第一篇：優(yōu)美英文短文

優(yōu)美英文短文

nsiderable value Everybody should read it.It supplies us with a variety of news every day.of reading the newspaper, we shall(will)get enough knowledge to cope with our circu它每天提供我們各種類類的消息。它告訴我們世界政治局勢(shì)。如果我們養(yǎng)成看報(bào)的習(xí)慣，我們就能得到足夠的知識(shí)一兩個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)看報(bào)。哪些，他們不但能增加知識(shí)而且也能趕上時(shí)代?？偠灾?，看報(bào)對(duì)學(xué)生很有益處。

---------monotonous, I try hard to adapt myself to it.Why? Because I intend to be a good stude.After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons.I go to schooe.We usually have supper at seven o’clock.want to finish it before I go to bed.去適應(yīng)它。為什么？因?yàn)槲掖蛩阕鲆粋€(gè)好學(xué)生，希望將來(lái)為國(guó)家服務(wù)。

課，七點(diǎn)鐘我就去上學(xué)。

餐，之后我就開始做家庭作業(yè)，希望在睡覺前把它做完。

---------dent? Of course not.So far as I know, everybody intends to be(become)a model studen no means an easy thing.First, he must do his best to obtain knowledge.A man without sufve his health.Only a strong man can do great tasks.Thirdly, he should receive moral edus with him.每個(gè)人都打算做模范學(xué)生。

力獲得知識(shí)（求知）。一個(gè)沒有足夠知識(shí)的人是不會(huì)成功的。第二，他必須記住促進(jìn)健康。只有強(qiáng)壯的人才能做大

---------何獲得快樂

is the most precious thing in the world.Without it, life will be empty and meanttention to the following two points.appiness(the key to happiness).Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of lifcontentment.A man who is dissatisfied with his present condition is always in d人生將是空虛的而且毫無(wú)意義的。如果你希望知道如何獲得快樂，你須注意下面兩點(diǎn)。

受人生的樂趣。

痛苦之中。

---------o learn life, truth, science and many other useful things.They increase our knowledgey are our good teachers and wise friends.This is the reason why our parents always ent pay great attention to the choice of books.It is true that we can derive benefits f學(xué)以及其它許多有用的東西。它們?cè)黾游覀兊闹R(shí)，擴(kuò)大我們的心胸并加強(qiáng)我們的品格。換句話說(shuō)，它們是我們的。不錯(cuò)，我們能從好書中獲得益處。然而，壞書卻對(duì)我們有害無(wú)益。

(made)me take my little young brother to the a trip to the country.She bade me take d, the sun was shining brightly and the breeze was blowing gently.We saw the beautifulir sweet songs on the trees.The scenery was indeed very pretty(beautiful).me.We saw Mother(our mother)wait(waiting)for us at the door.歷。她吩咐我要好好照料他。

著，微風(fēng)輕輕地吹著。我們看見美麗的花兒對(duì)我們微笑著，并聽見鳥兒在樹上唱著悅耳的歌曲，風(fēng)景實(shí)十分美麗。們看見母樣正在門口等候我們。

---------------make the country rich and powerful(To make the country rich and strong is...).In order consider this an unchangeable truth.(be patriotic)? I find my answer very simple and clear.He must study hard and store upudent can do according to what I said, the country will certainly be rich and powerful目的，必須愛國(guó)。我認(rèn)為這是一條不易的定理。

明了。他必須用功讀書并積儲(chǔ)知識(shí)以便將來(lái)服務(wù)國(guó)家。如果每個(gè)學(xué)生能按照我所說(shuō)的去做，國(guó)家一定會(huì)富強(qiáng)。

---------y.I consider it(this)wrong.Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work bay(can)say that time is more valuable than money.of time.It(this)is indeed a great pity.We must bear(keep)in mind that wasting ti不對(duì)的。為什么？因?yàn)槲覀兇蠹叶贾牢覀兡軌蛴霉ぷ髻嶅X，但無(wú)論如何卻無(wú)法把時(shí)間爭(zhēng)取回來(lái)?；诖朔N理由，必須記住浪費(fèi)時(shí)間等于浪費(fèi)生命。

---------么我們要學(xué)英文

y English, my answer will be simple and clear.Now let me enumerate the reasons one bycome an international language.If you know English, you van make a trip round the wor books, newspapers and magazines are written in English.If you wish(hope)to get kno復(fù)很簡(jiǎn)單明了?，F(xiàn)在讓我來(lái)把我的理由一一列舉在下面：

可以環(huán)游世界不會(huì)被人誤解。

寫的。如果你希望獲得知識(shí)，你必須學(xué)習(xí)英文。

---------classmates sent me presents.Mother prepared a tea party for me.I invited all of thex.There were cold drinks and refreshments.We ate, talked and laughed.We felt that we

g, the clock on the wall struck nine.We could not but say “Good-bye” to one another禮。母親給我準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)茶會(huì)。我邀請(qǐng)他們都前來(lái)參加。

吃又談?dòng)中?。我們覺得是世界上最快樂的人。

我們不得不互道再見。

第二篇：羅素(優(yōu)美,勵(lì)志英文短文)

What I Have Lived For

——The Prologue to Bertrand Russell's Autobiography

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what--at last--I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life.I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.我的人生追求 對(duì)愛情的渴望，對(duì)知識(shí)的追求，對(duì)人類苦難不可遏制的同情，是支配我一生的單純而強(qiáng)烈的三種感情。這些感情如陣陣颶風(fēng)，吹拂在我動(dòng)蕩不定的生涯中，有時(shí)甚至吹過(guò)深沉痛苦的海

洋，直抵絕望的邊緣。

我所以追求愛情有三方面的原因。首先，愛情有時(shí)給我?guī)?lái)狂喜，這種狂喜竟如此有力，以致使我常常會(huì)為了體驗(yàn)幾小時(shí)的愛的喜悅，而寧愿犧牲生命中其他的一切。其次，愛情可以擺脫孤寂——身歷那種可怕孤寂的人的戰(zhàn)栗意識(shí)有時(shí)會(huì)由世界的邊緣，觀察到冷酷無(wú)生命的無(wú)底深淵。最后，在愛的結(jié)合中，我看到了古今圣賢以及詩(shī)人們所夢(mèng)想的天堂的縮影，這正是我所追尋的人生境界。雖然它對(duì)一般的人類生活也許太美好，但這正是我透過(guò)愛情所得到的最終發(fā)現(xiàn)。

我曾以同樣的感情追求知識(shí)，我渴望去了解人類的心靈，也渴望知道星星為什么會(huì)發(fā)光，同時(shí)我還想理解數(shù)字賴以支配千變?nèi)f化的畢達(dá)哥拉斯力量。在這方面我有所收獲，然所獲不多。愛情與知識(shí)的可及領(lǐng)域，總是引領(lǐng)我到天堂的境界，可對(duì)人類苦難的同情卻經(jīng)常把我?guī)Щ噩F(xiàn)實(shí)世界。那些痛苦的呼喚經(jīng)常在我內(nèi)心深處激起回響，饑餓中的孩子，被壓迫被折磨著，給子女造成重?fù)?dān)的孤苦無(wú)依的老人，以及全球無(wú)情的孤獨(dú)、貧窮和痛苦的存在，是對(duì)人類生活理想的無(wú)視和諷刺。我常常希望能盡自己的微薄之力去減輕這不必要的痛苦，但我發(fā)現(xiàn)我完

全失敗了，因此我自己也感到很痛苦。

這就是我的一生，我發(fā)現(xiàn)它是值得活的。如果有誰(shuí)再給我一次生活的機(jī)會(huì)，我將欣然接受這

難得的賜予。

第三篇：新概念優(yōu)美英文背誦短文50篇

Unit1:The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.Unit2:Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.2

Unit3:The Defini tion of Price Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.Unit4:Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.4

Unit5:The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.5

Unit6:Television Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visi sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.6

Unit7:Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.7

Unit8:American Revolution The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.8

Unit9:Suburbanization If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.9

Unit10:Types of Speech Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.10

Unit12:Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs.These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhereor selling off-works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however,“ the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.11

Unit14:A Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.12

Unit15:The Nobel Academy For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.”

The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.13 Unit16:The War between Britain and France In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties.Britain built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO)guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths;France was predominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.14

Unit17:Evolution of Sleep Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.15

Unit18:Modern American Universities Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.The notion of major fields of study emerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.18現(xiàn)代美國(guó)大學(xué)

19世紀(jì)50年代以前美國(guó)有一些小的學(xué)院，大多數(shù)成立于殖民時(shí)期。它們是與教會(huì)掛鉤的小機(jī)構(gòu)，主要目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的道德品行。當(dāng)時(shí)在歐洲各地，高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來(lái)，用的是一個(gè)古老的名稱--大學(xué)。

德國(guó)已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種不同類型的大學(xué)。德國(guó)大學(xué)關(guān)心的主要是創(chuàng)造知識(shí)和傳播知識(shí)，而不是道德教育。從世紀(jì)中葉到世紀(jì)末，有9000多名美國(guó)青年因不滿國(guó)內(nèi)所受的教育而赴德深造。他們中的一些人回國(guó)后成為一些知名學(xué)府--哈佛、耶魯、哥倫比亞的校長(zhǎng)并且把這些學(xué)府轉(zhuǎn)變成了現(xiàn)代意義的大學(xué)。

新校長(zhǎng)們斷絕了和教會(huì)的關(guān)系，聘請(qǐng)了新型的教職員，聘用教授根據(jù)的是他們?cè)趯W(xué)科方面的知識(shí)，而不是正確的信仰和約束學(xué)生的強(qiáng)硬手段。

新的原則是大學(xué)既要傳播知識(shí)也要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造知識(shí)。這就需要由學(xué)者型老師組成教工隊(duì)伍?？克烙浻脖澈妥鼍毩?xí)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)的方法變?yōu)榈聡?guó)式的講解方法。德 國(guó)式的講解就是由教授講授自己的研究課題。通過(guò)研究生性質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)可以獲得表明最高學(xué)術(shù)造詣的古老的德國(guó)學(xué)位--博士學(xué)位。

隨著討論課制度的建立，研究生們學(xué)會(huì)了提問(wèn)、分析以及開展他們自己的研究。同時(shí)，新式大學(xué)學(xué)校規(guī)模和課程設(shè)臵完全突破了過(guò)去那種只

有數(shù)學(xué)、經(jīng)典著作、美學(xué)和音樂的狹窄課程表。哈佛大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)率先推出選課制度，這樣學(xué)生們就能選擇自己的專業(yè)。主修領(lǐng)域的概念也出現(xiàn)了。新的目標(biāo)是使大學(xué)對(duì)實(shí)際社會(huì)更有用。

密切關(guān)注著社會(huì)上的實(shí)際需求，新的大學(xué)著意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解決問(wèn)題的能力。工程系學(xué)生成為新式教育體制下最典型的學(xué)生。學(xué)生們還被培訓(xùn)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、建筑師、農(nóng)學(xué)家、社會(huì)工作人員以及教師。

Unit19:Children s Numerical Skills people appear to born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children were observed as they slowly grasped-----or, as the case might be, bumped into-----concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers------the idea of a oneness，a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate 18

19兒童的數(shù)學(xué)能力

人似乎生來(lái)就會(huì)計(jì)算。孩子們使用數(shù)字的技能發(fā)展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓人想象有一個(gè)內(nèi)在的精確而成熟的數(shù)字鐘在指導(dǎo)他們的成長(zhǎng)。

孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)會(huì)走路和說(shuō)話后不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準(zhǔn)確布臵桌子--五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個(gè)湯匙、一把叉子。很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個(gè)湯匙、五把叉子。沒有多久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來(lái)總共是15把銀餐具。

如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他們又轉(zhuǎn)向減法。有一種設(shè)想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個(gè)孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島

上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學(xué)二年級(jí)的數(shù)學(xué)課，而不會(huì)碰到任何智力調(diào)整方面的大麻煩。當(dāng)然，事實(shí)并沒有這么簡(jiǎn)單。

本世紀(jì)認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家的工作已經(jīng)揭示了智力發(fā)展所依賴的日常學(xué)習(xí)的微妙形式。他們觀察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的概念的

過(guò)程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過(guò)程。他們也觀察到孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)某些常識(shí)的情況。比如：

孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)當(dāng)水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細(xì)而長(zhǎng)的瓶子中時(shí)，水的數(shù)量沒有變化。心理學(xué)家們而后又展示一個(gè)例子，即：讓孩子們數(shù)一堆鉛筆時(shí)，他們能順利地報(bào)出藍(lán)鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數(shù)目，但卻需誘導(dǎo)才能報(bào)出總的數(shù)目。此類研究表明：數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是經(jīng)過(guò)逐漸努力后掌握的。

他們還表示抽象的數(shù)字概念，如可表示任何一類物品并且是在做比擺桌子有更高數(shù)學(xué)要求的任何事時(shí)都必備的一、二、三意識(shí)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是天生就具備的。

Unit20:The History Significance of American Revolution The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a ―tyrannical‖ government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.20

20美國(guó)革命的歷史意義

歷史的進(jìn)程是如此錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，人類行為的動(dòng)機(jī)是如此令人費(fèi)解，以至于想把那些時(shí)間跨度大，涉及人數(shù)多，空間范圍廣的事件描述成為一個(gè)智者或一場(chǎng)社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)的企圖是危險(xiǎn)的。

然而以托馬斯?杰弗遜登上總統(tǒng)寶座為高潮的那一段歷史過(guò)程可以被視為一個(gè)特殊的例子。

在這段歷史時(shí)期里不僅誕生了新的生活方式，而且民族主義成為了一種新的生活方式。美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為聯(lián)結(jié)17世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代英格蘭的自我意識(shí)和18世紀(jì)末現(xiàn)代歐洲的覺醒的紐帶。歷史的行程需要跨越大西洋，這看起來(lái)似乎有些奇怪，但卻只有在北美殖民地為民權(quán)和自由的斗爭(zhēng)才能導(dǎo)致新國(guó)家的建立。

這里，反對(duì)“暴政”的民眾起義的成果不僅是獲得一個(gè)包含更多自由的憲法，還包括了一個(gè)依照人民的意愿誕生在自由中的國(guó)家的成長(zhǎng)。這個(gè)國(guó)家不是基于血緣、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美國(guó)，第一次一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生不是發(fā)生在歷史模糊的過(guò)去，而是在全世界人們的眼前。

Unit21:The Origin of Sports When did sport begin If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals – past, present, and future.Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh(or so it seems)to the point of delighted exhaustion.Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature.In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action.Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life.This is a grand conception that excites and provokes.The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments----liturgy, literature, and law----can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children.Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.22

21體育的起源

體育運(yùn)動(dòng)開始于何時(shí)如果體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的本質(zhì)就是游戲的話，我們就可以宣稱體育運(yùn)動(dòng)比人類古老，因?yàn)檎缥覀兯^察到的，野獸也進(jìn)行嬉戲。狗和貓會(huì)扭抱玩球，魚和鳥翩翩起舞，猿類會(huì)進(jìn)行一些簡(jiǎn)單的、愉快的游戲。雀躍的幼兒，捉迷藏的學(xué)童和成年摔跤者展示出人與動(dòng)物界的有力的跨越世代與物種的永恒的聯(lián)系--特別是幼獸，它們翻筋斗、追逐、奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起來(lái)是)，直到愉快地精疲力盡。他們的玩耍，同我們的一樣，似乎并沒有別的目的而只是給游戲者以愉悅，暫時(shí)把我們從嚴(yán)肅生活的痛苦中拉出來(lái)。一些哲學(xué)家稱我們的嬉戲是我們本質(zhì)中最崇高的部分。

依他們這些隨意性很大的見解，游戲無(wú)害而且實(shí)驗(yàn)性地允許我們的創(chuàng)造力、幻想和想象發(fā)揮作用。游戲讓人們從永不間斷亦不可避免的生活悲劇-與乏匱和衰退進(jìn)行的枯燥抗?fàn)幹械玫揭环N解脫。這是一個(gè)令人興奮、給人啟發(fā)的偉大見解。這種見解的持有者宣稱，我們的最高成就如宗教典禮、文學(xué)、法律的起源可以追溯到游戲的沖動(dòng)。但令人不解的是我們看到只有幼獸和小孩子才最純粹地享受著這種沖動(dòng)。從這種比較豁達(dá)和非宿命的人性觀來(lái)看，我們的運(yùn)動(dòng)是超時(shí)代、跨物種的輝煌的創(chuàng)造。

Unit22:Collectibles Collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since ancient times.Whereas some objects have been collected for their usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone.In the United States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range from traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic books.Interest in collectibles has increased enormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their value as investments.Especially during cycles of high inflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current market values.In general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event that cash is needed.Some examples of the most stable collectibles are old masters, Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver, porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period furniture.Other items of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic books.These relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-term investments.Once a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at a fairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiastic collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that become increasingly more difficult to locate.24

Unit23:Ford Although Henry Ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s standards.Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time.In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts.In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted.The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants.Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts.The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions.Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing.He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the product.In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability.Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.25

23亨利?福特

盡管亨利?福特的名字和大生產(chǎn)的概念相連，但他在勞工保護(hù)上得到同樣的贊譽(yù)，因?yàn)樗缭?913年便實(shí)行了用今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量依然是先進(jìn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。安全措施得到改進(jìn)，日工作時(shí)間從當(dāng)時(shí)普遍的10或12小時(shí)減少到8小時(shí)。為了適應(yīng)更短的日工作時(shí)間，整個(gè)工廠從雙班變成了三班。而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫(yī)療得以制度化。福特汽車公司是最早建立技術(shù)學(xué)校來(lái)培訓(xùn)專門技工和為移民開設(shè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)校的工廠之一。公司甚至為雇傭殘疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受廣泛稱贊的革新是實(shí)行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻礙工會(huì)的發(fā)展。

福特從效率和利潤(rùn)分享的角度來(lái)解釋這項(xiàng)新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，他的員工可以買他們生產(chǎn)的汽車--這實(shí)際上是為其產(chǎn)品另開辟了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。為了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個(gè)得體的家庭并顯示出良好的個(gè)人習(xí)慣，包括節(jié)制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評(píng)福特過(guò)多地干涉 了員工的私人生活，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時(shí)代，亨利?福特卻幫助了許多人在美國(guó)扎下根來(lái)。

Unit25:Movie Music Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as ―silent‖, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment;when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes.At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films;an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments.In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as ― pleasant‖, ―sad‖, ―lively‖.The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.27 電影插曲

盡管我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影稱為“無(wú)聲電影”，但是就無(wú)聲這個(gè)詞完整的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，電影從未真正的無(wú)聲過(guò)，從最初開始音樂就被視為必不可少的伴奏。當(dāng)盧米埃爾的電影在1896年2月美國(guó)首屆影片公映展覽上放映的時(shí)候，影片便用當(dāng)時(shí)的流行曲臨場(chǎng)鋼琴伴奏。最初，這些音樂伴奏與電影沒有什么特別的關(guān)系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為一部莊重的影片演奏快活的音樂所產(chǎn)生的不協(xié)調(diào)感變得顯而易見，因此鋼琴家們開始注意將自己的作品與影片的情調(diào)結(jié)合起來(lái)。

隨著影劇院在數(shù)量上與重要性上的不斷增長(zhǎng)，在一些場(chǎng)合，除了鋼琴師外，還要加上小提琴師，或許還有一位大提琴師。較大的影劇院里還組成了小型的管弦樂隊(duì)。在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂完全掌握在樂隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長(zhǎng)手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品味，而是擁有一個(gè)大的音樂作品的個(gè)人收藏。因?yàn)橹钡诫娪吧嫌车那耙惶焱砩蠘逢?duì)指揮才能看到影片(如果這個(gè)指揮真正有幸能夠看到影片的話)，音樂安排通常是在非常匆忙的情況下臨場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的。為了解決以上的困難，電影發(fā)行公司開辦了為音樂伴奏印制提示單的業(yè)務(wù)。例如1909年愛迪生公司開始將一些諸如“喜悅的”、“悲傷的”、“活潑的”之類表明影片情調(diào)特征的提示與影片一起發(fā)行。

這些提示逐漸變得更加具體，并且出現(xiàn)了包括影片情調(diào)說(shuō)明、適用樂曲名稱和樂曲轉(zhuǎn)換點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容的配樂說(shuō)明單。某些影片擁有專門為其創(chuàng)作的音樂。這些早期特創(chuàng)樂譜中最著名的便是為D.W.格雷夫斯1915年上映的影片《一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生》所創(chuàng)作的音樂。

Note: 美國(guó)通俗音樂分類： 1.Jazz;1)traditional jazz----a)blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday b)ragtime(切分樂曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin c)New Orleans jazz(= Dixieland jazz)eg: Louis Armstron d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.e)bop(=bebop, rebop)eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.28 2)modern jazz------a)cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士樂。Eg: Kenny G.b)third-stream jazz.Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis.c)main stream jazz.d)avant-garde jazz.e)soul jazz.Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald

f)Latin jazz.2.gospel music 福音音樂，主要源于Nero spirituals.Eg.Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Country and Western music.Eg.John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc.4.Rock music-----------a)rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US), the Beatles(UK.)

b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.c)punk rock

d)acid rock

e)rock jazz eg: M.J.McLaughlin

f)Jurassic rock 5.Music for easy listening(i.e.light music)29 Unit26:International Business and Cross-cultural Communication The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication.Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement.It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal.It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further.The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position.Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator.Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals.Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits.In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.30

國(guó)際商業(yè)和跨文化交流

國(guó)際貿(mào)易和海外投資的增加產(chǎn)生了對(duì)具有外語(yǔ)知識(shí)和跨文化交流技巧的經(jīng)理的需求。然而，美國(guó)人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓(xùn)練，因此沒有在國(guó)際談判中象他們的外國(guó)對(duì)手一樣成功。談判是為了達(dá)成協(xié)議而反復(fù)交流的過(guò)程。它包括說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)。

但是為了去進(jìn)行說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說(shuō)服人和怎樣達(dá)成妥協(xié)。在國(guó)外的國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中，美國(guó)人被視為富有和不帶個(gè)人情感。在外國(guó)談判者看來(lái)，似乎美國(guó)人代表著一個(gè)龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬(wàn)資財(cái)?shù)拇笃髽I(yè)，不用進(jìn)一步地討價(jià)還價(jià)就能出得起價(jià)錢。

美國(guó)談判者的角色變成了一個(gè)沒有個(gè)人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應(yīng)者。對(duì)在國(guó)外的美國(guó)談判者的研究中，我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)，或許證實(shí)這個(gè)已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)是美國(guó)談判者的直截了當(dāng)和缺乏耐心。此外，美國(guó)談判者經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持實(shí)現(xiàn)短期目標(biāo)，而外國(guó)的談判者會(huì)珍視建立談判者之間的聯(lián)系并愿意為長(zhǎng)期利益投入時(shí)間。

為了鞏固這種聯(lián)系，他們會(huì)選擇非直接的交流而不計(jì)較投入用于了解對(duì)方的時(shí)間。明顯地，價(jià)值觀的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結(jié)果和談判者的成功與否。美國(guó)人要在國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中扮演更為有效的角色，他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。

Unit27:Scientific Theories In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory.If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported.If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further.There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments.Facts by themselves are not science.As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, ―Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.‖

Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to the problem are formulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown.It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts.The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses.Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction.When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.32

科學(xué)理論

在科學(xué)中，理論是對(duì)所觀察到的相關(guān)事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的模型，這個(gè)模型幫助科學(xué)家構(gòu)想所觀察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的。分子運(yùn)動(dòng)理論便是我們能找到的一個(gè)很好的例子。在這個(gè)理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)的小顆粒組成。一個(gè)有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過(guò)去的觀測(cè)，還有助于預(yù)測(cè)那些未被觀測(cè)到的事件。一個(gè)理論公開后，科學(xué)家們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)檢驗(yàn)這個(gè)理論。如果觀察證實(shí)了科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，這個(gè)理論則得到了驗(yàn)證。如果觀察不能證實(shí)科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，科學(xué)家就必須進(jìn)一步的研究。或許是實(shí)驗(yàn)存在錯(cuò)誤，或許是這個(gè)理論必須被修改或拋棄。

科學(xué)家除了收集信息和操作實(shí)驗(yàn)外還需要想象能力和創(chuàng)/造性思維。事實(shí)本身并不是科學(xué)。正如數(shù)學(xué)家喬斯亨利波恩克爾所說(shuō)：“科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實(shí)的收集不能被稱作科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。

”多數(shù)科學(xué)家通過(guò)找出別的科學(xué)家在一個(gè)特定問(wèn)題上的所知來(lái)開始研究。在收集了已知事實(shí)之后，科學(xué)家開始了研究中需要相當(dāng)想像力的部分。他們爾后擬訂對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱為假設(shè)。

在某種意義上，任何假設(shè)都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學(xué)家的思維超越已知事實(shí)?？茖W(xué)家計(jì)劃實(shí)驗(yàn)、計(jì)算、觀測(cè)以檢驗(yàn)假定。若沒有假設(shè)，進(jìn)一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當(dāng)假設(shè)被證實(shí)了，就成為理論的一部分。

Unit28:Changing Roles of Public Education One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools.In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate---every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950.The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food.The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945.Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.Therefore in the 1950’s and 1960’s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently, the ― custodial rhetoric‖ of the 1930’s and early 1940’s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.34 公共教育的角色變化一項(xiàng)重要的、有可能促使人們對(duì)公共教育的角色的看法發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的社會(huì)發(fā)展是本世紀(jì)五六十年代的生育高峰對(duì)學(xué)校的影響。在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大蕭條中，美國(guó)經(jīng)歷了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年齡在15歲至45歲的婦女生下大約118個(gè)存活嬰兒，1930年89.2個(gè)，1936年75.8個(gè)，1940年80個(gè)。隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人更早地結(jié)婚成家，而且比前輩養(yǎng)育更大的家庭。1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年達(dá)106%，1955年達(dá)118%。對(duì)于生育高峰，經(jīng)濟(jì)有可能是最重要的決定因素，但它并不是唯一的解釋。不斷受到重視的家庭觀念也有助于解釋出生率的上升。到40年代中期為止，這些生育高峰出生的孩子們開始源源不斷地進(jìn)入小學(xué)一年級(jí)。到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。公共教育系統(tǒng)突然感到不堪重負(fù)了。由于戰(zhàn)時(shí)和戰(zhàn)后的狀況，使得學(xué)齡兒童人數(shù)增加，這些狀況使得學(xué)校面對(duì)這股洪流更加措手不及。戰(zhàn)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)意味著在1940年到1950年間幾乎沒有建立新學(xué)校。而且，在戰(zhàn)時(shí)和隨后的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)時(shí)期，大量的教師離開崗位去別處從事報(bào)酬更為優(yōu)厚的工作。

因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰沖擊著陳舊而不完備的學(xué)校體系。這樣一來(lái)，30年代以及40年代早期，“監(jiān)護(hù)理論”就不再有意義了。也就是說(shuō)，通過(guò)使16歲以上的年輕人留在學(xué)校不進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的做法再也不是教育機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)先考慮了。因?yàn)榻逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)不再能找到場(chǎng)地和教師來(lái)教育那些更小的5-16歲的孩子。隨著生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士對(duì)教育的興趣和焦點(diǎn)，不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)向了更低的年級(jí)和基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)術(shù)技能和學(xué)科上。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)不再有濃厚的興趣給較年長(zhǎng)的年輕人提供非傳統(tǒng)的新式的和額外的服務(wù)。

Unit29:Telecommuting Telecommuting--substituting the computer for the trip to the job----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child;she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management too must separate the myth from the reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.36

電子交通

電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對(duì)各種各樣的辦公室工作問(wèn)題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。

對(duì)工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在交通上和有助于解決照看小孩的矛盾。對(duì)管理者來(lái)說(shuō)，電子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通過(guò)省去辦公室與家之間的來(lái)回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨(dú)處的時(shí)間來(lái)完成需要高度集中精神的任務(wù)，為管理者提供靈活的時(shí)間安排。在一些地區(qū)，如南加利福尼亞和西雅圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵(lì)公司開始電子交通計(jì)劃以減少交通高峰時(shí)的塞車和提高空氣質(zhì)量。

但這些益處也來(lái)之不易。要使電子交通成功需要仔細(xì)的計(jì)劃并且理解電子交通的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況和流行的想象之間的區(qū)別。許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。一位電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)員從紐約市搬到了寧?kù)o的阿第倫達(dá)克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯(lián)系。一位經(jīng)理一周三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作；一位會(huì)計(jì)師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話調(diào)制解調(diào)器的接頭，在同醫(yī)生通話之余完成辦公室工作。

這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)有限的反映。電子交通者很快發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一時(shí)間專注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在某個(gè)年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識(shí)到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。如果家長(zhǎng)要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。

管理階層必須把現(xiàn)實(shí)同神話分開。雖然傳媒對(duì)電子交通投入了極大的關(guān)注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實(shí)際情況而不是技術(shù)的可能性促成電子交通的安排。這就是為什么盡管有廣泛的報(bào)導(dǎo)，具有在家工作項(xiàng)目或行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的公司數(shù)目依然很少的部分原因。

Unit30:The origin of Refrigerators By the mid-nineteenth century, the term ―icebox‖ had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job.Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track.He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center.When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.38

冰箱的由來(lái)

直到19世紀(jì)中期，“冰箱”這個(gè)名詞才進(jìn)入了美國(guó)語(yǔ)言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國(guó)普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫(yī)院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車，同時(shí)也進(jìn)入了民用。甚至在1880年前，半數(shù)在紐約、費(fèi)城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進(jìn)入家庭使用，因?yàn)橐环N新的家庭設(shè)備，冰箱，即現(xiàn)代冰箱的前身，被發(fā)明了。

制造一臺(tái)有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單。19世紀(jì)早期，關(guān)于對(duì)冷藏科學(xué)至關(guān)重要的熱物理知識(shí)是很淺陋的。認(rèn)為最好的冰箱應(yīng)該防止冰的融化這樣一個(gè)普遍的觀點(diǎn)顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檎潜娜诨鹆酥评渥饔谩Ｔ缙跒楣?jié)省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來(lái)，使得冰不能發(fā)揮它的作用。直到近19世紀(jì)末，發(fā)明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環(huán)的精確平衡。

但早在1803年，一位有發(fā)明天才的馬里蘭農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，離華盛頓約20英里，那里的喬治鎮(zhèn)村莊是集市中心。當(dāng)他用自己設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱運(yùn)送黃油去市場(chǎng)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客們會(huì)走過(guò)裝在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價(jià)更高的價(jià)格買他仍然新鮮堅(jiān)硬，整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說(shuō)他的冰箱的一個(gè)好處是使得農(nóng)民們不必在夜里上路去市場(chǎng)以保持他們產(chǎn)品的低溫。

Unit31:British Columbia British Columbia is the third largest Canadian provinces, both in area and population.It is nearly 1.5 times as large as Texas, and extends 800 miles(1,280km)north from the United States border.It includes Canada’s entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long rugged ranges running north and south.Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain range that existed thousands of years ago.During the last Ice Age, this range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath the sea.Its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate.Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flows through the Pacific Ocean.As a result, winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild.These warm western winds also carry moisture from the ocean.Inland from the coast, the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains.As they rise to cross the mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to fall as rain.On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches(500cm)of rain fall each year.More than half of British Columbia is heavily forested.On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, huge Douglas firs rise in towering columns.These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300 feet(90m)tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m).More lumber is produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America.Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in British Columbia.40

英屬哥倫比亞

英屬哥倫比亞是加拿大的第三大省，無(wú)論是面積還是人口都是如此。它幾乎是德克薩斯的1.5倍，從美國(guó)邊境一直向北延伸了800英里(1，280公里)。它包括了加拿大整個(gè)西海岸及附近島嶼。

大部分英屬哥倫比亞多山巒。綿長(zhǎng)而粗獷的山脈貫通南北。甚至那些沿海的島嶼都是那些存在于千萬(wàn)年前的山脈的遺跡。在上一個(gè)冰河時(shí)期，這些山脈被冰河沖刷侵蝕，直到大部分山脈被淹沒在海中。它們的峰頂顯現(xiàn)為沿著海岸散布的島嶼。

西南海岸地區(qū)有著潮濕溫和的海洋性氣候。從太平洋來(lái)的溫暖的洋流使得從西吹過(guò)內(nèi)陸的海風(fēng)變得溫暖。因此這兒冬天平均氣溫在零上而且夏天也不會(huì)酷熱。這些溫暖的西風(fēng)同樣也從海洋帶來(lái)了濕氣。來(lái)自太平洋的、從海岸向內(nèi)陸的風(fēng)遇到海岸山脈和落基山脈這些山脈屏障。當(dāng)氣流升高跨越這些山脈時(shí)，風(fēng)的溫度就降低了，風(fēng)中的水分形成降雨。在一些朝西山坡區(qū)域每年大約有200英寸(500厘米)的降水。

大部分英屬哥倫比亞密布著森林。在有充足降水的斜坡，巨大的道格拉斯樅樹高聳入云。這些森林巨人常常長(zhǎng)到高達(dá)300英尺(90米)，直徑粗達(dá)10英尺(3米)。這些樹產(chǎn)出了比北美其他任何樹都多的木材。鐵杉、紅香椿、香脂冷杉樅都是發(fā)現(xiàn)于英屬哥倫比亞的其它樹種。

Unit32:Botany Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights.It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.This is logical.Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants.They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of ― knowledge‖ at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid.When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.42

植物學(xué)

植物學(xué)，即對(duì)植物的研究，在人類知識(shí)的歷史中占據(jù)了特殊的地位。這是人類幾千年來(lái)超越模糊的認(rèn)知而真正有所了解的領(lǐng)域之一。我們今天不可能知道新石器時(shí)代的祖先們對(duì)植物到底了解多少，但我們?cè)谥两袢源嬖诘那肮I(yè)化社會(huì)觀察到：人類對(duì)植物及其特性的詳細(xì)了解應(yīng)該是非常古老的。這是理所當(dāng)然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔的基礎(chǔ)。它們對(duì)人們的生活至關(guān)重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實(shí)能夠辨識(shí)幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，植物學(xué)沒有專門的名稱，甚至可能根本未被認(rèn)為是一種專門知識(shí)。

不幸的是，工業(yè)化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越遠(yuǎn)，我們的植物學(xué)知識(shí)的增加也就越微不足道。然而每個(gè)人在不知不覺中擁有大量的植物學(xué)知識(shí)，很少有人認(rèn)不出玫瑰、蘋果或蘭花。大約一萬(wàn)年前居住在中東的新時(shí)代的祖先們發(fā)現(xiàn)某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會(huì)收獲更多時(shí)，人類就邁出了人和植物之間的新關(guān)系第一大步。谷子被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，農(nóng)業(yè)的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。從那時(shí)起，人類越來(lái)越依賴少數(shù)可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類中這里獲取一點(diǎn)，那里獲取一點(diǎn)。這樣在千萬(wàn)年中對(duì)于野生植物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和密切聯(lián)系中積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)就開始消失了。

Unit33:Plankton

Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea’s plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea’s resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.No one yet has seriously suggested that ― plankton-burgers‖ may soon become popular around the world.As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.44

浮游生物

浮游生物數(shù)十億噸的被稱為“浮游生物”的小動(dòng)物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。這些小的動(dòng)、植物大多太小而難以被人眼看到。它們隨波逐流，為許多較大的動(dòng)物提供了基本的食物。

浮游生物曾被描述為生長(zhǎng)在大陸陸地上的各種草類的海洋對(duì)應(yīng)物。這種比喻是恰當(dāng)?shù)?。然而就潛在的食物價(jià)值而言，浮游生物遠(yuǎn)勝于草類。一位科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)估計(jì)，世界上的草類每年生產(chǎn)大約490億噸有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生產(chǎn)的碳水化合物多于此數(shù)的兩倍。

盡管浮游生物具備巨大的食物潛能，但直到最近人們還很少象種植草類那樣付出努力養(yǎng)殖浮游生物?，F(xiàn)在，海洋科學(xué)家們至少已開始研究這種可能性。全球人口不斷擴(kuò)張，海洋資源作為食品的重要性日益突出。

現(xiàn)在還沒有人認(rèn)真說(shuō)過(guò)“浮游生物漢堡”會(huì)很快在世界上流行起來(lái)。然而，作為一種可能養(yǎng)殖的補(bǔ)充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科學(xué)家們相當(dāng)大的興趣。

一種似乎具有很大收獲可能性的微小的蝦狀浮游生物被稱為鱗蝦。鱗蝦長(zhǎng)至2～3英寸長(zhǎng)時(shí)即成為地球上曾居住過(guò)的最大動(dòng)物--藍(lán)鯨的主要食物。成熟的藍(lán)鯨可以達(dá)到100英尺長(zhǎng)，150噸重，所以每頭鯨每天吞食1噸多的鱗蝦一點(diǎn)也不讓人吃驚。

Unit34:Raising Oysters In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes-by transplanting them.First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about.Next, they ‖planted‖ fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae.The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom.There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat.The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food.Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs.But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance.The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food.So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work.But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs.They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae.And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions.They failed, but they doggedly kept at it.Finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring.Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat.Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures.In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!46

飼養(yǎng)牡蠣

過(guò)去人們飼養(yǎng)牡蠣的方式很大程度上類似于田地里的農(nóng)夫種植蕃茄--通過(guò)移植來(lái)飼養(yǎng)它們。首先，農(nóng)夫選好牡蠣苗床，清除底部的舊殼和其它雜物，然后四處撒播干凈的殼。接著，他們“栽種”已受精的牡蠣卵。這些卵在2～3周內(nèi)會(huì)孵化成幼貝。幼貝一直漂流直到粘在苗床底部干凈的殼上為止。它們會(huì)呆在那兒并逐漸長(zhǎng)成小牡蠣。我們稱之為種子或貝苗。貝苗吸進(jìn)海水中的微小生物作為食物從而越長(zhǎng)越大。不久之后，農(nóng)夫?qū)⑦@些小牡蠣收集起來(lái)，把它們移種進(jìn)其他的水域加快其生長(zhǎng)，然后再次將它們移種進(jìn)另外的水域以使其肥壯起來(lái)。

直到最近，野生的以及人工飼養(yǎng)的牡蠣完全能夠滿足人們的需要。但是今天這種可口的海味已不再大量存在。這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)變得如此嚴(yán)重以至于一些牡蠣苗床已完全消失。幸運(yùn)的是，早在20世紀(jì)初期海洋生物學(xué)家們就意識(shí)到如果不采取新的措施，牡蠣將會(huì)滅絕或至少會(huì)變?yōu)橐环N奢侈的食品。因此他們建造了裝備良好的孵卵場(chǎng)所并開始工作。但是他們尚沒有適當(dāng)?shù)难b臵或技術(shù)來(lái)處理牡蠣卵。他們不知道何時(shí)、用什么以及如何喂養(yǎng)幼貝。他們對(duì)捕食數(shù)百萬(wàn)幼小牡蠣的動(dòng)物天敵也所知無(wú)幾。他們失敗了，但他們頑強(qiáng)地堅(jiān)持了下來(lái)。終于，在20世紀(jì)40年代，一個(gè)重要的突破性的進(jìn)展產(chǎn)生了。

海洋生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，升高水溫能夠誘導(dǎo)牡蠣不僅在夏季也在秋季、冬季和春季里產(chǎn)卵。后來(lái)他們發(fā)展了一項(xiàng)技術(shù)來(lái)喂養(yǎng)幼貝至其長(zhǎng)成貝苗。他們進(jìn)一步成功地培養(yǎng)出了新的品種，可以抵抗疾病、長(zhǎng)得更快、更大并且在不同的鹽度和溫度的水中都能茁壯生長(zhǎng)。此外，這些培殖出的牡蠣口感更佳!

U 47

nit35:Oil Refining An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war.Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from the earth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it ― Drake’s Folly‖.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for ― black gold‖ all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.48

煉油

一種重要的新興工業(yè)--煉油業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)。未加工的石油，或原油--一種深色的地下的稠漿--數(shù)百年來(lái)一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過(guò)它。在十九世紀(jì)五十年代，薩繆爾M科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開始從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊绯鑫镏惺占筒⑺鼰挸擅河?。與冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個(gè)從未加工的原料中除去雜質(zhì)的過(guò)程。

煤油被用來(lái)點(diǎn)燈。它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來(lái)越難以獲得。不久就產(chǎn)生了對(duì)煤油的大量需求。人們開始尋找新的石油供應(yīng)。

第一口油井為EL瑞克，一個(gè)退休的火車檢票員所鉆得。1859年他開始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鉆井。整個(gè)的這項(xiàng)冒險(xiǎn)事業(yè)看起來(lái)是如此不現(xiàn)實(shí)和愚蠢以致旁觀者稱之為“鴨子的蠢行”。(譯者注：Drake'sFolly,drake在這里意含雙關(guān)，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。)但當(dāng)瑞克往下鉆至70英尺(21米)的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。他的油井從此每天生產(chǎn)20桶原油。

瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。截止到19世紀(jì)60年代早期，這些冒險(xiǎn)者為尋找“黑色的金子”鉆探遍了整個(gè)賓西法尼亞西部。這項(xiàng)繁榮的事業(yè)在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它為勘探者帶來(lái)了遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)淘金潮的財(cái)富。

原油能被提煉成許多產(chǎn)品。多年以來(lái)煤油一直是主要的一種產(chǎn)品。它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶推銷。19世紀(jì)八十九十年代煉油者們懂得了生產(chǎn)其它石油產(chǎn)品，如蠟和潤(rùn)滑油。那時(shí)石油還沒有被用來(lái)制造汽油或采暖裝臵用油。

Unit36:Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle.The lithosphere(n.[地]巖石圈)is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another.A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below.As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere.The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone.There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle.Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics.In its original version, in the early 1960’s, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates.The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust.As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field.When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock.Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift.The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently;the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.50

第四篇：摘抄優(yōu)美短文

摘抄優(yōu)美短文

摘抄優(yōu)美短文1

一個(gè)永恒的話題，唯有珍惜即時(shí)的擁有，生命的記憶里才會(huì)少一些悔恨。珍惜每一刻時(shí)間，讓你的生命活的更有價(jià)值！

每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)珍惜此刻的生活，都要讓自我活得更有價(jià)值和意義，活得開開心心。僅有珍惜此刻的時(shí)光，把握好今日，才有可能立足于明天。許多年后，當(dāng)我們回味過(guò)去時(shí)，惟一能讓自我不后悔的辦法，就是把握當(dāng)初的每一分每一秒，認(rèn)識(shí)到每一天其實(shí)都是異常的，都是上天的恩賜，從而更加珍惜當(dāng)前的生生命短暫，人生有限，不懈努力，創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。我們必須對(duì)自我負(fù)責(zé)，好好的使用生命，讓人生更光彩有意義。有句話說(shuō)的好“人的生命是有限，可是，為人民服務(wù)是無(wú)限的。我要把有限的生命，投入到無(wú)限的為人民服務(wù)中去?！蔽艺J(rèn)為生命不在于活的生命的長(zhǎng)短，而在于是否在有限的生命中拼搏了；是否給予了；是否活得精彩。

生命的意義就是在于奮斗，人生的意義則在于積累。不要乞求太多，每一天一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)就足夠了。所有的失望和不滿都是來(lái)自于我們自身的貪婪。堅(jiān)持一個(gè)平靜的心態(tài)，我們就會(huì)擁有整個(gè)世界

無(wú)可奈何花落去，似曾相識(shí)燕歸來(lái)。

流光容易把人拋，紅了櫻桃，綠了芭蕉。

摘抄優(yōu)美短文2

人生如戲，我們上演著悲歡離合，試過(guò)歡聲笑語(yǔ)，也試過(guò)痛哭流涕；人生如戲，我們經(jīng)歷過(guò)順境逆境，嘗過(guò)成功的甜，也嘗過(guò)失敗的苦。當(dāng)中的滋味，僅有身處其中的自我才能徹底體會(huì)。別人可能會(huì)以為我們表演得太夸張，其實(shí)那都是我們最真實(shí)的反應(yīng)。

人生如戲，總會(huì)在我們不經(jīng)意的時(shí)候埋下伏筆，等著某一天讓我們恍然大悟。也許有人能夠洞察先機(jī)，能夠逢兇化吉；也許有人是有幸運(yùn)加持，能夠安然度過(guò)；也許有人過(guò)于遲鈍，只能黯然嘆息了。

人生如戲，我們以為能夠改變自我的命運(yùn)，卻沒想到我們的結(jié)局早已注定。無(wú)論怎樣做都擺脫不了戲里既定的安排，可謂殊途同歸。如此看來(lái)，我們的拼搏和掙扎就像小丑在跳舞，徒惹人發(fā)笑罷了。

人生如戲，無(wú)論觀眾對(duì)這出戲有任何的意見，在戲里的我們永遠(yuǎn)都聽不見，只能按照安排表演著我們的人生。就算觀眾為我們叫好，我們也不會(huì)所以高興；就算觀眾為我們喝倒彩，我們也不會(huì)所以沮喪。因?yàn)檫@出戲是屬于我們自我的戲，好與壞應(yīng)當(dāng)由我們自我來(lái)做評(píng)判。

摘抄優(yōu)美短文3

苦斷腸

寡酒難飲情難忘，

誰(shuí)人卻能情輕放。

若能做得情無(wú)欲，

何苦相思情斷腸。

亂世飄萍

沒有兼濟(jì)天下的實(shí)力，卻能有獨(dú)善其身的想法。猛然間想起歸去來(lái)兮辭——田園將蕪胡不歸。亂世飄萍的生活，我想應(yīng)該沒有多少人會(huì)喜歡吧。人都有著自己的歸屬感，離開這片土地久了，就會(huì)有一種更難以理解的深情吧。

我很喜歡沈從文，我喜歡他的歸屬感。無(wú)論何時(shí)何地，心中有一方空間，那里有著故鄉(xiāng)的山，故鄉(xiāng)的水，我們的根扎在那里，感受這那片土地的深沉，厚重。

零零散散墜了一地

一個(gè)人跌跌撞撞走了這么久，開始發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己真的悲哀，就像個(gè)小丑一樣?！{(lán)瑾非

我從來(lái)不會(huì)向她【他】們坦承我很累，有時(shí)候甚至?xí)涀约菏菫榱耸裁椿钪?。心痛了，一個(gè)人扛，哭完了，一個(gè)人裝堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，在人前活潑的要死，可人后呢，沒有人知道我心里藏了多少東西，更沒有人了解我的無(wú)奈。人人都在贊揚(yáng)美麗的白天鵝，可又有誰(shuí)知道小丑面具下的悲哀。

我翻開日記。回想起以往的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴，不禁苦澀一笑。

藍(lán)曉丫，我有沒有說(shuō)過(guò)，沒有人能取代你在我心里的位置。你曾說(shuō)過(guò)，會(huì)陪我一輩子的，可是現(xiàn)在呢，算了，我不想再想了，讓自己再痛一次也沒用，丫，你是我的傷，痛過(guò)注定難忘。

在我的世界里，你來(lái)過(guò)，也走過(guò)，還跑過(guò)，卻從不逗留，留下的只是一個(gè)身影，然后轉(zhuǎn)身消散。潑墨宣紙上，只能留下我的孤獨(dú)和慘淡的文字。字與字之間，是回憶的落寞；句與句之間，是相思的灑落；一筆匯集三千心事，終成孤海。

別人都知道我愛笑，還是介于瘋笑的那種。

我笑你就覺得我快樂，是不是我莫名的哭了你就覺得我失戀還是什么的？

我在笑，笑我傻。同時(shí)也為可憐的真心感到悲哀！我真不覺得我有什么可以炫耀的。友情、愛情、親情，我得之所失，一無(wú)所有。

那么，一直以來(lái)，我們以為真心愛著的人，以為最最純凈的感情，究竟是不是真的如我們以為的那般無(wú)私與清澈。

墻紙房子，造云機(jī)器，美食桌布，換衣服照相機(jī)。

我們愛的，究竟是哆啦A夢(mèng)，還是他的口袋。

虛榮，陪伴，被關(guān)愛，不寂寞……我們愛的，究竟是那個(gè)人本身，還是他能帶給自己的東西。

很難說(shuō)的清楚，很難分的清晰。

那么，我們是不是也能這般幸運(yùn)，遇見屬于自己的這么一個(gè)人。

也許像大雄一樣不夠聰明，不完美，不那么受歡迎，單純得有些傻氣，但是，拋卻屬于你的所有光環(huán)，所有附加值，所有互利關(guān)系，你會(huì)相信，他不會(huì)放棄你，他會(huì)等你，他依舊那么愛你。

會(huì)不會(huì)有一天，我們會(huì)等到自己的大雄。

他說(shuō)他不要口袋，他說(shuō)他只愛你。

我想要的未來(lái)，有房子住，不用多大，最好窗外有陽(yáng)光；早晚有酸奶，一天能吃上蘋果，有鍋給我煮湯，偶爾能逛逛公園，一年能陪爸媽幾次；有工作，有本，有單反，有書看，有歌聽；朋友偶爾奔過(guò)來(lái)聚一起，偶爾能到處走走，這樣，就很幸福了。擁有唯美的小窩，和我的ta一起，度過(guò)完美的每一天，這是你的夢(mèng)想嗎？

遺忘是回憶的開始，逃離是痛苦的折磨，既然童話已經(jīng)結(jié)束，遺忘便是幸福，再美的童話，不能攜手，也是惘然。

魅力音樂

音樂，一種能讓自己心靈得到釋放的魅力，它唱出的是心中的歡快，心中的憂傷與渴望，它是一個(gè)及富有表現(xiàn)情感的東西，我想沒有誰(shuí)會(huì)不喜歡，都愿意唱出屬于自己的歌喉，讓自己得到情感的放松。因?yàn)橐魳?，世界再大都不?huì)有隔膜。

記得小時(shí)候的我 聽到的第一首音樂《小燕子》，很清楚那是的我就跟著音樂的旋律舞動(dòng)自己的節(jié)拍，那時(shí)的我才兩歲，聽到微妙的歌聲真的好興奮。雖然自己現(xiàn)在對(duì)于音樂的延長(zhǎng)并不熟悉，但是面對(duì)音樂的色彩，我無(wú)法逃避，更會(huì)跟著音樂旋律舞動(dòng)自己的歌喉，發(fā)出自己對(duì)音樂的情懷，時(shí)起時(shí)伏的節(jié)拍讓自己的心靜了下來(lái)，能讓自己得到舒展，是大腦頭皮得到放松。

這個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)退卻的文化，只會(huì)跟著社會(huì)的變化只會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變新的篇章，有對(duì)生命的渴望，對(duì)愛情的調(diào)侃，不管它是以古典的形式出場(chǎng)，還是以爵士的形式收尾，它永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)失真。對(duì)于自己那都是對(duì)生命的渴望，以生命的情感來(lái)釋放自己心中的苦悶與不屑，音樂是我進(jìn)入一種無(wú)高的境界，我喜歡這種音樂，他發(fā)出的每一種音符都會(huì)觸動(dòng)我的心靈都是我對(duì)夢(mèng)想的向往。

聽到音樂發(fā)出的音符，不管何時(shí)、何地誰(shuí)都會(huì)表現(xiàn)出 那種心情的興奮，再也沒有像音樂能給我?guī)?lái)興奮感了，他好像就是那些上班族不可代替的一種物品。商場(chǎng)、地鐵站、娛樂城無(wú)處不在的都能感覺音樂歌聲的存在回旋在自己耳邊，好像自己就是音樂中的主角，唱的就是自己的情懷。

我沉靜在音樂的歌聲里，憂傷的、歡快的遐想，給我?guī)?lái)了心情的釋放，得到靈魂的靜養(yǎng)，無(wú)論何時(shí)都會(huì)記得音樂帶給我的魅力，這種魅力只有懂得欣賞的人才能感覺到它的吸引與情懷。

音樂，這種魅力將會(huì)延伸到更遠(yuǎn)，相信音樂無(wú)限，欣賞音樂就是一件愉快的事，學(xué)會(huì)欣賞音樂的情感，讓自己的身心得到升華，得到最好狀態(tài)。把自己融入到音樂的視野里，就能感受到自己想要的'，該做的，學(xué)會(huì)慢慢欣賞音樂，就能找到自我。人生如歌，相信音樂帶給你的，感受自己的節(jié)拍，舞動(dòng)自己的旋律，享受自己的人生。

勤奮詩(shī)

勤奮是風(fēng)，

為遠(yuǎn)航的人們帶來(lái)成功的希望。

勤奮是一艘遠(yuǎn)航的船和帆，

讓一只只輪船在海面上行駛。

勤奮是一艘遠(yuǎn)航的船和槳，

勇敢地排開洶涌的巨浪。

勤奮是一艘遠(yuǎn)航的船和舵，

為輪船識(shí)辨方向，

讓他們繼續(xù)向理想的目標(biāo)駛?cè)ァ?/p>

勤奮是一艘遠(yuǎn)航的船，

誰(shuí)要與你交朋友，

誰(shuí)就有幸福，誰(shuí)就有收獲。

第五十四封

我們活著總會(huì)有些失落的時(shí)候，而在失落的時(shí)候，我們漠視了愛與被愛。一生是短暫的，時(shí)光緊張而毫無(wú)懸念地溜走，難以留下一絲痕跡。學(xué)會(huì)等等吧，等等自己，等等靈魂，讓自己輕松一點(diǎn)，讓靈魂休息一下，讓人生美妙一些，其實(shí)在怎么失落都有一個(gè)好處，那就是現(xiàn)在總在過(guò)去。

一次次我們相信了愛情， 一次次被愛情打敗

愛情，便是在一次次的受傷之后無(wú)奈的學(xué)會(huì)放下，一次次必須學(xué)會(huì)面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，一次次的問(wèn)自己，那些甜蜜是否真的可以毫無(wú)保留的丟棄。

摘抄優(yōu)美短文4

生活給予我挫折的同時(shí)，也賜予了我堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，我也就有了另一種閱歷。對(duì)于熱愛生活的人，它從來(lái)不吝嗇。要看你有沒有一顆包容的心，來(lái)接納生活的恩賜。酸甜苦辣不是生活的追求，但必須是生活的全部。試著用一顆感恩的心來(lái)體會(huì)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不一樣的人生。不要因?yàn)槎斓暮涠?duì)春天的等待。我們感激上蒼，是因?yàn)橛辛怂募镜妮喕亍碛辛艘活w感恩的心，你就沒有了埋怨，沒有了嫉妒，沒有了憤憤不平，你也就有了一顆從容淡然的心！

感恩的心，感激有你，伴我一生，讓我有勇氣做我自我。感恩的心，感激命運(yùn)，花開花落，我一樣會(huì)珍惜。這首歌使我明白沒有陽(yáng)光，就沒有溫暖；沒有水源，就沒有生命；沒有父母。就沒有我們自我；沒有他們，世界就會(huì)是一片孤獨(dú)和黑暗，為了擺脫它，我們需要一顆感恩的心。

落葉在空中盤旋，譜寫著一曲感恩的樂章，那是大樹對(duì)滋養(yǎng)它對(duì)大地的感恩；白云在蔚藍(lán)的天空中飄蕩，繪畫著那一幅幅感人的畫面，那是白云對(duì)哺育它的藍(lán)天的感恩。因?yàn)楦卸鞑艜?huì)有這個(gè)多彩的社會(huì)，因?yàn)楦卸鞑艜?huì)有真摯的友情。因?yàn)楦卸鞑抛屛覀兌昧松恼嬷B。

你如果學(xué)會(huì)了感恩，你將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自我是多么的歡樂，放開你的胸懷，讓霏霏細(xì)雨洗刷你心靈的污點(diǎn)……

摘抄優(yōu)美短文5

對(duì)于攀登者來(lái)說(shuō)，失掉往昔的足跡并不可惜，迷失了繼續(xù)前時(shí)的方向卻很危險(xiǎn)。不為失敗找理由，要為成功找方法。

奮斗是什么我想許多人對(duì)于這個(gè)話題都不陌生了。大家都會(huì)這樣說(shuō)：奮斗好比七彩石，能夠擊出我們的青春蓬勃。

我個(gè)人認(rèn)為奮斗是一種信念。每個(gè)人都具備、擁有這種信念，許多名人、英雄的故事中無(wú)一不顯示奮斗這個(gè)字眼。在他們認(rèn)為奮斗是無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在自我身邊的。正是擁有這種信念他們才會(huì)成功。當(dāng)年三萬(wàn)萬(wàn)中國(guó)人團(tuán)結(jié)一致，奮斗了十來(lái)年才取得了勝利。由此可見，奮斗是多么艱辛而漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。所以如今我們僅有擁有這種信念才能夠成為成功的主人，大學(xué)的大門才會(huì)向我們打開。

從牙牙學(xué)語(yǔ)開始我們就學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)，學(xué)士人世間的酸甜苦辣。有的同學(xué)說(shuō)：奮斗這個(gè)詞聽起來(lái)好聽，可我實(shí)在受不了了，這個(gè)過(guò)程好痛苦。是，奮斗是一個(gè)苦差事?？刹唤?jīng)風(fēng)雨，又怎會(huì)見彩虹呢何況我們已經(jīng)做了一半，不把它做完，損失就更大……

擁有夢(mèng)想只是一種智力，實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想才是一種本事。讓我們把奮斗表此刻生活得點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。

摘抄優(yōu)美短文6

想你，在每個(gè)太陽(yáng)初升的清晨。未睜開朦朧的眼睛便開始偷偷地想你，你的笑，你的哭，你的忍讓，你的霸道，你的大度，你的細(xì)心眼。那一刻，我的腦海里再也容不下別的，包括我自我。

想你，在每個(gè)午后清淺的時(shí)光。習(xí)慣在午后懶懶地靠在椅子上，看著瑩瑩的藍(lán)天，悠悠的白云，我明白那是你我的追逐。習(xí)慣雙手托腮，將自我放在感傷的音樂里，每個(gè)跳動(dòng)的音符都觸動(dòng)著我的心弦，一字一句的歌詞似乎都因你我的故事而生，感動(dòng)許久許久，偶有淚水滑落，不是悲傷，不是悵惘，而是思念滲入骨子里，無(wú)處可逃，無(wú)處安放，無(wú)它。

想你，在每個(gè)安靜地能夠清晰地聽到自我心跳的夜晚。抖落一天的疲憊，安靜地躺在床上，枕著合十的雙手，想此刻的你是不是喝了幾杯酒，是不是吃的飽飽的，是不是又要很晚才回家，是不是我偶爾的催促會(huì)讓你頓生厭惡，是不是該留給彼此大大的空間，想好多好多關(guān)于你的問(wèn)題，有些剩余。想，只是簡(jiǎn)單的想你，不想打擾你，唯有將對(duì)你滿腹的思念，經(jīng)過(guò)流動(dòng)的筆尖，融入柔情的詩(shī)句，寄成箋，折成船，放入思念的長(zhǎng)河，任其漂蕩，只待你輕輕拾起，將我摯熱的愛穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地收藏。

摘抄優(yōu)美短文7

秋雨絲絲灑枝頭，煙縷織成愁，遙望落花滿地殘紅，曾也枝頭盈盈娉婷，裝飾他人夢(mèng)。如今花落簌簌，曾絢爛完美剎那芳華?？茨腔ò晟系恼渲?，不甚清風(fēng)的擺動(dòng)，悄然滑落，那不舍的是離愁，塵緣已過(guò)，聚散匆匆。不需憂傷，花兒，不會(huì)因?yàn)殡x枝而失去芬芳；草兒，不會(huì)因?yàn)楹艞壣钠谕?。今年花勝去年紅，明年花更好，花開最美，不負(fù)這紅塵人間。

細(xì)數(shù)走過(guò)的歲月，歡樂伴著憂傷。在時(shí)光的深處中，最美的永遠(yuǎn)艷麗多彩不褪色，那些傷痛，時(shí)間久了也就模糊不清，留下的記憶也是殘缺碎片。遇到不滿意時(shí)，總會(huì)拿過(guò)去的好作比較，留戀過(guò)去，厭惡此刻，始不知過(guò)去也是此刻，此刻也會(huì)過(guò)去。行走紅塵人間，做個(gè)隨遇而安的草木女子，讓清風(fēng)拂袖，心香暖懷。生命的旅途，總會(huì)有千回百轉(zhuǎn)，悲喜寒涼，季節(jié)的輾轉(zhuǎn)，綺麗的風(fēng)景。若是懂得，這都是生活賦予的完美。有些人，有些事，也許進(jìn)了你的眼，滑過(guò)你的心，又悄然的溜走了，也許只為相遇，留一道風(fēng)景。把路途的美景豐盈心靈，化一道屬于自我的風(fēng)情。

第五篇：優(yōu)美小短文

1.亮把陰影拉長(zhǎng)了，林間小徑好像一條銀灰色的蛇躺著睡覺，矮橡叢彎彎曲曲的陰影成了蛇身的紋彩。路旁一塊斑駁的花崗巖剛經(jīng)雨淋濕，光亮得如同抽打磨過(guò)的青銅塊。松林矗立山頂，飽受風(fēng)霜與歲月的侵凌。松枝迎風(fēng)搖曳，像是在撫摸月亮的臉，想抹掉那遮掩清光的灰色皺紋。

2．月光能改變最常見的景色，掩飾人的瑕疵，化庸俗為優(yōu)美。零星散布的農(nóng)舍石板瓦屋頂映月生輝，恰似擦亮的銅片。田間干透了的枯草，此起彼伏，宛如一方白蠟色的絲綢。

3.夜空轉(zhuǎn)涼，薄霧初起。站在山巔之上，可見迷霧四散，直下河谷，陣陣水氣像長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的卷須，無(wú)聲無(wú)息地慢慢伸向河流。樹木和巉石變成了孤島。纏結(jié)在一起的荊棘、一絲山楂、一堆落石，都幻化成嚇人的野獸模樣，伺機(jī)伏擊。

4.林間比較溫暖，鳶尾草矗立湖濱，儼如高聳的灰色尖塔。月亮的倒影則像棄置的金盤，躺在我腳邊的水里。我走過(guò)時(shí)驚醒了一只松雞，那聒嗓的叫聲劃破夜的岑寂，這時(shí)月影亂舞，仿若不勝其擾。一條魚也應(yīng)聲躍起，將水中金盤攪成無(wú)數(shù)碎片，然后在我眼前再慢慢還原。5.當(dāng)秋風(fēng)掃落了樹葉，又急送浮云掠過(guò)天空之后，月亮便似乎在蒼穹飛馳，閃爍的月光把神秘而又變幻莫測(cè)的大地照得乍隱乍現(xiàn)。這時(shí)，應(yīng)該趕快找地方投宿了，因?yàn)楣爬系挠撵`總在不遠(yuǎn)處，在忽明忽暗的夜色中更加如魚得水。附近忽然響起嗦嗦聲，心跳隨即加劇，不過(guò)，恐懼卻帶著興奮的心情和生之喜悅。

6.在生命的征途上，不要在乎鮮花與笑臉，只要我們的每一瞬間，都盡力去做，盡量做得更好，那么我們這些平凡的人也就擁有了精彩，這些精彩便組成了我們不平凡的人生。

7.生命的每一瞬間都需要我們?nèi)^斗、拼搏、進(jìn)取，不定的風(fēng)會(huì)把無(wú)人采擷的種子播撒到天涯海角，盡管它也能從陽(yáng)光里得到溫暖，從雨水里得到滋潤(rùn)，但那一瞬間，它還要做一個(gè)重要的決定——去尋找自己生命的沃土。

8.感激傷害你的人，因?yàn)樗ゾ毩四愕男膽B(tài)；感激絆倒你的人，因?yàn)樗麖?qiáng)化了你的雙腿；感激欺騙你的人，因?yàn)樗鲞M(jìn)了你的智慧；感激蔑視你的人，因?yàn)樗X醒了你的自尊；感激遺棄你的人，因?yàn)樗虝?huì)了你獨(dú)立。

9.讀書是感悟，讀人更是感悟。感是“舉手長(zhǎng)勞勞，兩情同依依”的微笑，是“無(wú)可奈何花落去，似曾相識(shí)燕歸來(lái)”的彷徨；悟是“此情可待成追憶，只是當(dāng)時(shí)已惘然”的朦朧，是“念橋邊紅藥，年年知為誰(shuí)生”的感嘆。