第一篇：英語“任務(wù)型寫作”——概括部分初探

英語“任務(wù)型寫作”——概括部分初探

鄧員泉

【內(nèi)容摘要】鑒于新課程英語寫作在英語高考中的重要性，如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫好“任務(wù)型寫作”是英語老師責(zé)無旁貸的工作。本文將對(duì)“任務(wù)型寫作”概括部分的方法及學(xué)習(xí)思路進(jìn)行探討，力圖讓學(xué)生對(duì)“任務(wù)型寫作”有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)，讓學(xué)生的寫作能力有相應(yīng)的提高。

【關(guān)鍵詞】任務(wù)型寫作

概括方法

學(xué)習(xí)方法

情感策略

一、對(duì)高考英語“任務(wù)型寫作”的認(rèn)識(shí)

廣東省高考英語寫作中的“任務(wù)型寫作”包括二個(gè)部分：一是一篇約350個(gè)詞的英語短文，讀后用約30個(gè)詞概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。二是寫作要點(diǎn)和寫作要求，根據(jù)寫作要點(diǎn)和寫作要求用約120個(gè)詞寫一篇短文。要求概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容恰當(dāng)，篇章連貫。該題型是要求學(xué)生應(yīng)用閱讀能力和寫作技巧完成的交際任務(wù)，主要考查學(xué)生語言的綜合應(yīng)用能力。包括用英語獲取、處理信息、傳達(dá)信息的能力、分析問題、解決問題的能力以及用限量的英語詞匯進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力。該題型要求考生通過對(duì)所提供的閱讀材料獲取有關(guān)信息，進(jìn)而對(duì)此信息進(jìn)行加工，并結(jié)合平時(shí)積累的相關(guān)信息知識(shí)，按照任務(wù)要求謀篇布局，完成指定的寫作任務(wù)。

二、概括短文的方法

“任務(wù)型寫作”的第一個(gè)要求就是對(duì)短文進(jìn)行概括，它是一個(gè)獲取信息、加工信息的過程，需要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乃季S和準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)能力，而且要使用自己的語言來表達(dá)。因此，“概括短文的內(nèi)容”，實(shí)際上就是客觀簡(jiǎn)要地轉(zhuǎn)述作者的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。根據(jù)不同文體，我們把它歸納為“主題句+支撐句”的概括模式。不同文體，它的概括模式略有區(qū)別：

文體

主題句

支撐句

議論文

論點(diǎn)（概括性的）

補(bǔ)充論證的論據(jù)。（對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式論據(jù)的補(bǔ)充是并列關(guān)系，句子間多用whilehowever等：批駁觀點(diǎn)式論據(jù)的補(bǔ)充是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，句子間多用what’s morein additionbesideswhat’s worsemoreover等；現(xiàn)象評(píng)論式論據(jù)的補(bǔ)充需要現(xiàn)象重點(diǎn)方面的多面性。

記敘文

敘述要素（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情的過程和結(jié)果）

記敘的中心（升華故事內(nèi)涵的句子）。短文里沒出現(xiàn)揭示規(guī)律或主觀感受的內(nèi)容不得發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。

說明文

說明的對(duì)象

對(duì)象的原因或?qū)ο蟮恼f明（盡量把不同的信息點(diǎn)合并起來）

例題1（對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式的議論文）：

We all love new inventions.They are exciting amazing and can change our lives.But have all these developments really improved the quality of our lives?

Picture this: you’re rushing to finish your homework on the computer.Your mobile phone rings, a QQ message from your friend appears on the screen, and the noise from the television is getting louder and louder.Suddenly the computer goes blank and you lose all your work.Now you have to stay up all night to get it done.How calm and happy do you feel?

Inventions have sped up our lives so much that they often leave us feeling stressed and tired.Why do you think people who live far away from noisy cities, who have no telephones, no cars, not even any electricity often seem to be happier? Perhaps it is because they lead simple lives.本文主要闡述了“發(fā)明”改變了我們的生活和生活的質(zhì)量。第二段講了發(fā)明帶來的方便，緊接著第三段介紹了發(fā)明擁有的缺點(diǎn)。綜上所述，我們可以得出本文的大意：

參考答案：The author discussed whether new inventions really improve the quality of our lives（主題句）.While new inventions have brought us much convenience（從第二段得出的支撐句）, they can also get us into troubles（從第三段得出的支撐句）.例題2（記敘文）

Sept.4th, 2008 Thursday

It was raining outside when I got up early in the morning.It’s too bad, so I had to go to school by bus.I said to myself.It was almost seven o’clock before I left home.I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop in a hurry, for I thought a lot of people might be waiting there.Hardly had I gone there when a bus was coming.I got on the bus immediately, hoping it was possible for me to take a seat.I saw an empty seat and took it.But I found an old lady standing behind me.I stood up at once and was about to ask her to take the seat when a young girl I a modern skirt made a dive for it.I could hardly believe it.I glared at her, thinking, “What bad manners!She cares for nobody but herself.Won’t she grow old in the future?”

上文講述了作者一次雨天讓座給老婦人但被一個(gè)穿著時(shí)髦的年青女人搶占（make a dive for）的故事。作者對(duì)此事感到遺憾(bad manners.)和憤怒(glared at her.Won’t she grow old in the future?)。

參考答案：On a rainy day, the writer saw a young lady making a dive for a seat on a bus leaving an old lady standing aside.She felt very angry about it and sorry about such bad manners in our society.三、要提高寫作能力，只知道寫作技巧還不行。

就像一個(gè)建樓房的人，知道怎樣建房，甚至圖紙都設(shè)計(jì)好了，但是沒有材料，怎能建房呢？正所謂“倉里有糧，心中不慌”。所以在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練中可選用以下的學(xué)習(xí)方法來使文章的句子合理流暢，內(nèi)容生動(dòng)充實(shí)，過渡自然，觀點(diǎn)明確，條理清晰，語言優(yōu)美。

（1）、準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)寫作檔案袋，把平時(shí)遇到的好文章、好句子和好詞組剪下來放到袋子里，定期進(jìn)行記憶整理。

（2）、加工仿寫美文

學(xué)生可建立個(gè)人的范文庫，根據(jù)中學(xué)階段對(duì)寫作的基本要求進(jìn)行模仿性寫

作練習(xí)。此外，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些在內(nèi)容上或文字上都非常好的句、篇時(shí)，如一些諺語，學(xué)生應(yīng)該把它們抄下來背會(huì)并學(xué)會(huì)在自己的寫作中適當(dāng)運(yùn)用。

（3）、善于歸納

學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意歸納總結(jié)。學(xué)生可以把一些常用于寫作中表示各種句子

關(guān)系的詞或詞組及一些語篇銜接標(biāo)志（如連接詞）進(jìn)行歸納。區(qū)分它們的用法，并對(duì)不同關(guān)系的連接詞進(jìn)行歸類，這樣寫作時(shí)可信手拈來。如遞進(jìn)關(guān)系（besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover, to make matters worse, what’s worse, furthermore等）；轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（however, but, while, in spite of, otherwise等）；個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)（in my opinion, personally, as far as I’m concerned, as for me, from my personal point of view 等）；總結(jié)（in short, in a word, on the whole, all in all, to sum up briefly, in general, in conclusion等）其它（for one thing, for another, last but not least, each coin has two sides, according to, compare to, on the one hand, on the other hand, as a matter of fact 等）。

（4）、建立個(gè)人寫作模式，并逐漸形成自己的寫作風(fēng)格。

（5）、關(guān)注重點(diǎn)語言知識(shí)和一些比較地道的英語表達(dá)方式，并把它們進(jìn)行整理，學(xué)會(huì)使用。（如fail to do sth, sth occurred to sb, available, obtain等的使用）

（6）、學(xué)會(huì)擴(kuò)展句子。如分析句子的主干，中間加一個(gè)定語從句進(jìn)去，或改成名詞性從句，或改成狀語從句、并列句還有非謂語的使用等等。

四、寫作中的情感策略

除了培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)興趣，端正學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度外，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)該注意在寫作過程中克服畏難情緒。每次完成寫作后，教師可號(hào)召學(xué)生分析自己的作品，找出寫得好的文段、句子，甚至好的習(xí)作張貼或收集起來，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的成就感和自信心，同時(shí)告訴學(xué)生“我能行，我努力了能拿高分”。從而提高復(fù)習(xí)質(zhì)量和考試成績。

寫作教學(xué)是高中英語教學(xué)的重中之重，教學(xué)方法也因人而異。筆者只是從平時(shí)教學(xué)實(shí)際中總結(jié)出幾點(diǎn)行之有效的心得。新教材中許多素材和環(huán)節(jié)還有待充分的利用和更有效的挖掘?？傊?，寫作是一種綜合能力的訓(xùn)練，是對(duì)學(xué)生所學(xué)語言知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用，是一個(gè)比較系統(tǒng)的工程，它應(yīng)貫穿于教學(xué)活動(dòng)的全過程。通過筆者以上談到的寫作技巧和方法及情感策略，相信能起到拋磚引玉的作用，并對(duì)真正提高學(xué)生的寫作能力有一定的幫助。

第二篇：任務(wù)型寫作

任務(wù)型寫作

閱讀下面的短文，然后按要求寫一篇150字左右的英語短文。

Many students fail to perform well in an exam not because they lack ability, but because of the pressure of the exam room---the tense atmosphere, the ticking clock on the wall, the teacher walking around, and the thought that their future will be decided by the exam.It’s not just students who will face pressure.Human beings are competitive animals and we evaluate each other, whether in exams or in job interviews, so all of us occasionally get nervous.Removing pressure from life is an impossible dream.However, there are some ways which can help reduce our pressure.We are likely to overcome the pressure when we are familiar with the situation we are about to face.Of course, even when we are well-prepared, we may still feel nervous, but at least we will be more equipped to deal with our nervousness.Furthermore, we may remind ourselves that the big moment is not that big from a different viewpoint.Even a huge exam is not as important as a loving family, or good health.寫作內(nèi)容

1.以約30個(gè)詞概括上文的主要內(nèi)容。

2.以約120個(gè)詞就壓力進(jìn)行議論，內(nèi)容包括：（1）簡(jiǎn)述正確面對(duì)壓力的重要性。

（2）你現(xiàn)在面對(duì)哪些方面的壓力？

（3）你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該如何面對(duì)壓力？

寫作要求

1.作文中可以使用親身經(jīng)歷或者虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引

用原文中的句子。

2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

The passage mainly tells us not only students but also other people will feel stressed on different occasions.So some suggestions are given on how to reduce pressure.When summer or winter vacation comes, some students can’t stand wandering about with nothing to do.Now, more and more college students and high school students are looking for part-time jobs.Wang Danning, a high school student, works as a hostess during winter vacations to earn some pocket money.Hostesses are paid per event, which normally lasts for one day or several hours.They can earn 150-300 yuan a day.Different from Wang, Guan Zhang focuses more on the experience he can get from part-time jobs.The 22-year-old student, who studies at Tsinghua University was recommended by his schoolmates to work as a coach at a winter camp.His responsibility was to take care of a group of middle school students during their six-day tour around Beijing.Guan earns 150-200 yuan a day, but he thinks the value of his part-time job lies more in the personal skills he acquires.“I am graduating this year.This experience will help me get ready for my future job,” he said.In fact, when choosing a certain part-time job, students need to be cautious about the employer’s credibility.寫作內(nèi)容

1.以約30個(gè)詞概括上文的主要內(nèi)容。

2.以約120個(gè)詞就“中學(xué)生假期打工”進(jìn)行議論，內(nèi)容包括：

（1）簡(jiǎn)述你對(duì)中學(xué)生假期打工的看法。

（2）列舉你或他人的一次打工經(jīng)歷。

（3）談?wù)勀愕母惺芑蚴斋@。

寫作要求

1.作文中可以使用親身經(jīng)歷或者虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引

用原文中的句子。

2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

The passage mainly tells us nowadays more and more students do part-time jobs during vacations to earn some pocket money or gain some experience.However, they are warned to be careful when choosing a part-time job.薦薦薦薦貧高滿分誠窮

中

作信與

富生文高有作

中高文(3000

中作作素字

文

文

材)薦高中800字作文精選 [1500字]

第三篇：廣東英語高考任務(wù)型寫作10篇

（一）閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

Doctors say anger can be an extremely harmful emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it.They warn that angry feelings can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer.Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time.Some people express anger openly in a calm, reasonable way.Others burst with anger, losing control of themselves.But still other people control their anger.They cannot or will not express it.Recently some doctors have found that people who express anger too often and violently become, in fact, more and not less angry.This can cause medical problems.Some doctors say that both controlling and expressing anger can be dangerous.They believe that those who express anger strongly may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who deep their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure.Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger.They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about.If it is, they say, “Do not express your anger while angry.Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.”

[寫作內(nèi)容]

1）概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；

2）就“要不要生氣”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右；

a)發(fā)脾氣不但不利于健康，而且對(duì)人際關(guān)系有影響； b)避免因誤解而造成的生氣； c)理性的對(duì)待別人的錯(cuò)誤。

[寫作要求]

你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。

One possible version：

Doctors say anger can lead to serious diseases like heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and even cancer.Both controlling anger and express anger strongly can be harmful to your health.As we know, getting angry not only does harm to one’s health but also has a bad effect on the relationship between people.Sometimes expressing anger too strongly can lead to severe results.However, in many cases, anger may be avoided if we can understand each other better.For instance, someone may have done something about which you are very angry, but in fact he/she meant no harm.So it is quite unnecessary for you to get angry.If someone does do some wrong, try to put yourself in his/her position and understand him/her.If you find it really necessary to express to anger, try to do it in a calm, reasonable way.Remember losing your temper does good to neither you nor the other person.（二）

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

People used to say, “The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.” and “Behind every successful man there is a woman.”

Both these sayings mean the same thing.Men rule the world, but their mothers and wives rule them.Most American women wish to make their husbands and sons successful, but some of them want more for themselves.They want good jobs.When they work they want to be better paid.They want to be as successful as men.The American women’s liberation movement was started by women who didn’t want to stand behind successful men.They wanted to stand beside men，with the same chance for success.They refused to work side by side with men who did the same work for a higher pay.This movement is quite new, and many American women don’t agree yet.But it has already made some important changes in women’s lives－in men’s lives, too.Liberated women are proud of being a woman and have confidence in themselves.More and more women are holding important positions in companies, institutions and the government.More people than ever have realized that women deserve as much respect as men.[寫作內(nèi)容]

1）概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；

2）就“男女平等”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右；

a)婦女在家庭和社會(huì)中的地位的今與昔； b)婦女的貢獻(xiàn)，婦女應(yīng)該受到尊重； c)你認(rèn)為怎樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的男女平等。

[寫作要求] 你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。

One possible version：

With the women’s liberation movement carried out, American women now enjoy a better situation in both their families and the society.What they have done proves women deserve as much respect as men.Women in the world have long been treated unjustly.They were limited in their homes could not share equal rights with men.Now the situation has improved greatly, but they are still not treated equally as men.And this is a worldwide problem.Considering the contribution women do to their families and the society, women should be given as much respect and as many opportunities.They should be paid as much as men if they do the same job.Men should always remember that their mothers are women too and give up the belief t

hat men should have some privilege.On the other hand, women should make themselves more able, be more self-confident and more active.I believe the day will come when women enjoy real equality with men.（三）

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

A new study shows that fat people in the United States suffer direct economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的)and social effects because of their size.The findings are from an 8 – year study of about 100,000 people.The people studied were between the ages of 16 and 24 when the research began.The researchers who carried out the study say they consider the people fat if they are in the top of 5% of the measurement in which weight is connected with height.For example, fat women in the study were about 160 centimeters tall and weighed about 90 kilograms.Fat men in the study were about 175 centimeters tall and weighed 100 kilograms.The researchers say that more than 1,000,000 Americans are that big.The researchers found that fat young women were more likely to lose social and economic power even if they were form wealthy families.The fat women also were 20% less likely to get married and they earned an average of about $6,700 a year less than other women.The study showed less severe effect on fat men.They earned an average of about $3,000 a year less than other men.Fat men also were 11% less likely to get married.[寫作內(nèi)容]

1）概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；

2）就“肥胖引起的問題”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右；

a)簡(jiǎn)介中國的肥胖人群面臨的問題； b)你認(rèn)為人們應(yīng)如何避免過于肥胖； c)你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該怎樣對(duì)待肥胖人群。

[寫作要求]

你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。

One possible version：

A recent report says there are over a million fat people in the US.Fat people meet a series of problems in their life.They are less likely to get married and are badly paid when they work.In China this problem is also getting worse and worse.The living standard of the Chinese people has greatly improved in the last two decades.Meanwhile more and more people, especially children, are getting too fat.Fat people in China are faced with many problems in their life.They receive discrimination from the society.They find it more difficult to find work than ordinary people and are worse paid when they work.In order to reduce the number of fat people, I think people, including children, should keep living an active life, having a healthy diet and exercise more.On the other hand, fat people should be treated with full respect and as equally as any human being in the society.（四）

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

The motor vehicle has killed and disabled more people in its brief history than any bomb or weapon ever invented.Much of the blood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuse to respect the legal and moral rights of others.So the killing on the road may be regarded as a social problem.In fact, the enemies of society on wheels are rather harmless people, just ordinary people acting carelessly, you might say.But carelessness is no excuse when one’s actions could bring death or damage to others.A minority of the killers go even beyond carelessness to total negligence(疏忽).Researchers have estimated that as many as 80 per cent of all automobile accidents are caused due to the psychological(心理的)condition of the driver.Emotional upsets can slow drivers’ judgment and reactions, and blind them to

dangers that might otherwise be evident.The experts warn that it is important for every driver to make an effort to keep one’s emotions under control.Yet drivers are not the only people to blame for road accidents.Street walkers regularly break traffic regulations, they are at fault in most vehicle walker accidents;and many cyclists even believe that they need not follow the basic rules of the road.[寫作內(nèi)容]

1）概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；

2）就“如何減少交通事故”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右；

a)交通事故造成的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)的損失；

b)人們應(yīng)做出什么努力來減少交通事故的發(fā)生； c)政府應(yīng)采取什么措施來減少交通事故的發(fā)生。

[寫作要求] 你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。

One possible version：

Every year an amazingly large number of people die or become disabled because of traffic accidents, most of which are caused by drivers with bad psychological condition.In some cases street walkers and cyclists are also to blame.Traffic accidents cause great losses of lives as well as property and bring people a lot of sufferings.But many accidents could have been avoided if people pay more attention to safety.I think road users should tell themselves again and again to be aware of dangers on the road.Drivers must realize that they will become a killer if they are careless in driving.They should learn to control their emotion while driving and keep themselves away from drunken driving.Walkers and cyclists should keep safety in mind and strictly follow traffic rules.The government should educate the public to guard against road accidents and make strict regulations of road safety for people to follow.（五）

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

You may think birthdays mean only cake, presents, and a sweet song--“Happy Birthday”.However, there are many varieties of birthday celebrations.In the West, many birthday traditions come from an ancient belief that bad spirits showed up on a person's birthday.To drive troublemaking spirits away, friends would visit each other on their birthdays.Today, people still get together for birthday parties.But around the world, birthdays are celebrated in many different ways.In eastern Canada, children get their noses covered with butter on their birthdays.The butter is supposed to make children too slippery for bad luck to stick to them.Irish people lift birthday children upside down and hit them lightly on the floor for every year of their age.Mexico also has a unique birthday tradition.A paper-made animal is filled with candy and toys and hung from the ceiling.The birthday child with his eyes covered then tries to hit the animal with a stick until it bursts open.[寫作內(nèi)容] 1)以約30詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)；

2)就“生日”為主題寫一篇短文，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右：

a)你通常怎樣慶祝你的生日； b)介紹一次令你難忘的生日經(jīng)歷。

[寫作要求] 1．作文中可以使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。

2．作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)] 概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。

（六）閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

The generation gap between students and their teachers is becoming more significant with only 3.3 percent out of a survey group of 1,000 students from 30 key middle schools in the city saying they would be willing to tell their teachers of their inner thoughts.In today’s educational environment, teachers are positioned to be the authority figure for learning instead of becoming good friends in the life of students.As only students with good marks in exams are considered the “apples in the eyes” of the teachers, most students think their teachers to be partial（偏心）.“I feel sad to hear such remarks,” said Yu Yi, a well-known special-class teacher.She recalled that in the past, teachers and students would play basketball together or comment on novels while sitting on the grass during a break.But today, study and good marks are the only topics of conversation between students and teachers.“Schools are not only the place where knowledge is imparted（傳授）, but also where students are taught how to be an upright person,” Yu said.“The success of a person is not merely determined by intelligence but also by emotional state.”

Yang Xiong, director of the Juvenile Research Institute, said the educational system which focuses on examinations should be held to be substantially responsible.寫作內(nèi)容

1.以約30個(gè)詞概括學(xué)生不愿告訴老師內(nèi)心想法的原因；

2.以約120個(gè)詞就“現(xiàn)代師生關(guān)系”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，包括如下要點(diǎn)：（1）你是否愿意告訴老師你內(nèi)心的想法，為什么？

（2）你希望你與你的老師之間的關(guān)系是怎樣的？如何才能建立這種關(guān)系？

寫作要求

1.可以使用實(shí)例或其他論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子； 2.標(biāo)題自定；

3.文中不能出現(xiàn)考生的真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

（七）閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

My Home Tutor Two years ago, I went through quite hard a time with my writing.Essays and papers were really great obstacles lying on my way to my high-school graduate certificate.It was at that time that it struck me that I might have a tutor.And that’s how the girl named Grace came into my life.She taught me for fun, and for free!Grace was younger than me(believe it or not), who took various activities to fulfill her social experience.In spite of the fact that she had just started her high school, she was very academic, particularly good at writing--my suffering!I enjoyed talking with her twice a week.It is from her that I know so many customs in the US---how wealthy students in our college spent their life and consumed money;how to do my presentation and teamwork;how to progress and how to build up a healthy learning habit.Thanks to God for bringing Grace to help me!Maybe what she told me to fulfill our life is more precious than academic knowledge.[寫作內(nèi)容] 1．以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn) ；

2.然后以約120個(gè)詞談?wù)勀銓?duì)“學(xué)生請(qǐng)家教”的看法，內(nèi)容包括：

(1)當(dāng)你成績下滑或?qū)W習(xí)不佳的時(shí)候，你是否請(qǐng)過家教？請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)單談?wù)勀愕淖龇ɑ驊?yīng)對(duì)措施；

(2)你周圍的同學(xué)請(qǐng)家教的人多嗎？效果如何？

(3)你認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)不好請(qǐng)家教有必要嗎？請(qǐng)說說你的看法。[寫作要求] 1.在作文中可以使用自己親身的經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；

2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。［評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)］

概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫

（八）閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

In addition to teaching here, I also teach at a smaller high school 17 miles down the freeway from where I live.One day a few weeks ago I was driving to that school when my car broke down just after I exited the freeway.I was only about a quarter of a mile away from the school so I grabbed my books, and started walking.“ ”As soon as I got there I called a repairman to meet me at my car after class.One of my colleagues asked me what had happened.'This is my lucky day,' I replied, smiling.“ ” 'Your car breaks down and today is your lucky day?' She was puzzled.'What do you mean?'“

” I live 17 miles from here.' I replied.“My car could have broken down anywhere along the freeway.It didn't.Instead, it broke down in the perfect place: off the freeway, within walking distance of here.I'm still able to teach my class, and I've been able to arrange for the repairman to meet me after class.If my car was meant to break down today, it couldn't have been arranged in a more convenient fashion." I once read somewhere before that every morning when you get up, you have a choice about how you want to approach life that day.And this is what I choose---to be cheerful.[寫作內(nèi)容] 最近你經(jīng)常感覺學(xué)習(xí)壓力非常大。假設(shè)上文是你的外籍老師今天在課堂上所講述的自己的親身經(jīng)歷。你準(zhǔn)備在今天的日記中表達(dá)自己的感受。以下是日記的內(nèi)容(日記的開頭已為你寫好)：

1．以約30個(gè)詞概括老師所講述的這個(gè)故事的內(nèi)涵； 2．以約120個(gè)詞表達(dá)你內(nèi)心的感受，并包括如下要點(diǎn)：(1)你聽完這個(gè)故事的感受；

(2)在你成長過程中你自己或他人用積極的態(tài)度去面對(duì)問題的某個(gè)經(jīng)歷；

(3)激勵(lì)你自己正確面對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)壓力。[寫作要求] 1．作文中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接

引用原文中的句子；

2．信中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)] 概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。

Saturday, Dec.22nd, 2007 Dear Diary，Today in class my teacher told us a story that really helped me deal with the pressures I often feel in my studies.…

（九）閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

Learning to study is not difficult.The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn.It doesn't mean that you must always like the subject.It does mean, however, that you must be willing to learn whatever is necessary.Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later.Knowing mathematical facts will be useful in your whole life.Knowing how to spell words makes any kind of writing easier.Sometimes the subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be attractive when you begin to work on it.Learning things can be fun if you can try your best.Here's some advice for you.Have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study, so that you can concentrate on your study without

interruptions.Have everything ready before you sit down to study, a dictionary, paper, a pen and books.Be sure you understand what you should learn before you start.Read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things.When memorizing, find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing.Check your homework after you finish it.Never forget the importance of review and preview.[寫作內(nèi)容] 1．概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分詞數(shù)大約30詞；

2．就“想學(xué)就能學(xué)好”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包括以下內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)120詞左右：

a．以親身經(jīng)歷說明只有想學(xué)才能學(xué)好這個(gè)道理； b．學(xué)習(xí)本身就是樂趣； c．要有良好的學(xué)習(xí)方法； d．學(xué)習(xí)并不是難事。[寫作要求] 1．作文中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；

2．信中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)] 概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。

（十）閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

Owing to the traditional Grammar-focused, teacher-centered and test-based classes in China, English is thought to be something dry and abstract or a subject similar to any other subject that the students are learning.What the students need to do at class is just to concentrate their attention on the teacher’s lecture, which always focuses on vocabulary and grammar explanation.As a result, many students can’t open their mouths to speak English despite they have learned English for several years.A national survey in 15 provinces and cities by the State Education Commission in 1986 revealed that most middle-school leavers found it hard to communicate even in simple English after spending 900 hours in English class.(1)With China’s entry to WTO, English is becoming a hit in China.As is reported, nearly 100 million Chinese elementary and secondary school students, apart from English learners from other walks of life, are learning English.In line with China’s entry to WTO, the reforming of educational system in China is progressing with times and the tendency of quality-oriented education is taking the lead.Foreign languages are important tools that people use to take in fruit of foreign civilizations and communicate for international co-operation.It is an indispensable basic skill for modern humans.(2)So the purpose of learning English is to use it.In another word, English should be a tool that people use to communicate.The purpose of English teaching is to help foster an ability of making use of language knowledge and technique.It is an urgent task to find an efficient teaching method for English.[寫作內(nèi)容] 1）概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約60詞左右；

2）就“a teacher centered class or a student centered class”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約90詞左右； a)以英語學(xué)習(xí)為例，可以簡(jiǎn)述你學(xué)習(xí)過程中的課堂模式；

b)你是如何看待a teacher centered class 或者a student centered class，簡(jiǎn)述兩個(gè)課堂模式的特點(diǎn)；

c)你希望的課堂模式是怎樣的，列舉觀點(diǎn)支持你的看法。[寫作要求] 你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。

第四篇：淺析英語任務(wù)型教學(xué)法

淺析英語任務(wù)型教學(xué)法

《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》在第四部分實(shí)施建議中指出:本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以學(xué)生“能用英語做事情”的描述方式設(shè)定各級(jí)的目標(biāo)要求，旨在強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。教師要通過創(chuàng)設(shè)接近實(shí)際生活的各種語境，采用循序漸進(jìn)的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，以及各種強(qiáng)調(diào)過程與結(jié)果并重的教學(xué)途徑和方法，如任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)途徑等，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語做事情的能力。第一次正式提出任務(wù)型教學(xué)法。任務(wù)型教學(xué)(Task-based Language

Teaching)是指教師通過引導(dǎo)語言學(xué)習(xí)者在課堂上完成任務(wù)來進(jìn)行的教學(xué)。是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)“在做中學(xué)”(learning by doing)的語言教學(xué)方法，任務(wù)是學(xué)習(xí)者在理解語言和輸出語言的基礎(chǔ)上完成的各種事情，學(xué)習(xí)者的注意力主要集中在表達(dá)意義上，而不是在操練語言形式上。該模式提倡學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下，通過感知、體驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐、參與和合作等方式實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的目標(biāo)，感受成功的快感，讓學(xué)生養(yǎng)成積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力。近年來，任務(wù)型教學(xué)理論逐漸引入我國的基礎(chǔ)英語課堂教學(xué)，是我國外語課程教學(xué)改革的一個(gè)走向。該任務(wù)型教學(xué)理論認(rèn)為：掌握語言大多是在活動(dòng)中使用語言的結(jié)果，而不是單純訓(xùn)練語言技能和學(xué)習(xí)語言知識(shí)的結(jié)果。在教學(xué)活動(dòng)中，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)圍繞特定的交際和語言項(xiàng)目，設(shè)計(jì)出具體的、可操作的任務(wù)，學(xué)生通過表達(dá)、溝通、交涉、解釋、詢問等各種語言活動(dòng)形式來完成任務(wù)，以達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)和掌握語言的目的。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法摒棄傳統(tǒng)的注重知識(shí)傳授的教學(xué)方法，形成讓學(xué)生在任務(wù)完成的過程中掌握知識(shí)，提高能力、快樂學(xué)習(xí)的教學(xué)法。

一、任務(wù)型教學(xué)的基本特征

1.將真實(shí)的語言材料引入學(xué)習(xí)的環(huán)境，體現(xiàn)交際活動(dòng)的真實(shí)性?！队⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》也指出，教師要善于開發(fā)有益的教學(xué)資源，使教學(xué)材料更加符合學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)需要，英語教學(xué)中要有針對(duì)性地使用真實(shí)的教學(xué)材料，如多媒體教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生面對(duì)真實(shí)的教學(xué)問題，逐步提高學(xué)習(xí)的自主性和積極性。任務(wù)型教學(xué)方式在任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)上都以學(xué)生的知識(shí)水平和實(shí)際生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)直接通過課堂教學(xué)讓學(xué)生用英語完成各種真實(shí)的生活、學(xué)習(xí)、工作任務(wù)，從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語的能力。

2.以學(xué)生為中心，學(xué)生的主體作用能得到充分發(fā)揮。

任務(wù)型教學(xué)不是以某個(gè)語言形式作為主要訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)，而是以一個(gè)個(gè)任務(wù)作為引子，讓學(xué)生為了完成各項(xiàng)任務(wù)而進(jìn)行多形式的大量語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，從而提高綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。學(xué)生為了完成任務(wù)就必須充分發(fā)揮主觀能動(dòng)性，積極思考，用所學(xué)知識(shí)解決新問題，再通過師生間、學(xué)生間動(dòng)態(tài)的信息交流，使學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力得到進(jìn)一步的提高，充分體現(xiàn)做中學(xué)和學(xué)中做、樂得做和做得樂。因此，完成任務(wù)的過程也就是學(xué)生的主體作用得到充分發(fā)揮的過程。

3.注重學(xué)生體驗(yàn)、語言實(shí)踐，加大了語言實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)量。英語作為一種語言，是交際的工具，具有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐性。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語言是為了交際，而這種交際能力的獲得需要大量的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。任務(wù)型教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)掌握語言是在交際活動(dòng)中使用語言的結(jié)果，而不是單純訓(xùn)練語言技能和學(xué)習(xí)語言知識(shí)的結(jié)果。在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中，由于 很多任務(wù)都是通過Pair work或group work合作完成的，這樣就將更多的活動(dòng)時(shí)間留給了學(xué)生，那么學(xué)生的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)總量就大大增加。因此，任務(wù)型教學(xué)的特征之一就是能為學(xué)生提供更多的語言實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì)。

4.任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動(dòng)的任務(wù)層次性和可操作性

任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動(dòng)的任務(wù)要有層次性，以確保所有的學(xué)生都有能力參加，絕對(duì)不能只讓成績好的學(xué)生參加。不單如此，設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)的形式和要求要使全體的學(xué)生感到安全。不讓那些有困難的學(xué)生在老師學(xué)生面前做他們不能做的活動(dòng)。活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容要避免觸及學(xué)生的個(gè)人隱私。如生理缺陷，單親家庭問題等等。在任務(wù)布置之前要充分考慮這些問題。任務(wù)的可操作性是能否完成任務(wù)的前提。任務(wù)型教學(xué)要貼近不同語言學(xué)習(xí)者的語言能力，既要有適當(dāng)?shù)碾y度系數(shù)，又要有可操作性。太難了，學(xué)習(xí)者會(huì)產(chǎn)生焦慮，太容易了，又會(huì)覺得無味。

二、任務(wù)型教學(xué)的模式設(shè)計(jì)

《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》為任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式設(shè)計(jì)提供了六點(diǎn)指南：第一，任務(wù)應(yīng)有明確的目的；第二，任務(wù)應(yīng)具有真實(shí)意義，即接近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的各種活動(dòng)；第三，任務(wù)應(yīng)涉及信息的接收、處理和傳遞等過程；第四，學(xué)生應(yīng)在完成任務(wù)的過程中使用英語；第五，學(xué)生應(yīng)通過做事情完成任務(wù)；第六，完成任務(wù)后應(yīng)有一個(gè)具體的效果。

基于此，教師要善于設(shè)計(jì)適當(dāng)?shù)摹⒎蠈W(xué)生實(shí)際的教學(xué)環(huán)境，向?qū)W生提出任務(wù)完成方式，教師在吃透教材、把握重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)的 基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)完成每節(jié)課的任務(wù)，創(chuàng)設(shè)聽與說的語言環(huán)境，教會(huì)學(xué)生在實(shí)際生活中運(yùn)用英語。教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)要注重語言技能的發(fā)展和語言實(shí)際應(yīng)用能力的提高，使學(xué)生的綜合能力得到發(fā)展。國際語言學(xué)家Wills認(rèn)為任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)好三個(gè)步驟：第一，前任務(wù)。這一階段，教師的主要任務(wù)是幫助學(xué)生理解任務(wù)的主題和要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)，通過不同的手段解決任務(wù)中可能出現(xiàn)的障礙，這是確?；顒?dòng)順利進(jìn)行的前提。這些活動(dòng)可以幫助學(xué)生回憶起學(xué)過的知識(shí)，使他們組織將要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，利于完成下個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的任務(wù)。第二，任務(wù)環(huán)。首先是把學(xué)生分成小組來完成任務(wù)，使他們有機(jī)會(huì)用現(xiàn)有的知識(shí)圍繞主題表達(dá)思想，教師的角色是向?qū)W生提供必要的幫助，但不干預(yù)學(xué)生的活動(dòng)。其次是策劃，學(xué)生可以草擬或預(yù)演最后要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，策劃的目的是使最后的匯報(bào)內(nèi)容清楚、恰當(dāng)、有條不紊。當(dāng)然，教師可以察看活動(dòng)情況并提供必要的幫助，學(xué)生則可以向老師提問。最后，教師請(qǐng)若干學(xué)生匯報(bào)成果，其他學(xué)生可以補(bǔ)充遺漏的內(nèi)容，然后由教師對(duì)匯報(bào)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行評(píng)議。第三，語言要點(diǎn)。語言點(diǎn)的教學(xué)要通過“分析”和“練習(xí)”來進(jìn)行，目的是幫助學(xué)生探索語言奧秘，了解句法、固定搭配和掌握詞匯，并通過練習(xí)鞏固所學(xué)內(nèi)容。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法模式，要求學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下通過“做中學(xué)，學(xué)中做”全面發(fā)展。綜合運(yùn)用語言能力，以任務(wù)為教學(xué)策略基礎(chǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)從運(yùn)用語言的任務(wù)入手進(jìn)行教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生完成一項(xiàng)事實(shí)的任務(wù)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力。William Littlewood曾說過任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，Together ,over-coming the isolation of the tradition classroom ,students with their teacher activate their skills and knowledge.Often this togetherness may take the form of overt speaking, but even in silent tasks students may keep asense of the classroom as a learning community.The activity that takes place is not unguided “busy-work”but purposeful movement towards targets and objects.Finally, the boundary between the classroom and the outside world is increasingly reduced , as the tasks encourage students to relate learning to the whole domain of their experience.三、任務(wù)型教學(xué)實(shí)例 任務(wù)：采訪一位本校名老師

目標(biāo)：通過采訪一位自己尊敬的老師，掌握如何用所學(xué)語言獲取信息的技能。

材料：介紹名老師的文章或個(gè)人資料 話題：Weather, Teachers 語言技能：Speaking, listening and writing 活動(dòng)形式：四人小組活動(dòng) 操作過程：

1：教師布置任務(wù)并提出具體要求。2：學(xué)生分小組討論，確定采訪對(duì)象。3：教師提供收集材料的樣本。4：學(xué)生分小組確定個(gè)人職責(zé)并自制采訪表。

5：學(xué)生小組采用問答形式進(jìn)行采訪，記錄人填寫采訪表。6：小組匯報(bào)人向全班報(bào)告采訪結(jié)果，教師和學(xué)生對(duì)采訪作出評(píng)價(jià)。7：根據(jù)采訪獲取的信息，各小組合作完成一篇200詞左右的介紹本校名老師的短文。

8：文章貼在班級(jí)黑板或墻上供交流。

總之，任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)來源于生活，它借助教材內(nèi)容引入學(xué)科外和課堂外的五彩生活，讓學(xué)生在完成任務(wù)的過程中去學(xué)習(xí)語言，使用語言，學(xué)生完成任務(wù)的過程就是通過做事來使用語言，發(fā)展語言能力的過程。學(xué)習(xí)的任務(wù)與學(xué)生的生活習(xí)慣、學(xué)校生活、學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣、興趣和愛好息息相關(guān)，學(xué)生感到該任務(wù)很親切，距離很近，把枯燥的語言學(xué)習(xí)形式化為看得見、摸得著的實(shí)物和實(shí)事去做、去完成，從而愿做、能做、樂做。來源于生活的任務(wù)型教學(xué)法讓學(xué)生通過動(dòng)口、動(dòng)手、動(dòng)腦，親自體驗(yàn)和感知、認(rèn)知學(xué)習(xí)語言的樂趣，同時(shí)在完成任務(wù)過程中也展示了自己的才華。

英語任務(wù)型教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生運(yùn)用能力的培養(yǎng)，注意發(fā)展學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)策略，促進(jìn)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新精神和實(shí)踐能力的提高，激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣，幫助學(xué)生樹立自信心，形成有效的英語學(xué)習(xí)策略，養(yǎng)成良好的英語學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，發(fā)展學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力；充分體現(xiàn)了“以教師為指導(dǎo)，以學(xué)生為主體”的素質(zhì)教育理念，在課堂教學(xué)中越來越顯示出其優(yōu)越性。

第五篇：任務(wù)型教學(xué)法 英語

（一）任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的定義及其基本理念

任務(wù)型教學(xué)(Task-based Language Teaching)是指教師通過引導(dǎo)語言學(xué)習(xí)者在課堂上完成任務(wù)來進(jìn)行的教學(xué)。這是20世紀(jì)80年代興起的一種強(qiáng)調(diào)“在做中學(xué)”(learning by doing)的語言教學(xué)方法，是交際教學(xué)法的發(fā)展。Skehan在“Task-based instruction”中對(duì)任務(wù)做了如下描述：“意義優(yōu)先，任務(wù)完成為主，評(píng)估基于任務(wù)完成與否?！币簿褪钦f，任務(wù)重視學(xué)生如何溝通信息，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生使用何種語言形式；任務(wù)具有在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中發(fā)生的可能性，而不是“假交際”；學(xué)生應(yīng)把學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)放在如何完成任務(wù)上，對(duì)任務(wù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是任務(wù)是否成功完成。

我們可以把任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)定義為：任務(wù)就是人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ?、工作、娛樂活?dòng)中所從事的各種各樣有目的的活動(dòng)。任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的核心思想是要模擬人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)學(xué)校生活中運(yùn)用語言所從事的各類活動(dòng)，把語言與學(xué)習(xí)者在今后日常生活中的語應(yīng)用結(jié)合起來

任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的理論依據(jù)來自許多方面，有心理學(xué)、社會(huì)語言學(xué)、語言習(xí)得研究等等。其中一個(gè)理論基礎(chǔ)是“輸入與互動(dòng)假設(shè)”（input and interaction hypothesis）。掌握語言大多是在交際活動(dòng)中使用語言的結(jié)果，而不是單純訓(xùn)練語言技能和學(xué)習(xí)語言知識(shí)的結(jié)果。學(xué)生掌握語言必須通過“可理解性的輸入”，這有利于學(xué)生掌握所學(xué)語言。英語課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)具有“變化性互動(dòng)”的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，即任務(wù)。學(xué)生在完成任務(wù)的過程中進(jìn)行對(duì)話性互動(dòng)，進(jìn)而掌握所學(xué)語言。

社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義理論也是任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的重要理論基礎(chǔ)之一。社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義理論認(rèn)為，學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展是社會(huì)的合作活動(dòng)。這種活動(dòng)是無法被教會(huì)的。知識(shí)是由學(xué)習(xí)者自己建構(gòu)的，而不是有他人傳遞的。這種建構(gòu)發(fā)生在與他人交往的環(huán)境中，是社會(huì)互動(dòng)的結(jié)果。它強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)者個(gè)人從自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)背景出發(fā)，建構(gòu)對(duì)客觀事物的主觀理解和意義，重視學(xué)習(xí)過程而反對(duì)現(xiàn)成知識(shí)的簡(jiǎn)單傳授。它強(qiáng)調(diào)人的學(xué)習(xí)與發(fā)展發(fā)生在與其他人的交往和互動(dòng)中。

社會(huì)互動(dòng)理論強(qiáng)調(diào)人的學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展發(fā)生在與其他人的交往互動(dòng)中。人們掌握語言主要是通過互動(dòng)，或者說交流。

任務(wù)型教學(xué)的目標(biāo)：任務(wù)型課堂模式把學(xué)生的注意力聚集在怎樣利用英語作為交流的工具來完成任務(wù)，而不只是關(guān)心自己所說的句子是否正確，任務(wù)完成的結(jié)果為學(xué)習(xí)者提供自我評(píng)價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并使其產(chǎn)生成就感這些目標(biāo)是為課堂教學(xué)服務(wù)的，學(xué)生是直接的受益者。它體現(xiàn)了“以學(xué)生為主體，以任務(wù)為中心和以活動(dòng)為方式”的思想。

（二）任務(wù)由以下三個(gè)部分組成：

1、任務(wù)的目標(biāo)(Goals)。指通過讓學(xué)生完成某一項(xiàng)任務(wù)而希望達(dá)到的目的。任務(wù)的目標(biāo)可以是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生說英語的自信心，解決某項(xiàng)交際問題，也可以是訓(xùn)練某一項(xiàng)基本技能等。

2、構(gòu)成任務(wù)內(nèi)容的輸入材料(Input)。輸入材料必須具有知識(shí)性，應(yīng)以現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的交際為目的，是學(xué)生在一種自然、真實(shí)、或模擬真實(shí)的情景中體會(huì)語言，從而學(xué)習(xí)語言而不是局限與教材。

3、基于這些材料而設(shè)計(jì)的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)(Activities)。任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)由簡(jiǎn)到繁，由易到難，前后想連，層層深入，并由數(shù)個(gè)微任務(wù)(mint-task)構(gòu)成一串“任務(wù)鏈”。在語言技能方面，遵循先輸入后輸出原則。

（三）設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)型學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵循的原則

1.活動(dòng)要真實(shí)。活動(dòng)應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過完成具體的任務(wù)學(xué)習(xí)語言，讓學(xué)生為了特定的學(xué)習(xí)目的實(shí)施特定的語言行動(dòng)，通過特定的交際任務(wù)獲得和積累相應(yīng)的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

2.活動(dòng)要有針對(duì)性。所設(shè)計(jì)的活動(dòng)應(yīng)吸收全體學(xué)生參加，而不是只讓部分水平好的學(xué)生參加。因此，我們必須把活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)為若干形式，以保證有效的分層次教學(xué)。3.活動(dòng)應(yīng)具有激勵(lì)性。我們所設(shè)計(jì)的活動(dòng)的結(jié)果應(yīng)該使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生成就感。

（四）任務(wù)型課堂教學(xué)的環(huán)節(jié)

1．前任務(wù)(Pre-Task)——教師引入任務(wù) 2．任務(wù)循環(huán)流程(Task-cycle)： a.任務(wù)(task)——學(xué)生執(zhí)行任務(wù)；

b.計(jì)劃(planning)——各組學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備如何向全班報(bào)告任務(wù)完成的情況； c.報(bào)告(reporting)——學(xué)生報(bào)告任務(wù)完成情況。3．語言聚焦(Language focus)：

a.分析(analysis)——學(xué)生通過錄音分析其他各組執(zhí)行任務(wù)的情況； b.操練(practice)——學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下練習(xí)語言難點(diǎn)。

任務(wù)型的課堂教學(xué)中教師在教的過程中要做的首要環(huán)節(jié)就是呈現(xiàn)任務(wù)，如果教師不是在課堂教學(xué)一開始呈現(xiàn)任務(wù)，而是在知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)和技能訓(xùn)練結(jié)束后再呈現(xiàn)并讓學(xué)生完成，那么這就不是任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)型的教學(xué)過程，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力就不如任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)過程中那么強(qiáng)烈。所以，真實(shí)運(yùn)用任務(wù)的學(xué)習(xí)過程實(shí)際上就是課堂教學(xué)的過程。此時(shí)，學(xué)生就進(jìn)入了參與任務(wù)的環(huán)節(jié)。任務(wù)環(huán)(Task-cycle)是實(shí)施任務(wù)型課堂教學(xué)的核心部分。

任務(wù)的完成是任務(wù)型教學(xué)程序的最后環(huán)節(jié)。在時(shí)機(jī)成熟時(shí)，教師就可以讓學(xué)生圍繞新知識(shí)點(diǎn)、突出主題進(jìn)行遷移操練，學(xué)生通過完成任務(wù)學(xué)到的知識(shí)和形成的技能轉(zhuǎn)化成在真實(shí)生活中運(yùn)用英語的能力。

任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是吸收了以往多種教學(xué)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而形成的，它和其它的教學(xué)法并不排斥。

優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1.完成多種多樣的任務(wù)活動(dòng)，有助于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。

2.在完成任務(wù)的過程中，將語言知識(shí)和語言技能結(jié)合起來，有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合的語言運(yùn)用能力。

3.促進(jìn)學(xué)生積極參與語言交流活動(dòng)，啟發(fā)想像力和創(chuàng)造性思維，有利于發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體性作用。

4.在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中有大量的小組或雙人活動(dòng)，每個(gè)人都有自己的任務(wù)要完成，可以更好地面向全體學(xué)生進(jìn)行教學(xué)。

5.活動(dòng)內(nèi)容涉及面廣，信息量大，有助于拓寬學(xué)生的知識(shí)面。

6.在活動(dòng)中學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)人際交往、思考、決策和應(yīng)變能力，有利于學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展。

7.在任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動(dòng)中，在教師的啟發(fā)下，每個(gè)學(xué)生都有獨(dú)立思考、積極參與的機(jī)會(huì)，易于保持學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，附： 任務(wù)型教學(xué)實(shí)例 任務(wù)：采訪一位名人

目標(biāo)：通過采訪一位自己感興趣的名人，掌握如何用所學(xué)語言獲取信息的技能。材料：介紹某名人的文章或個(gè)人資料 話題：Weather, Friends 語言技能：Speaking, listening and writing 活動(dòng)形式：四人小組活動(dòng) 操作過程：

a：教師布置任務(wù)并提出具體要求。b：學(xué)生分小組討論，確定采訪對(duì)象。c：教師提供收集材料的樣本。

d：學(xué)生分小組確定個(gè)人職責(zé)（采訪對(duì)象、記者、記錄員、聽眾、匯報(bào)員）并自制采訪表。e：學(xué)生小組采用問答形式進(jìn)行采訪，記錄員填寫采訪表。

f：小組匯報(bào)員向全班報(bào)告采訪結(jié)果，教師和學(xué)生對(duì)采訪作出評(píng)價(jià)。

g：根據(jù)采訪獲取的信息，各小組合作完成一篇200詞左右的介紹某名人的短文。h：文章貼在班級(jí)黑板或墻上供交流。3.總結(jié)任務(wù)

對(duì)所完成的任務(wù)進(jìn)一步分析、歸納、總結(jié)，形成正確的概念，進(jìn)行有提升的語言運(yùn)用操練。這一步主要分為兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

（1）分析：通過相互交流，學(xué)生進(jìn)一步分析各自完成任務(wù)的情況，教師和學(xué)生參與點(diǎn)評(píng)，使學(xué)生吸取別人好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和做法，修正和完善自己的思維和實(shí)踐過程。

（2）操練：在分析的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下練習(xí)語言難點(diǎn)。在這個(gè)過程中，教師要根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容，圍繞重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)一些口頭或筆頭的語言運(yùn)用的情景和練習(xí)，讓學(xué)生以個(gè)人或小組的形式進(jìn)行語言操練。

缺點(diǎn)：？