仔形象演變和西部電影發(fā)展的研究 177 論象征主義在《喜福會》中的體現(xiàn)

178 Verification of Soft Term in Letter of Credit 179 On the Gothic Feature of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Black Cat 180 美國基督新教與中國儒家的倫理道德的比較 181 笛福《魯賓遜漂流記》中魯賓遜形象解析 182 初中英語口語教學(xué)的課堂管理

183 On the Translation of Children’s Literature in the Light of the Skopostheory:A Case Study of The dventures of Tom Sawyer 184 試析《弗蘭肯斯坦》中的哥特風(fēng)格

185 從《印度之行》看福斯特的人文主義思想觀 186 從《盲人》中的“血性意識”看勞倫斯的文明觀 187 中美禮貌用語的跨文化對比分析 188 “紅”、“黃”漢英聯(lián)想意義對比研究

189 論赫爾曼?梅爾維爾《白鯨》中的象征主義 190 從文化差異角度談國際商務(wù)談判中的語言技巧 191 論修辭在廣告語中的運(yùn)用和翻譯 192 中國傳統(tǒng)文化中特色詞語的翻譯

193 析喬治艾略特在《織工馬南》中的語言特色

194 從《去吧，摩西》中的“熊”看?？思{對人性的探討 195 論《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情觀和婚姻觀 196 從植物詞看英漢文化差異

197 分析《基輔怨》中雅柯夫的“受難”主題

198 路易莎?梅?奧爾科特《小婦人》中的女性話語 199 淺析伍爾夫意識流小說中的敘事時間

200 Tradition and Beyond—Reading The Diviners as a Bildungsroman

第三篇：論文 分析《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情觀和婚姻觀

中

南

大 學(xué)

高等教育自學(xué)考試本科生畢業(yè)論文

論文題目: Views on love and marriage in “Pride and Prejudice”

分析《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情觀和婚姻觀

學(xué)生姓名：羅

考籍號：910108300488 年級專業(yè)：2007級英語 指導(dǎo)老師及職稱：湯春華 學(xué) 院：中南大學(xué)科培中心

湖南·長沙 提交日期：2010年4月

Contents

Abstract...............................................................................................................................................1 Keywords............................................................................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................3

1、Jane Austen and the Background of Pride and Prejudice............................................3 1.1 Jane Austen................................................................................................................3 1.2 The Background of Pride and Prejudice......................................................................4

2、Four Marriages and Ideals on Love and Marriage Shown in Pride and Prejudice......5 2.1 Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice........................................................................5 2.1.1 Collins and Charlotte’s Marriage.............................................................................5 2.1.2 Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage...............................................................................7 2.1.3 Jane and Mr.Bingley’s Marriage.............................................................................7 2.1.4 Darcy and Elizabeth’s Marriage...............................................................................8 3.Austen’s Concept about Love and Marriage............................................................12

4、Conclusion.................................................................................................................................14 References.......................................................................................................................16 Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................19

Abstract “Pride and Prejudice” is Austen's masterpiece which described four different marriages and love.Until today, this novel is still very popular among many readers and arouses people's observation and unlimited thinking of marriage.This paper aims to probe into the views on love and marriage in ―Pride and Prejudice‖.That is: love and marriage are associated with, but not totally lie on the property and social status.The marriage which is based on the love, mutual understanding and mutual respect is a true happy marriage.Austen not only opposes marriage for money, but also is against the hasty marriage.She attaches great importance to ideal marriage and regards the feelings between men and women as the cornerstone of the ideal marriage.Keywords ―Pride and Prejudice‖;viewpoint of love;viewpoint of marriage;

摘 要

《傲慢與偏見》是奧斯汀的代表作，小說以諷刺為基調(diào)描寫了四種不同形態(tài)的婚姻觀和愛情觀，時至今日，這部小說仍然吸引著眾多讀者，引發(fā)了人們對婚姻的觀察和無限思考。本文就是通過對這四段婚姻的詳細(xì)的分析，來探討《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情觀和婚姻觀。筆者認(rèn)為：愛情婚姻與財產(chǎn)和社會地位相互關(guān)聯(lián)，但絕不能僅取于它，以愛情、相互理解及相互尊重為基礎(chǔ)的婚姻才是幸福的婚姻。奧斯汀既反對為金錢而結(jié)婚，也反對草率結(jié)婚。她強(qiáng)調(diào)理想婚姻的重要性，并把男女雙方感情作為締結(jié)理想婚姻的基石。

關(guān)鍵詞

《傲慢與偏見》；愛情觀；婚姻觀;

Introduction

Jane Austen humorously described the marriage in the “Pride and Prejudice” and a series of marriage-related activities in a relaxed manner.The novel consisted of how man picking their wives, how the young women choosing their future husbands and how their mothers selecting their son-in-low in many wonderful scenes.By studying the marital relationship, the authors strive to portray several different marriage and love relations.Although they had got married, the happiness of marriage is differs.This was because Austen's novels the marriage was involving not only the feelings, but also social status and money.“The bachelor who own property must marry a wife, it has become a universally recognized truth.” [6], But that really is a truth? In this paper, the novel's four marriages vividly reflected the British town life and the world state of human of 18 century to the early 19th century in a conservative and isolated state.1.Jane Austen and the Background of Pride and Prejudice

1.1.Jane Austen Jane Austen(1775 – 1817，)was one of the most outstanding writer who described the middle-class in the south of England with realism.From a unique female perspective, she left six immortal works.Her works were full of rich comedy conflicts in humorous and satirical style, so they were regarded as “the art of simplicity”.In Jane Austen's works, the content was not very wide and all were related to the life of a few middle-class families.The theme was about love and marriage between men and women.In the “Simple” works of Jane Austen, they showed us, truly and accurately, the social life and interrelationship and described the social state, marriage as well as political and economic relations between middle-class women at that time.And she expressed her views on marriage, directly or indirectly, by analyzing these phenomena.She believed that marriage just for money was wrong, but marriage of no money was stupid.She also frankly disclosed the inseparable relationship between marriages, property and family status.In her novel, as long as a woman who was intelligent, decent, 3

educated, and patient could overcome social barriers, she would receive the ideal happy marriage.Austen was born in a middle-class family of a small village in England, so the people and things in her works were all connected with this environment which was very familiar to her.It is difficult for readers to find the sufferings of those working people who lived at the bottom of the society at that time.At the same time, the important events, such as the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution, were little.Her narrative was always inseparable from the party, walk, talk, dance......Although this written style received some people's criticism, she still stick to it.She once said that she was ―sculpt on two inches of ivory‖.Austen was never married, but the marriage is the eternal theme of her writings.In her works, the marriage status of middle-class people was alive.1.2.The Background of Pride and Prejudice In this great book, the author amply demonstrated her view on love and marriage.In order to analyze these points of view, we should firstly start from the background of her great works.―At that time, according to the social conditions in Britain, a good marriage for a young woman was critical.This phenomenon was closely associated with the British society and the status of women in the society.In the 19th century, women were not well respected compared with the ones in the present society.There was no equality between woman and man.Women were considered to be inferior to men in terms of intelligence and capacity.The central life of women was forced to be staying at home.Their roles were to deal with the family affairs, such as taking care of the children and serving for the husband.‖(Zhu Hong, P34, 1995)

People at that time thought that women should be submissive to their husbands.The virtues of women were patience and deference.They must recognize their inherent inferiority to men, so they must restrict their abilities without question.Although the status of women was low, few of them expressed dissatisfaction about their own destiny.At that time, many middle-class young women had three ways out: getting married, staying at home as old maids or working as the family female teachers.The income of a family female teacher was very low, and the status was low as well.It was very difficult for them to change or swap out of this status, no one would like to be a maid forever, therefore, for young

women, especially those who did not have enough properties, getting married was the only good way for them to gain respect, stability and social status.Austen fully criticized some bad phenomena at that time in her work Pride and Prejudice and took some perfect points about marriage and loved to demonstrate her own view on love and marriage.2.The Four Marriages and the Ideas on Love and Marriage shown in Pride and Prejudice The story showed the ordinary life, feelings of the ordinary people.They were organized in a harmonious order under the author's skillful arrangement.The work mainly described four marriages.Two of them were main and assisted by the other two assistant marriages.―Darcy and Elizabeth’s love and marriage was the main theme of this work.After undergoing many setbacks, Darcy’s arrogance and Elizabeth’s prejudice eventually eliminates, the lovers finally got married.The marriage of Elizabeth’s sister Jane and Darcy’s friend Bingley was another clue.They deeply loved each other, but they were multi—blocked, after their departure, Jane missed Bingley very much.The two marriages reflected the other point of view in positive way that marriage should be based on true love, which was the ideal marry in the author’s opinion.The stories seem to be the ordinary lives, feelings and persons linked up in a harmonious order under the others meticulous concepts.However, the marriage between Charlotte and Collins was a negative example with the marriage between Lydia and Wickham, which helped to make the plots more tortuous and richer.‖(Zhu Hong, P12, 1985)

2.1.Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice 2.1.1.Collins and Charlotte’s Marriage The article mentioned little of Charlotte, however, her image was very full.Charlotte was woman who is well-educated, intelligent and admired much by Elizabeth.But she was in financial difficulties.If she did not get married, she could only live in her brother's home to be a spinster.When Kosslyn had been rejected by Elizabeth and turned to propose to

Charlotte ? Lucas, She agreed without the least hesitation and still stick to marry him though she knew that Collins was a man who was neither wise nor pleasant, and very boring and that Mr.Collins did not love her and his so-called love for her was imaginary because for her “ the marriage may not make the women to be too happy, but it is always the best safe for the women, and it can ensure them not to be affected by cold and hunger.” In “Pride and Prejudice” Austen described mostly happy marriage, which often aroused the reader's controversy, because they thought that it is too unrealistic to be true.Collins and Charlotte’s marriage made a brutal footnote for Elizabeth’s romantic and happy love.Indeed we can learn that Austen was on a critical opinion of the society at that time from the fate of Charlotte: In the male-dominated society, unmarried women had no future.Elizabeth was an idealist, she would not marry a fool for money(Kosslyn)and also not to marry a man she did not love(such as the Darcy at the beginning of the story);however Charlotte who was six years older than Elizabeth and had little property was a pragmatist.In order to avoid becoming a spinster, who would suffer gossip in the society, she must make full use of any possible opportunity to get married.As Austen said, the reason that Charlotte was willing to marry him was completely for the purpose of property.She also confessed to Elizabeth: “You know I am not a romantic.Moreover I had never been this kind of person.I only ask for a comfortable home.As with Mr.Collins's character, family relations and social status, I am convinced that my chance of happiness is as fair as most people can boast on entering them marriage state ”(......I am not romantic you know.I never was.I ask only a comfortable home;and considering Mr.Collins’s character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness is as fair as most people can boast on entering them marriage state.)And even after their marriage, Charlotte always felt that “If forget Mr.Collins, the inside and outside of the house is indeed a very comfortable place ”.This was their marriage, which was held together through a pure relation of money and wealth.To some extend, this kind of marriages is actually a social tragedy that is concealed under the gorgeous cover.Through describing such a marriage, Jane? Austen wanted to tell the readers a common point in British society at that time that the most critical factor in marriage is not love, but money.Actually, it was more than in the United Kingdom at that time, even in today's society, this view is very popular, and can be accepted by most people.That was an era in which love was exiled.We could not blame Charlotte and the vast majority of

“Charlottes” too much because it was not entirely their false perhaps in real life love can not defeat the bread forever.2.1.2.Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage

The second marriage is between Bennett’s third daughter Lydia and Wickham, the son of the housekeeper.Originally he was well-treated by his family and friends.However, he came down in the world because of his misbehavior.He got into debt, so he wanted to get money, became rich and changed his social status through marriage which was also a way to approach the talents.He was a man without any responsibility.He does nothing except assailing a woman with obscenities.In his opinion, love was only recreation.For his purpose, he enticed Lydia and got her love easily, for she was young, innocent and vainglorious, and loved to go ease and hated to work hard, and was spoilt by her mother.Getting love and praise of a boy was her dream.So when Wickham wanted to attain to his aim－getting wealth by love and exalting her beauty hypocritically, she forgot who she was and felt she was the most beautiful and happiest girl in the world.Their love did not get the permission from the parents, so then they eloped.When Elizabeth heard the news, she believed that their love was a false.Wickham would not marry Lydia, because she is not charming and had nothing to attract him, who did not love her but loved the wealth of her family.The marriage was admitted with the help of Darcy.Their marriage was considered to be a scandal in Bennett’s family.But Mrs.Bennet was not disgraceful to this marriage.When Collins got the news, he was very angry and reacted to the marriage to revenge his early failure of proposal to her.This marriage was one without love.They didn’t have the real meaning of marriage.They only wanted to satisfy their aspiration.So we can say this is a kind of impromptu love and marriage without true love and responsibility.Such couples only seek the experience of marriage but not everlasting and unchanging one.Of course, such kind of marriage is doomed to be a tragedy.2.1.3.Jane and Mr.Bingley’s Marriage In the novel, Bingley and Jane never stopped pursuing their true love although there were so many obstacles between them.Fortunately, with the help of Darcy and Elizabeth, they finally got married and had a happy life.Bingley and Jane had many similarities in their

characters, which was the main reason to the success of their marriage.They possessed personal attractiveness and dignity, social graces, and a measure of good sense.They all had good breeding, but lacked insight, strength, and self-confidence.They didn’t show their insides easily to the public because they cared the social criticism too much.For Jane, she always concealed her true feelings, which gave others an illusion that she didn’t love Bingley.For Bingley, he yielded easily to criticism of Jane’s social position and easily accepted the suggestions of his sisters and Darcy, which almost consumed the felicity between Jane and him.Frankly speaking, the outside forces facilitated their marriage.According to the relationship between Bingley and Jane, love and respect were the basic factors of their successful and happy marriage.With many similarities in character, people can understand each other easily.Most important of all, the couple with common interest can live together in a happy life.Because they understand, help and support between them.They didn’t care the defects of their partners and even they didn’t see any faults in each other.Just as the old saying goes, ―Birds of a feather flock together, people of a mind fall into the same group.‖

2.1.4.Darcy and Elizabeth’s Marriage Elizabeth was the actress in the “Pride and Prejudice”.Her love and marriage was the main thread running through the entire novel.At the beginning of the “recognized the truth” mentioned in the novel, all the girls in the middle-class families wanted to marry a good man.But Elizabeth had a different interpretation for a “good husband”.She believed that a husband not only need have certain number of family property but also must respect women, and at the same time there must be mutual understanding between them.Mr.Collins was the first suitor to Elizabeth.Elizabeth was surprised at first, but soon turned down Collins's proposal of marriage because she did not love Collins and could not fall in love with him.Elizabeth was impressed by Wickham’s elegant behavior and demeanor, but she still did not want to choose him to be her husband.She told her aunt that she could handle the relationship between her and Wickham and she would not fall in love with Wickham.Collins was secular cavity too, but smart without a common language with Elizabeth.Wickham is not rich man and lack of morality.Despite later Elizabeth discovered the true

face of Wickham.It did not affect the principle of Elizabeth optional husband.Wickham's exposure to poverty let him outside the scope of Elizabeth's choice of husband.But later why did Elizabeth reject Darcy who is a handsome wealthy man? Elizabeth clearly stated her answer: “Why, with so evident a design of offending and insulting me, you choose to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your reason, and even against your character? Was not this some excuse for incivility, if I was uncivil? ”(Austen, 2004:139).Of course, she had prejudice for Darcy and Wickham fabricated lies about Darcy, which had a certain impact on Elizabeth’ refusal to Darcy's marriage proposal, but the most important reason was that Elizabeth hated Darcy for their arrogant attitude.Elizabeth rejected the arrogant Darcy, but Darcy accepted the humble.Their marriage was based on Darcy's property and their love.The composition of property and the love marriage was the two indispensable important factors.When her sister Jane asked Elizabeth t how long she had fallen in love with Darcy, she replied: “It has been coming on so gradually that I hardly know when it began, but I believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberly.”(Austen, 2004:275)On the one hand, it revealed Elizabeth’s mockery.On the other hand, it also reflected her inner thoughts.It was this statement which reflected her attitude for money, marriage and life: The marriage based on no money was undesirable.So she visited Darcy’s luxurious Pember Lee Garden.After visiting the Manor, she felt that to be the Pember Lee Gardens hostess was quite good.From a psychological sense, it was a direct reflection of her inner thoughts.She was Bonnet’s second daughter, an active, intelligent and smart girl.She had a middle-class family background and had not been affected by the formal education belonging to those aristocratic young girls, so she was not good at music and painting, but she had read many books which made her knowledgeable and perceptive.The most important aspect was that she was a lady with dignity and upbringing.Darcy was a tall man with good manner.He was handsome, rich and powerful.So he was the ideal husband of most girls.He had grown up in the surroundings with strong sense of power, so he was always selfish and arrogant and had a critical look at each individual, except the family members.He was not concerned about anyone else, and looked down upon anyone else.Therefore, when he first arrived in the village, he found all the persons were beyond his imagination.Although every girl was young and lovely, he has no interest in young girls

except Elizabeth.But actually, at first he didn’t put an eye on Elizabeth.Gradually, he had to admit that Elizabeth was beautiful, distinct and popular, although he insisted that Elizabeth hadn't the same social status as him.Darcy was rational because he has a strong sense of power, which agreed on the reality at that time.Although he expressed his love to Elizabeth, he couldn't help showing his arrogance, which made Elizabeth have misconception and prejudice on Darcy.Darcy loved Elizabeth, but looked down upon her social status.He considered that he had been lowing himself and doing something against his will, personalities and even moral standard.He thinks that his marriage would certainly succeed and Elizabeth was waiting for him to propose marriage.Therefore, even he was irresistible to the flooding feelings, and condescends to Elizabeth.He still remembered the gap between them.Clearly, the rational aspect of Darcy’s personality performed on the realities of society.When he talked about his feelings of love, he also expressed the arrogance of these fully feelings, which resulted in the arousing resentment of Elizabeth;she rejected his marriage proposal, and angrily accused his insolence.The rational aspect of the heroine Elizabeth showed her clear, calm and actually stressful personality.Compared with her stupid mother, the smooth and lazy father, the shallow-minded, self-willed sister with feather head, Elizabeth was one with ideal mind.She was elegant like her sister Jane, but more intellectually.She also advised her sister to see through the stupidity and nonsense of those camouflage honest persons.Unconsciously, they were fascinated by each other for the physical attraction, and this led to the experience of passion in a loving relationship.In regard to Darcy, he initially did not think Elizabeth was beautiful enough, and scorned her low relatives and vulgar family members despite his later passion for Elizabeth.Darcy loved Elizabeth’s charming appearance and intelligence.His admiration for Elizabeth was obvious in the following details.When Elizabeth went to look after her sister Jane on foot, Miss Bingley made fun of her and her family at the back.Even Miss Bingley said to Darcy, ―I am afraid….that this adventure has rather lessened your admiration for her fine eyes‖.But Darcy replied: ―Not at all, they are brightened by the exercise‖.At Pemberley when Miss Bingley noticed that Darcy admired Elizabeth, she intended to confuse Elizabeth and made her show some feeling that might harm her in Darcy’s opinion.But it meant nothing to Darcy.She continued to criticize Elizabeth’s appearance, behavior and dress.Darcy could no longer control himself

and said: ―For many months I have considered her as one of the best looking women I have consider her as one of the best looking women in my acquaintance‖.The intimacy component was formed after the prejudice was relieved.For Elizabeth, there are three elements causing her prejudice against Darcy—Darcy’s humiliation of her at the Meryton assembly by his aloof manner and superiority;and her suspicion of his responsibility for Mr.Bingley’s sudden migration to London which would ruin her sister’s chance of happiness.So when he made his proposal to Elizabeth, he heard her say: ―I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be induced to marry‖.Shocked and humiliated by Elizabeth’s refusal, the arrogant Darcy finally learned his lessons from Elizabeth.Upright as he actually was, Darcy wrote letter to Elizabeth, reveals the true character of Wickham and his true perception of Jane’s manner to Bingley.It was at this moment that Elizabeth contemplated the whole thing and she turned ―absolutely ashamed of herself‖, and the prejudice was relieved.Elizabeth at this point moved from strong hospitality to benevolent neutrality, but ―she could not approve him;or refusal, or feel the slightest inclination ever to see him again‖.The commitment component was formed after Elizabeth accept Darcy’s proposal.Only on the condition that Elizabeth saw the altered new Darcy, could she accept him as her man, who she respected and who respected her and her family.When Darcy meets Elizabeth at Pemberly unexpectedly, he entered into conversation with Mr.Gardiner.Elizabeth’s uncle, and asked permission for his sister to call upon Elizabeth.When Elizabeth told him that Lydia has run away with Wickham, he didn’t despise her but brought about the marriage by giving Wickham money.He started to stand on the level of equality to propose Elizabeth and he succeeded.After dispelling all misunderstandings, all three components of love——intimacy, passion, and commitment are formed.3.Austen’s Concept about Love and Marriage

Jane Austen is a writer who regards novel writing as a sophisticated art.With a cool hand, she always has her imagination and passion under control.With great details drawn from everyday life and activities, the pictures of her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.With simple language and conversing dialogues, her novels are surprisingly realistic.When she converted the disorderly reality into an orderly artistic unity, she pays much attention to the formal qualities of composition, to the design, and to the subordination of the parts to the whole.Her plots appear natural, unforced.They were developed easily and unhurriedly under the author’s perfect control.All the characters have their place in the plot and contribute to the main story.At her best, she keeps balance between facts and form as no other English novelist has ever done.Jane Austen is one of the few novelists who have managed fully to satisfy the requirements in the art of novel writing.Compared with other writers, Jane Austen defined hers stories within a narrow sphere.The subject matters, the character range, the social setting and plots are all restrict to the late 18th century England.Everything in her novels reminds us of a quiet, uneventful and contented life of the English country.Jane Austen believed that a man’s relation to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his belief and career, and reveals him fundamentally, so she characterizes readers a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life, such as their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors, etc.As a result, her novels have a universal significance.Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relationship.As a result her novels have a universal significance.From her point of view, life is made up of small things and human nature reveals itself in them as fully as in big ones and a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career, which reveals his moral quality more accurately and truthfully.So when Jane Austen writes she would describe human being in the most trivial incidents of everyday life rather than at moments of crisis.She wrote within a narrow sphere.The subject matter, the character range, the social settings and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England.Her attention would go to three or four landed gentle

families with their daily routine life: relationships with members of their own family and with their friends, dancing parties, tea parties, picnics, barbecues and gossips.As a realistic writer, she considers it her duty to express in her words a serious criticism of life and to expose the weakness and illusions of mankind.In her style she is a neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and graceful in novel writing.The interest of Jane Austen is to study human being in their relations with other people in daily life, so her novels concern about the relationship between men and women in love.Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in which women are always taken as the major characters.In their pursuit of a happy marriage, they could be grouped into three categories: those who marry for money, position and property, those who marry just for passion and those who marry for love which is based on consideration of both the person’s personal merit and his economical and social status.So in her novels the point that money is not the only thing in the consideration of marriage but it plays a very important role found best reflection there.Austen’s this view towards marriage is still very popular nowadays.There are a lot of novels talking about marriage in Britain, but scarcely an author could be like Austen, exposing the money-essence of capitalism marriage system so deeply.In brief, it is money that determines everybody’s life and fate, especially marriage.As for it was pragmatic meaning, it could be forceful and penetrating.No wonder that David Dax，a western Marxism critic said, in the aspect of exposing ―the economics of human beings’ behavior‖, Jane Austen, ―to some extent, had been a Marxist before Marx’s being born.4.Conclusion As in any good love story, the lovers must elude and overcome numerous stumbling blocks, beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers’ own personal qualities.Elizabeth’s pride makes her misjudge Darcy on the basis of a poor first impression, while Darcy’s prejudice against Elizabeth’s poor social standing blinds him, for a time, to her many virtues.Of course, one could also say that Elizabeth is guilty of prejudice and Darcy of pride: the title cuts both ways.Austen, meanwhile, poses countless smaller obstacles to the realization of the love between Elizabeth and Darcy, including Lady Catherine’s attempt to control her nephew, Miss Bingley’s snobbery, Mrs.Bennet’s idiocy, and Wickham’s deceit.In each case, anxieties about social connections, or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love.Darcy and Elizabeth’s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Austen views love as something independent of these social forces, as something that can be captured if only an individual is able to escape the warping effects of hierarchical society.Austen does sound some more realist(or, one could say, cynical)notes about love, using the character of Charlotte Lucas, who marries the buffoon Mr.Collins for his money, to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate marriage.Yet with her central characters, Austen suggests that true love is a force separate from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances.The title tells the major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.Pride is the character flaw that causes Elizabeth to dislike Darcy upon their first meeting.Yet Elizabeth herself also suffers from the same flaw;her pride in her own ability to analyze character is such that she refuses to reevaluate Darcy in the face of evidence in his favor.The concept of pride can be defined into two ways: positive and negative.Possessing positive or right pride is to have self-respect, honor, and integrity.On the other hand, wrong or negative pride is defined as showing arrogant or disdainful conduct and haughtiness.Mr.Darcy displays the positive side of pride while Mr.Bennet possesses wrong or negative pride, and a lack of pride itself in some cases.Darcy is responsible for his sister, himself, his estate, and his family name.He takes pride in these things and does anything he can to protect them.But Mr.Bennet who is a father of five daughters, a husband, and the holder of reputable conduct in the family, does

not take pride in his family or takes his responsibility;Mr.Bennet ridicules the members of his family instead of controlling their unruly actions.Pride and Prejudice depicts a society in which a woman’s reputation is of the utmost importance.A woman is expected to behave in certain ways.Stepping outside the social norms makes her vulnerable to ostracism.This theme appears in the novel, when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with muddy skirts, to the shock of the reputation-conscious Miss Bingley and her friends.At other points, the ill-mannered, ridiculous behavior of Mrs.Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the more refined(and snobbish)Darcy and Bingley.Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these examples, but later in the novel, when Lydia elopes with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock, the author treats reputation as a very serious matter.By becoming Wickham’s lover without benefit of marriage, Lydia clearly places herself outside the social pale, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family.Love is wonderful.The distance between two hearts is not necessarily because physical proximity or separation may change.But youth and love are the most likely to disappear under the sun of things.A woman can be deeply loved by a man in her all life.Is that a kind of happy? Or, a woman in her life missed a man who deeply loved her.What kind of regrets? Pride and Prejudice are the two points in our common human weaknesses.The human nature is too easily distorted, alienated.If not carefully or falling into blindness, you will loss of justice and reason.Meanwhile it was manipulated by emotions and it will go wrong.Elizabeth and Darcy is only one representative.The origin, property, status, education, once stained with upper edge, it is easy arrogance of the illnesses contracted on the poor, low, vulgar person disdained eyes;while the low status, property, few people, for humanity a kind of self-esteem, places biased against the pride of the superior person, which naturally is another distortion of arrogance.In “Pride and Prejudice”, although it is a battle of wits and means shining love sitcoms, actually tells us a truth, that is a solid love is the cornerstone of marriage.In order to property, money and status of marriage is wrong;while marriage does not take into account the factors mentioned above is also foolish.Love and similar interests are the basic factors of a successful and happy marriage.With many similarities in character, people can understand each other easily.Most important of all, the couple with similar interests can live together with a happy life, because there are

understandings, helps and supporting between them.They don’t care the defects of their partners and even they don’t see any faults in each other.Just as the old saying going, ―Birds of a feather flock together, people of a mind fill into the same group.‖

References：

[1] Alan Macfarlane.Marriage and Love in England1300-1800[M].Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986 [2]于 欣.Money and Marriage——The Matrimonial Value Orientation in Pride and Prejudice[J].科教文匯，2006，（6）: 132-133.[3]李維屏.喬伊斯的美學(xué)思想和藝術(shù)[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2000 [4][英]狄更斯著.孫法理譯.雙城記[M].南京：譯林出版社，1996.6，第一版，序言 [5]Austen.Jane 林立譯Pride and Prejudice[M].北京：航空工業(yè)出版社，2007.[6] 簡·奧斯汀著.孫 致禮 譯.傲慢與偏見[M].上海：上海譯文出版社，1900 [7] 陳忠實.白鹿原[M].北京：人民文學(xué)出版社，1993

Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Miss.Tang who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies.In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice.Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in The Central South of University, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

第四篇：外國文學(xué)史選修課論文

姓名：李白

學(xué)號：5201314

班級：輔助三班

評《伊利亞特》

《伊利亞特》是古希臘文學(xué)中最經(jīng)典的作品之一，是《荷馬史詩》的構(gòu)成部分。

《伊利亞特》是荷馬史詩中直接描寫特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的英雄史詩。希臘聯(lián)軍主將阿喀琉斯因喜愛的一個女俘被統(tǒng)帥阿伽門農(nóng)奪走，憤而退出戰(zhàn)斗，特洛伊人乘機(jī)大破希臘聯(lián)軍。在危急關(guān)頭，阿喀琉斯的好友帕特洛克羅斯穿上阿喀琉斯的盔甲上陣，被特洛伊大將赫克托爾殺死。阿喀琉斯悔恨已極，重上戰(zhàn)場，殺死赫克托爾。特洛伊老國王夜入阿喀琉斯大帳要回兒子尸體。史詩在赫克托爾的葬禮中結(jié)束。

在古希臘時代，戰(zhàn)爭不僅是英雄們?yōu)椴柯涠鴳?zhàn)，大顯身手建功的機(jī)會，另一方面也因為戰(zhàn)爭的殘酷，由此給人們帶來的種種災(zāi)難和憂慮。甚至變成了各部落貴族間以爭奪財富和奴隸的掠奪行為。凡有戰(zhàn)爭，必定會出英雄，就如“亂世出豪杰”一般。我想，未必是戰(zhàn)爭塑造了英雄，因為英雄的許多品質(zhì)與能力是與生俱來的或是在戰(zhàn)爭之前的成長歲月中就早已積淀起來的，但戰(zhàn)爭卻讓這些英雄身上的光華得到一種契機(jī)以最耀眼盛大的姿態(tài)綻放出來，被一代代人傳頌，而在這個過程中，人們又將他們身上的美無限擴(kuò)大，不再去介懷他們的不足，最終成就了他們最光輝的形象。不可否認(rèn)，他們無疑是英雄，他們的名字能夠名垂千古，必定是有他們的勇氣、英武、謀略作為最堅固的基石在背后支撐著的。此時的英雄已不僅僅是代表一個個人，更是一個人們精神的追求與寄托。

特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的戰(zhàn)場上主角是人，它盡情展現(xiàn)了他們的喜怒哀樂、悲歡離合，但諸神卻又一直在白云繚繞之間用他們不朽的雙眼注視著這一切，也干涉著戰(zhàn)爭的進(jìn)程。冥冥之中是注定無法逃脫的命運(yùn)，帕特洛克羅斯被赫克托爾刺死，赫克托爾又倒在了特洛伊城門前阿基琉斯的長槍下。這是人類生命的脆弱與無奈，但即使這樣，人們依舊不會放棄搏擊命運(yùn)的勇氣和力量。即使已經(jīng)知道有些東西自己無力掌控，即使知道天上的諸神已然宣判自己的死刑，依舊不失英雄本色，在死神面前舞劍沖殺，最后一次綻放出自己的光芒，展現(xiàn)給諸神給世人，留證這一生的光彩。作者雖然偏向于希臘，但是對兩位英雄都采取了肯定的態(tài)度，贊美了兩位英雄為部落而戰(zhàn)不畏犧牲的英勇精神。

書中描寫的郝克托爾性格內(nèi)向，穩(wěn)重，且遇事比較冷靜，富有人情味。當(dāng)他在戰(zhàn)場上面對阿基琉斯的時候，他曾經(jīng)于阿基琉斯相約：無論成敗，對方都應(yīng)該將戰(zhàn)敗者的尸體交給死者的家屬，決不殘忍的侮辱，給家屬一個安慰。但是相比之下阿基琉斯則顯得過于自尊，任性而固執(zhí)。面對郝可托爾的約定，他兇狠的說道：獅子和人之間是沒有條約而言的；狼和綿羊永遠(yuǎn)不可能有信誓。通過這些語言明確的宣告：戰(zhàn)爭中不是你死就是我亡的結(jié)局，即使戰(zhàn)斗結(jié)束，也必將不會是郝可托爾所期待的那樣有善果。當(dāng)郝可托爾被阿基琉斯一槍穿過咽喉死亡后，殘忍的阿基琉斯竟然剔穿了他的腳筋，用皮帶將他系上戰(zhàn)車，然后揚(yáng)鞭驅(qū)策戰(zhàn)馬在郝克托爾的家人面前奔馳，任由郝可托爾的尸體在地上拖曳，翻滾。面對眾人的哭泣阿基琉斯在勝利中洋洋得意。他不僅殺死了赫克托爾，還要對他進(jìn)行死后的羞辱。雖然他是處于對摯友死亡的無限悲痛的情感，可是他完全不考慮當(dāng)初赫克托爾失去妹妹的心情也說明了他的任性和殘忍。

命運(yùn)永遠(yuǎn)是不可抗拒和不可避免的。現(xiàn)世中的人不再相信命運(yùn)，因為他們都把神話和童話故事留給了孩子。其實成人更應(yīng)該了解神話，不為命運(yùn)，只為擁有更美好的愿望和更高水準(zhǔn)的精神追求。在希臘神話中，史詩給我們提供了眾多偶像級的人物，比如勇猛的阿基琉斯，美貌的海倫，堅強(qiáng)穩(wěn)重的赫克托爾，這些人才值得我們?nèi)プ分?，去崇拜。即使你喜歡暴力，阿基琉斯的憤怒一樣可以滿足你，另外，他的教訓(xùn)還可以告訴我們，任性的暴力只會給自己帶來災(zāi)難和悲劇。

評《俄狄浦斯王》

《俄狄浦斯王》是古希臘索?？死账沟膽騽〈碜髦?，是古希臘悲劇的典范作品。

這部被亞里士多德評為“十全十美的悲劇”的著作，取決于希臘一個神話傳說：太陽神阿波羅曾經(jīng)預(yù)示拜王拉伊俄斯必將死于兒子之手，而他的妻子也將被其子迎娶，為了避免悲劇，兒子一出生，他便命令牧羊人將其拋棄荒山，牧羊人不忍心，將其送給了科林索斯國王的仆人，仆人將其送給了科林索斯國王，取名俄狄浦斯，長大后的的俄狄浦斯在太陽神廟中被預(yù)示將弒父娶母，因此連夜離開了科林索斯，他在逃亡過程中經(jīng)過了三岔路口時遇到了他親生的父親，由于起了爭執(zhí)，他失手將起父親殺死，此時他并不知道那個已經(jīng)死亡的老人就是他的父親，在拜城郊時他猜中了斯芬克斯之迷，并娶了起前國王的妻子，也就是他的母親，此時此刻，俄狄浦斯已經(jīng)完全應(yīng)驗了阿波羅的預(yù)示，只是他并不知道。他的遭遇表明,人越是企圖通過理性與自由意志擺脫人悲劇性的處境,就越是制造了更大的災(zāi)難。人越是企圖自我拯救,就越是陷入毀滅與虛無的深淵。人越是企圖解開所有的謎底，就越會變得無知。有限的,有限的“理性和道德都不是精神的最后宿地?！?對于那些企圖以理性與自由意志執(zhí)著地追求自己所肯定的價值和窮盡世界的無限與永恒的英雄們,悲劇的命運(yùn)是注定的。

古希臘人是敬畏命運(yùn)的，命運(yùn)總是變幻無常，無法預(yù)測，許多人因此而渾渾噩噩打發(fā)日子，不敢直面慘淡的人生、無力承受命運(yùn)的重軛，他們或者蒙蔽雙眼及時行樂，或者犯下過錯卻想逃避懲罰。正如俄狄浦斯的母親伊俄卡斯忒所說：“偶然控制著我們，未來的事又看不清楚，我們?yōu)槭裁磻峙履?？最好盡可能隨隨便便的生活。別害怕你會玷污你母親的婚姻；許多人曾在夢中娶過母親；但是那些不以為意的人卻安樂的生活?！彼鞲？死账乖诒瘎〉淖詈笠矊懙剑寒?dāng)我們等著瞧那最末的日子的時候，不要說一個凡人是幸福的，在他還沒有跨過生命的界限，還沒有得到痛苦的解脫之前。當(dāng)俄狄浦斯意識到他的遭遇是命中注定時,他也就理解了人的有限性。承認(rèn)了人的有限性,也就承認(rèn)了世界的無限性。在世界的無限性中,包含著他性拯救意識。俄狄浦斯一方面執(zhí)著地追求自己所肯定的價值,另一方面又在不自覺中摧毀了他所肯定的價值。在摧毀他所肯定價值的一剎那,他觸摸到了所肯定價值的極限,看到了它被否定的可能性,意識到了人性中的魔性。也就在這一剎那,他意識到了世界的無限。

俄狄浦斯王的抗?fàn)幾屓苏J(rèn)識到了人的命運(yùn)其實就在自我書寫的過程中,而不是結(jié)局。作者一方面表現(xiàn)人不屈不撓的抗?fàn)幘?，一方面也表現(xiàn)人類心智的局限和命運(yùn)的強(qiáng)悍有力。命運(yùn)所代表的世界的無限性是人們永遠(yuǎn)都欲超越的夢想。而在這種永恒的超越中,人性一次又一次的得以升華。

從古至今，人們都太想做命運(yùn)的主人，卻常常一不小心就做了命運(yùn)的奴隸。我們的老師和家人灌輸給我們的觀念是：命運(yùn)掌握在自己的手里，人定勝天。大到整個人類社會都是提倡這樣的一種價值觀，人要充分發(fā)揮主觀能動性，努力改變不利于自身發(fā)展的狀況。本以為，知道將來的事情就可以掌握命運(yùn)的方向，不想，卻像是被命運(yùn)愚弄了一番，最終還是無法逃脫。

在我們看來，命運(yùn)，總是充滿了太多的偶然，用我們這些有限理性認(rèn)知能力永遠(yuǎn)無法了解。當(dāng)我們知道了結(jié)果，就像伊奧卡斯特那樣，想要改變它，殫精竭慮的來對付那個預(yù)言，讓自己的一生都為它而憂愁，將自己一生的計劃都圍繞著那個所謂的命運(yùn)，那我們就真的成為奴隸，受到命運(yùn)的轄制了。

俄狄浦斯的人生結(jié)局卻告訴我們：命運(yùn)是一種強(qiáng)大而又神秘可怕的力量，人在強(qiáng)大的命運(yùn)面前是渺小的，是無能為力去改變?nèi)魏问碌?。命運(yùn)怎樣，這不是我們現(xiàn)在該擔(dān)心的事情，就是想也想不明白。我們所能夠做的，是在順應(yīng)命運(yùn)的安排的時候，調(diào)整好自己的心境，去好好的生活下去。

第五篇：(全英文論文)分析傲慢與偏見中伊麗莎白和盧卡斯的婚姻觀

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