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      鋼鐵企業(yè)畢業(yè)論文最終版修改版

      時間:2019-05-12 02:42:32下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《鋼鐵企業(yè)畢業(yè)論文最終版修改版》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《鋼鐵企業(yè)畢業(yè)論文最終版修改版》。

      第一篇:鋼鐵企業(yè)畢業(yè)論文最終版修改版

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      誠信申明

      本人申明:

      我所呈交的本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)是本人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下對四年專業(yè)知識而進行的研究工作及全面的總結(jié)。盡我所知,除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝中所羅列的內(nèi)容以外,論文中創(chuàng)新處不包含其他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的研究成果,也不包含為獲得北京化工大學(xué)或其它教育機構(gòu)的學(xué)位或證書而已經(jīng)使用過的材料。與我一同完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)的同學(xué)對本課題所做的任何貢獻均已在文中做了明確的說明并表示了謝意。

      若有不實之處,本人承擔(dān)一切相關(guān)責(zé)任。

      本人簽名: 年 月 日

      I

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      河北**鋼鐵有限公司所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及對策研究

      *** 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 國貿(mào)1005班 學(xué)號*****

      指導(dǎo)教師 **講師

      摘 要

      鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)在經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,是河北省最重要的核心產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。作為鋼鐵大省,河北省在全國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)中也占據(jù)相當(dāng)重要的地位。在河北省鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)獲得持續(xù)進步時,也存在一些急需處理的矛盾和問題。

      2008年9月以來,隨著國際金融危機的傳播和迷漫以及國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟增速縮減等大環(huán)境影響,全國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展運行開始承受嚴峻考驗,穩(wěn)定發(fā)展面臨著空前的挑戰(zhàn),危機也涉及到河北省的鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)。

      在寫作過程中,從宏觀和微觀兩個角度具體分析河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)面臨的挑戰(zhàn),在借鑒國內(nèi)外相關(guān)的應(yīng)對策略基礎(chǔ)上,提出一些改進意見,從而找出其相對的解決方法和策略。這對于我國鋼鐵制造企業(yè)提高國際競爭力、促使我國對外貿(mào)易的進一步發(fā)展具有一定的意義。

      關(guān)鍵詞:鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè) 外貿(mào)現(xiàn)狀 挑戰(zhàn)與對策

      II

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      Hebei Wen Feng steel co., LTD.Challenges and

      countermeasures research

      Abstarct

      The iron and steel industry is one of the most important leading support industry in hebei province, in the economic and social development has played a decisive role.As a big province of steel, hebei province also occupies very important position in the iron and steel industry in the country.Iron and steel industry in hebei province achieved rapid progress at the same time, there are some contradictions and problems to be solved.Since September 2008, with the spread of the international financial crisis and spread, as well as domestic slowdown and environment influence, the national steel industry began to undergo severe test operation, and stable development is facing unprecedented challenges, the crisis has spread to the iron and steel industry in hebei province.In the process of writing,it from the perspective of macro and micro two concrete analysis Wen Feng in hebei iron and steel co., LTD., the challenge for the foreign trade business, on the basis of relevant coping strategies at home and abroad for reference, put forward some improvement Suggestions, so as to find out the relative solutions and strategies.For China's iron and steel manufacturing enterprises to improve international competitiveness, promoting the further development of China's foreign trade has a certain significance.challenges and countermeasures Key words: the iron and steel industry

      present situation of foreign trade

      III

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      目 錄

      前 言.................................................1 第1章 課題研究背景與價值................................2 第1.1節(jié) 選題的意義與價值............................2 第1.2節(jié) 研究綜述....................................2 第1.3節(jié) 課題研究意義與目的..........................5 第1.4節(jié) 研究范圍與內(nèi)容..............................6 第1.5節(jié) 研究視角與方法..............................7 第2章 SWOT理論的概況....................................9 第2.1節(jié) SWOT分析模型簡介............................9 第2.2節(jié) SWOT分析方法...............................10 第3章 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司目前所面臨的挑戰(zhàn).............12 第3.1節(jié) 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司概括...................12 第3.2節(jié) 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)...........12 第4章 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司針對挑戰(zhàn)的應(yīng)對策略...........17 第4.1節(jié) 注重技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,化解過剩產(chǎn)能.................17 第4.2節(jié) 加強出口管理,實施并購重組.................19 結(jié) 論................................................21 附 錄................................................22 參考文獻................................................30 致 謝................................................31

      IV

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      前 言

      鋼鐵工業(yè)作為國民經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)原料產(chǎn)業(yè),在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中擁有重要地位。我國是鋼鐵生產(chǎn)和消費大國。鋼鐵工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟的重要基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè),是國家經(jīng)濟水平和綜合國力的重要標(biāo)志,鋼鐵發(fā)展直接影響著與其相關(guān)的國防工業(yè)及建筑、機械、造船、汽車、家電等行業(yè)。中國鋼鐵工業(yè)不僅在數(shù)量上快速增長,而且在品種質(zhì)量、裝備水平、技術(shù)經(jīng)濟、節(jié)能環(huán)保等諸多方面都取得了很大的進步,形成了一大批具有較強競爭力的鋼鐵企業(yè)。中國是鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的大國。從1996年鋼產(chǎn)量首次突破1億噸開始,一直穩(wěn)居世界鋼產(chǎn)量排名第一的位置。2008年中國粗鋼產(chǎn)量達到了5億噸,超過位居第二位到第八位的國家的粗鋼產(chǎn)量的總和。①然而,成功的背后卻難以掩蓋中國大部分鋼鐵企業(yè)面對的經(jīng)營困難,中國鋼鐵工業(yè)不但為中國國民經(jīng)濟的迅猛發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻,也為推動世界經(jīng)濟的繁榮和發(fā)展世界鋼鐵工業(yè)起到正面的作用,但同時也給鋼鐵工業(yè)種下了很多無形的難題,如技術(shù)水平較低、組織結(jié)構(gòu)不合理等。因此,從我國鋼鐵工業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的角度考慮,需要對鋼鐵工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及未來發(fā)展有一個全面的認識及判斷。

      ① 國家統(tǒng)計局統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)http://004km.cn/tjsj

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      第1章 課題研究背景與價值

      第1.1節(jié) 選題的意義與價值

      河北最重要的主導(dǎo)支撐產(chǎn)業(yè)之一是鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè),在經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了舉足輕重的作用。①河北省在全國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)中也占有十分重要地位,是全國的鋼鐵大省。在河北省鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)取得長足進步的同時,也存在一些亟待解決的矛盾和問題。比如,產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度低,企業(yè)規(guī)??傮w偏小;布局調(diào)整緩慢,鋼鐵企業(yè)大多依托煤炭資源而建,部分企業(yè)地處區(qū)域中心城市,產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展過程中環(huán)境容量、運輸條件、資源能源等因素制約日益顯現(xiàn);創(chuàng)新能力有待提高;資源能源緊張等等,這些問題已成為制約河北省鋼鐵工業(yè)進一步發(fā)展的瓶頸。

      1.1.1理論意義與價值

      鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。②加入WTO以后,我國鋼鐵貿(mào)易進入了一個新的發(fā)展階段,既給我國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來了前所未有的發(fā)展機遇,但也遭受到各種新的貿(mào)易保護和貿(mào)易壁壘。

      2008年9月以來,隨著國際金融危機的擴散和蔓延以及國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟增速回落等大環(huán)境影響,全國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展運行開始經(jīng)受嚴峻考驗,穩(wěn)定發(fā)展面臨著前所未有的挑戰(zhàn),危機也波及到河北省的鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)。

      通過實際公司的實際情況分析鋼鐵貿(mào)易所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及對策,對該公司,甚至全國鋼鐵的對外貿(mào)易有著重要的理論指導(dǎo)意義。

      1.1.2實踐意義與價值

      實踐意義與價值在于以河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司為例,運用所學(xué)到的國際貿(mào)易知識,對其在國際貿(mào)易中所遇到的問題進行深入的探究,從而對中國中小企業(yè)在鋼鐵貿(mào)易過程中所遇到的問題有一個深入的了解,其要想在激烈的國際競爭中存活下來就要研究和找到應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)的對策。這些對策對于公司來說有著重要的實踐意義??梢詭椭咎岣吒偁幜?,擴大出口,更好的發(fā)展。

      第1.2節(jié) 研究綜述

      ①② 樊慧.河北省鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究.[J]現(xiàn)代商業(yè),2009

      盧天明.河北省鋼鐵企業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展面臨的挑戰(zhàn)[J].1006-7833(2009)11-211-01

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      針對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與對策,我查閱了國內(nèi)外很多相關(guān)文獻。這些文獻都是從整體的宏觀方面出發(fā),說明我國鋼鐵行業(yè)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn),并給出對策與建議。下面就是本文的主要文獻,具體內(nèi)容簡要如下:

      1.2.1 國內(nèi)研究

      目前國內(nèi)對于鋼鐵行業(yè)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與對策研究越來越多,其面臨的挑戰(zhàn)也越來越眾多,大部分都是從整個行業(yè)的本身來分析的。近幾年國內(nèi)對鋼鐵行業(yè)的研究如下:

      馮曉寧,李紅英(2012)在《河北省外貿(mào)出口的現(xiàn)狀、問題及對策》中說2010年以來,河北省外貿(mào)發(fā)展總體趨勢看好。但是,河北省作為沿海經(jīng)濟大省,對外貿(mào)易的規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)有待提高和改善。隨著“十二五”計劃的實施,河北省對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展迎來了新的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)。河北省外貿(mào)出口中存在問題:(1)外貿(mào)出口量偏低,對外貿(mào)易依存度較低(2)外貿(mào)出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,有待完善(3)對外貿(mào)易模式單一,其他貿(mào)易方式發(fā)展緩慢(4)外貿(mào)出口主體實力不強,自主創(chuàng)新能力不高(5)外貿(mào)出口市場結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,有待優(yōu)化。

      吳溪淳(2009)在《國際金融危機與我國鋼鐵工業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)》中說當(dāng)前,我國鋼鐵工業(yè)面臨如下嚴峻挑戰(zhàn):(1)面臨供求失衡、價格低迷、企業(yè)虧損的挑戰(zhàn)。如何控制生產(chǎn)總量,實現(xiàn)供求大體平衡,促進鋼材市場價格合理回升,實現(xiàn)扭虧為盈,是我國鋼鐵行業(yè)當(dāng)前面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。(2)面臨出口大幅下滑、進口回升,國際鋼鐵市場激烈競爭的挑戰(zhàn)。(3)面臨進口鐵礦石價格形成機制不合理的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)。(4)面臨在產(chǎn)能過剩情況下能否實現(xiàn)鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和振興的挑戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)前,我國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)長期粗放發(fā)展積累的矛盾日益突出。主要表現(xiàn)在盲目投資嚴重,產(chǎn)能不斷膨脹;創(chuàng)新能力不高,高端產(chǎn)品研發(fā)和應(yīng)用還主要依靠引進和模仿,某些高檔關(guān)鍵品種鋼材仍需大量進口;產(chǎn)業(yè)布局不合理,沿海鋼廠少;產(chǎn)品集中度低,管理粗放,供需平衡調(diào)控能力弱;鋼鐵上下游產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈缺失戰(zhàn)略合作,資源控制能力弱,市場調(diào)控能力弱。當(dāng)前面臨的挑戰(zhàn),是在產(chǎn)能嚴重過剩情況下如何實現(xiàn)《鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整和振興規(guī)劃》目標(biāo)的問題。金融危機和世界經(jīng)濟衰退的大環(huán)境既使我們面臨嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn),也給我們提供了由大向強轉(zhuǎn)變的發(fā)展機遇,我們要做的就是敢于通過不斷強化的競爭機制,去解決我們前進中的問題。

      張曉剛(2010)在《后危機時期鋼鐵行業(yè)全球化面對的新挑戰(zhàn)》中說

      一、后危機時期,全球經(jīng)濟呈現(xiàn)出許多新的發(fā)展態(tài)勢??梢杂萌齻€關(guān)鍵詞概括:貿(mào)易摩擦、產(chǎn)業(yè)變革、結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。(1)貿(mào)易摩擦──后危機時期,經(jīng)濟全球化趨勢仍然 3

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      不可逆轉(zhuǎn),但國際分工的變化將引起更多貿(mào)易摩擦。(2)產(chǎn)業(yè)變革──后危機時期,隨著對原有經(jīng)濟模式的修復(fù),將會促發(fā)新的產(chǎn)業(yè)變革,進而產(chǎn)生新的巨大的生產(chǎn)力。(3)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整──后危機時期,中國經(jīng)濟將會持續(xù)發(fā)展,但需要通過進一步轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式和調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)去應(yīng)對未來的挑戰(zhàn)

      二、后危機時期,中國鋼鐵行業(yè)全球化面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)面對全球經(jīng)濟呈現(xiàn)出的新的發(fā)展態(tài)勢,后危機時期的中國鋼鐵行業(yè)推進全球化進程將有諸多挑戰(zhàn)需要應(yīng)對。主要涉及以下四個關(guān)鍵詞:產(chǎn)能過剩、兼并重組、轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式、優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈??傊?,后危機時期鋼鐵行業(yè)的全球化進程將是不平坦的,需要我們付出更加艱苦的努力。我相信,只要各鋼鐵企業(yè)加強溝通交流,相互精誠合作,就一定能夠走出后危機時期的陰影,迎來全球鋼鐵行業(yè)更加燦爛輝煌的明天。

      江飛濤,卓麗洪,王秀麗(2013)在《中國鋼鐵工業(yè)競爭力提升中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與對策》中說近年來,中國鋼鐵工業(yè)國際競爭力有所恢復(fù),但當(dāng)前鋼鐵工業(yè)競爭力進一步的提升仍面臨比較嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。應(yīng)加快完善公平競爭的市場環(huán)境,適當(dāng)拉動需求化解部分過剩產(chǎn)能,推動企業(yè)提高技術(shù)水平,鼓勵鋼鐵企業(yè)拓展增值服務(wù),以此促進中國鋼鐵競爭力的提升。鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力提升中面臨的問題與挑戰(zhàn):(1)產(chǎn)能過剩問題更為突出,不利于產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力提升;(2)技術(shù)水平與自主創(chuàng)新能力仍有待進一步提高;(3)以提高集中度和企業(yè)規(guī)模為主要政策目標(biāo)的做法不利于競爭力的提高;(4)鋼鐵企業(yè)由生產(chǎn)商向服務(wù)商轉(zhuǎn)型步伐需加快。對策與建議(1)建立和完善公平競爭市場環(huán)境;(2)短期內(nèi)適當(dāng)拉動需求,化解部分過剩產(chǎn)能,①加大農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),②提高“建材下鄉(xiāng)”標(biāo)準,推進“家電下鄉(xiāng)”、“汽車下鄉(xiāng)”、“新農(nóng)村建設(shè)”和“農(nóng)機補貼”政策,③加大城市“低標(biāo)”鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑和設(shè)施的建設(shè)力度,④加大對新興市場的出口力度;(3)推動企業(yè)提高技術(shù)水平,①積極推動產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準升級,促進鋼鐵產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和性能的提升,有效降低生產(chǎn)成本,②積極推動節(jié)能減排技術(shù)的開發(fā)、利用和推廣,③加大技術(shù)改造與升級的支持力度,鼓勵鋼鐵企業(yè)采用新工藝、新技術(shù);(4)鼓勵鋼鐵企業(yè)拓展增值服務(wù)。

      徐樂江(2009)在《直面挑戰(zhàn) 實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)型 由鋼鐵大國走向鋼鐵強國》中說深刻認識中國鋼鐵業(yè)面臨的內(nèi)外環(huán)境。(1)從全球來看:主要經(jīng)濟體復(fù)蘇快慢不一,全球經(jīng)濟增長的原有格局將出現(xiàn)變化,對中國鋼鐵業(yè)的國際環(huán)境造成較大影響;(2)從中國采看:轉(zhuǎn)變增長方式對中國鋼鐵業(yè)產(chǎn)生長期深遠影響;(3)從行業(yè)本身來看:持續(xù)的微利特征是中國鋼鐵業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整前的陣痛。中國鋼鐵工業(yè)實現(xiàn) 4

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      由大到強轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵在于創(chuàng)新。中國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)型需要邁過三道檻。(1)必須邁過平衡發(fā)展模式這道檻,(2)必須邁過國際化這道檻,(3)必須邁過資源環(huán)境這道檻。創(chuàng)新是跨越轉(zhuǎn)型門檻的唯一推動力。(1)平衡發(fā)展模式需要制度創(chuàng)新的支持;(2)國際化發(fā)展需要管理創(chuàng)新的支撐;(3)走出資源和環(huán)境的困局只有依靠技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。

      1.2.2 國外研究

      目前國外對鋼鐵企業(yè)對外貿(mào)易的重視程度也加大,對其研究也越來越多,下面是幾個主要的國外研究文獻:

      Ronald.Rebore“The Financial Crisis”(2010),William en Doyle“New International Economic Order”(2010)指出在全球金融危機與經(jīng)濟衰退的大背景下,解決中小企業(yè)融資難題,改善中小企業(yè)生存環(huán)境,無疑對拉動內(nèi)需,維護經(jīng)濟社會穩(wěn)定具有舉足輕重的意義。中小企業(yè)如何跨越金融危機這道坎,關(guān)鍵是緩解或最終解決中小企業(yè)融資的歷史性難題,因此需要對中小企業(yè)融資問題進行針對性的分析與思考。而教育在其中也扮演中不可或缺的角色,中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部的員工培訓(xùn)和職業(yè)道德等直接影響到企業(yè)聲譽和未來發(fā)展方向。而中美之間發(fā)生的貿(mào)易爭端其目的就是讓中國政府對美國進行更多的金融支持,美國以特保措施、反傾銷、綠色壁壘等措施對中國紡織品設(shè)限等做法使中國企業(yè)應(yīng)該努力尋找應(yīng)對措施。

      Thomas A.Pugel“International Trade”(2011)中分析(1)價格競爭進一步加劇。(2)政策性出口補貼的取消將降低企業(yè)盈利水平。(3)資金不足,融資困難,后繼發(fā)展乏力。(4)人才的競爭更加嚴重。(5)反傾銷、反補貼與技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘等各種變相的賀易保護措施大行其道。(6)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟集團化進程加快。這六點也是當(dāng)前影響中小型企業(yè)的重要因素。

      Michael E.Porter在“The Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations” [M] Beijing: Huaxia Press,1998中詳細介紹并解釋了國家競爭優(yōu)勢理論,為以后競爭優(yōu)勢理論形成和發(fā)展做了鋪墊。比較優(yōu)勢是一個國家使其公司或產(chǎn)業(yè)在同一產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)造、保持競爭優(yōu)勢的能力。波特的國際競爭優(yōu)勢模型包括四種本國的決定因素和兩種外部力量。四種本國的決定因素有要素條件,需求條件,相關(guān)及支持產(chǎn)業(yè),公司的戰(zhàn)略組織以及競爭。兩種外部力量是隨機事件和政府。

      第1.3節(jié) 課題研究意義與目的

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      當(dāng)前,我國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)長期粗放發(fā)展積累的矛盾日益突出。金融危機和世界經(jīng)濟衰退的大環(huán)境既使我們面臨嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn),也給我們提供了由大向強轉(zhuǎn)變的發(fā)展機遇。我們要做的就是敢于通過不斷強化的競爭機制,去解決我們前進中的問題。

      1.3.1 研究意義

      以河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司為例,具體研究其所面臨的外貿(mào)挑戰(zhàn)并給出其合理對策,全面了解與認識中國的鋼鐵貿(mào)易的發(fā)展歷程與現(xiàn)狀,透過鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,更深層地認識鋼鐵貿(mào)易在中國的對外貿(mào)易中所占據(jù)的特殊而重要的歷史地位。從而對于我國鋼鐵制造企業(yè)提高國際競爭力、促使我國對外貿(mào)易的進一步發(fā)展具有一定的意義。

      1.3.2 研究目的

      通過針對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司實際情況的對外貿(mào)易研究,認識并了解中國鋼鐵貿(mào)易的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,認識整個鋼鐵貿(mào)易發(fā)展的過程,在發(fā)展的過程中,中國的鋼鐵貿(mào)易遇到了怎樣的阻礙;認識該公司在鋼鐵貿(mào)易過程中遇到的問題,針對這些問題,公司管理部門采取了哪些應(yīng)對措施;針對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司在鋼鐵貿(mào)易中的問題,結(jié)合公司的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀制定切實可行的應(yīng)對措施,對于河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司提高對外競爭力、擴大對外貿(mào)易具有一定的意義,而且對于其應(yīng)對目前所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)具有有效的指導(dǎo)策略,從而對我國整個鋼鐵行業(yè)具有借鑒意義。

      第1.4節(jié) 研究范圍與內(nèi)容

      中國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的對外貿(mào)易是中國對外貿(mào)易中的一個很重要的方面,中國對于鋼鐵貿(mào)易的研究越來越多,而對于中國中小企業(yè)的研究屈指可數(shù),在鋼鐵貿(mào)易競爭日益激烈的今天。貿(mào)易保護制度的出現(xiàn)讓中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展增加了新的障礙,本文通過對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司在對外貿(mào)易過程中遇到的問題以及應(yīng)對策略的研究,從而認識我國整個鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,為我國鋼鐵貿(mào)易更好的發(fā)展給出建議。

      1.4.1研究河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

      主要以河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司為例,從其實際出發(fā),該公司目前所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)有低附加值的產(chǎn)品;產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度低;外貿(mào)依存度較高;行業(yè)不規(guī)范,調(diào)控不力;需求大增,喪失定價權(quán);污染嚴重,惡性競爭;產(chǎn)能過剩等。而這些挑戰(zhàn)正阻礙著該公司對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,需要采取切實有效的策略來應(yīng)對。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      1.4.2研究河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)的策略

      主要是運用SWOT分析法,分析河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司目前所面臨的挑戰(zhàn),并根據(jù)其獨特的情況,針對每一個挑戰(zhàn)給出其合理的應(yīng)對策略,主要策略有淘汰落后;建立海外生產(chǎn)基地;推動企業(yè)提高技術(shù)水平;注重技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,提高出口產(chǎn)品附加值;實施并購重組,提高行業(yè)集中度;加強出口管理,限制和鼓勵并舉; 加快鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整等。從而折射到全國整個鋼鐵行業(yè),為我國鋼鐵行業(yè)應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)具有借鑒作用。

      第1.5節(jié) 研究視角與方法

      1.5.1 研究視角和方法

      在論述河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司現(xiàn)狀及存在問題時主要采用SWOT分析法,從宏觀和微觀兩個角度進行闡述。在整體撰寫中還將采取文獻綜述法,實證分析法,訪談法等進行有效論述和分析。

      (1)文獻綜述法

      主要是搜集、鑒別、整理國內(nèi)外文獻,并通過對文獻的研究,形成對事實科學(xué)認識的方法。通過對文獻的定量分析,統(tǒng)計描述來實現(xiàn)對事實的科學(xué)認識。

      (2)實證分析法

      社會科學(xué)研究方法之一,著眼于當(dāng)前社會或?qū)W科現(xiàn)實,通過事例和經(jīng)驗等從理論上推理說明,那就屬于實證分析。

      (3)訪談法

      通過與河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層的接觸談話,從而獲得該公司出口貿(mào)易量的最近數(shù)據(jù),分析河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司在鋼鐵貿(mào)易中存在的問題。

      1.5.2 SWOT分析法簡介

      所謂SWOT分析,即基于內(nèi)外部競爭環(huán)境和競爭條件下的態(tài)勢分析,就是將與研究對象密切相關(guān)的各種主要內(nèi)部優(yōu)勢、劣勢和外部的機會和威脅等,通過調(diào)查列舉出來,并依照矩陣形式排列,然后用系統(tǒng)分析的思想,把各種因素相互匹配起來加以分析,從中得出一系列相應(yīng)的結(jié)論,而結(jié)論通常帶有一定的決策性。

      運用這種方法,可以對研究對象所處的情景進行全面、系統(tǒng)、準確的研究,從而根據(jù)研究結(jié)果制定相應(yīng)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、計劃以及對策等。

      S(strengths)、W(weaknesses)是內(nèi)部因素,O(opportunities)、T(threats)7

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      是外部因素。按照企業(yè)競爭戰(zhàn)略的完整概念,戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)是一個企業(yè)“能夠做的”(即組織的強項和弱項)和“可能做的”(即環(huán)境的機會和威脅)之間的有機組合。

      SWOT分析方法從某種意義上來說隸屬于企業(yè)內(nèi)部分析方法,即根據(jù)企業(yè)自身的既定內(nèi)在條件進行分析。SWOT分析有其形成的基礎(chǔ)。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      第2章 SWOT理論的概況

      第2.1節(jié)

      SWOT分析模型簡介

      SWOT(Strengths Weakness Opportunity Threats)分析法(也稱TOWS分析法、道斯矩陣),又稱為態(tài)勢分析法或優(yōu)劣勢分析法,用來確定企業(yè)自身的競爭優(yōu)勢(strength)、競爭劣勢(weakness)、機會(opportunity)和威脅(threat),從而將公司的戰(zhàn)略與公司內(nèi)部資源、外部環(huán)境可以有機地結(jié)合起來。是由20世紀80年代初由美國舊金山大學(xué)的管理學(xué)教授韋里克提出,經(jīng)常被用于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定、競爭對手分析等場合。

      SWOT分析主要是著眼于企業(yè)自身的實力及其與競爭對手的比較,而機會和威脅分析將注意力放在外部環(huán)境的變化及對企業(yè)的可能影響上。在分析時,應(yīng)把所有的內(nèi)部因素(即優(yōu)劣勢)集中在一起,然后用外部的力量來對這些因素進行評估。

      2.1.1機會與威脅分析

      隨著經(jīng)濟、科技等諸多方面的迅速發(fā)展,特別是世界經(jīng)濟全球化、一體化過程的加快,全球信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建立和消費需求的多樣化,企業(yè)所處的環(huán)境更為開放和動蕩。這種變化幾乎對所有企業(yè)都產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。正因為如此,環(huán)境分析成為一種日益重要的企業(yè)職能。

      環(huán)境發(fā)展趨勢分為兩大類:一類表示環(huán)境威脅,另一類表示環(huán)境機會。環(huán)境威脅指的是環(huán)境中一種不利的發(fā)展趨勢所形成的挑戰(zhàn),如果不采取果斷的戰(zhàn)略行為,這種不利趨勢將導(dǎo)致公司的競爭地位受到削弱。環(huán)境機會就是對公司行為富有吸引力的領(lǐng)域,在這一領(lǐng)域中,該公司將擁有競爭優(yōu)勢。

      對環(huán)境的分析也可以有不同的角度。比如,一種簡明扼要的方法就是PEST分析,另外一種比較常見的方法就是波特的五力分析。

      2.1.2優(yōu)勢與劣勢分析

      識別環(huán)境中有吸引力的機會是一回事,擁有在機會中成功所必需的競爭能力是另一回事。每個企業(yè)都要定期檢查自己的優(yōu)勢與劣勢,這可通過“企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理檢核表”的方式進行。企業(yè)或企業(yè)外的咨詢機構(gòu)都可利用這一格式檢查企業(yè)的營銷、財務(wù)、制造和組織能力。每一要素都要按照特強、稍強、中等、稍弱或特 9

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      弱劃分等級。

      當(dāng)兩個企業(yè)處在同一市場或者說它們都有能力向同一顧客群體提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)時,如果其中一個企業(yè)有更高的贏利率或贏利潛力,那么,我們就認為這個企業(yè)比另外一個企業(yè)更具有競爭優(yōu)勢。換句話說,所謂競爭優(yōu)勢是指一個企業(yè)超越其競爭對手的能力,這種能力有助于實現(xiàn)企業(yè)的主要目標(biāo)——贏利。但值得注意的是:競爭優(yōu)勢并不一定完全體現(xiàn)在較高的贏利率上,因為有時企業(yè)更希望增加市場份額,或者多獎勵管理人員或雇員。

      競爭優(yōu)勢可以指消費者眼中一個企業(yè)或它的產(chǎn)品有別于其競爭對手的任何優(yōu)越的東西,它可以是產(chǎn)品線的寬度、產(chǎn)品的大小、質(zhì)量、可靠性、適用性、風(fēng)格和形象以及服務(wù)的及時、態(tài)度的熱情等。雖然競爭優(yōu)勢實際上指的是一個企業(yè)比其競爭對手有較強的綜合優(yōu)勢,但是明確企業(yè)究竟在哪一個方面具有優(yōu)勢更有意義,因為只有這樣,才可以揚長避短,或者以實擊虛。

      由于企業(yè)是一個整體,而且競爭性優(yōu)勢來源十分廣泛,所以,在做優(yōu)劣勢分析時必須從整個價值鏈的每個環(huán)節(jié)上,將企業(yè)與競爭對手做詳細的對比。如產(chǎn)品是否新穎,制造工藝是否復(fù)雜,銷售渠道是否暢通,以及價格是否具有競爭性等。如果一個企業(yè)在某一方面或幾個方面的優(yōu)勢正是該行業(yè)企業(yè)應(yīng)具備的關(guān)鍵成功要素,那么,該企業(yè)的綜合競爭優(yōu)勢也許就強一些。需要指出的是,衡量一個企業(yè)及其產(chǎn)品是否具有競爭優(yōu)勢,只能站在現(xiàn)有潛在用戶角度上,而不是站在企業(yè)的角度上。

      企業(yè)在維持競爭優(yōu)勢過程中,必須深刻認識自身的資源和能力,采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?。因為一個企業(yè)一旦在某一方面具有了競爭優(yōu)勢,勢必會吸引到競爭對手的注意。一般地說,企業(yè)經(jīng)過一段時期的努力,建立起某種競爭優(yōu)勢;然后就處于維持這種競爭優(yōu)勢的態(tài)勢,競爭對手開始逐漸做出反應(yīng);而后,如果競爭對手直接進攻企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢所在,或采取其它更為有力的策略,就會使這種優(yōu)勢受到削弱。

      第2.2節(jié) SWOT分析方法

      SWOT方法自形成以來,廣泛應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)略研究與競爭分析,成為戰(zhàn)略管理和競爭情報的重要分析工具。分析直觀、使用簡單是它的重要優(yōu)點。即使沒有精確的數(shù)據(jù)支持和更專業(yè)化的分析工具,也可以得出有說服力的結(jié)論。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      在適應(yīng)性分析過程中,企業(yè)高層管理人員應(yīng)在確定內(nèi)外部各種變量的基礎(chǔ)上,采用杠桿效應(yīng)、抑制性、脆弱性和問題性四個基本概念進行這一模式的分析。

      2.2.1杠桿效應(yīng)(優(yōu)勢+機會)

      杠桿效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生于內(nèi)部優(yōu)勢與外部機會相互一致和適應(yīng)時。在這種情形下,企業(yè)可以用自身內(nèi)部優(yōu)勢撬起外部機會,使機會與優(yōu)勢充分結(jié)合發(fā)揮出來。然而,機會往往是稍瞬即逝的,因此企業(yè)必須敏銳地捕捉機會,把握時機,以尋求更大的發(fā)展。

      2.2.2抑制性(機會+劣勢)

      抑制性意味著妨礙、阻止、影響與控制。當(dāng)環(huán)境提供的機會與企業(yè)內(nèi)部資源優(yōu)勢不相適合,或者不能相互重疊時,企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢再大也將得不到發(fā)揮。在這種情形下,企業(yè)就需要提供和追加某種資源,以促進內(nèi)部資源劣勢向優(yōu)勢方面轉(zhuǎn)化,從而迎合或適應(yīng)外部機會。

      2.2.3脆弱性(優(yōu)勢+威脅)

      脆弱性意味著優(yōu)勢的程度或強度的降低、減少。當(dāng)環(huán)境狀況對公司優(yōu)勢構(gòu)成威脅時,優(yōu)勢得不到充分發(fā)揮,出現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢不優(yōu)的脆弱局面。在這種情形下,企業(yè)必須克服威脅,以發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢。

      2.2.4問題性(劣勢+威脅)

      當(dāng)企業(yè)內(nèi)部劣勢與企業(yè)外部威脅相遇時,企業(yè)就面臨著嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),如果處理不當(dāng),可能直接威脅到企業(yè)的生死存亡。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      第3章 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司目前所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

      第3.1節(jié) 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司概括

      河北文豐鋼鐵(集團)有限公司是一家集鋼鐵冶煉、鋼鐵軋制、能源電力、礦山采選、煤炭開采、啤酒釀造、內(nèi)外貿(mào)易于一體,跨行業(yè)、跨產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)營的集團公司,是河北文豐實業(yè)集團母公司。集團總資產(chǎn)35億元,注冊資本629.87萬美元,員工總數(shù)5500名,其中技術(shù)人員占28%。其中河北文豐鋼鐵(集團)有限公司屬中、外合資企業(yè),注冊資本2137.86萬美元。并于2003年通過ISO9000質(zhì)量管理體系認證。2004年底,企業(yè)投巨資建成了“河北省重點建設(shè)項目”——年生產(chǎn)100萬噸的中寬帶軋鋼生產(chǎn)線和年產(chǎn)120萬噸中厚板軋鋼生產(chǎn)線,成為全國第一家生產(chǎn)寬厚板的民營企業(yè)。①

      3.1.1公司主要投資(或控制)企業(yè)

      主要投資(或控制)企業(yè)有河北文豐軋鋼有限公司,河北文豐熱電有限公司,唐山潤豐軋鋼有公司,武安市賀莊煤礦,邯鄲文豐建筑材料有限公司,邯鄲市利豐物資經(jīng)貿(mào)有限公司,文豐惠爾(北京)國際經(jīng)貿(mào)有限公司,青島文豐進出口貿(mào)易有限公司,唐山中厚板材有限公司,天津藥業(yè)(深圳)有限公司等。②

      3.1.2公司成立以來所獲榮譽

      集團自2002成立以來,以鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)為主道,面向市場,著力于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,工序過程完善,能源綜合利用,綠色文明生產(chǎn)。成為集采礦、燒結(jié)、煉鐵、煉鋼,軋鋼、啤酒、貿(mào)易等多產(chǎn)業(yè)集團化企業(yè)。近幾年,該公司榮獲:河北省政府“河北科技企業(yè)”;河北省中小企業(yè)局、協(xié)會2003年度“優(yōu)秀信用企業(yè)”;河北省勞動保障廳、統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)部、工商聯(lián)“社會保障先進企業(yè)”;“河北省百強企業(yè)”等眾多榮譽稱號。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司榮獲“2012中國民營500強”稱號。③

      第3.2節(jié) 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

      3.2.1河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司對外貿(mào)易的優(yōu)勢分析

      ①② 見附錄訪談一問題1 見附錄訪談一問題10 ③ 見附錄訪談一問題9

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      (1)經(jīng)濟增長速度快,國內(nèi)外需求旺盛。世界經(jīng)濟的迅猛發(fā)展,對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司鋼鐵的需求量也逐漸增多,以及世界制造中心向中國轉(zhuǎn)移,進一步推動中國鋼鐵行業(yè)發(fā)展。

      (2)生產(chǎn)成本低,國際市場開拓能力強。與同地區(qū)其他企業(yè)相比具有產(chǎn)品成本低的優(yōu)勢。公司目前正積極開發(fā)國際市場,收購一些國外的鋼鐵企業(yè),在國外建立自己的根據(jù)地。①

      (3)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力持續(xù)提升。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司存在一些落后產(chǎn)能,企業(yè)的新建項目中,集中了也有先進的技術(shù)和設(shè)備。公司逐步放眼海外,到國外投資建廠,以尋求新的發(fā)展空間。②

      (4)地理環(huán)境優(yōu)越,相關(guān)支持產(chǎn)業(yè)集中。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司所在市區(qū)擁有雄厚的煤鐵礦資源,資源充足,有利于開發(fā),降低成本。而且其所在市區(qū)鋼鐵企業(yè)眾多,但分工明確,有利于各個企業(yè)相互結(jié)合,相互依靠,共同發(fā)展。

      (5)公司有在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)行業(yè)經(jīng)驗豐富的專業(yè)制造人才和科技研發(fā)人才,同時公司的產(chǎn)品相對于其他同行業(yè)的公司,價格較為低廉,并且我們把質(zhì)量和誠信放在企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展的首位。④

      ③ 3.2.2河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司對外貿(mào)易的劣勢分析

      (1)河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司與同市區(qū)其他企業(yè)爭原料、搶市場、拼價格,其產(chǎn)品又多是低附加值的大路貨。⑤與國企相比,公司科研開發(fā)投入低,缺乏技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力,不利于公司進一步開拓國際鋼鐵市場。⑥

      (2)產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度低。企業(yè)規(guī)模小而分散,公司所在市有十幾家鋼鐵企業(yè),容易導(dǎo)致企業(yè)的過度競爭,打價格戰(zhàn),使各企業(yè)的獲利空間減小。

      (3)外貿(mào)依存度較高。低價競銷、不規(guī)范的市場購銷行為,不利于市場公平競爭,給企業(yè)帶來很大損失。公司鐵礦石資源少,需要進口,增加了生產(chǎn)成本,降低了原有的價格競爭優(yōu)勢,還受國際鐵礦石價格和海運價格的波動影響。⑦

      (4)行業(yè)不規(guī)范,調(diào)控不力。受市場需求驅(qū)動,河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司受利益驅(qū)使和地方政府的支持,產(chǎn)能擴張無度,引起產(chǎn)能過剩。

      (5)需求大增,喪失定價權(quán)。由于所在市區(qū)鐵礦石產(chǎn)量滿足不了河北文豐 ①② 見附錄訪談一問題8 見附錄訪談一問題2 ③ 見附錄訪談一問題14 ④ 見附錄訪談一問題3 ⑤ 見附錄訪談一問題13 ⑥ 見附錄訪談二問題2 ⑦ 見附錄訪談三問題2

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      鋼鐵有限公司生產(chǎn)需求,河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司每年不得不進口上萬噸鐵礦石和鐵精粉,而這些資源僅由幾個國際礦業(yè)巨頭所控制。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司對鐵礦石的需求連年增加,這些礦業(yè)巨頭就在每年的鐵礦石談判中聯(lián)手抬價,對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司形成需求控制。①

      (6)污染嚴重,惡性競爭。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司是耗能大戶,也是資源消耗大戶,除了需要高品位鐵礦石外,還需要大量的輔助材料——煤、焦炭、水、電及熔劑等。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司更是污染物排放大戶,是個地道的大污染行業(yè)。像河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司這些企業(yè)的生存給市場、環(huán)保、能源和運輸帶來了一系列問題,特別是它們的低價競銷、不規(guī)范的市場購銷行為,破壞了市場公平競爭,給國家和企業(yè)帶來很大損失。

      (7)河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司產(chǎn)能過剩。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司由于供大于求,即使在國家經(jīng)濟刺激政策拉動鋼材需求的情況下,鋼材市場價格依然處于較低水平。出現(xiàn)了增產(chǎn)不增收的現(xiàn)象。同時,由于產(chǎn)能繼續(xù)增長,淘汰落后進展緩慢,產(chǎn)能過剩問題突出,造成企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整難度進一步增大、國際貿(mào)易摩擦加劇。②分析產(chǎn)能過剩的原因,有近幾年產(chǎn)量增長過快、新增能力超過市場需求的因素;有存量調(diào)整力度不夠大、淘汰落后不到位的因素;同時也有世界經(jīng)濟不振、國外市場需求下降的因素。③

      3.2.3河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司對外貿(mào)易的機會分析

      (1)需求拉動公司產(chǎn)能增長,提升企業(yè)優(yōu)勢。中國穩(wěn)健的的經(jīng)濟環(huán)境促進了與鋼鐵相關(guān)的建筑、制造業(yè)、汽車、家電等產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。巨大的需求拉動公司的快速發(fā)展。

      (2)成本上漲可推高鋼價。公司鐵礦石很多需進口,國內(nèi)鐵礦石的價格不斷上漲。

      (3)企業(yè)重組、技術(shù)進步將釋放新的市場潛力

      公司所在城市鋼鐵企業(yè)眾多,環(huán)境污染嚴重,生產(chǎn)冗雜,為了改善環(huán)境,為了更好的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)在公司正在與所在城市另一個鋼鐵企業(yè)合并重組,強強聯(lián)合,優(yōu)勢互補,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率,創(chuàng)造新的需求。④從近代世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展來看,在經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇和穩(wěn)定增長時期基本上都會出現(xiàn)并購潮。后危機時期的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展相對穩(wěn)定,為企業(yè)兼并重組提供了難得的機遇。但從全球看,跨國并購越來越受到非 ①② 見附錄訪談一問題4 見附錄訪談三問題3 ③ 見附錄訪談三問題3 ④ 見附錄訪談三問題7

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      經(jīng)濟因素和貿(mào)易壁壘的限制,制約了后危機時期企業(yè)的兼并重組。從中國來看,在中央和地方政策的支持下,近年來國內(nèi)鋼鐵行業(yè)兼并重組方興未艾,但應(yīng)當(dāng)看到,重組的形式更多的局限于本區(qū)域,而且是以政府(特別是地方政府)主導(dǎo)為主。這樣做雖然企業(yè)做大了,但不利于鋼鐵行業(yè)的國內(nèi)布局和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,更不利于國內(nèi)鋼鐵企業(yè)的全球化進程。

      (4)轉(zhuǎn)變落后的發(fā)展方式

      轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式是河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司推進全球化進程的重要基礎(chǔ)。①當(dāng)前中國鋼鐵企業(yè)在技術(shù)進步和產(chǎn)品升級方面依然存在差距,主要表現(xiàn)在前沿工藝技術(shù)、綠色鋼鐵生產(chǎn)工藝技術(shù)、高檔次、高附加值專用材生產(chǎn)等方面。造成這種現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)原因是發(fā)展方式存在不足。②縱觀世界鋼鐵工業(yè)的發(fā)展史,從許多國家的成功經(jīng)驗可以看出,鋼鐵工業(yè)的發(fā)展是以持續(xù)的技術(shù)改造和技術(shù)進步來推動技術(shù)升級和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,通過波浪式、螺旋式上升的路徑,使本國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展態(tài)勢,從而保持持續(xù)的全球競爭力。

      (5)河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈

      在次危機時期,實施資源戰(zhàn)略,加強對上游資源的控制,是中國鋼鐵企業(yè)推進全球化進程的重要保證。③隨著世界經(jīng)濟的逐步復(fù)蘇,國際鋼鐵產(chǎn)能利用率的上升將帶動鋼鐵生產(chǎn)主要原材料(包括鐵礦石、焦煤焦炭、鐵合金、廢鋼等)價格的上漲,進而推高鋼鐵生產(chǎn)成本。對于河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司而言,當(dāng)前面臨的最緊迫的問題就是進口鐵礦石問題,由于進口鐵礦石超常增長,增加了進口鐵礦和海運費價格上漲壓力。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司需要繼續(xù)堅持走出去戰(zhàn)略,實現(xiàn)上游供應(yīng)鏈的全球配置,適度掌控海外資源,建立更為廣闊的資源供應(yīng)渠道。④

      3.2.4河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司對外貿(mào)易的威脅分析

      (1)貿(mào)易摩擦日益升溫。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司產(chǎn)能過剩,供大于求,出現(xiàn)了增產(chǎn)不增收的現(xiàn)象。由于產(chǎn)能持續(xù)增長,淘汰落后進展較慢,產(chǎn)能過剩問題突出,造成產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整難度加大、鋼材市場波動較大、國際貿(mào)易摩擦加劇。近兩年來,我國部分鋼鐵產(chǎn)品出口增長迅速、價格較低、對象較集中,已經(jīng)引來來自北美、拉美、歐盟、東盟等出口目的國的貿(mào)易摩擦,阻礙中國鋼鐵產(chǎn)品的出口。

      (2)成本優(yōu)勢越來越小。目前中國對于鐵礦石的依賴程度較高(約50%),使得中國鋼鐵行業(yè)的原材料成本相對較高,生產(chǎn)成本優(yōu)勢逐漸縮小。

      ①② 見附錄訪談三問題9 見附錄訪談一問題6 ③ 見附錄訪談三問題8 ④ 見附錄訪談三問題8

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      (3)資源、環(huán)境壓力越來越大。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司污染嚴重,惡性競爭,其能耗高、物耗高、污染高。資源約束日益顯現(xiàn),環(huán)境制約也更加嚴峻,不利于公司的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

      (4)導(dǎo)致我國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)散、亂、差的一個不可忽視原因,是地方利益作祟。地方政府以局部利益代替全局利益,為了地方經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,增大地方財政收入,不計后果大建快上小鋼鐵企業(yè),形成了今天的小企業(yè)與大企業(yè)爭原料、爭能量、爭市場的惡性競爭局面。①

      (5)行業(yè)管理失控、產(chǎn)業(yè)定位不清(來自行業(yè)的威脅)

      ①中國作為鋼鐵生產(chǎn)大國,在創(chuàng)造出數(shù)個“世界第一”背后,卻沒有在世界鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)格局里獲得應(yīng)有的話語權(quán),這不能不引起我們的警惕。②目前中國進口鐵礦石越多,國際賣家的漲價就越有勁,以到岸價計,海運費用也水漲船高。我們?yōu)殇撹F產(chǎn)品消費國承擔(dān)了環(huán)境污染,出口到歐洲的鋼材還遭到反傾銷訴訟。

      ②另一個嚴重的問題是,“高能耗、高污染、爭搶資源”的小鋼鐵廠一直得不到有效的約束和遏制,走入一個“產(chǎn)能擴大-產(chǎn)量增加-低價出口-遭遇制裁”的產(chǎn)業(yè)循環(huán)怪圈。發(fā)展經(jīng)濟,建立一國強大的工業(yè)發(fā)展體系,離不開鋼鐵工業(yè),但必須有一個確切合理的定位。我國是一個人口大國,又是資源、能源短缺國,我們的一切方針政策必須依據(jù)這個基本點,一切從這個基本點出發(fā)去考慮。因此,內(nèi)需是首要因素,一切必先從滿足國內(nèi)需求出發(fā)。從我國的資源情況來看,我們沒有條件和能力,為國際市場大量提供鋼鐵產(chǎn)品,我們也不應(yīng)當(dāng)成為世界鋼鐵產(chǎn)品的制造基地,更不應(yīng)該以犧牲環(huán)保、能源和資源為代價,換取他國對鋼鐵產(chǎn)品的需要。我國的鋼鐵工業(yè)不能“兩頭對外”,一方面大量進口原料,另一方面大量出口初級產(chǎn)品,這樣的產(chǎn)業(yè)局面如果繼續(xù)下去,必將對我國鋼鐵工業(yè)的健康發(fā)展造成巨大傷害。

      ①② 見附錄訪談三問題6 見附錄訪談三問題2 ③ 見附錄訪談二問題1

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      第4章 河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司針對挑戰(zhàn)的應(yīng)對策略

      只有創(chuàng)新才能提升公司的核心競爭力,公司要更好的生存下去,必須要創(chuàng)新,技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新等等,同時不要忽略公司的組織和策略創(chuàng)新。以持續(xù)的技術(shù)改造和技術(shù)進步來推動技術(shù)升級和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,通過波浪式、螺旋式上升的路徑,使企業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展態(tài)勢,從而保持持續(xù)的競爭力。將鋼材品質(zhì)向高技術(shù)含量、高附加值和優(yōu)質(zhì)、多功能方向發(fā)展。①企業(yè)要加大科研經(jīng)費的投入,逐步優(yōu)化出口產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu),注重生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量鋼材產(chǎn)品,注重產(chǎn)品差異性。

      4.1節(jié) 注重技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,化解過剩產(chǎn)能

      4.1.1通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)升級來提高核心競爭力

      河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司必須大力開發(fā)新工藝、新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品,著力突破制約產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。②河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司工業(yè)技術(shù)進步的方向是節(jié)能減排技術(shù)和資源充分利用技術(shù)。節(jié)能減排上的成本投入(技術(shù)和資金)將換取長期的行業(yè)壁壘或產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢,最終將改變河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司的相對競爭優(yōu)勢;鋼鐵生產(chǎn)資源綜合利用和再生資源生產(chǎn)利用,以及行業(yè)領(lǐng)先產(chǎn)品和獨有產(chǎn)品等具有行業(yè)領(lǐng)先水平技術(shù)的研發(fā)工作,也將在行業(yè)技術(shù)進步中起到引導(dǎo)作用。

      目前,世界各國已經(jīng)將低碳經(jīng)濟作為一種重要的發(fā)展模式來積極推動,河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司開發(fā)低碳經(jīng)濟技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)成為其轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式的關(guān)鍵點。③我們要把握低碳經(jīng)濟為河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式提供的巨大機遇,重點從以下三個方面采取措施:積極開發(fā)利用新能源,降低碳能源的使用量;提高現(xiàn)有資源、能源的使用效率,特別是二次能源的回收利用;開發(fā)綠色鋼鐵新工藝和新技術(shù)。④

      4.1.2推動企業(yè)提高技術(shù)水平

      (1)積極推動產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準升級,促進鋼鐵產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和性能的提升,有效降低生產(chǎn)成本在制定鋼鐵產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準。

      (2)積極推動節(jié)能減排技術(shù)的開發(fā)、利用和推廣積極支持節(jié)能減排先進工藝和技術(shù)的研究開放,鼓勵企業(yè)積極實施節(jié)能減排的先進技術(shù)與工藝,推動鋼鐵 ①② 見附錄訪談三問題2 見附錄訪談三問題4 ③ 見附錄訪談三問題5 ④ 見附錄訪談三問題5

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      生產(chǎn)過程中污染物的高效處理、無害化處理和循環(huán)利用,實現(xiàn)低能源消耗、低硫排放、低碳排放,以及實現(xiàn)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟理念下“三高效”,即能源高效轉(zhuǎn)換和高效利用、水資源的高效與循環(huán)利用、鐵資源的高效與循環(huán)利用,保證綠色制造戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)。

      (3)企業(yè)組織要加大技術(shù)改造與升級的支持力度,鼓勵采用新工藝、新技術(shù)引導(dǎo)和支持企業(yè)圍繞產(chǎn)品性能與質(zhì)量、節(jié)能降耗、綠色生產(chǎn)、兩化融合等重點環(huán)節(jié),積極應(yīng)用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新裝備,優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)工藝與流程,提高資源綜合利用效率,提升企業(yè)新產(chǎn)品、新材料的研究開發(fā)能力。①

      4.1.3解決產(chǎn)能過剩問題的關(guān)鍵是淘汰落后。

      在淘汰落后過程中,首先要把淘汰落后和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級緊密聯(lián)系起來。②如果淘汰落后進展遲緩,不僅積累的落后產(chǎn)能越來越大,還會影響產(chǎn)業(yè)升級。其次,要正確處理各種利益關(guān)系。這需要國家和企業(yè)組織發(fā)揮把握全局的作用,協(xié)調(diào)國家、行業(yè)、地方和企業(yè)利益,通過政策導(dǎo)向來推動強制淘汰落后產(chǎn)能。同時河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司也應(yīng)正確處理局部利益和全局利益的關(guān)系,更多地著眼于未來發(fā)展,自覺淘汰落后產(chǎn)能。最后,要建立健全淘汰落后的政策法規(guī)和流程機制,淘汰落后關(guān)系到資產(chǎn)處置和人員安置等企業(yè)和職工的切身利益,必須有完善的機制做保證。

      4.1.4短期內(nèi)適當(dāng)拉動需求

      (1)加大農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)加大鄉(xiāng)村公路(道路)建設(shè)、農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)、鄉(xiāng)村教育與醫(yī)療基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、鄉(xiāng)村電網(wǎng)與通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)、鄉(xiāng)村飲水工程建設(shè)、鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境保護基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)等方面的投入。這些措施一方面可以拉動投資需求,緩解鋼鐵、有色金屬、水泥等行業(yè)產(chǎn)能過剩程度;另一方面也可以推進基本公共服務(wù)的均等化和城鄉(xiāng)一體化建設(shè)。

      (2)當(dāng)?shù)卣岣摺敖ú南锣l(xiāng)”標(biāo)準,推進“家電下鄉(xiāng)”、“汽車下鄉(xiāng)”、“新農(nóng)村建設(shè)”和“農(nóng)機補貼”政策。但是,“建材下鄉(xiāng)”本身推進較慢,對鋼鐵等相關(guān)行業(yè)的實際帶動效用弱于“家電下鄉(xiāng)”和“汽車下鄉(xiāng)”。建議在不斷增加建材下鄉(xiāng)試點地區(qū)的同時,細化實施細則,提高新農(nóng)村建設(shè)中住宅和公共建筑的標(biāo)準,增加鋼材使用量。同時,抓住農(nóng)業(yè)機械化機遇,推出相應(yīng)的“農(nóng)機購買補貼”政策,推廣適合農(nóng)村建設(shè)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)使用的鋼材產(chǎn)品。

      (3)加大城市“低標(biāo)”鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑和設(shè)施的建設(shè)力度城市設(shè)施中的公交車 ①② 堅定信心應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)為我國鋼鐵工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)振興而努力[J]冶金管理,201

      2張明.產(chǎn)能過剩是中國鋼鐵業(yè)面臨的最主要挑戰(zhàn)之一[J]中國冶金報第A01版,2012

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      站、電話亭、護欄、崗哨、景觀可以廣泛采用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)或以鋼為主的混合式結(jié)構(gòu),這些建筑對鋼材品質(zhì)要求較低,是供大于求鋼產(chǎn)品的重要市場。

      第4.2節(jié) 加強出口管理,實施并購重組

      4.2.1加強出口管理,限制和鼓勵并舉

      國家多次出臺調(diào)控政策,意在通過調(diào)整稅率減緩鋼鐵產(chǎn)品的出口和引導(dǎo)鋼鐵行業(yè)出口產(chǎn)品的合理結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。對于高附加值、能占領(lǐng)國際市場的鋼鐵產(chǎn)品和制成品的出口,國家應(yīng)積極鼓勵。①

      4.2.2建立海外生產(chǎn)基地

      要從國家層面統(tǒng)籌考慮河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司如何實施走出去戰(zhàn)略,統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃好河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司在海外生產(chǎn)基地的布局,系統(tǒng)研究中國鋼鐵企業(yè)海外建廠模式和運營管理等方面的經(jīng)驗及教訓(xùn),避免相互競爭與資源浪費。②河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司在謀求效益時,應(yīng)以保持合理價格水平為基礎(chǔ),避免過度牟利引起的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈價格聯(lián)動效應(yīng)。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)展智利的鋼鐵企業(yè)。一方面可以有效緩解國內(nèi)能源消費和環(huán)保壓力,另一方面可以轉(zhuǎn)移國內(nèi)過剩的產(chǎn)能,更好地規(guī)避鋼鐵出口增加可能帶來的貿(mào)易摩擦,有效地占領(lǐng)當(dāng)?shù)丶爸苓叺貐^(qū)的鋼鐵市場。

      4.2.3并購重組的意義

      從近代世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展來看,在經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇和穩(wěn)定增長時期基本上都會出現(xiàn)并購潮。后危機時期的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展相對穩(wěn)定,為企業(yè)兼并重組提供了難得的機遇。但從全球來看,跨國并購越來越受到非經(jīng)濟因素和貿(mào)易壁壘的限制,制約了后危機時期企業(yè)的兼并重組。從中國來看,在中央和地方政策的支持下,近年來國內(nèi)鋼鐵行業(yè)兼并重組方興未艾。公司的并購重組,有利于鋼鐵企業(yè)的技術(shù)進步,也有利于淘汰落后企業(yè),減少排污量,保護環(huán)境。③

      4.2.4加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,提高行業(yè)集中度

      特別要積極推進地區(qū)聯(lián)合重組,形成一個具有更高競爭力的大型企業(yè)集團,提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度。在這方面,國家應(yīng)出臺相關(guān)政策支持兼并重組,特別是支持以市場方式為主推進的跨地區(qū)聯(lián)合重組。④國際化經(jīng)營和出口地域多元化戰(zhàn)略實施 ①② 見附錄訪談三問題7 見附錄訪談三問題8 ③ 見附錄訪談一問題8 ④ 見附錄訪談三問題7

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      國際化經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略,有利于公司今后盡早適應(yīng)國際競爭,獲取資源和市場的主動權(quán)。在未來幾年公司可通過收購兼并、直接投資等方式直接進入國際市場,目標(biāo)主要如非洲等國的發(fā)展中國家。

      4.2.5政府應(yīng)鼓勵河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司拓展增值服務(wù)

      鼓勵河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司拓展加工配送、科技服務(wù)等增值服務(wù)。支持河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司建立產(chǎn)品銷售與加工配送相融合的現(xiàn)代鋼材分銷體系。①鼓勵河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司與地方政府積極合作,建立集鋼材倉儲、加工配送、鋼材交易、電子商務(wù)、金融服務(wù)等多功能于一體的鋼鐵物流園區(qū)。鼓勵河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司建立技術(shù)服務(wù)公司,打造技術(shù)創(chuàng)新服務(wù)隊伍,延伸價值鏈和產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。

      ① 見附錄訪談三問題6

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      結(jié) 論

      通過分析河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與對策,鑒于未來我國鋼材市場的發(fā)展方向,鋼鐵生產(chǎn)企業(yè)為了在國際國內(nèi)市場有更多的話語權(quán),特別要做好如下幾個方面的工作。首先,大力開展并購重組,提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度,搶奪未來市場的主導(dǎo)權(quán)。其次,以資本為紐帶,努力向流通領(lǐng)域滲透,穩(wěn)定和拓展銷售渠道,確保立于不敗之地。再次,與重點企業(yè)建立戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系,建立加工配送中心,加強增值服務(wù)。再次,制定以市場為中心的企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,注重市場需要,一切圍繞市場運作。再有,努力開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品,提高產(chǎn)品檔次和質(zhì)量,在產(chǎn)品專業(yè)化方面處于領(lǐng)先地位。最后,加強企業(yè)形象宣傳,放眼全球,努力成為國際化的企業(yè)。

      綜上,目前國際反傾銷貿(mào)易摩擦的趨勢愈演愈烈,西方國家控制庫存,消費減弱,會增加反傾銷壓力和出口難度。不過目前的世界鋼鐵市場同2002年以前世界范圍的鋼鐵貿(mào)易保護和反傾銷浪潮有著市場走勢背景上的根本不同。不過從世界區(qū)域性市場供需關(guān)系和價格走勢發(fā)展不平衡看,未來世界鋼鐵企業(yè)在維護國際鋼鐵市場運行秩序上面臨一個共同的新課題:應(yīng)對區(qū)域鋼鐵市場走勢的不平衡,跳出冷戰(zhàn)思維。這需要建立國際鋼鐵企業(yè)協(xié)調(diào)機制,通過進行對話、協(xié)商,多方積極調(diào)整區(qū)域市場的短期供需平衡,防止演變成國際市場價格危機,促進國際市場整體保持良好的運行態(tài)勢。這幾年中國鋼材市場發(fā)展和演變趨勢確實發(fā)生了許多重大的、歷史性的變化。這不僅同中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展階段有著內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系,也同世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和鋼鐵市場的演變趨勢息息相關(guān)。伴隨中國和世界經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展,鋼材市場供需關(guān)系的總體演變趨勢發(fā)生了重大變化。世界鋼鐵市場步入一個新的發(fā)展繁榮時期。鋼鐵企業(yè)把握住這個總趨勢,保持良好的進出口態(tài)勢,才能推進中國和國際鋼鐵市場的協(xié)調(diào)、健康發(fā)展。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      附 錄

      訪談一

      您好,我是燕京理工學(xué)院的學(xué)生,希望通過這次調(diào)查和訪談了解一些河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司的相關(guān)問題,為此我需要您的幫助和相關(guān)的訪談,以完成我關(guān)于本公司的相關(guān)課題和相應(yīng)情況的了解,使我的論文更加的真實,提出的方法也更加的切合實際。

      訪談對象:河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司副總兼辦公室主任智主任 訪談內(nèi)容:

      1.記者:您好!謝謝您接受我的訪談。請您簡單的介紹一下貴公司的情況?

      主任:河北文豐鋼鐵(集團)有限公司是一家集鋼鐵冶煉、鋼鐵軋制、能源電力、礦山采選、煤炭開采、啤酒釀造、內(nèi)外貿(mào)易于一體,跨行業(yè)、跨產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)營的集團公司,是河北文豐實業(yè)集團母公司。集團總資產(chǎn)35億元,注冊資本629.87萬美元,員工總數(shù)5500名,其中技術(shù)人員占28%。其中河北文豐鋼鐵(集團)有限公司屬中、外合資企業(yè),注冊資本2137.86萬美元。并于2003年通過ISO9000質(zhì)量管理體系認證。2004年底,企業(yè)投巨資建成了“河北省重點建設(shè)項目”——年生產(chǎn)100萬噸的中寬帶軋鋼生產(chǎn)線和年產(chǎn)120萬噸中厚板軋鋼生產(chǎn)線,成為全國第一家生產(chǎn)寬厚板的民營企業(yè)。

      2.記者:作為本市最具規(guī)模的鋼鐵企業(yè)之一,你們一定有什么優(yōu)于他人之處吧?

      主任:我公司有在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)行業(yè)經(jīng)驗豐富的專業(yè)制造人才和科技研發(fā)人才,同時我們公司的產(chǎn)品相對于其他同行業(yè)的公司,價格較為低廉,并且我們把質(zhì)量和誠信放在企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展的首位。

      3.記者:請問該公司近年來的出口情況如何?

      主任:近兩年來公司的出口情況并不樂觀,特別是美國,澳大利亞等國家的出口形勢尤為嚴峻。

      4.記者:可以透露一下原因嗎?

      主任:可以,出口方面,中國進口鐵礦石越多,國際賣家的漲價就越有勁,以到岸價計,海運費用也水漲船高。我們?yōu)殇撹F產(chǎn)品消費國承擔(dān)了環(huán)境污染,出口到歐洲的鋼材還遭到反傾銷訴訟。

      5.記者:您認為這種新型的貿(mào)易保護對貴公司產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易有哪些影響呢?

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      主任:這種新型的貿(mào)易保護措施較為隱蔽,一般都打著貿(mào)易保護的旗幟,出現(xiàn)了相應(yīng)的狀況也較難應(yīng)對。

      6.記者:您覺得貴公司的發(fā)展方式如何?

      主任:發(fā)展方式落后。轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式是河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司推進全球化進 程的重要基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)前中國鋼鐵企業(yè)在技術(shù)進步和產(chǎn)品升級方面依然存在差距,主要表現(xiàn)在前沿工藝技術(shù)、綠色鋼鐵生產(chǎn)工藝技術(shù)、高檔次、高附加值專用材生產(chǎn)等方面。造成這種現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)原因是發(fā)展方式存在不足。7.記者:請問產(chǎn)品的主要市場是?

      主任:該公司的主要市場是國內(nèi)市場。8.記者:請問在國際市場,產(chǎn)品的銷量如何?

      主任:總體上來說應(yīng)該是不錯的,成功出口韓國、德國、意大利、阿聯(lián)酋、沙特等國家和地區(qū),成為武安市第一家成功打開歐盟市場的鋼鐵企業(yè)。9.記者:公司獲得過哪些榮譽?

      主任:近幾年,該公司榮獲:河北省政府“河北科技企業(yè)”;河北省中小企業(yè)局、協(xié)會2003年度“優(yōu)秀信用企業(yè)”;河北省勞動保障廳、統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)部、工商聯(lián)“社會保障先進企業(yè)”;“河北省百強企業(yè)”等眾多榮譽稱號。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司榮獲“2012中國民營500強”稱號 10.記者:公司主要投資企業(yè)有哪些?

      主任:公司主要投資(或控制)企業(yè)包括:河北文豐軋鋼有限公司,河北文豐熱電有限公司,唐山潤豐軋鋼有公司,武安市賀莊煤礦,邯鄲文豐建筑材料有限公司,邯鄲市利豐物資經(jīng)貿(mào)有限公司,文豐惠爾(北京)國際經(jīng)貿(mào)有限公司,青島文豐進出口貿(mào)易有限公司,唐山中厚板材有限公司,天津藥業(yè)(深圳)有限公司等。

      11.記者:公司的性質(zhì)是什么?

      主任:河北文豐鋼鐵(集團)有限公司是一家集鋼鐵冶煉、鋼鐵軋制、能源電力、礦山采選、煤炭開采、啤酒釀造、內(nèi)外貿(mào)易于一體,跨行業(yè)、跨產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)營的集團公司,是河北文豐實業(yè)集團母公司。12.記者:主要市場?

      主任: 大陸 港澳臺地區(qū) 北美 南美 東歐 東亞 東南亞 中東 13.記者:主要產(chǎn)品?

      主任: 大板坯,小板坯,方坯,中厚板,寬厚板,帶鋼,輕軌。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      14.記者:公司的地理優(yōu)勢?

      主任:地址為河北省武安市南環(huán)路南側(cè),地處武安市城西工業(yè)區(qū),東臨歷史名城邯鄲,西接太行重鎮(zhèn)長治,向東30公里即是京深高速公路,距武安市火車站僅二公里,地理位置極佳,交通條件十分便利,公司占地1200多畝。15.記者:我相信貴公司的未來會有更好的發(fā)展,希望您的期望會實現(xiàn)。

      主任:謝謝。

      16.記者:再次感謝您接收我的采訪。

      .北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      訪談二

      為了深入了解公司出口的情況,和目前該公司出口面對的問題,本人在論文寫作期間特地采訪了公司的營銷總監(jiān)。訪談對象:河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司市場部經(jīng)理 訪談內(nèi)容:

      1.記者:您好!謝謝您接受我的采訪。請問貴公司在出口方面遇到哪些問題?

      經(jīng)理:價格低,海運費用高,再主要是出口到歐洲的鋼材還遭到反傾銷訴訟。2.記者:請問都有哪些產(chǎn)品遭到了限制?

      經(jīng)理:都是公司的主要出口產(chǎn)品,主要是鋼坯和中厚板材 3.記者:請問在你們遇到這種情況時,是否向有關(guān)機構(gòu)反應(yīng)呢?

      經(jīng)理:我國向相關(guān)的機構(gòu)進行了一定的反應(yīng),但是效果并不顯著。4.記者:請問該企業(yè)對于此類事件是怎樣處理的?

      經(jīng)理:公司在一定程度上加大了產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)市場的銷售,同時加強其他海外市場的銷售從而緩解出口給我們帶來的損失。5.記者:請問處理結(jié)果如何呢?

      經(jīng)理:經(jīng)過我們的努力,加大了產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)的銷售,同時拓展了一些新的海外市場,但是依然彌補不了歐洲這個大市場帶給我們的經(jīng)濟效益。6.記者:除此之外,你們產(chǎn)品是否有改變呢?

      經(jīng)理:我們正努力將我們的商品由勞動密集型向技術(shù)密集型的轉(zhuǎn)型。7.記者:請問公司對產(chǎn)品出口遭到的“雙反調(diào)查”的影響有沒有進行分析?

      經(jīng)理:已經(jīng)進行分析了,發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要有三個方面。8.記者:您認為哪一方面最容易受到出口量的影響呢?

      經(jīng)理:出口額比較容易受到對外貿(mào)易出口量的影響。9.記者:您認為“雙反調(diào)查”對鋼鐵產(chǎn)品出口額有影響嗎?

      經(jīng)理: 有,這也是技新貿(mào)易保護主義對河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司產(chǎn)品出口影響的一個方面。

      10.記者:請問出口產(chǎn)品的銷量如何?

      主任:總體上來說應(yīng)該是不錯的,成功出口韓國、德國、意大利、阿聯(lián)酋、沙特等國家和地區(qū),成為武安市第一家成功打開歐盟市場的鋼鐵企業(yè)。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      11.記者:看來出口的情況還是比較樂觀的嗎?

      主任:還算是比較樂觀的。

      12.記者:你們的銷售業(yè)績已經(jīng)證明了貴公司是同行業(yè)中的佼佼者!

      經(jīng)理:其實有這樣的業(yè)績,要歸根于我國加入了WTO,為我們出口打開了更加廣闊的出口市場。

      13.記者:但這也離不開你們企業(yè)的自身的努力吧!

      經(jīng)理:的確,我們企業(yè)的技術(shù)也在不段的增強,不斷的與國際接軌。14.記者:請問貴公司有聘請相關(guān)的法律顧問么?

      經(jīng)理:當(dāng)然有,但是隨著目前的形勢看,我公司目前的法律人員對于關(guān)于國際貿(mào)易這方面的法律知識還有欠缺,這也使得我們在應(yīng)對美國“雙反調(diào)查”時不能很好的的應(yīng)對,下一步,我們準備擴大我們公司的法律團隊,特別是相關(guān)的人員,以備不時之需。

      15.記者:聽說貴公司很注重員工的激勵,在這方面你可以具體談一下嗎?

      經(jīng)理:對,因為我們認為正確運用激勵原則也是培養(yǎng)與挽留核心人才的絕佳辦法,要盡力從心理和物質(zhì)兩方面對員工進行滿足,從而使員工更充分的實現(xiàn)自我價值,進而更好的為公司貢獻出自己的力量。16.記者:好的,再次謝謝您接受我的采訪!

      經(jīng)理:不客氣

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      訪談三

      為了具體了解公司外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)的情況,本人在論文寫作期間特地采訪了公司的管理部門經(jīng)理。

      訪談對象:河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司對外貿(mào)易部經(jīng)理 訪談內(nèi)容:

      1.記者:您好!謝謝您接受我的訪談。請問該公司的主要產(chǎn)品有哪些?

      經(jīng)理:我公司的主要產(chǎn)品為生鐵、鋼坯、寬厚板材、中寬帶鋼、輕軌等;已達到年產(chǎn)鐵350萬噸、鋼350萬噸、材335萬噸的生產(chǎn)能力。2.記者:請問貴公司的調(diào)控能力如何?

      經(jīng)理:行業(yè)不規(guī)范,調(diào)控不力。受市場需求驅(qū)動,河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司受利益驅(qū)使和地方政府的支持,產(chǎn)能擴張無度。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司與大企業(yè)爭原料、搶市場、拼價格,其產(chǎn)品又多是低附加值的大路貨,如線材、盤條等,使產(chǎn)品利潤被不斷走高的原料價格所侵蝕,需求傳導(dǎo)、引起連環(huán)漲價。3.記者:請問公司是否存在產(chǎn)能過剩問題?

      經(jīng)理:存在,產(chǎn)能過剩的原因,有近幾年產(chǎn)量增長過快、新增能力超過市場需求的因素;有存量調(diào)整力度不夠大、淘汰落后不到位的因素;同時也有世界經(jīng)濟不振、國外市場需求下降的因素。

      4.記者:面對發(fā)展方式落后,貴公司如何應(yīng)對?

      經(jīng)理:面對發(fā)展方式落后的挑戰(zhàn),我們必須堅持自主創(chuàng)新,其核心問題就是通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)升級來提高核心競爭力。為此,河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司必須大力開發(fā)新工藝、新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品,著力突破制約產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司工業(yè)技術(shù)進步的方向是節(jié)能減排技術(shù)和資源充分利用技術(shù)。

      5.記者:轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式的關(guān)鍵是什么?

      經(jīng)理:河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司開發(fā)低碳經(jīng)濟技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)成為其轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式的關(guān)鍵點。我們要把握低碳經(jīng)濟為河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式提供的巨大機遇,重點從以下三個方面采取措施:積極開發(fā)利用新能源,降低碳能源的使用量;提高現(xiàn)有資源、能源的使用效率,特別是二次能源的回收利用;開發(fā)綠色鋼鐵新工藝和新技術(shù)。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      6.記者:政府政策方面對鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的影響是什么?

      經(jīng)理:體制缺陷背景下地方政府采用各種優(yōu)惠政策進行招商引資競爭,是導(dǎo)致中國鋼鐵工業(yè)產(chǎn)能過剩最為深層次的原因。7.記者:公司如何加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整?

      經(jīng)理:河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司要加快鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,特別要積極推進跨地區(qū)聯(lián)合重組,形成若干個具有國際競爭力的大型企業(yè)集團,提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度。8.記者:公司如何優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈?

      經(jīng)理:需要繼續(xù)堅持走出去戰(zhàn)略,實現(xiàn)上游供應(yīng)鏈的全球配置,適度掌控海外資源,建立更為廣闊的資源供應(yīng)渠道。9.記者:發(fā)展方式對公司出口的意義是什么?

      經(jīng)理:轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式是河北文豐鋼鐵有限公司推進全球化進程的重要基礎(chǔ) 10.記者:聽說該公司以把目標(biāo)擴大化了?

      經(jīng)理:是的

      11.記者:可以透露一下具體擴大了哪些目標(biāo),可以具體說一下嗎?

      經(jīng)理:我公司自2006年起,逐步推廣了產(chǎn)品在歐洲、非洲、南美洲、亞太地區(qū)的出口。

      12.記者:請問該公司有那些認證體系或認可?

      經(jīng)理:2007年,文豐鋼鐵榮登“2007福布斯中國頂尖企業(yè)榜”第23位;并于2006到2009年連續(xù)四年入選“中國企業(yè)500強”,排名分別為466、466、387、319位。2003年4月文豐鋼鐵通過ISO9001國際質(zhì)量管理體系認證。2006年,“文豐”牌系列鋼鐵產(chǎn)品被評為“中國最具競爭優(yōu)勢品牌”和“鋼鐵冶金行業(yè)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量過硬/信譽保證十大放心品牌”。文豐中厚板等系列產(chǎn)品順利取得船板、鍋爐、壓力容器板工廠生產(chǎn)許可證書,并順利通過了英國勞氏公司頒發(fā)的“CE認證”證書等。

      13.記者:請問該公司近一年是否聘請專業(yè)人員?

      經(jīng)理:公司一直以來都有聘請專業(yè)人員,而且一直都有新鮮血液的注入,特別是相關(guān)專業(yè)的大學(xué)生,我們一直都積極的吸納,特別是近幾年,我公司遭遇貿(mào)易保護嚴重,更需要相關(guān)的國際貿(mào)易人員的注入。14.記者:公司為什么在不斷招聘新人員呢?

      經(jīng)理:因為對于我們公司來說,技術(shù)要求非常的高,同時隨著我公司外貿(mào)環(huán)境的不斷變化,也需要不斷的吸納新型人員來更好的應(yīng)對一些問題。

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      15.記者:公司為什么這么注意人才的培養(yǎng)呢?

      經(jīng)理:因為人才是企業(yè)興旺發(fā)展的最關(guān)鍵的因素,特別是一些專業(yè)人員,有更加專業(yè)的眼光和手段來處理目前公司出口所面對的這些阻礙。16.記者:那么該公司目前考慮過為員工做進一步的培訓(xùn)嗎?

      經(jīng)理:與時俱進,我們公司正在努力為了應(yīng)對新問題來對相關(guān)人員進行培訓(xùn)。17.記者:感謝您在百忙之中抽出時間接受我的訪問!

      經(jīng)理:不客氣,希望能幫到你

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      參考文獻

      [1]馮曉寧,李紅英.河北省外貿(mào)出口的現(xiàn)狀、問題及對策[J]經(jīng)濟研究導(dǎo)刊,2012 [2]王翠娥.李岳云金融危機對我國外貿(mào)的影響分析[J]現(xiàn)代商貿(mào)工業(yè),2009(7)[3]沈曉丹.金融危機對中國出口的影響分析[J]現(xiàn)代商業(yè),2009 [4]吳溪淳.國際金融危機與我國鋼鐵工業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)[J]財會金融,2009 [5]張曉剛.后危機時期鋼鐵行業(yè)全球化面對的新挑戰(zhàn)[J]消費導(dǎo),2010 [6]江飛濤,卓麗洪,王秀麗.中國鋼鐵工業(yè)競爭力提升中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與對策[J]財會金融,2013 [7]徐樂江.直面挑戰(zhàn) 實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)型 由鋼鐵大國走向鋼鐵強國[J]冶金管理,2009 [8]霍建國.我國外貿(mào)出口形勢及鋼鐵行業(yè)對策[J]經(jīng)濟研究導(dǎo)刊,2010 [9] 王小挺.金融危機下外貿(mào)企業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)、機遇及應(yīng)對策略[J]消費導(dǎo),2010(10)[10] 張新艷,張巖.金融危機下我國外貿(mào)企業(yè)出路何在[J]現(xiàn)代商業(yè),2010(3)[11]張明.產(chǎn)能過剩是中國鋼鐵業(yè)面臨的最主要挑戰(zhàn)之一[J]中國冶金報第A01版,2012 [12]趙松嶺.河北省鋼鐵行業(yè)外貿(mào)出口分析[J]市場/ 貿(mào)易,2012(3)[13]張曉剛.堅定信心應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)為我國鋼鐵工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)振興而努力[J]冶金管理,2012 [14]陳紅玉.金融危機對鋼鐵行業(yè)的影響及對策研究[J]財會金融,2012(9)[15]張志英.金融危機對河北省鋼鐵企業(yè)的影響及對策分析[J]現(xiàn)代商貿(mào)工業(yè),2009 [16]朱曉林.金融危機給鋼鐵行業(yè)帶來的影響及對策[J]經(jīng)濟研究導(dǎo)刊,2010 [17]Ronald.Rebore.The Financial Crisis[M] Boston:Allyn & Bacon,Pearson Education, Inc,2008:153-154.[18] William en Doyle.New International Order [J]The World Economy, 2010(12)[19]Thomas A.Pugel.International Trade [M] Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2011 [20]Michel E.Porter.The Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations [M] Beijing: Huaxia Press,1998

      北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)

      致 謝

      本論文在于嵐導(dǎo)師的悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的。導(dǎo)師淵博的專業(yè)知識、嚴謹?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度,精益求精的工作作風(fēng),誨人不倦的高尚師德,嚴于律己、寬以待人的崇高風(fēng)范,樸實無法、平易近人的人格魅力對本人影響深遠。不僅使本人樹立了遠大的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)、掌握了基本的研究方法,還使本人明白了許多為人處事的道理。本次論文從選題到完成,每一步都是在導(dǎo)師的悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的,傾注了導(dǎo)師大量的心血。在此,謹向?qū)煴硎境绺叩木匆夂椭孕牡母兄x!在寫論文的過程中,遇到了很多的問題,在老師的耐心指導(dǎo)下,問題都得以解決。所以在此,再次對老師道一聲:老師,謝謝您!同時,也謝謝榮華英老師和孫立棉老師在論文修改階段給予我的幫助。

      時光匆匆如流水,轉(zhuǎn)眼便是大學(xué)畢業(yè)時節(jié),春夢秋云,聚散真容易。離校日期已日趨漸進,畢業(yè)論文的完成也隨之進入了尾聲。從開始進入課題到論文的順利完成,一直都離不開老師、同學(xué)、朋友給我熱情的幫助,在這里請接受我誠摯的謝意!在此我向北京化工大學(xué)北方學(xué)院國貿(mào)專業(yè)的所有老師表示衷心的感謝,謝謝你們四年的辛勤栽培,謝謝你們在教學(xué)的同時更多的是傳授我們做人的道理,謝謝四年里面你們孜孜不倦的教誨!

      四年寒窗,所收獲的不僅僅是愈加豐厚的知識,更重要的是在閱讀、實踐中所培養(yǎng)的思維方式、表達能力和廣闊視野。很慶幸這四年來我遇到了如此多的良師益友,無論在學(xué)習(xí)上、生活上,還是工作上,都給予了我無私的幫助和熱心的照顧,讓我在一個充滿溫馨的環(huán)境中度過四年的大學(xué)生活。感恩之情難以用言語量度,謹以最樸實的話語致以最崇高的敬意。

      第二篇:畢業(yè)論文修改

      分類號

      UDC

      單位代碼

      1166

      1密 級

      公開

      學(xué)

      2009402034

      四川民族學(xué)院

      學(xué)士學(xué)位論文

      高中英語詞匯教學(xué)的探析

      (初稿)

      論文作者:

      周均梅 指導(dǎo)教師:

      學(xué)科專業(yè):

      研究方向:

      提交日期:

      2013年

      中 國 ? 康定

      English Department

      Sichuan University for Nationalities

      Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

      by ZHOU Jun-mei

      A Thesis

      Submitted to the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of B.A.in English

      Sichuan University For Nationalities May 2013 Thesis Supervisor:

      高中英語詞匯教學(xué)的探析

      摘要

      愛瑪在高中英語詞匯教學(xué)中,傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式給老師的授課和學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)帶來很多問題。致力于語言教學(xué)的國內(nèi)外學(xué)者普遍認為詞匯知識在語言運用和篇章理解方面有著至關(guān)重要的作用。自新課改以來,大多數(shù)中學(xué)都采用了新思路和新的教學(xué)方法,就本文的問卷調(diào)查來看,其成果不可忽視。該文章意在遵循新課改的要求,探析英語詞匯教學(xué)中的規(guī)律和方法,主要從三個方面進行闡述:其一,新課改下,英語詞匯教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀,從正反兩方面分析,提出問題。其二,.英語詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)遵循的規(guī)律,著重研究詞匯教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的單詞固有規(guī)律、學(xué)生生理與心理特點以及學(xué)生的記憶規(guī)律。其三,針對英語詞匯教學(xué)探究的教學(xué)方法,具體有語境記單詞教學(xué)法,以及對所學(xué)單詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)和運用。

      關(guān)鍵詞:語詞匯教學(xué);注意因素;有效方法

      i

      Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

      Abstract

      In terms of vocabulary teaching in senior high school, the traditional pattern has caused lots of problems to both the teachers and students.The domestic and abroad scholars, devoted to language teaching, generally believe that lexical knowledge is pretty crucial for the use of language and the comprehension of writings.Since the New English Curriculum, innovative ideas and teaching methods are introduced in most senior high.From the survey I conducted, the achievement it has got can’t be ignored.Based on the New English Curriculum, this essay aims at exploring the rules and approaches in vocabulary teaching, and it can be divided into three parts: first, the recent situation of words teaching under the reform.Both the positive and negative sides are presented, and key questions are put forward.Second, the rules one should obey, namely, words’ rules, students’ characteristics on physiology and psychology, and the memory law.Last but not least, some practible ways on this topic, like using contexts together with any other methods(such as roots, affix, and derivative terms), phonetic teaching, classification and utilization of words, and combination of related words, are provided.Key words: vocabulary teaching;factors;effective methods

      ii

      Acknowledgements

      Here I owe the most sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Xiao who leads me to finish this article.I thank her for her endless patience towards me and smart guide in mentality.She impressed the definition of teaching methods on me, and let me know that what I write must be practical and effective.Based on this, a survey among students seems a must.Therefore, I appreciate those friends who helped me finish the survey among freshmen in Southwest Petroleum University.As far as I am concerned, it is tough work to convince the freshmen to believe this is an innocent survey.Obviously, this investigation is very critic to my essay.And I thank them to analyze the questionnaire.I’ll also grateful to my classmates, because they gave me appropriate suggestions, and recommended me many useful books.As to some parts of my essay, they raised very meaningful questions and shared their opinions with me, which benefited my article a lot.Thus I realize that my essay have to be referred to the real situation in the class of senior high schools, the objective of the New English Curriculum, and some rules teachers need to obey.Last but not least, I thank my family very much.During my stay at school, they encourage me all the way, and provide me with careful care and sufficient money.What’s more, they are my inexhaustible.iii

      Contents 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………i Abstract………………..………………………………………………….………ii Acknowledgements..………………………………………………………….iii Introduction………………………………………………………… …………..1 Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.........................................................................................3 1.1 Definition Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.......................3 1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist…………………………4 1.3 Questions are put forward…………………………………………………..5 Chapter Two The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching……………………………………………….6 2.1.The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching………………………………………………………………………….…6 2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself………….………………………… …… ….6 2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology……………………..8 2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law...................9 2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon………………………9 2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading……………9 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches……………………………………………………………….11 2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words……………………………… ……14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....15

      Bibliography….………………………………………………….… ……………16 Appendix A….………………………………………………….… …………......17 Appendix B….………………………………………………….… ……………..19

      ii

      Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

      Introduction

      Since 20 century 70s, with the further researches into acquisition of language, we can recognize clearly that the mastery of vocabulary is quite crucial for language understanding and language output(Wang Jing,2009:11).The famous linguist Wilkins said: ―Without grammar, we can hardly express something;while without words, we can not express anything.‖(Wilkins D.A.,1972:85)So if one wants to learn a language well, the most basic thing he needs to do is learn words.While in traditional teaching pattern, teachers usually teach words solely.That is: they teach students to read new words, and give students the meanings, some collocations, and then ask them to remember.That is force-feeding method of teaching,aiming at increasing the quantity of words, not the quality of words’ output.As a result, students will be in a state of ―passive‖, very negative and lack interest, to some extent.Successful learning is forged out of learners’ motive and impulse, compiling methods of studying materials , interesting ,etc(He Keyong,2002:334).There is no doubt that teachers are supposed to respect students’ emotion and interest, to obey the memory law.Besides, most words have not only a single meaning, and they are connected with other words and phrases closely.Quite a few linguists consider that teachers can not teach vocabulary solely.They should provide concrete context and typical sentences to teach, classify words due to meanings, expand interrelated words(synonyms, antonym, hyponymy),adopt topic inductions(based on a certain topic, students are going to imagine other words and collocations), and also conduct ways of roots、derivatives and compound words.But vocabulary is the sign of one’s thought, we learn and use them constantly because they can convey some meaning, and offer us ideas(He Keyong, 2002:344).To have a solid knowledge of learned words, students should practice them in real situations, and promote ability of using them.There is also another thing we should pay attention to that among the information we have forgotten, 80% is acquired at the first time of learning, and we lost it within 24 hours, after which the forgetting rate will decline(Li Guanyi, 2007:8).Besides observing this rule ,students also need remember the words repeatedly and regularly.Moreover ,as a teacher, presiding students actively output vocabulary rightly by using communicating principles of teaching is necessary In this essay ,I intend to discuss some factors influencing results of teaching and effective teaching methods for vocabulary, coming up with an approach of putting new words in contexts , and then students can think out their own ways to quicken and fortify their memory, such as working in groups to show special ways of remembering words ,using roots and derivatives.Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.1.1 Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.The modern education of China focuses on students’ quality education, and promotes their all-around ability.In line with this objective, the New English Curriculum was conducted at the beginning of 21 century, aiming at upgrading students’ mind, lighten their study burden, and make them more skillful in practice.In terms of the reform, the English teachers are required to plan the classes fit for the traits of teenagers’ physiology and psychology, linguistic rules of acquiring linguistics, in order to meet different needs of students.The questionnaire conducted among the freshmen(whose hometown is Chengdu)in Southwest Petroleum University this year, is named ―Questionnaire on how the Senior High students study English and remember English words‖(It is abbreviated as ―Questionnaire‖ in the following contents).From questions 11-14 in the Questionnaire, one can judge that English teachers have noticed that students play an most important role during lexical teaching, so that they have been adopting a series of effective approaches to present new looks in class:

      ? To introduce cooperative and inquiry learning process, and lessen students’ study burden to give more time and space.? To change the dubious and sole way of explaining and extending vocabulary, to practice the learnt words in certain contexts, and to set scenes to use them.? To adopt new and interesting ways(the Natural Approach/ Total Physical Response/ the Silent Way/Audio-lingual Method, etc.)based on students’ features.? To apply multimedia which gather pictures/sound/letters/ video together besides the basic teaching device like chalks and blackboards, thus make the word

      teaching more vivid and direct, and making the students more impressive on what the teacher imparts.While teachers’ aim is not to teach knowledge but methods, thus drawing out their study potential, achieving the goal of teaching.During the New English Curriculum, students’ study is more and more drew our attention.Among the Questionnaire, questions 6、8、11、17、24、26、27、30、31 have showed that: ? They have realized that they themselves are the master of study;therefore they summarize effective approaches of learning and remembering vocabulary and discuss their doubts actively.? They are exploring the rules of study constantly, classify the words which are similar in pronunciation, spelling, meaning, or have opposite meaning;they are also engaged in analyzing lexical roots, the speech, derivation and collocation.Then they can easily form a memory system.? Besides applying what they have learned in practice, students use their spare time to learn extracurricular material, enriching their mind.From these phenomena we can conclude that the lexical teaching methods of Senior High schools in Chengdu are efficient to some extent.However, there are also many aspects need improving because there are some unavoidable problems.1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist

      The New English Curriculum is certainly a kind of reform, and it can be more effective in exploiting students’ potential and interest in applying the knowledge, which adapts to the social development better.Nevertheless, the solutions are always accompanied with problems.The reform helps to promote, while it never can achieve its goal in a short of time.The traditional lexical teaching still prevails among the Senior High schools, which means not that all the traditional ways are useless, but one needs to remove its bad ones.From questions 1、15、19、28 , one can conclude some drawbacks: ? The teacher, as a leading factor, and the textbook, as a classroom center unscientifically dominate the whole class, making students have little time and

      chance to think and participate.? The teachers teach nonstandard pronunciation, causing students’ difficulties in listening and communication;the teacher imparts words solely without any context and explains words simply, causing students’ great troubles in translation and comprehension.? The teacher goes against the memory law because he/ she doesn’t lead students to do review, and rarely put them in use.? The teacher seldom expand the words to other usage except in the book, making students can’t master and use them flexibly.These problems led to some ―problem students‖.From questions 3, 4, 5,7,25, one can get the following troubles of the students.? Most students are quite reliable on their teachers, short of perseverance, can’t review the learnt vocabulary regularly actively, and don’t look up words in dictionaries.? Most students have got used to the teacher acting as a leading factor in class, reciting words repeatedly in order to pass exams.? Students can use what they have remembered to solve practical problems, and can’t flexibly understand the words in other contexts and scenes.1.3 Questions are put forward.These negative sides are not produced in one day, and they are brought by the traditional teaching which has profound origins.That’s to say, we can’t handle them in one moment.It is the specific situations that one takes in account to reform the previous teaching selectively.Only borrowing the essence of lexical teaching overseas and innovate new approaches, can one succeed.Therefore, what causes these problems in lexical teaching? Certainly it connects closely with the necessary factors of the class: teachers, students, textbooks, the vocabulary itself, teaching approaches, etc.However everything has its rules.So in the teaching procedures, what kind of rules will the teachers obey and what factors they need to notice? Is there any effective lexical teaching methods?

      Chapter Two The factors and rules that English teachers need to notice in lexical teaching.2.1 The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching.2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself

      Each language has an abundant glossary, and every word is unique, but not isolated(Lan Chun, 2009:82).Without connection with those elements to which it closely relates to, the teaching is ineffective, and efforts don’t get reward.In order to make the teaching procedure promptly and effectively, and deepen students’ impression, comprehension and flexibility of using the words, teachers must analyze a certain word in different perspectives, as well as what it is associated with.Phonetic factors.Linguisticians believe that though the definition of vocabulary is various, the relevant basic content it refers to is just a matter of sound and meaning(Lu Guoqiang, 2007:1).From questions 10 and 23, one can judge that it is a popular recognition of students that the standard pronunciation helps a lot to listening and spelling.As a matter of fact, the standard pronunciation can benefits their expressions.Therefore, teachers ought to lead students to analyze phonetic symbols, spell and articulate correctly.Then students practice in this way repeatedly and regard it as a way of remembering words, which can avoid learning by rote.―Tease‖, taken for example, is pronunciated [ti: z].Before teaching students to read it, teachers can ask them to count how many vowels there are, whether every vowel has a corresponding pronunciation, and if they have, then how to?

      Through analyzing, one can know that there are 3 vowels, among which, the ―ea‖ in the middle reads [i:], and the ―e‖ at the end is silent.From this, students can see that there is just only one vowel sound in the phonetic symbol, so‖ tease‖ is a single syllable.In that way, it is stressed.Those words like eat, meat, neat, least, beat, contain ―ea‖ reading [i:].Besides, teachers will also guide students to find out differences between [t]and[d], [i:] and[i], [s]and[z].Thus students will master some

      pronunciation rules themselves, generalize some words containing the same pronunciation, and they can learn vocabulary by themselves in the long run.Word-formation.Aimed at fostering students’ ability to decompose word-buildings, and strengthen their understanding, the approaches like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation, etc, are introduced.Here, examples are given about the former three kinds.Conversion.Among the English words one learns, the words whose part of speech can be conversed account a large proportion.For example, ―look‖ is usually used as a verb means ‖看‖ in Chinese.While in the phrase ―have a look‖, it is a noun.What’s more, when it refers to the expressions on face, it is a noun.Another example, ―head‖ is usually used as a noun, meaning ―頭部‖ in Chinese.While when it acts as a verb, it means ―to lead‖, ―to entitle‖.Here examples are given to show nouns changed into verbs.Besides this, there are also adjectives changed into verbs(like better), adverbs changed into verbs(like out), adjectives changed into nouns(like the old), etc.Derivations.Generally prefix and suffix are added to words to alter their part of speech and meaning.For example, ―-r‖ is added to the verb ―write‖, and the noun ―writer‖ is formed.―Dis-‖ is added to the verb ―like‖, then the antonym ―dislike‖ got.―Ness‖ is added to the adjective ―nice‖, and then the noun ―niceness‖ formed.The following are some common affixes:

      Noun affixes:-ness,-or,-er,-tion,-ence,-ian,-ess,-ty,-al,-sion; Verb affixes:-fy, en-,-ize,-ate;

      Adjective affixes:-y,-ed,-ful,-tive,-able,-ing,-ish,-less,-y;Negative affixes: dis-,il-, im-,-in, anti-, mis-, non-;

      If students have mastered these common affixes, they can be more skillful in applying words in practice.Compound.Compound words are formed by two or more words, which are easily understood.For example, a noun and a noun: policeman, blackboard, weekend, airplane, chairman;a gerund and a noun: waiting-room, living-room, dining-room;a adjective and a noun: gentleman, blue-sky, warm-heart, present-day.Besides, there 7

      are also compound words that consisting of adjectives and verbs, prepositions and nouns, verbs and adverbs, adjectives and adverbs, etc.Very word has its unique traits and if students find and take advantage of them, they can go further and avoid cram up.2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology.Education must adapt to students’ growth.It must be based on the development situation of personal physiology and psychology, development rules, mature mechanism, as well as fit for a certain level of growth, the developing order, all-round cultivation, uniqueness, etc.Thus, education can be a reliable insurance(Li Sen &Chen Xiaorui,2009:59).The Senior High students are transmitting from youngsters to adults, and finalize their shapes and personalities.Though their bodies and minds become mature gradually, their intelligence is more and more perfected, and their improvement on the faculty of memory, judge, logic thinking is outstanding, there appear many conflicts and contradictions.Above all, they strengthen their self-consciousness, independence of judging things, and competence of analyzing;on the other hand, their psychology is so unstable and sentimental that they are easily disturbed by outside things and will easily rebel others.Second, their perseverance increase to a higher level, and they can control and drive themselves to some extent;however, they still lack of willpower, and easily turn impulse and paranoid.Third, they are very enthusiastic and self confident;but they are also conceited.When they fail, they can never recover and then they will feel the study is boring.In addition, the day they step into the Senior High schools, they begin to burden all kinds of pressure, especially the college entrance examination.This results in their anxiety, tense, and tiredness.Based on the above analysis, one can judge that those students’ potential to learn is endless.But if the English teachers merely add the task of remembering and doing exercises, or just tell them some skills to cope with exams, their subjective initiative, activity, and the ability to think can’t find a way out.As a result, teachers, the ones that they can depend on, will one day make them lose their own thinking and creativity.Therefore, under the New English Curriculum, tedious lexical teaching approaches should be renewed, students’ potential needs exploiting, and passing exams is not that important as previous.To find out efficient methods, in what way students want to be taught must be taken into consideration.To sum up, I think that the approaches which can activate students’ initiative and interests, that to say, fit for their physiology and psychology, deserve the description ―efficient‖.2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law.The great psychologist, H.Ebbinghaus discovered that lethe begins upon the moment the study stops.While the process is not heterogeneous.First, the Lethe’s speed is fast and quantity large, and then its speed will slow down and quantity small(Yang Hong&Wu Tianwu&Wang Chengxiang, 2006:143).As to daily study, teachers need to supervise and urge students to make a plan of remembering vocabulary and conduct it regularly.Sometimes, tests are supposed to be given to help them consolidate their impression and understanding.To deal with the newly learnt words, teachers can introduce this method: remembering the words every a unit time.For example, a student learns 10 words in 5 minutes in the morning;and uses another 5minutes to review in the middle of the morning;and repeats the review in more times until the student can remember all of them.What’s more, in daily class, teachers repeat the words to make them notice and review.In addition, contexts and scenes are supposed to be introduced.2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon.2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading.There is no doubt that all kinds of efficient methods have been put forward and applied in practice.Among these methods, one can find out that the most popular ones are like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation which have been mentioned above.What’s more, introducing some social common sense by using the target word, giving students some scenes or contexts to figure out the word’s meaning, making some comparison between the similar words and

      phrases, using the target words to tell or make up stories which can interest students, are also prevail among the Senior High classes.However, the context is the crucial factor or medium which determines different connotations of the same word, that is to say, without the context, a word’s diverse meaning can’ t be conveyed, and this word means little to the learners.As a result, learners can understand the same word in different texts, let alone use it flexibly.There is a common view that different contexts can endow the same word different connotation.On the other hand, individual words are critical in building blocks in text-meaning construction, efficient in converting graphic symbols into sound or meaning or information, and indispensable in comprehension(Keiko Koda, 2007:29).All in all, reading texts and studying glossary are simultaneous, and each of them benefits the other.From this reason, one can judge that lexical learning or teaching can’t be separated from the context.But in the textbooks, there are indeed many writings and grammar points, which are mastered by the students skillfully.Then why they can’t understand other texts from extra-curriculum materials, consisting of the same vocabulary they have learned? And why they can’t use the same glossary elastically in another way which is different from the usage in the text book?

      That’s because students are lack of extra-curriculum reading.Repeated contact with a large amount of words in print is potential to gaining scholarly glossary, and developing techniques for studying new words from texts.It is quite necessary.While in most Senior High schools’ English classes, the textbook is the main-oriented material and teachers spend little time to notice the importance of extra-curriculum reading to students’ study.And then students have the excuse that it is not necessary to read other things because their main objective is to pass exams and get high scores and the teachers design the exams in line with the textbook.So this is a vicious circle in our education.So, from here, one can discover the reason for the students do little extra reading in English.If effective methods are intended to acquire, extra reading must be encouraged and studying new words in personal-suit ways should be incited.Nevertheless, teachers can’t spend much time in guiding students to do extra-reading in class because the class time is limited and the chief aim is to meet the syllabus’ requirements.Therefore there must be a plan, which both can make teachers have time to lead students to do extra-reading, and doesn’t affect the teaching procedures.But how to design that kind of plan? 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.To assure the normal teaching process, teachers can lead students just do extra-reading once or twice a week.However, there are so many good methods to teach words.And if teachers merely use only the context, that will be tedious and soon the students will get bored.So how can the teachers balance the context and the vivid atmosphere?

      As far as I am concerned, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.Well, maybe it makes people feel confused.Let me explain.Teachers can choose one passage from the extra-reading exercises as an example, but the passage must be suitable for students in both the degree of difficulty and rationality of arranging the new words.In that case, teachers have to figure out which level of English and vocabularies have the students are in, which part the students know well and which part they should make efforts to remedy.Referring to the passage ―After Divorce‖ in Appendixⅱ, one can see clearly how to make it.First, the passage is given with the 10 new words which are going to be learnt, and phonetic symbols are showed just after these words to facilitate students to pronounce.Second, after students finish the whole passage, they ought to know the main idea of the passage.Then, they’ll do a test.In the text, 10 questions are designed directed against the 10 words one by one.These questions are mainly about the words’ meaning, and conducted to let the students to dope out their meaning according to the context.Each question has 3 options that show 3 kinds of meaning of the same word, and students are required to choose the best one due to their

      understanding.Third, the teacher leads students to analyze these questions one by one.While I have mentioned that each has its own traits, so various ways are encouraged to use that is to say, each word has a special way to learn.The specific learning procedures of each word is showed obviously in Appendixⅱ.And here I just select some typical points to discuss.Take the first word, ―split‖ for example, this word is very simple, but it is not easy to remember because its pronunciation /split/ and spelling will easily make students mix it with ―spilt‖, ―slip‖, ―splice‖, ―spiel‖ etc.So I suggest that teachers can use phonetic factors to remember.Above all, teachers teach students to enunciate the phonetic symbol ―sp‖, and to generalize some words containing the same sound: speed, space, spot, speak, spic, etc.Then, teachers can teach students to articulate the sound ―spl‖, and classify some words owning the articulation, splat, slake , spleen, splice, spore, etc.Therefore, the word ―split‖ can impress students well with its pronunciation.In addition, teachers can introduce the phrases ―split the vote‖, ―split the ticket‖ to students.In this way, students can learn something about the American election as well as the phrases themselves.I think this is better than only explaining the word or phrases.The same way is also applied to explain the second word ―parochial‖, the third word ―welfare‖, the fifth word ―utilities‖, etc.Another way is to use derivatives.For instance, the forth word ―comfortably‖, here I adopt derivatives.First of all, this word is derived from ―comfort‖, from which one can get a series of words.Com-in ―comfort‖ originally means combination/commonness, or serves as a root to stress the tone.And the ―-fort‖ originally refers to strengthen/enhance/reinforce.So the word ―comfort‖ can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Based on this, ―comfortable‖, ―comforts‖, ―comforting‖, ―comforter‖, ―comfortably‖ are got.The same way is suitable for the seventh word the eighth one ―extended‖.Then, I must mention that using interesting story to arouse students’ interest in

      learning the knowledge the teachers are talking about is very popular nowadays.In the passage After Divorce, the word, ―teased‖ whose archetype is ―tease‖, is imparted through a fair tale.To explain the phrase, I use the story of the Crow and the Fox which has been very familiar to all the students in their childhood.Here it is used to show the fox cheats the crow to drop the meat from her mouth with a cunning strategy.This action of the fox is called ―to tease out the meat from the crow‖.Among the ten words, the tenth one ―hardship‖ is a compound word.In this situation, when learners meet it, first of all, they need to find how many words subject to ―hardship‖.It is easy to know that there are two words in it: ―hard‖ and ―ship‖.―Hard‖ means strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc, and ship is a noun and verb meaning a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship, friendship, headship, relationship, etc.In this case, hardship can be explained this way: a sort of difficult situation.Besides all of above, I also use turn scenes into sentences which contain target words to require students to think out the word’s meaning in differences.This is used on the word ―split‖, ―teased‖, ―extended‖ in the passage After Divorce.What’s more, giving students target word’s synonymies and anonyms which I have used to explain nearly all the ten words.Perhaps limited by the passage, many interesting and effective methods are not adopted in these words.While if possible, teachers can integrate more in teaching.For example, telling differences between two or more words and phrases, making dialogues, reciting tongue twisters, making up short stories.Forth, after learning all the words, students are asked to reread the passage and redo the questions.At the same time, their speed should be much quicker.Fifth, students may forget what they have learnt very quickly within 24 hours.Consequently, the next class, teachers have to review those words for them.But, that will make the students passive.Therefore, students need to do the review themselves.They should work in groups, and each group has 2-3 people.The task is

      that each group has to come up with a way to deepen the memory of at least two new words.They can copy the teachers’ way but their explanation must be correct;they can also create new ways like singing a song, playing a game, reciting something, doing some comparison, etc.However, since time is limited, their review should be controlled within 10 minutes.And every class, 2 or 3 groups are supposed to perform.As to the rest of the words which have been learnt last time but not reviewed by groups’ performance, teachers can help students go through them in 5 minutes.2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words.Although some students have a very large vocabulary, they always do badly in exams.To some extent, it is because they don’t know how to use them.And they are under great pressure of the college entrance examination, and have much exercise to do.So, English teachers can plan some activities to arouse their initiative in lexical learning, and use their mastered glossary in practice.These activities can be words’ competition, using given words to make up a short story in 5minutes, singing English songs, watching interesting movies and then taking notes to repeat the plots in English, debates, etc.Whatever ways teachers apply, the aim is to enhance the students’ ability of using what they have learnt in practice.This benefits a lot to their listening, reading comprehension, writing, speaking, and even single option.And this method can also lessen their stress, finding some pleasure similar to the undergraduates.14

      Conclusion

      It’s easy to point out the drawbacks of teachers’ teaching pattern;it’s a bit difficult to figure out the reasons;the most difficult thing is to feel the feasible ways of teaching and they will turn out effective in practice.While teaching lexicon is a very applicative technique, in that case, if one designs new methods to teach, he must conduct it in class.And based on observe and study teaching situation and the average level of the student body in a certain school, one can come up with the authentic problems and set a point where teachers should focus on their weak parts and make great efforts to improve.Only in this way can the methods agree with the real conditions, and turn out successful.As to new teachers, raising some new approaches to solve teaching lexical problems is not an easy thing.Therefore, except doing and analyzing investigates, and comparing different results caused by different methods, they need to consult those teachers who have rich experience, and good at managing the whole class.Perhaps not all the suggestions those teachers give are suitable for a certain school, but one can combine the advice with the local situation, and come up with the way fit for the class.That’s to say, selecting the ones fit the teachers’ personalities and the students’ study.Besides that, as I stated before, taking the factors: rules in vocabulary itself, students’ physiology and psychology, the memory law into consideration is really an important stage.And the method, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches is just a minimum one, and whether it suits specific classes, one needs to implement it and refine it.Anyway, this procedure is mainly to explain in all kinds of ways.Thus, it can not be avoided that the students will get tired to some extend.Therefore, I propose some activities which interest students and provoke their potential.And of course, teachers need to consider the local conditions.Generally speaking, watching movies, performing a play, holding a debate, etc are all ways to make students learn something and happy.Bibliography 崔剛,孔憲遂,《英語教學(xué)十六講》,北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2009。

      王晶,《詞匯深度知識及其在教學(xué)上的運用》,遼寧:沈陽航空工業(yè)學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,2009(11)。

      Wilkins D.A.Linguistics in Language Teaching.Cambridge: MIT press, 1972.何克勇,《英語詞匯及起源》,北京: 清華大學(xué)出版社,2002。

      李觀義,《具有中國特色的外語教學(xué)法》,上海:上海外語教育出版社,2007。Keiko Koda.Insight into Second Language Reading.Beijing: Cambridge University press, 2007.伍謙光,《語義學(xué)導(dǎo)論》,長沙:湖南教育出版社,1998。

      李森,陳曉瑞,《現(xiàn)代教育學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》,上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2009。陽紅,吳天武,王呈祥:《心理學(xué)新編》,武漢:華中師范大學(xué)出版社,2006。藍純,《語言學(xué)概論》,北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2009。

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      Appendix A 新課改下高中學(xué)生對英語學(xué)習(xí)和英語單詞記憶問卷調(diào)查

      調(diào)查對象:西南石油大學(xué)2012屆成都籍新生

      調(diào)查人數(shù):100人 調(diào)查時間:2012年9月1日~2012年9月9日

      調(diào)查人:周均梅

      1.你在做英語試卷的時候,覺得哪部分是最難的?()

      A.聽力(40%)B.單項選擇(4%)C.完形填空(32%)D.閱讀理解(12%)

      E.書面表達

      (8%)

      F.短文改錯(4%)2.你一周上英語課的節(jié)數(shù)(不含晚自習(xí))()

      A.14節(jié)(20%)B.12節(jié)(28%)C.11節(jié)(16%)

      D.10節(jié)(8%)

      E.9節(jié)(4%)F.8節(jié)(0%)

      G.7節(jié)(0%)

      H.6節(jié)(24%)3.你有沒有制定自己的記憶單詞的計劃?為什么?()

      A.有,這樣可以幫助我更好地鞏固單詞,形成單詞記憶的系統(tǒng)。(12%)B.沒有,感覺沒必要,平時要考試或者聽寫的時候再臨時記憶。(32%)C.有時,但是不能堅持,缺乏毅力。(48%)D.從未,我不喜歡學(xué)習(xí)英語,覺得記憶單詞非??菰?。(8%)4.在英語課堂上,你喜歡―老師努力講解,學(xué)生認真聽和記筆記‖這種教學(xué)方法嗎?()

      A.非常喜歡(8%)B.喜歡(12%)C.還可以(48%)

      D.不喜歡(32%)5.你會對學(xué)過的單詞做及時的復(fù)習(xí)嗎?()

      A.會復(fù)習(xí)(28%)B.不會復(fù)習(xí)(24%)

      C.有時復(fù)習(xí)(44%)

      D.大部分時間會復(fù)習(xí)(4%)

      6.到目前為止,你認為記憶單詞最有效的方法是?()

      A.老師指導(dǎo)的方法(20%)

      B.自己總結(jié)的方法(44%)

      C.同學(xué)介紹的方法(20%)D.其他方面的方法(16%)

      7.你在讀英語文章碰到生詞時,會查字典嗎 ?()

      A.讀完文章后推測該詞的含義,再查字典(28%)B.先停下來查字典,確定其含義后再繼續(xù)讀。(28%)

      C.只要了解文章大意,推斷出文章的大意即可(8%)

      D.知道文章的大意就好,沒必要追究每個單詞的含義(36%)

      8.你平時記憶單詞的時候,會把拼寫相似、含義相近或相反、發(fā)音相似等詞進行聯(lián)系記憶嗎?()

      A.經(jīng)常會(16%)

      B.偶爾會(64%)C.一般不會(8%)

      D.從不(12%)9.你記憶生詞時會將該詞的名詞形式、動詞形式、形容詞形式、副詞形式以及其基本用法綜合記憶嗎?()

      A.經(jīng)常會(12%)B.偶爾會(48%)

      C.一般不會(28%)

      D.從不(12%)10.你認為標(biāo)準發(fā)音和單詞記憶有聯(lián)系嗎?()

      A.完全無關(guān)(20%)

      B.正確發(fā)音能增強學(xué)生語感,幫助正確拼寫單詞(40%)

      C.有一定聯(lián)系,但不大(20%)

      D.不清楚(20%)

      11.你是喜歡老師以―單詞讀音—單詞含義—單詞運用‖的教學(xué)方法一個人講解,還是喜歡參與小組討論、與同學(xué)合作學(xué)習(xí)的方法來記憶單詞?()

      A.老師一個人講解,學(xué)生做筆記(12%)

      B.兩種方法都用會比較好(32%)

      C.比較喜歡與同學(xué)討論,合作性學(xué)習(xí)(48%)

      D.用任何一種都行(8%)12.學(xué)習(xí)新單詞的時候,老師會提供一定的語境進行練習(xí)嗎?()

      A.經(jīng)常(44%)

      B.偶爾(28%)

      C.很少(16%)

      D.基本沒有(12%)13.你所在的學(xué)校,已經(jīng)使用多媒體對英語進行教學(xué)了嗎?()

      A.是的,全多媒體教學(xué)(32%)

      B.是的,偶爾使用(24%)

      C.有在用,但是很少(20%)

      D.基本沒有(24%)

      14.通常你的英語老師會用一些有趣的方法幫你記單詞嗎?(例如:編順口溜、玩游戲、講故事)()

      A.經(jīng)常(14%)

      B.偶爾(32%)

      C.很少(24%)

      D.基本沒有(32%)15.你認為老師應(yīng)著重哪些方面的講解()(可多選)

      A、語法(20%)

      B、詞匯(28%)C、翻譯(44%)

      D、語篇分析

      (28%)

      E、做題技巧(16%)

      16.你認為大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的重心應(yīng)該是()(可多選)

      A、語法(16%)

      B、聽力(48%)

      C、閱讀(20%)

      D、口語(44%)

      E、寫作(8%)

      17.你認為在英語課堂中,最有利于提高你的英語能力的活動是:()(可多選)

      A、兩人對話(12%)B、小組討論(28%)C、個人發(fā)言(36%)D、其他(24%)18.每天你課外學(xué)習(xí)英語多長時間?()

      A.2小時以上

      (8%)

      B、1小時左右(40%)C.一個半小時左右(16%)D、少于1小時(36%)

      19. 你閱讀除課文以外的其它英語讀物嗎?()

      A、經(jīng)常(20%)

      B、偶爾

      (20%)

      C、從不(40%)20.在聽英語時,碰到生詞我會跳過生詞繼續(xù)聽下去。()

      A、非常同意(12%)B、同意(48%)

      C、不同意(12%)D、無所謂(28%)21.在英語課上,我注意老師在口語表達中常用的詞語()。

      A、經(jīng)常注意(12%)B、有時注意(52%)C、沒注意過(20%)

      D、他用什么詞語與我無關(guān)(16%)

      22.我會有選擇的記憶課外閱讀材料中碰到的生詞和未學(xué)過的短語。()

      A:非常同意(18%)

      B:同意(30%)C:有點同意(18%)

      D:有點不同意(28%)

      E:不同意(6%)

      F:非常不同意(0%)

      23.假如在聽力時碰到生詞,我會盡量記住生詞的發(fā)音,然后根據(jù)發(fā)音在字典上查找它的拼寫及相關(guān)意思。()

      A:非常同意(20%)B:同意(20%)C:有點同意(36%)D:有點不同意(20%)

      E:不同意(4%)

      F:非常不同意(0%)24.寫作文時我盡量使用剛學(xué)過的生詞和短語。()

      A:非常同意(32%)B:同意(40%)C:有點同意(12%)D:有點不同意(8%)

      E:不同意(4%)

      F:非常不同意(4%)

      25.我用重復(fù)念和重復(fù)拼寫的方法來記生詞。()

      A:非常同意(28%)B:同意(48%)

      C:有點同意(8%)D:有點不同意(12%)

      E:不同意(4%)F:非常不同意(0%)26.記單詞時,我會聯(lián)想有關(guān)的同義詞或反義詞。()

      A:非常同意(20%)

      B:同意(28%)C:有點同意(16%)

      D:有點不同意(20%)

      E:不同意(16%)

      F:非常不同意(0%)27.記單詞時,我經(jīng)常聯(lián)想同詞根的詞。.()

      A:非常同意(8%)B:同意(40%)C:有點同意(44%)D:有點不同意(12%)

      E:不同意(16%)F:非常不同意(4%)

      28.學(xué)習(xí)單詞時,我只記憶精讀課本詞匯表上列出的詞。()

      A:非常同意(20%)B:同意(28%)C:有點同意(12%)D:有點不同意(20%)

      E:不同意(20%)F:非常不同意(0%)

      29.我不僅學(xué)習(xí)詞匯在課文中的意思,而且學(xué)習(xí)詞匯在課文以外的意思。()

      A:非常同意(20%)

      B:同意(40%)

      C:有點同意(12%)

      D:有點不同意(16%)

      E:不同意(4%)

      F:非常不同意(8%)30.我課外主動看英語電視和電影。()

      A:非常同意(12%)B:同意(44%)C:有點同意(28%)D:有點不同意(8%)

      E:不同意(8%)

      F:非常不同意(0%)31.我堅持每星期用英語寫一篇日記。()

      A:非常同意(8%)B:同意(28%)C:有點同意(24%)D:有點不同意(16%)

      E:不同意(24%)F:非常不同意(0%)32.我經(jīng)常去英語角和別人交談。()

      A:非常同意(24%)

      B:同意(24%)

      C:有點同意(12%)

      D:有點不同意(32%)

      E:不同意(4%)

      F:非常不同意(4%)33.我主動通過生詞的漢語意思來記住所學(xué)的生詞。()

      A:非常同意(4%)B:同意(32%)C:有點同意(24%)D:有點不同意(24%)

      E:不同意(12%)

      F:非常不同意(4%)

      Appendix B After Divorce My parents divorced/ di′v ?:st /(離婚)when I was two, and the repercussions/、ri:p ? `k ? ? ? n/(影響)of their split /split/lasted long after it was final.My mother was a parochial /p ?`r?uki? l/school teacher who earned just enough to stay off welfare/`welfε? /, but not enough for us to live comfortably/`k ? mf ? t ? bli/.Utilities /ju:`tiliti/in our home were shut off(不夠用)from time to time, and it seemed like we would never catch up.My mother also worked nights, so after school I would go to my grandparents' house.I spent little time with my mother because she worked during the week, and eventually(最后)on weekends, too.My most painful memories of that time are not of being teased/ti:zd/ for my limited wardrobe/`w ?:dr ?u b/, or the times we had no running water because my mother missed payments.The most difficult experience was watching my mother cry at night, while I hugged her and told her I loved her.Through all this, I learned so much.I came to value education, family and faith.I worked hard in school, and earned good grades.I learned from my mother's example(she went back to school after three children and a divorce)that it is important for a woman to go to college and not depend on a man.I came to value extended/iks`tendid/ family support and developed a close relationship with my grandparents and cousins because I was with them so much while my mother

      worked.Last, my faith became very strong.Although my mother was very busy, she made sure we all went to church together every Sunday.Most important, we did not blame God for our situation.Instead, we thanked Him for the good things in our lives.We were grateful for the people who cared about us, for not being on the streets, and for good health when we did not have health insurance/in`? u?r?ns /.My parents' divorce caused hardships/`ha:d?ip/ and pain, but it was also an experience that I would not change because of how much I learned.1.What does the word ―split‖ mean?()

      A.An opening(裂縫)made violently as by pulling apart;B.A break or separation in some relationship.C.A promised or claimed share of loot(戰(zhàn)利品)or money.2What does the word ―parochial‖ mean?()

      A Relating to or supported by or located in a parish(教區(qū));

      B.Narrowly limited in outlook or scope;C.Some place which is too far away or remote.3.What does the word ―welfare‖ mean?()

      A.Governmental provision of economic support to people in need.B.Something beneficial that aids or improves someone’s life or well-being.C.A contented(滿足的)state of being happy, healthy and prosperous(繁榮的).4.What does the word ―comfortably‖ mean?()A.In mental comfort(舒適);without stress.B.In physical comfort.C.In financial(經(jīng)濟的)comfort.5.What does the word ―Utilities‖ mean?()

      A A company that performs a public service;subject to government regulation.B Some daily tools or things used in household such as soap(肥皂)and washing powder.C The quality of being of practical use.6.What does the word ―teased‖ mean?()A.Feeling mild pleasurable excitement.B.Mock or make fun of some one;playfully.C.Annoy(使 煩惱)persistently(不斷地)7.What does the word ―wardrobe‖ mean?()

      A A tall piece of furniture that provides storage(儲存)space of clothes;has a door and rails or hooks for hanging clothes.B Collection for clothing belonging to one person.C Collection for costumes(服飾)belonging to a theatrical(劇院的)company.8.What does the word ―extended‖ mean?()A Quite long in duration(延長);B Great in rang(范圍)or scope(視野)C Became large in material(物質(zhì))rang or stretched forth 9.What does the word ―insurance‖ mean?()

      A Promise of reimbursement(退還,償還)in the case of loss;a kind of business paid to people or companies that so concerned about danger that they have made B Written contract or certificate of insurance;

      C Protection for the safety of somebody or something.10.What does the word ―hardships‖ mean?()

      A Situation in which your life is difficult or unpleasant, often because you don’t have enough money.B Ships which is old and can’t work well.C Some problems which are hard to solve.Following is the teaching procedures: 1.Split.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Then give them its part of speech.And its elementary meaning is‖分開、分裂、斷裂、分擔(dān)‖,which in English we can connect it with‖cut/share/break/crack/segment/disagree/divide/sever/separate,etc‖.Moreover, Split can be transitive verb, intransitive verb, adjective and noun.What’s more ,students can associate the opposite meaning:―聯(lián)合、團結(jié)、聯(lián)系、結(jié)合‖,which in English we can say ―unite/connect/combine/together/same/cooperate, etc‖.②Give students the following sentences and ask them to figure out what split means in each sentence:

      *If something splits or you split it, it is broken into parts.*A split in a group is a disagreement between its members.*A split is a long crack.*If some people split something, they share it with each other.③ Giving some usage of split in order to help students to consolidate their impression about it.Ask them whether they know ―split the ticket/split the vote/split one’s side‖.Then Teacher explains them in details.*split the vote:(the candidate, the small parties)to attract another candidate’s or party’s votes causing destruction to both sides and makes the third win.And this usually happens in the western countries.*split the ticket: to vote for more than one party.*split one’s sides: to laugh very happily so that one will press his belly.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―split‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 1.2.Parochial ①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Generally speaking, it is adjective.When teaching this word, Teacher shows the meaning in English;at the same time, students guess it in Chinese.For example, parochial is closely connected with parish;it also refer to ―narrow/limited/ short sighted/small-minded‖ ②Parochial school.It is a kind of religious school, as a sort of assistant education of normal one in West countries, especially America.Another narrow usage is that it refers to the grammar schools of Christianity established by small parishes.As to British education, the parochial schools set up by the national religion form the basis of the educational system assisted by the state.③Some collocations and use in scene.For example: *parochial affairs;

      *He is too parochial in his outlook because he is in parish.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at parochial in the passage, identify its 21

      meaning and finish exercise 2.3.Welfare.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with benefit/prosperity/interest/advantage/health/peace.So students can guess its basic meaning is ―福利、健康、安寧、幸?!?And it is a noun.②Next analyze its formation to make it impressed on students.From its spelling and pronunciation we can jude that welfare consists of two parts: ―wel‖ and ―fare‖.―Wel‖ is similar to well, and we can treat it as ―good/fine/well‖;on the other hand, ―fare‖ convey the meaning ―fee/the price of ticket/food‖.In that case, the compound word ―welfare‖ is associated with benefit/prosperity/interests, etc.③ Teacher gives students some expressions of welfare in our daily life.* welfare fund

      *social welfare

      *welfare state

      *child welfare

      ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―welfare‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 3.4.Comfortably.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with cosines/ease/pleasure, etc.What’s more, it is an adverb.② Point out that comfort is comfortably’s derivation.Let’s start from the derivation, comfort(it can be a noun and a verb), which can be divided into two parts: ―com‖ and ―fort‖.The root ―com‖ is interrelated with combination/commonness, that is to say, it means ―共同的‖in Chinese;on the other hand, it serves as a root to stress the tone.The root ―fort‖ is closely linked with strengthen/enhance/reinforce, which mostly means ―加強‖in Chinese.So the word comfort can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Comfort +-able(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning‖可……的‖ in Chinese):comfortable(舒適的);

      Comfort +-ing(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning possessing a certain quality): comforting(令人舒適的);

      Comfort +-er(an noun derivational morpheme, meaning a kind of people or thing): comforter(安慰者、羊毛圍巾);

      Comfortable +-ly(an adverb derivational morpheme): comfortably(舒適地);

      Comfort +-s(a plural derivational morpheme,standing nouns): comforts(令人愉快的人或物)③Give some expressions used in daily life, and set a scene to make students to use them in conversation.*comfortably off

      *creature comforts

      * comfortable winner ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―comfortably‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 4.5.Utilities.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher leads students to figure out its archetype ―utility‖, which can be both a noun and a adjective.Being a noun, it possesses two parts of meaning.On the one hand, its meaning is abstract, sharing the same connotation with effectiveness/use/function to some degree;on the other hand, its meaning is concrete, sharing the same connotation with service/ public welfare/tool/implement to some

      degree.Being an adjective, it means useful in many ways or works.Teacher gives definitions or examples to make it more clear to students:(1).The utility of something is its usefulness.(2).A utility is an important service such as water, electricity, or gas that is provided for everyone, and that everyone pays for.② In English, the root ―util-‖ refers to ―use‖.In that case, ―-ity‖ is added to it to form a word ―utility‖, connecting with ―use‖.③So Teacher show students some utility’s phrases.First, let them guess;And then give them the answers;Last, set some scenes to practice.*utility pole

      *domestic utility

      *utility service

      *utility room

      *utility theory ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―utilities‖ in the passage, identify it-s meaning and finish exercise 5.6.Teased.①Giving basic information about this word, which is: Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher point-s out that its archetype is tease, which can be a noun and a verb.As a noun, it has the meaning of ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.As a verb, it means ―to laugh at others or make jokes about them in order to embarrass, annoy, or ups-et them.‖ Teacher shows students several sentences to deepen their comprehension.*My brother is such a tease.*The best way to deal with a tease is to ignore him.*The other boys tease him because he is fat.②From tease, one can get teaser, possessing the same meaning as ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.What’s more, it refers to ―a difficult question, especially in competition‖.For example, whether to accept this offer is really a teaser.③ Teacher uses the tale of the Crow and the Fox to explain the phrase ―tease out‖.ThenTeacher gives a conclusion: the phrase means using some cunning way to get certain information / solution/secret/profit, etc.So in this tale, the fox tries to tease out the meat from the crow.More sentences are imparted: *They try to tease out the answer without appearing to ask him.*The thief intended to tease out the key to the door from the baby.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―teased‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 6.7.Wardrobe.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is a nou-n.When one sees this word, he can get the same meaning from closet/bureau, and kn-o w that it means ―a tall cupboard or cabinet in which one can hang your clothes‖.More sentences are showed to students:

      *Someone’s wardrobe is the total collection of clothes that they have.*She stuffed her clothes in the wardrobe.② Wardrobe can be divided into two parts: ―ward‖ and ―robe‖.Ward: as a noun, it means ―a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, ofte-n people who need similar treatment‖(病房)or ―a district which forms part of a political constituency or

      local council‖(行政區(qū)、選區(qū)).*Ward off(v.avoid)

      *warder(n.someone who works in a prison supervising the prisoners.)

      *warden(n.doorkeeper/the head of a county)

      Robe: a loose piece of clothing which covers all of your body and reaches the ground.(睡袍)For example, she put her robe on the chair.*Work robe

      *baby robe

      To sum up, the word, wardrobe can be explained this way: a cabinet where one’s clot-hes are deposited.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―wardrobe‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 7.8.Extended.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.First, Teach –er shows students its archetype ―extend‖.Extend is a transitive verb and intransitive verb.And ―extend‖ contains two-faced meaning.On the one hand, it approximates to reach /increase/expand /enlarge /stretch/ magnify /broaden/ lengthen out, meaning ―延伸、增大、擴大‖ in Chinese.On the other hand, it approximates to donate /give grant supply/ furnish /contribute /allot/ provide /present, meaning ―給予、捐贈、分配‖in Chinese.Some examples are given: *The boss extended money to create new products.*This metal will extend when it is heated.②Extend can be separated into two parts: ―ex-‖ and ―-tend‖.Ex-: A: to make something out, such as exclude/expel/expose/extract, etc.B: something or someone is no longer the one it or he once was, such ex-wife, ex-president, ex-colonial.Tend-: A: to notice/ look after /care/mind, etc.B: something is likely to happen frequently;someone is likely to behave/say in a certain way.To sum up, ―extend‖ basically can be explained this way: something is likely to get larger/more/longer/out/spread.More meaning of it is show in the following sentences: *This speech has extended for two hours.(持續(xù))*This paper extends to a lot of practical problems.(涉及)*I’m glad that you extended my mother an invitation.(發(fā)出)③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―extended‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 8.9.Insurance.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Generally speaking, it is a noun, meaning an arrangement where you pay money to a company, and they pay money back once something bad occurs to you, such as if your belongings are stolen or damaged/ if you catch a severe disease(保險);What’s more it also refers to some measures done to make up great loss in future(保險措施).②Teacher tells students that insurance’s verb is insure(intransitive and transitive).And insure can be analyzed as following: insure consists of two parts: ―in‖ and ―sure‖.In-: inside;in power;on position or it is a negative affix.Sure: certain;firmly assure something;and it can be both an adjective and adverb.Therefore we can explain ―insure‖ in this way: one is certain about something heartily(確

      定);one promises somebody something(保證);one safeguards somebody/something(保護).Moreover, some synonyms are offered: *assure

      *affirm

      *guarantee

      *certify ③Teacher introduces some expressions used in daily life: *insurance company

      * insurance act

      * insurance law

      *insurance amount

      *insurance industry ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 9.10.Hardship.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is usually used as a noun, approximating to ―difficulty/ trouble/ handicap, etc‖.②Two parts(hard and ship)forms ―hardship‖.From this, hardship is defined as a compo--und word.Hard: strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc.Ship: a noun and verb;a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship/friendship/leadship/relationship, etc.So in hardship,-ship means a kind of situation, and hard refer to difficult.Thus, hards--hip signifies a sort of difficult situation.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 10.25

      第三篇:畢業(yè)論文修改注意事項

      畢業(yè)論文修改注意事項

      1、不要出現(xiàn)錯別字;

      2、所有數(shù)字、字母都要在英文狀態(tài)下輸入,字母要傾斜;

      3、論文中紅字的地方要注意;

      4、封面的版本注意統(tǒng)一,題目下面部分沒有學(xué)號這一行;

      5、論文題目太長的可以分成兩行寫,要居中;

      6、封面的下劃線注意粗細長短統(tǒng)一,不要一長一短一粗一細;

      7、目錄中,二級標(biāo)題注意空格,不要頂格寫,和一級標(biāo)題區(qū)分開,有層次;頁碼盡量對齊,不要明顯長短不一;

      8、論文中(包括英文翻譯中)不要有你的名字,學(xué)號,指導(dǎo)老師姓名;不要出現(xiàn)“本文”、“我們”等詞語;

      9、改的時候,文件保存名,就用答辯序號加“畢業(yè)論文”,如24號.畢業(yè)論文.doc;

      10、摘要,關(guān)鍵詞,參考文獻,這幾個字不要用【】括起來,摘要兩字之間有空格;

      11、摘要,關(guān)鍵詞,不要頂格寫,要空兩格,包括英文翻譯;

      12、每一段空兩格,不要總是頂格開始;

      13、英文翻譯注意去掉背景;

      14、關(guān)鍵詞,key words,注意加s,因為關(guān)鍵詞有幾個,是復(fù)數(shù);每個關(guān)鍵詞中間用“;”隔開,英文每個關(guān)鍵詞語第一個字母不要大寫;

      15、題目下一行寫“數(shù)學(xué)與應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)2008級(1)班”,英文翻譯“Mathematics and applied mathematics2008(1)class”;

      16、表格、圖等要居中排列,表名加黑;

      17、參考文獻,這四個字頂格寫,序號用[1] [2] [3] [4] [5],括號不要用【】這種,在序號要后空一格,如

      [12] 譚小江,伍勝健,復(fù)變函數(shù)簡明教程.北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2006.[13] 夏志,一類復(fù)變函數(shù)極點階數(shù)的確定.渤海大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版),2005.18、行距一般為1.5倍;

      這些只是常出錯的地方,具體情況具體分析,不包括所有論文。

      大家一定相互傳閱,不要堅定自己的就一定是最標(biāo)準的格式,多和幾個人比較才能減少問題的出現(xiàn)。修改好后,明天(3月7號)自己發(fā)給黃朝軍老師(hcjh6@163.com)。

      第四篇:英語論文修改畢業(yè)論文翻譯格式

      英語論文修改畢業(yè)論文翻譯格式

      手-機:【131-1089-3071】

      精誠翻譯公司全網(wǎng)最低5元百字起(市場價格10元,比傳統(tǒng)翻譯機構(gòu)低40%左右,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+時代,省去中間的環(huán)節(jié),價格低于翻譯行業(yè)任何家翻譯機構(gòu),5年經(jīng)驗保證,首推先翻譯后付費模式,無效免單,免費試譯,免費修改,為很多的大型外企和國企翻譯過許多專業(yè)文件!五周年慶,五折優(yōu)惠中,可以通過以上方式咨詢!

      顏色詞的譯法

      要想準確而生動地運用各種顏色詞把原文中色彩斑斕的世界重新展現(xiàn)在讀者面前,使讀者有身臨其境之感,譯者的確需要認真“察言觀色”,努力再現(xiàn)原文中的色彩。遇到詞匯空白和文化鴻溝時,要采取靈活的補救措施,使原文與譯文相協(xié)調(diào),使讀者真正欣賞原作的色彩和意境。一般說來,顏色詞有以下幾種譯法:

      A.把英語顏色詞譯成與之相應(yīng)的漢語顏色詞。如果英語顏色詞與漢語顏色詞在詞義上相同,就可采用這種直譯的方法。例如:

      (1)The sun was dropping behind the farthest mountain, and the valleys were purple with something deeper than aster.夕陽已漸漸沉沒在遠山的背后,壑谷間一片紫藹,顏色比紫菀還濃。

      (2)His arms and legs were thickly smeared with calamine lotion dried to a chalky white.他四肢上涂得厚厚的爐甘石液已干成粉白色。

      (3)The very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself was panting.連那塵土都被炙烤成褐色;大氣中似乎也有什么東西在顫抖,仿佛空氣本身也在氣喘吁吁。

      (4)The clear, sharp cloven Carrara mountains sent up their steadfast flame of marble summit into amber sky.輪廓分明的卡拉拉山把永恒不變的火焰似的大理石山頂插入琥珀色的天空。

      (5)The leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.那葉兒落盡的樹木,映襯著鉛灰色的天空,此刻顯得更加枝丫交錯,姿態(tài)萬千。

      B.改換英語顏色詞。如一種顏色在兩種語言中分別被不同的顏色詞所指稱,而直譯會導(dǎo)致讀者不正確的聯(lián)想或是不為譯入語的讀者所接受,這時可改換顏色詞,使之符合譯入語的表達習(xí)慣。例如:

      (1)The floor was covered with ochre-colored sawdust, trampled here and there into mud.地上全是黃褐色的木屑,到處都給踩成泥糊糊的了。

      (2)The sun shining on her glossy hair, gave it a metallic luster, and it was difficult to say what was the color , dark bronze or black.陽光照在她光澤的頭發(fā)上,給它涂上一層金屬似的光彩。很難說出它究竟是什么顏色,是深褐色,還是黑色。

      (3)Lightness, rapidity, nimbleness, grace and rich apparel all belong to the humming-bird.The emerald, the ruby, and the topaz gleam upon its dress.蜂鳥具有輕盈、敏捷、靈活、優(yōu)雅以及羽毛絢麗等一切妙處。它那翠綠的、鮮紅的、嫩黃色的羽毛閃閃發(fā)光。

      (4)His face became blue with cold.他的臉凍得發(fā)青。

      (5)She dressed in a very short creamy skirt that day.那天她穿著一條很短的米色裙子。

      C.原文中無顏色詞,譯文中增加顏色詞。有時譯文可根據(jù)具體語境添增色彩詞以突出色彩,加強譯文的感染力。

      (1)And over all these, set close against the golden hair and burning cheek of lady and knight is that untroubled and sacred sky_1.在這一切之上,同貴夫人和騎士金色頭發(fā)和紅潤面頰相映襯的是一片蔚藍的天空。

      (2)He didn't try in vain.他沒有白干。

      (3)Her eyes became moist.她眼圈紅了。

      (4)It is like a windfall, like a Godsend, like an unexpected piece of luck.它像飛來的吉慶,像天降洪福,像意外紅運。

      D.原文顏色詞有象征意義或意義有所引申,一般采用意譯靈活處理。例如:

      (1)You look blue today.What's wrong with you?你今天看起來悶悶不樂,出了什么事?

      (2)He is green with jealousy.他醋意大發(fā)。

      (3)He is a blue-blooded man.他出生貴族。

      (4)Her story immediately reminded me of a Chinese saying“The young beautiful lady will always be star-crossed.”聽了有關(guān)她的故事,我立刻想到中國的一句俗。

      第五篇:畢業(yè)論文(第3稿修改)

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      摘 要

      本課題選擇以VI設(shè)計在企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用為研究對象,從VI設(shè)計的本質(zhì)目的出發(fā),提取標(biāo)志設(shè)計、視覺識別、企業(yè)形象、應(yīng)用等關(guān)鍵詞為重點內(nèi)容進行解析。通過對VI的基本概念、起源、基本構(gòu)成、作用及企業(yè)導(dǎo)入VI的最佳時機進行探討和研究。運用船正物流的VI導(dǎo)入為實例,詳細介紹了企業(yè)VI設(shè)計的相關(guān)設(shè)計流程。包括從最初的設(shè)計調(diào)研,相關(guān)資料的收集和整理,到企業(yè)標(biāo)志、標(biāo)準字、標(biāo)準色、輔助圖形、標(biāo)準組合規(guī)范等基礎(chǔ)部分的設(shè)計,再到企業(yè)名片、信封、便簽紙、記事本、文件夾、工作證等辦公用品的設(shè)計,最后到門牌、會議牌、樓層指示牌等室內(nèi)外指示系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。并對國內(nèi)外VI設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢做了相關(guān)的分析。讓企業(yè)了解如何更好的導(dǎo)入VI并加以應(yīng)用和實施,提升企業(yè)知名度,帶動企業(yè)的發(fā)展。

      關(guān)鍵詞:

      VI設(shè)計

      視覺識別

      企業(yè)形象

      應(yīng)用

      I

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      Abstract

      The topic chosen to VI design in the enterprise application as the research object, the nature of the design from the VI Aims, Extraction logo design, visual identity, corporate image, the application of content analysis focused on key words.By VI basic concept, origin, basic composition, function and business into the best time to conduct VI explore and study.VI logistics ship used is imported as an example, details related to the design of enterprise VI design process.From the initial design research, collect and collate relevant information to the corporate logo, standard character, standard color, supporting graphics, standards, specifications and other basic part of the mix design, to business cards, envelopes, scrap paper, notebook, folders, work permits and other office supplies, design, and finally to the numbers, conference card, floor signs, indoor and outdoor instruction system.And design of domestic and foreign VI status and development trend of related analysis.Allow enterprises to better understand how to import the VI and make the application and implementation, becoming famous, drive the development of enterprises.Keywords:

      VI design;

      visual recognition;

      corporate image;

      Application

      II

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      目 錄

      中文摘要 ??????????????????????????????? Ⅰ 英文摘要????????????????????????????????Ⅱ 目錄

      ??????????????????????????????? Ⅲ 緒論 ????????????????????????????????? 1 第1章VI的概念 ??????????????????????????? 2 1.1 VI的基本概況及起源 ?????????????????????? 2 1.2 VI的作用 ???????????????????????????? 2 1.3 企業(yè)VI導(dǎo)入的最佳時機 ?????????????????????? 2 第2章 VI的基本程序 ???????????????????????? 3 2.1 VI的主要內(nèi)容 ?????????????????????????? 3 2.2 VI制作的程序 ?????????????????????????? 3 2.2.1準備階段 ?????????????????????????? 3 2.2.2設(shè)計開發(fā)階段 ????????????????????????? 3 2.2.3反饋修正階段 ????????????????????????? 4 2.2.4編制VI手冊 ????????????????????????? 5 第3章 VI設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢 ???????????????????? 9 3.1 VI設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀 ??????????????????????????9 3.2 VI設(shè)計的發(fā)展趨勢 ????????????????????????9 結(jié)束語

      ????????????????????????????????1

      1參考文獻 ???????????????????????????????12 致謝 ?????????????????????????????????13

      III

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      緒 論

      選擇VI設(shè)計在企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用這一題材主要是注意到很多人對VI設(shè)計還不夠了解,企業(yè)也比較缺乏缺乏對建立品牌形象的重視。長期以來,由于企業(yè)家未能清楚的意識到VI設(shè)計的重要性,不了解VI設(shè)計并不是可有可無的,也不是只為企業(yè)涂脂抹粉、裝點門面。而是將純文本格式的企業(yè)理念轉(zhuǎn)化為容易被人們所識別和記憶的一種視覺上的符號系統(tǒng)。

      VI設(shè)計在企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用這一課題主要像大家介紹了VI設(shè)計一些相關(guān)知識和整個VI設(shè)計的流程,及企業(yè)如何更好的做好VI的導(dǎo)入工作,最后向大家介紹了VI設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展趨勢。選擇VI設(shè)計這一課題也是為了讓自己有機會把自己的在校所學(xué)的相關(guān)專業(yè)知識賦予實際應(yīng)用,向人們宣傳和介紹企業(yè)形象設(shè)計,讓越來越多的企業(yè)認識到企業(yè)導(dǎo)入VI的重要性。

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      第1章 什么是VI 1.1 VI的基本概況及起源

      VI即英文Visul Identity的字母簡寫,意思是“視覺的,看的見的”,即視覺識別系統(tǒng)。

      CI最早發(fā)源于20世紀50年代的美國,是由美國人首先提出的一種商業(yè)經(jīng)營理念。CIS是英文Corporate Identification System 的縮寫,即企業(yè)識別系統(tǒng)。企業(yè)識別系統(tǒng)主要由企業(yè)理念識別(Mind Identity,簡稱MI)、企業(yè)行為識別(Behavior Identity,簡稱BI)、企業(yè)視覺識別(Visual Identity,簡稱VI)三個部分構(gòu)成。

      1.2 VI設(shè)計的作用

      VI設(shè)計對企業(yè)商業(yè)運作的作用是非常重要的,一個好的VI可以明顯的體現(xiàn)企業(yè)的經(jīng)營理念和企業(yè)文化。在茫茫商海中脫穎而出,得到消費者的喜愛,提高企業(yè)的美譽度,從而形成企業(yè)的無形資產(chǎn)。從市場營銷的角度來看,五、六十年代的商品競爭主要體現(xiàn)在價格上;

      六、七十年代的商品競爭主要體現(xiàn)在質(zhì)量上;而隨著科技的進步和各個企業(yè)生產(chǎn)手段的日益接近,使得九十年代以后商品的競爭主要體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的競爭上。所以說企業(yè)有了好的VI設(shè)計,就代表著該企業(yè)有著好的發(fā)展前景。

      1.3 企業(yè)VI導(dǎo)入的最佳時機

      企業(yè)導(dǎo)入VI的最佳時機是在什么時候呢,總結(jié)中外企業(yè)的實踐經(jīng)驗,最佳VI的導(dǎo)入時機有如下幾種: 新公司成立時,在建立新公司時,及時導(dǎo)入VI,可以說是經(jīng)營者的一項高瞻遠矚的戰(zhàn)略決策;創(chuàng)業(yè)周年紀念時,舉行創(chuàng)業(yè)周年紀念就像一個人過生日,是皆大歡喜的事情,又是回顧展望的時刻,整個企業(yè)從上到下都會形成一成和諧、喜悅的氣氛,此時導(dǎo)入VI可以使企業(yè)以此為起點,朝著更高的目標(biāo)邁進;新產(chǎn)品上市時,新產(chǎn)品推向市場,尤其是那些代表企業(yè)實力、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)時代潮流、體現(xiàn)科技含量的主打產(chǎn)品問世,最容易使消費者接受新形象,此時導(dǎo)入VI,必將事半功倍;企業(yè)兼并、重組時,資產(chǎn)重組、企業(yè)兼并是市場化動作的必然結(jié)果,也是當(dāng)今時代的潮流;實施國際化戰(zhàn)略時,隨著全球經(jīng)濟一體化進程的加快,企業(yè)要發(fā)展壯大,必須打開國際市場,實施國際化戰(zhàn)略之時導(dǎo)入

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      VI,將是樹立企業(yè)國際化形象的必要手段。

      第2章VI的基本程序

      2.1 VI的主要內(nèi)容

      VIS設(shè)計的基本內(nèi)容包含基礎(chǔ)部分和應(yīng)用部分兩個?;A(chǔ)部分包括企業(yè)中英文名稱、企業(yè)標(biāo)準標(biāo)志、企業(yè)標(biāo)準字、企業(yè)專用印刷字體、企業(yè)標(biāo)準色、企業(yè)輔助圖形、企業(yè)宣傳標(biāo)語、口號、基本要素組合中的組合規(guī)范、基本要素組織系統(tǒng)的字體設(shè)計、附屬要素諸如專用字體、象征圖形應(yīng)用、廣告版面編排形式、企業(yè)產(chǎn)品造型設(shè)計、基本要素制圖、標(biāo)準色的標(biāo)準法實施以及禁止組合規(guī)范等。應(yīng)用要素包括企業(yè)產(chǎn)品、事物用品、辦公器具、設(shè)備、招牌、旗幟、標(biāo)識牌、建筑外觀、交通工具、衣著制服、產(chǎn)品包裝、產(chǎn)品展示、廣告?zhèn)鞑サ?。企業(yè)視覺形象設(shè)計的制作流程可分為:準備階段、設(shè)計開發(fā)階段、反饋修正階段和編制VI手冊四個階段。

      2.2 VI制作的程序 2.2.1準備階段

      成立設(shè)計小組,分配各自的工作任務(wù)。調(diào)查企業(yè)經(jīng)營現(xiàn)狀,分析企業(yè)已有的視覺設(shè)計現(xiàn)狀,具體包括企業(yè)的理念精神內(nèi)涵與企業(yè)的總體發(fā)展規(guī)劃;企業(yè)的運營范圍、商品特性、服務(wù)性質(zhì);企業(yè)的行銷狀況與市場占有率;企業(yè)的知名度與美譽度;企業(yè)經(jīng)營者對整個形象戰(zhàn)略及視覺識別風(fēng)格的期望;企業(yè)與相關(guān)競爭著和本行業(yè)特點的現(xiàn)狀等。并負責(zé)和企業(yè)高層管理人員溝通,理解消化MI,了解客戶需求,確定貫穿VI設(shè)計的基本形式,搜集一系列的相關(guān)咨訊。

      2.2.2 設(shè)計開發(fā)階段

      VI設(shè)計同其他任何設(shè)計一樣,都是一個極為復(fù)雜艱辛的過程,有時候設(shè)計出一個好的作品可能只是靈光一現(xiàn)的獨特創(chuàng)意就可以完成,然而更多的時候,它需要數(shù)日甚至數(shù)月的冥思苦想才能得到一個比較好的設(shè)計創(chuàng)意。通過前期對物流行業(yè)VI設(shè)計情況的調(diào)查和分析,總結(jié)物流行業(yè)VI設(shè)計的特點。并結(jié)合船正物流

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      經(jīng)營管理理念的相關(guān)知識,通過平面設(shè)計的手法,將企業(yè)的內(nèi)在的氣質(zhì)和市場進行定位視覺化、形象化,設(shè)計出船正物流的LOGO,體現(xiàn)出船正物流作為獨立的法人和社會存在并與其周圍的經(jīng)營及生存的經(jīng)濟環(huán)境和社會環(huán)境相互區(qū)別。

      根據(jù)前期的調(diào)研依據(jù)企業(yè)標(biāo)志的特點既識別性、系統(tǒng)性、統(tǒng)一性、形象性、時代性做了以下不同風(fēng)格的標(biāo)志的草圖方案供客戶參考和選擇,以便確定VI設(shè)計的整體風(fēng)格。

      345 圖1運用船正物流的簡稱,英文字母“C”和“Z”為主進行設(shè)計,融入代表物流行業(yè)的箭頭和和船正物流主要運輸方式水運的標(biāo)識物件—錨,體現(xiàn)物流行業(yè)的方向性和快捷。圖2整個標(biāo)志以船為主要設(shè)計元素,融入碼頭的吊車和集裝箱的造型,整個外形又恰似一個船正的“正”字,體現(xiàn)企業(yè)在相同行業(yè)中良好穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展前景。圖3整個標(biāo)志以海上航行的船為主,運用帶有速度感的弧線和字母“C”和“Z”,體現(xiàn)物流的方便快捷,簡單明了。圖4整個標(biāo)志以“船正”二字為設(shè)計點,進行組合和裝飾,整體外形似一艘航行的船。圖5整個標(biāo)志以船的錨為主要設(shè)計元素,結(jié)合代表物流行業(yè)的箭頭,體現(xiàn)物流的快捷和安全。到此標(biāo)志草圖的第一次設(shè)計完畢。

      2.2.3反饋修正階段

      草圖方案完成后,我們把為客戶設(shè)計的標(biāo)志草圖方案制作成PPT給客戶觀看,由于標(biāo)志制作前期不知道客戶的喜好和對企業(yè)理念理解不夠,導(dǎo)致標(biāo)志草圖方案風(fēng)格不一,沒能讓顧客的滿意。通過和客戶溝通及向客戶請教關(guān)于公司企業(yè)

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      理念的一些相關(guān)知識,探頭了關(guān)于標(biāo)志改進方案的相關(guān)事宜。最后確定了一個大致設(shè)計方向既以他們原有的標(biāo)志(圖6)為主進行改進設(shè)計。針對企業(yè)這一情況,于是我們開始了標(biāo)志草圖的第二次設(shè)計,根據(jù)客戶所提出的要求,在企業(yè)原來標(biāo)志的基礎(chǔ)上進行創(chuàng)意和設(shè)計。通過這一次對客戶的了解,我們重新進行定位,對企業(yè)原來標(biāo)志進行深刻的理解和分析之后,進行了一些改進。如圖7;8;9根據(jù)船正的“船”字的大寫字母“C”為設(shè)計元素,同時“C”形成一輪紅日,象征公司的美好前景,海面融入錨的外形,強調(diào)公司的主營行業(yè)——水運物流。我們把修改后的方案再次做成PPT發(fā)給了客戶觀看,并一起交流和溝通思想。對第二次的方案客戶還算比較滿意,不過還是認為標(biāo)志不夠簡潔大方,讓我們最好能把以上的三個方案加以融合,使之變得簡潔美觀。通過第二次與客戶的交流和溝通,我們對自己的方案進行了整合和提煉。把錨的外形抽象化,并與紅日進行融合,調(diào)整了三個“C”之間的大小比例關(guān)系最后基本確定了企業(yè)的標(biāo)志。(圖10)功夫不負有心人,這次客戶總算是通過了這個方案。隨后我們對標(biāo)志進行了細部的調(diào)整,包括標(biāo)志方格化;各部分的比例尺寸;圓弧角度的調(diào)整;粗細線條的變化;正負形的變化和色彩搭配的調(diào)整等。

      67891011 2.2.4 編制VI手冊

      企業(yè)標(biāo)準標(biāo)志確定后我們就著手開始了VI手冊的編制,首先是基礎(chǔ)部分的湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      制作。包括標(biāo)志的標(biāo)準制圖,要求在使用標(biāo)志的時候嚴格遵守各個部分之間的比例關(guān)系,不得擅自更改。標(biāo)志的最小使用范圍為5mm,在實際應(yīng)用中應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴格遵守。企業(yè)的標(biāo)準色,通過了解市場對企業(yè)標(biāo)準色期望分析;及宗教、名族、區(qū)域習(xí)慣等忌諱色彩分析等,設(shè)定了基本的色彩范圍,并融合色彩的視覺傳達,色彩具體物的聯(lián)想、抽象情感的聯(lián)想及嗜好等心理性調(diào)查;色彩對視覺、記憶度、矚目性等生理性的效果測試以及色彩在實施制作中受到技術(shù)、材質(zhì)、經(jīng)濟等物理因素影響的分析評估。設(shè)定反映企業(yè)獨特組織機構(gòu)、市場營銷與風(fēng)格面貌的狀態(tài)的色彩,制定企業(yè)的標(biāo)準色,藍色代表理智、沉穩(wěn)、科技和創(chuàng)新,紅色代表熱情活躍,并作出了數(shù)值化的規(guī)范(圖1-11)。標(biāo)準色確定后又進行了輔助圖形的設(shè)計,輔助圖形主要以企業(yè)標(biāo)志的造型為開發(fā)母體,并不是純裝飾圖案,而是企業(yè)基本視覺要素的拓展聯(lián)系。主要包括企業(yè)造型、象征圖形和版面編排等方面的設(shè)計,通過小組探討和研究,決定運用圓為基本造型,并融合企業(yè)名稱船正二字加以變化,得到了如圖1-12的輔助圖形。輔助圖形確定后又進行了企業(yè)標(biāo)準字的設(shè)計,為了突出企業(yè)標(biāo)準字的識別性、可讀性、設(shè)計性、系統(tǒng)性,特意選擇了漢真廣標(biāo)

      圖12 圖13 圖14 圖15 圖16 圖17 字體為基本母體,并對其進行了相關(guān)變化和調(diào)整,使其更能和標(biāo)志相融合和呼應(yīng),其特有的中英文標(biāo)準字體現(xiàn)了企業(yè)獨有的精神和個性,與一般的打字排版的字體不同,不可隨意用其他字體替代。(圖13)隨后又進行了基本要素組合規(guī)范的設(shè)

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      計,包括中英文標(biāo)準字的基本排列,嚴格規(guī)定中英文字符間的比例、間距和整個中英文標(biāo)準字組合的最小使用范圍;企業(yè)全稱的中英文標(biāo)準組合規(guī)范和最小應(yīng)用范圍(圖14);標(biāo)志與中英文標(biāo)準組合規(guī)范,標(biāo)志與標(biāo)準字的位置關(guān)系、距離、大小和最小應(yīng)用范圍都加以了詳細的標(biāo)準化規(guī)范設(shè)計,使其能夠突出企業(yè)標(biāo)志的識別性和獨立性(圖15);標(biāo)志與企業(yè)全稱組合(圖16);企業(yè)口號規(guī)范(圖17);標(biāo)志與注冊商標(biāo)組合;標(biāo)志與企業(yè)宣傳口號組合;標(biāo)志與企業(yè)廣告語組合(圖18);企業(yè)標(biāo)志、標(biāo)準字與各部門名稱組合規(guī)范(圖19)。最后在基礎(chǔ)部分還添加了一些標(biāo)志錯誤組合規(guī)范的范例(圖20)、特殊使用范例(圖1-21)、明度使用規(guī)范(圖22)和指定中英文印刷字體的設(shè)計(圖23)等等,到此VI設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)部分制作完成。

      圖18 圖19 圖20

      圖21 圖22 圖23 基礎(chǔ)部分制作完畢后,我們針對企業(yè)的應(yīng)用要素現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查,并對現(xiàn)有的應(yīng)用要素進行收集分類。對其客觀的限制條件和依據(jù)作出必要的確定,避免設(shè)計項目不實用的問題。根據(jù)項目的功能需要,完成成品所必須的基本條件,如形狀、尺寸規(guī)格、材質(zhì)、色彩、制作方式和用途等。主要包括辦公用品:信封、信紙、傳

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      真紙、便箋、名片、工牌、參觀證、合同書、文件夾、介紹信、會議牌、備忘錄、資料袋、公文表格等(圖1-24);環(huán)境設(shè)計:公司旗幟、企業(yè)門面、企業(yè)招牌、公共標(biāo)識牌、路標(biāo)指示牌、燈箱廣告、部門標(biāo)識牌、常用指示牌、樓層標(biāo)識牌、企業(yè)形象牌、旗幟、廣告牌等;運輸工具:貨車、輪船等;服裝服飾:管理人員制服、員工制服、文化衫、工作帽、胸卡等;廣告媒體:雜志廣告、路牌廣告、招貼廣告等;公關(guān)用品:T恤衫、領(lǐng)帶、領(lǐng)帶夾、打火機、鑰匙牌、雨傘、紀念章、禮品袋等(圖1-25),到此VI手冊編制工作完成。

      圖24

      圖25

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      第3章 VI設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢

      3.1 VI設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀

      CI導(dǎo)入中國已有相當(dāng)長的時間,其成績有目共睹,但問題也日益暴露。集中表現(xiàn)在:偏重VI設(shè)計而忽視MI和BI,不能很好的體現(xiàn)企業(yè)理念和文化,紙上談兵刻板教條,雷同抄襲屢見不鮮等等,遠遠沒有發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。究其原因,主觀上由于國人心理上追求時尚,偏重形式,理解消化不夠,生吞活剝;客觀上在于CIS脫胎于工業(yè)設(shè)計時代,仍帶有工業(yè)時代深深的烙印。

      3.2 VI設(shè)計的發(fā)展趨勢

      歷史的車輪不斷往前發(fā)展,VI設(shè)計業(yè)在不斷的往前發(fā)展,早期的VI設(shè)計,目的是創(chuàng)造廉價的、可以批量生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,接下來在二戰(zhàn)時期,為了追尋包豪斯早期的理想主義,重申“藝術(shù)與科學(xué)結(jié)合”的主張;現(xiàn)代的設(shè)計起源于商業(yè),加之沒有社會意識形態(tài)為依據(jù),曾經(jīng)一度跟著市場走?,F(xiàn)在,VI設(shè)計的發(fā)展趨勢已經(jīng)比較明顯,主要體現(xiàn)在以下四點:a圖形的應(yīng)用越來越少:企業(yè)運用圖形越來越少了。因為企業(yè)標(biāo)識的主要功能就是傳遞給消費者信息,告訴消費者“我是誰”,而圖形的應(yīng)用,卻讓傳播多了一道障礙。因為同樣的一種圖形可以表達各不相同的意思,在你這里是這種意思,但在消費者那里,卻可能是別的意思。所以,圖形標(biāo)志中的應(yīng)用越來越少了。b標(biāo)識主要由文字組成,文字多是中英文的湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      搭配:因為標(biāo)識的信息傳播意義,文字是更好傳遞的工具;而英文的使用,VI設(shè)計讓企業(yè)的標(biāo)識能夠更好的體現(xiàn)國際化的特點;c文字標(biāo)識的圖形化:因為現(xiàn)在是讀圖時代,將文字圖形化,更好的保持了企業(yè)形象的統(tǒng)一,也更好的傳遞了企業(yè)的信息。d設(shè)計越來越簡單化:很清楚,越是簡單的東西,其傳播力和影響力越強。

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      結(jié) 束 語

      作為社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和商業(yè)活動的產(chǎn)物,VI設(shè)計對于企業(yè)內(nèi)外形象的塑造,對于企業(yè)能夠長足發(fā)展將起到越來越重要的作用。在中國,由于市場的不成熟,一些企業(yè)家對其理解的偏差及某些設(shè)計者缺乏系統(tǒng)專業(yè)的訓(xùn)練,沒有把VI設(shè)計做平轉(zhuǎn)化為企業(yè)形象和經(jīng)營理念,致使VI在一些企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用沒有達到預(yù)想的效果。因此,如何更好地導(dǎo)入VI將是我們下一步面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和繼續(xù)解決的問題。

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      致 謝

      在本論文的寫作過程中,我的導(dǎo)師李金莉老師傾注了大量的心血,從選題到開題報告,從寫作提綱,到一遍又一遍地指出每稿中的具體問題,嚴格把關(guān),循循善誘,在此我表示衷心感謝。同時我還要感謝在我學(xué)習(xí)期間給我極大關(guān)心和支持的各位老師以及關(guān)心我的同學(xué)和朋友。

      寫作畢業(yè)論文是一次再系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)的過程,畢業(yè)論文的完成,同樣也意味著新的學(xué)習(xí)生活的開始。

      湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

      參 考 文 獻

      《標(biāo)志設(shè)計》趙志勇 著 湖北美術(shù)出版社 2009年4月第1版 《視覺傳達設(shè)計VI》周宏 著 廣西美術(shù)出版社 2006年1月第一版 《VI設(shè)計》金琳 趙海頻 著 上海人民美術(shù)出版社 2006年1月第1版 《標(biāo)志設(shè)計》楊曉芳 著 安徽美術(shù)出版社 2007年8月第一版

      《企業(yè)視覺形象設(shè)計》嚴晨 渝仲著 遼寧美術(shù)出版社,2008年1月第1版

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