第一篇：中英文外文翻譯--PLC和微處理器-精品.精講范文

Introductions of PLC and MCU A PLC is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control.The PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs.The user enters a program, usually via software or programmer that gives the desired results.PLC are used in many “real world” applications.If there is industry present, chances are good that there is a PLC present.If you are involved in machining, packaging, material handling, automated assembly or countless other industries, you are probably already using them.If you are not, you are wasting money and time.Almost any application that needs some type of electrical control has need for PLC.For example, let?s assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5 seconds and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for.We can do this with a simple external timer.What if the process also needed to count how many times the switch individually turned on? We need a lot of external counters.As you can see, the bigger the process the more of a need we have for a PLC.We can simply program the PLC to count its inputs and turn the solenoids on for the specified time.We will take a look at what is considered to be the “top 20” PLC instructions.It can be safely estimated that with a firm understanding of there instructions one can solve more than 80% of the applications in existence.That?s right, more than 80%!Of course we?ll learn more than just these instructions to help you solve almost ALL your potential PLC applications.The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive input/output data, as shown in Fig.19.1 We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or thousands of separate relays, counters, timer and date storage locations.Do these counters, timers, etc.really exist? No, they don?t “physically” exist but rather they are simulated and can be considered software counters, timers, etc.These internal relays are simulated

through bit locations in registers.What does each part do? INPUT RELAYS-(contacts)These are connected to the outside world.They physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc...Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.INTERNAL UTILITY RELAYS-(contacts)These do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist.They are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays.There are also some special relays that are dedicated to performing only one task.Some are always on while some are always off.Some are on only once during power-on and are typically user for initializing data what was stored.COUNTERS These again do not physically exist.They are simulated counters and they can be programmed to count pulses.Typically these counters can count up, down or both up and down.Since there are simulated, they are limited in their counting speed.Some manufacturers also include high-speed counters that are hardware based.We can think of these as physically existing.Most timers these counters can count up, down or up and down.TIMERS These also do not physically exist.They come in many varieties and increments.The most common type is an on-delay type.Other include off-delay and both retentive and non-retentive types.Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.OUTPUT RELAYS-(coil)These are connected to the outside world.They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc… They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model chosen.DATA STORAGE-Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data.There are usually used as temporary storage for math or data manipulation.They can also typically be user power-up they will still have the same contents as before power war removed.Very convenient and necessary!A PLC works by continually scanning a program.We can think of this scan cycle as consisting of 3 important steps, as shown in Fig.19.2 There are typically more than 3 but we can focus on the important parts and not worry about the others.Typically the others are checking the system and updating the current and timer values.Step 1-CHECK INPUT STATUS-First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if it is on or off.In other words, is the sensor connected to the first input on? How about the second input? How about the third…It records this data into its memory to be used during the next step.Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM-Next the PLC executes your program one instruction at a time.Maybe your program said that if the first input was on then it should turn on the first output.Since is already knows which inputs are on/off from the previous step, it will be able to decide whether the first output should be turned on based on the state of the first input.It will store the execution results for use later during the next step.Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STSTUS-Finally the PLC updates the status of outputs.It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the first step and the results of executing your program during the second step.Based on the example in step 2 it would now turn on the first output because the first input was on and your program said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.After the third step the PLC goes back to step one and repeats the steps continuously.One scan time is defined as the time is takes to execute the 3 steps listed above.Thus a practical system is controlled to perform specified operations as desired.The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.The device is manufactured using Atmel?s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out.The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port.As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs.When is written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed lowered address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory.In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification.External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current(IIL)because of the internal pull-ups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input(P1.0/T2)and the timer/counter 2 trigger input(P1.1/T2EX).PLC和微處理器簡(jiǎn)介

PLC(可編程邏輯控制器)是極限控制中為代替必要的繼電器時(shí)序電路而發(fā)明的一種設(shè)備。PLC工作時(shí)通過查詢輸入端并根據(jù)其狀態(tài)打開或關(guān)閉輸出。用戶通常用軟件或編程器輸入程序，從而或得期望的結(jié)果。

很多實(shí)際應(yīng)用都采用PLC。工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用PLC的可能性很高。如果你正在進(jìn)行機(jī)械制造，產(chǎn)品包裝，材料處理，自動(dòng)化裝配及無數(shù)其他工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，你可能已經(jīng)用到了PLC。如果你沒有用到，那就是在浪費(fèi)金錢和時(shí)間。幾乎所有需要電氣控制的地方都需要PLC。

例如，假定在開關(guān)閉合時(shí)我們需要一個(gè)線圈接通5秒然后不管開關(guān)接通多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都將線圈斷開。我們可以通過一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的外部定時(shí)器來實(shí)現(xiàn)。但是加入該過程有十個(gè)開關(guān)和線圈呢？我們就需要十個(gè)外部定時(shí)器。如果這個(gè)過長(zhǎng)分別記錄每個(gè)開關(guān)開啟的次數(shù)呢？我們又需要很多外部計(jì)數(shù)器。

由此可見，系統(tǒng)越大，我們就越需要PLC。我們可以簡(jiǎn)單地用PLC編程來對(duì)輸入信號(hào)進(jìn)行技術(shù)，并在規(guī)定的時(shí)間接通線圈。

我們考察一下哪些是PLC中最常用的20條指令。保守地估計(jì)一下，如果鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)地掌握了這些指令，就能解決80%以上現(xiàn)存的應(yīng)用問題。

是的，80%以上！當(dāng)然，我們要學(xué)習(xí)的指令比這些更多，以幫助你解決幾乎所有潛在的PLC應(yīng)用問題。

PLC主要由中央處理器(CPU)，存儲(chǔ)器和輸入，輸出電路構(gòu)成，我們可以將PLC看成是一個(gè)裝滿了成百上千個(gè)獨(dú)立的繼電器，計(jì)數(shù)器，定時(shí)器，以及數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器的盒子。這些計(jì)數(shù)器，定時(shí)器，定時(shí)器等是不是真的存在呢？不，它們都是模擬的，物理上并不存在，但可以將它們看長(zhǎng)是軟計(jì)數(shù)器，軟定時(shí)器。這些內(nèi)部繼電器是用寄存器中的單元模擬出來的。

各個(gè)部分是如何工作的呢？

輸入繼電器(觸點(diǎn))這些繼電器連接外部電路。它們是實(shí)際存在的，并接受來自開關(guān)，傳感器等的信號(hào)，通常是晶體管而非繼電器。

內(nèi)部通用繼電器(觸點(diǎn))它們不從外部設(shè)備接受信號(hào)，也非物理上存在的。它們是模擬的繼電器，用以消除PLC的外部繼電器。此外還有一些特殊繼電器，專門執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。其中一些是常開的，一些是常閉的。有一些僅在電源上電時(shí)導(dǎo)通一次，通常用來初始化存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)。

計(jì)數(shù)器 它們也并非物理上存在的，而是模擬的計(jì)數(shù)器，可通過編程來對(duì)脈沖進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。通常它們可進(jìn)行加計(jì)數(shù)，減計(jì)數(shù)或同時(shí)進(jìn)行加減計(jì)數(shù)。因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯密浖M的，計(jì)數(shù)速度就有限。一些制造商提供了基于硬件的高速計(jì)數(shù)器，這樣的計(jì)數(shù)器可以認(rèn)為是物理上存在的。這些計(jì)數(shù)器多數(shù)情況下可以進(jìn)行加計(jì)數(shù)減計(jì)數(shù)或同時(shí)進(jìn)行加減計(jì)數(shù)。

定時(shí)器它們也并非物理上存在的，分為多種類型和定時(shí)單位。最常用的一種類型是延時(shí)導(dǎo)通型。其他類型還有延時(shí)斷開型，記憶和非記憶型。定時(shí)單位的范圍是1MS到1S

輸出繼電器(線圈)該部分連接到外圍電路。它們是物理上存在的，并給線圈，燈等發(fā)送開關(guān)信號(hào)。輸出繼電器也可以是晶體管，繼電器或可控硅，取決于選擇的型號(hào)。

數(shù)據(jù)寄存器 它們通常是用來存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的寄存器，一般作為運(yùn)算或數(shù)據(jù)處理的暫存器。在PLC斷電時(shí)通常還可以用來存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。再次接通電源后，其內(nèi)容與斷電前相同，非常方便且必要。

PLC是通過連續(xù)掃描一個(gè)程序來工作的。我們可以認(rèn)為掃描周期是由三個(gè)主要階段組成的。如圖所示。當(dāng)然有多余三個(gè)階段的情況，但我們可關(guān)注重要的環(huán)節(jié)，忽略其他環(huán)節(jié)。其他階段通常正在檢查系統(tǒng)及更新內(nèi)部計(jì)數(shù)器和定時(shí)器的當(dāng)前值。

第一步----檢查輸入狀態(tài)----首先PLC檢查每一個(gè)輸入是否接通。換句說就是，與第一個(gè)輸入端連接的傳感器接通了嗎？第二哥輸入呢？第三個(gè)輸入呢？PLC將這些數(shù)據(jù)記錄到存儲(chǔ)器中，以便在下一個(gè)階段使用。

第二步----執(zhí)行程序----然后PLC一次一條地執(zhí)行程序。你的程序可能要求第一個(gè)輸入接通時(shí)，接接通第一個(gè)輸出。因?yàn)樵谏弦徊揭呀?jīng)知道輸入端的開關(guān)狀態(tài)，根據(jù)上一步輸入端的狀態(tài)，就可以確定是否應(yīng)該接通第一個(gè)輸出。PLC將執(zhí)行結(jié)果存儲(chǔ)起來，以供下一步使用。

第三步----更新輸出狀態(tài)----最后PLC更新輸出狀態(tài)。PLC根據(jù)第一步中國(guó)接通的輸入和第二步中程序執(zhí)行的結(jié)果更新輸出轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)。由于第一個(gè)輸入接通了，程序要求在該條件滿足時(shí)就接通第一個(gè)輸出，根據(jù)第二步的情況，PLC就接通第一個(gè)輸出。

PLC在執(zhí)行完第三步后就返回到第一步，并反復(fù)循環(huán)。一次掃描時(shí)間定義為執(zhí)行上面的三步所花的時(shí)間。因此，一個(gè)實(shí)際的系統(tǒng)應(yīng)根據(jù)要求執(zhí)行特定的操作。

AT89S52是一種低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系統(tǒng)可編程 Flash 存儲(chǔ)器。使用 Atmel 公司高密度非易失性存儲(chǔ)器技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè) 80C51 產(chǎn)品指令和引腳完全兼容。片上Flash允許程序存儲(chǔ)器在系統(tǒng)可編程，亦適于常規(guī)編程器。在單芯片上，擁有靈巧的 8 位 CPU 和在系統(tǒng)可編程Flash，使得 AT89S52為眾多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)提 供高靈活、超有效的解決方案。

AT89S52具有以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功能：8k字節(jié)Flash，256字節(jié)RAM，32 位 I/O 口線，看門狗定時(shí)器，2個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)指針，三個(gè)16位定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器，一個(gè)6向量2級(jí)中斷結(jié)構(gòu)，全雙工串行口，片內(nèi)晶振及時(shí)鐘電路。另外，AT89S52 可降至 0Hz 靜態(tài)邏輯操作，支持2種軟件可選擇節(jié)電模式?？臻e模式下，CPU停止工作，允許RAM、定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器、串口、中斷繼續(xù)工作。掉電保護(hù)方式下，RAM內(nèi)容被保存，振蕩器被凍結(jié)，單片機(jī)一切工作停止，直到下一個(gè)中斷或硬件復(fù)位為止。

P0口是一個(gè)8位漏極開路的雙向I/O口。作為輸出口，每位能驅(qū)動(dòng)8個(gè)TTL邏輯電平。對(duì)P0端口寫“1”時(shí)，引腳用作高阻抗輸入。

當(dāng)訪問外部程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，P0口也被作為低8位地址/數(shù)據(jù)復(fù)用。在這種模式下，P0具有內(nèi)部上拉電阻。在 flash編程時(shí)，P0口也用來接收指令字節(jié)；在程序校驗(yàn)時(shí)，輸出指令字節(jié)。程序校驗(yàn)時(shí)，需要外部上拉電阻。

P1 口：P1 口是一個(gè)具有內(nèi)部上拉電阻的 8 位雙向 I/O 口，p1 輸出緩沖器能驅(qū)動(dòng) 4 個(gè)TTL 邏輯電平。對(duì) P1 端口寫“1”時(shí)，內(nèi)部上拉電阻把端口拉高，此時(shí)可以作為輸入口使用。作為輸入使用時(shí)，被外部拉低的引腳由于內(nèi)部電阻的原因，將輸出電流（IIL）。此外，P1.0和P1.2分別作定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器2的外部計(jì)數(shù)輸入（P1.0/T2）和時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器2的觸發(fā)輸入（P1.1/T2EX）。

第二篇：中英文翻譯-機(jī)械類-機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)-外文翻譯

機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)

摘要： 機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車輛、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、照相機(jī)和攝影機(jī)等。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)，也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。術(shù)語中的“機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)” 的含義要比“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)”的含義更為廣泛一些，機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。在分析運(yùn)動(dòng)及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中，以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中，所有這些都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備，比如：開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)

設(shè)計(jì)流程

設(shè)計(jì)開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性，現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需具有以前機(jī)器所能執(zhí)行的功能。

在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計(jì)劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。

一般的當(dāng)外型特點(diǎn)和組件部分的尺寸特點(diǎn)分析得透徹時(shí)，就可以全面的設(shè)計(jì)和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時(shí)也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。

也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過力學(xué)原理來分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動(dòng)力慣性、加速動(dòng)力和能量；包括彈性材料的強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤(rùn)滑和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說每個(gè)階段都很重要。

最后，以圖樣為設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并建立將來的模型。如果它的測(cè)試是符合事先要求的，則再將對(duì)初步設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個(gè)工程學(xué)問題的內(nèi)容是獨(dú)特的，但是設(shè)計(jì)師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。

產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個(gè)最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮材料的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長(zhǎng)期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。

通過對(duì)上述五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。

從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。

在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中，要接受新觀念的變化，或者由試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)。

一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則

在本節(jié)中，建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進(jìn)。也許會(huì)創(chuàng)造出更實(shí)用、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。

為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個(gè)規(guī)則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說特別適用。

1.要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。2.認(rèn)識(shí)負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。3.預(yù)測(cè)沒有想到的負(fù)載。4.創(chuàng)造出對(duì)載荷更為有利的條件。

5.提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。6.運(yùn)用最簡(jiǎn)單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。7.選擇組合材料。8.仔細(xì)選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。

9.調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。10.規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時(shí)不干涉。

機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容：

1.對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)過程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。

2.回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷。3.回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。

4.介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。

5.介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì)，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。

6.深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。7.使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。8.討論潤(rùn)滑油膜與滾動(dòng)軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。

9.深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動(dòng)力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，并簡(jiǎn)單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。

10.討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計(jì)，包括傳動(dòng)螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。11.介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說明。

機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)

一臺(tái)完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。

任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對(duì)材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評(píng)估。

仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。

計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具，它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算，并對(duì)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析?；?dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。

如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。

應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。

一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。

新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。

Mechanical Design Abstract: A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits.Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras.Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines.The term “mechanical design” is used in a broader sense than “machine design” to include their design.the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design.Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process

The Design Process Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost.New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing.With the objective wholly or partly In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint.Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected.Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality.Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison.Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest.The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost.Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components.Materials and their treatment will be chosen.These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction;of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy;of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection;of physical behavior of materials;and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives.The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group.Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own.Product design requires much research and development.Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded.Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program.In the process of material, the most common problems for five(a)don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information,(b)failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may(such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products.In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision),(c)of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so,(d)quality control method is not suitable and unproven,(e)by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion.May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction.Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built.If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost.During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations.Sales appeal.Some Rules for Design In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical, and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst.The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1.A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2.Recognize functional loads and their significance.3.Anticipate unintentional loads.4.Devise more favorable loading conditions.5.Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6.Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7.Choose materials for a combination of properties.8.Select carefully, stock and integral components.9.Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10.Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1.Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2.Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis , Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3.Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4.Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5.Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6.Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7.Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application

8.Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9.Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10.Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11.Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process.The machine design is a creative work.Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made.Numerous materials are available to today's designers.The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection.A careful evaluation of the properties of a.material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design.In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components.The checking of calculations(and drawing dimensions)is of utmost importance.The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project.All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data.Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design(CAD)and computer-aided manufacturing(CAM).How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate.Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people.This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel.In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product.The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit.Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity.Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than.The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs.On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations.For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method.Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully.A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people.Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter.A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.

第三篇：關(guān)于現(xiàn)代工業(yè)機(jī)械手外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

附錄

About Modenr Industrial Manipulayor Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on.With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being.The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program.Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering.A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches.Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever.Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use.To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With he rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly;with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal.Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal.The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for plastic producing with automation and high productivity.Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic

holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware.In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system.The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement.In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion.Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio.Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure.The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever.The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system.In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality.On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism.The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism.These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective.The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks.Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations.Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes.The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out.The arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified.It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched.And it is widely used on soft automatic line.The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment.So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency.The robot arm is an important component of industrial robot, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions.Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment.Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs.There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, air control mechanical hand and so on in the design.A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current motors, sensors, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device.In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of hightech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity.Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used.At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC.The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable.When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition.At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary.Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.關(guān)于現(xiàn)代工業(yè)機(jī)械手

機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置，它綜合運(yùn)用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)控制與驅(qū)動(dòng)、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對(duì)自動(dòng)化程度要求的提高，機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)機(jī)器人是人類真正的奇跡工程。一個(gè)像人那么大的機(jī)器人可以輕松地抬起超過一百磅并可以在誤差0.006英寸內(nèi)重復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。更重要的是這些機(jī)器人可以每天24小時(shí)不停止地工作。在許多應(yīng)用中他們是通過編程控制的，但是他們一旦編程一次，他們可以重復(fù)地做同一個(gè)工作許多年。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實(shí)用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實(shí)際問題，又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程。

目前，由于機(jī)器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污染排水放量增長(zhǎng)很快，污水處理已經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識(shí)水平的提高，人們?cè)絹碓秸J(rèn)識(shí)到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中時(shí)用于污水處理的很有效地污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然。本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機(jī)和塑料抓取機(jī)械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近幾年機(jī)器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在從分發(fā)揮機(jī)、電、軟、硬件各自特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了分析和設(shè)計(jì)，提出了一套經(jīng)濟(jì)型設(shè)計(jì)方案。采用直角坐標(biāo)和關(guān)節(jié)坐標(biāo)相結(jié)合的框架式機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動(dòng)裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動(dòng)元件的動(dòng)力傳遞給機(jī)器人機(jī)械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)各種必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)，傳動(dòng)方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動(dòng)比答得蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的螺旋傳動(dòng)。機(jī)械手驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制，同時(shí)也要考慮價(jià)格因素的影響以及能夠達(dá)到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進(jìn)電機(jī)能都直接接收數(shù)字量，響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累計(jì)誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置中采用由步進(jìn)電機(jī)構(gòu)成的環(huán)控制方式，這種方式技能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化目的。

目前的工業(yè)機(jī)械臂控制將每一個(gè)機(jī)械臂的聯(lián)合看做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的聯(lián)合伺服。伺服方法不能從分地模仿不同的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)械手，因?yàn)樗雎粤藱C(jī)械手整體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和配置。這些控制系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)的變化有時(shí)是足夠重要，以至于使常規(guī)的反饋控制方法失效。其結(jié)果是減少了伺服相應(yīng)的速度和阻尼，限制了京都和最終效應(yīng)的速度，使系統(tǒng)僅適用于有限精度的工作。機(jī)械手以這種方式控制速度降低而沒有不必要的震動(dòng)。任何在這一領(lǐng)域和其它領(lǐng)域的機(jī)械臂性能增益要求更有效率的動(dòng)態(tài)模型、精密的控制方法、專門的計(jì)算機(jī)架構(gòu)和并行處理技術(shù)。

在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和其它領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，由于工作的需要，人們經(jīng)常受到高溫、腐蝕及有毒氣體等因素的危害，增加了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，甚至于危及生命。自從機(jī)械手問世以來，相應(yīng)的各種難題迎刃而解。機(jī)械手可在空間抓、放、搬運(yùn)物體，動(dòng)作靈活多樣，適用于可變換生產(chǎn)品種的中、小批量自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于柔性自動(dòng)線。機(jī)械手一般由耐高溫，抗腐蝕的材料制成，以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)惡劣環(huán)境，大大降低了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高了工作效率。機(jī)械手是工業(yè)機(jī)器人的重要組成部分，在很多情況下它就可以稱為工業(yè)機(jī)器人。工業(yè)機(jī)器人集機(jī)械、電子、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、傳感器、人工智能等多學(xué)科先進(jìn)技術(shù)于一體化的現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)重要的自動(dòng)化裝備。廣泛采用工業(yè)機(jī)器人，不僅可以提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量與產(chǎn)量，而且對(duì)保障人身安全，改善勞動(dòng)環(huán)境，減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，節(jié)約原材料消耗以及降低生產(chǎn)成本，有著十分重要的意義。

工業(yè)機(jī)械手是工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一個(gè)重要分支。它的特點(diǎn)是可通過編程來完成各種預(yù)期的作業(yè)任務(wù)，在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機(jī)器各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應(yīng)性。機(jī)械手作業(yè)的準(zhǔn)確性和各種環(huán)境中完成作業(yè)的能力，在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。隨著工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展, 出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控加工中心,它在減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的同時(shí), 大大提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。但數(shù)控加工中常見的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動(dòng)化裝置。前者費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工、效率低;后者因設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜, 需較多繼電器,接線繁雜, 易受車體振動(dòng)干擾,而存在可靠性差、故障多、維修困難等問題。可編程序控制器PLC控制的上下料機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)動(dòng)作簡(jiǎn)便、線路設(shè)計(jì)合理、具有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力, 保證了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的可靠性,降低了維修率, 提高了工作效率。機(jī)械手技術(shù)涉及到力學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，是一門跨學(xué)科綜合技術(shù)。

機(jī)械手主要由手部和運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)組成。手部是用來抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)（擺動(dòng)）、移動(dòng)或復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動(dòng)作，改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢(shì)......機(jī)械手是在自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)過程中使用的一種具有抓取和移動(dòng)工件功能的自動(dòng)化裝置，它是在機(jī)械化、自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來，隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用，機(jī)器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù)，它更加促進(jìn)了機(jī)械手的發(fā)展，使得機(jī)械手能更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)與機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化的有機(jī)結(jié)合。機(jī)械手能代替人類完成危險(xiǎn)、重復(fù)枯燥的工作，減輕人類勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力。機(jī)械手越來越廣泛的得到了應(yīng)用，在機(jī)械行業(yè)中它可用于零部件組裝，加工工件的搬運(yùn)、裝卸，特別是在自動(dòng)化數(shù)控機(jī)床、組合機(jī)床上使用更普遍。目前，機(jī)械手已發(fā)展成為柔性制造系統(tǒng)FMS和柔性制造單元FMC中一個(gè)重要組成部分。把機(jī)床設(shè)備和機(jī)械手共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)柔性加工系統(tǒng)或柔性制造單元，它適應(yīng)于中、小批量生產(chǎn)，可以節(jié)省龐大的工件輸送裝置，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，而且適應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)。當(dāng)工件變更時(shí)，柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)很容易改變，有利于企業(yè)不斷更新適銷對(duì)路的品種，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，更好地適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的需要。而目前我國(guó)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人技術(shù)及其工程應(yīng)用的水平和國(guó)外比還有一定的距離，應(yīng)用規(guī)模和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平低，機(jī)械手的研究和開發(fā)直接影響到我國(guó)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)水平的提高，從經(jīng)濟(jì)上、技術(shù)上考慮都是十分必要的。因此，進(jìn)行機(jī)械手的研究設(shè)計(jì)是非常有意義的。

第四篇：機(jī)器人外文翻譯(文獻(xiàn)翻譯_中英文翻譯)

外文翻譯

外文資料：

Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development.It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology.It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development.But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave.So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories.is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation.So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small.Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly.Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot.It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement.So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom.We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom.Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc.These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference.It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc.It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming.The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up.This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas.If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited.Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside.a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate.This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery.This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man;friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend.In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend.Robots will create the jobs issue.We believe that there would not be a “robot appointment of workers being laid off” situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.譯文資料：

機(jī)器人

首先我介紹一下機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生的背景，機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，它應(yīng)該說是一個(gè)科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展共同的一個(gè)綜合性的結(jié)果，同時(shí)，為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)重大影響的一門科學(xué)技術(shù)，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國(guó)加強(qiáng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的投入，就加強(qiáng)了本國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的需求的必然結(jié)果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們?cè)诓粩嗵接懽匀贿^程中，在認(rèn)識(shí)和改造自然過程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們?nèi)ツ軌驈氖聫?fù)雜和繁重的體力勞動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)不可達(dá)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)和改造，這也是人們?cè)诳萍及l(fā)展過程中的一個(gè)客觀需要。

機(jī)器人有三個(gè)發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說，我們習(xí)慣于把機(jī)器人分成三類，一種是第一代機(jī)器人，那么也叫示教再現(xiàn)型機(jī)器人，它是通過一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)，來控制一個(gè)多自由度的一個(gè)機(jī)械，通過示教存儲(chǔ)程序和信息，工作時(shí)把信息讀取出來，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機(jī)器人可以重復(fù)的根據(jù)人當(dāng)時(shí)示教的結(jié)果，再現(xiàn)出這種動(dòng)作，比方說汽車的點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人，它只要把這個(gè)點(diǎn)焊的過程示教完以后，它總是重復(fù)這樣一種工作，它對(duì)于外界的環(huán)境沒有感知，這個(gè)力操作力的大小，這個(gè)工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實(shí)際上這種從第一代機(jī)器人，也就存在它這種缺陷，因此，在20世紀(jì)70年代后期，人們開始研究第二代機(jī)器人，叫帶感覺的機(jī)器人，這種帶感覺的機(jī)器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺，比如說力覺、觸覺、滑覺、視覺、聽覺和人進(jìn)行相類比，有了各種各樣的感覺，比方說在機(jī)器人抓一個(gè)物體的時(shí)候，它實(shí)際上力的大小能感覺出來，它能夠通過視覺，能夠去感受和識(shí)別它的形狀、大小、顏色。抓一個(gè)雞蛋，它能通過一個(gè)觸覺，知道它的力的大小和滑動(dòng)的情況。第三代機(jī)器人，也是我們機(jī)器人學(xué)中一個(gè)理想的所追求的最高級(jí)的階段，叫智能機(jī)器人，那么只要告訴它做什么，不用告訴它怎么去做，它就能完成運(yùn)動(dòng)，感知思維和人機(jī)通訊的這種功能和機(jī)能，那么這個(gè)目前的發(fā)展還是相對(duì)的只是在局部有這種智能的概念和含義，但真正完整意義的這種智能機(jī)器人實(shí)際上并沒有存在，而只是隨著我們不斷的科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，智能的概念越來越豐富，它內(nèi)涵越來越寬。

下邊我簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一些情況。到目前為止，工業(yè)機(jī)器人是最成熟，應(yīng)用最廣泛的一類機(jī)器人，世界總量目前已經(jīng)銷售110萬臺(tái)，這是1999年的統(tǒng)計(jì)，但這110萬臺(tái)在已經(jīng)進(jìn)行裝備使用的是75萬臺(tái)，這個(gè)量也是不小的。總體情況看，日本在工業(yè)機(jī)器人這一塊，是首位的，成為機(jī)器人的王國(guó)，美國(guó)發(fā)展也很迅速，目前在新安裝的臺(tái)數(shù)方面，已經(jīng)超過了日本，中國(guó)剛開始進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化的階段，已經(jīng)研制出多種工業(yè)機(jī)器人樣機(jī)，已有小批量在生產(chǎn)中使用。

點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人主要是針對(duì)汽車生產(chǎn)線，提高生產(chǎn)效率，提高汽車焊接的質(zhì)量，降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的一種機(jī)器人。它的特點(diǎn)是通過機(jī)器人對(duì)兩個(gè)鋼板進(jìn)行點(diǎn)焊的時(shí)候，需要承載一個(gè)很大的焊鉗，一般在幾十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒鐘一米五到兩米這樣的高速運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以它一般來說有五到六個(gè)自由度，負(fù)載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個(gè)球形的工作空間，運(yùn)動(dòng)速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說，是相對(duì)獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件的個(gè)數(shù)，就相當(dāng)于我們?nèi)梭w，腰是一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個(gè)自由度，同時(shí)腕部還有一個(gè)調(diào)整姿態(tài)來使用的三個(gè)自由度，所以一般的機(jī)器人有六個(gè)自由度，就能把空間的三個(gè)位置，三個(gè)姿態(tài)，機(jī)器人完全實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)然也有小于六個(gè)自由度的，也有多于六個(gè)自由度的機(jī)器人，只是在不同的需要場(chǎng)合來配置。

第二類是服務(wù)機(jī)器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來，機(jī)器人的發(fā)展的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域在不斷拓寬，目前一個(gè)很重要的特征，大家都知道，機(jī)器人已經(jīng)從制造業(yè)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向了非制造業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務(wù)行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護(hù)、搶險(xiǎn)、救災(zāi)這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機(jī)器人相比，它有一個(gè)很重要的不同，它主要是一個(gè)移動(dòng)平臺(tái)，它能夠移動(dòng)、去運(yùn)動(dòng)，上面有一些手臂進(jìn)行操作，同時(shí)還裝有一些像力覺傳感器和視覺傳感器、超聲測(cè)距傳感器等等。它對(duì)周邊的環(huán)境進(jìn)行識(shí)別，來判斷它的運(yùn)動(dòng)，完成某種工作，這是服務(wù)機(jī)器人的基本的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。

例如，家務(wù)機(jī)器人主要體現(xiàn)在像一些對(duì)地毯和地板定期的它能夠進(jìn)行清掃和吸塵，它這個(gè)機(jī)器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識(shí)別出來，它自動(dòng)的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據(jù)路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務(wù)中一些機(jī)器人的表現(xiàn)。

那么醫(yī)療機(jī)器人，是近五年來發(fā)展比較迅速的一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。如果人手術(shù)的時(shí)候，醫(yī)生來手術(shù)，一個(gè)是疲勞，另一個(gè)人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國(guó)一些大學(xué)里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤突出這種病，進(jìn)行識(shí)別以后，能夠自動(dòng)地用機(jī)器人來輔助進(jìn)行定位，進(jìn)行操作和手術(shù)。像美國(guó)已經(jīng)有一千多例機(jī)器人對(duì)人眼球進(jìn)行手術(shù)，這樣的機(jī)器人，還包括通過遙控操作的辦法，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)人的胃腸這種手術(shù)，大家在電視里邊看到，一個(gè)機(jī)械手，大概有手指這樣粗細(xì)的一個(gè)機(jī)械手，通過插入腹臟以后，人在屏幕上操作這個(gè)機(jī)器手，同時(shí)對(duì)它用激光的方法對(duì)病灶進(jìn)行激光的治療，這樣的話，人就不用很大幅度地破壞人的身體，這實(shí)際對(duì)人的一種解放，是非常好一種機(jī)器人，醫(yī)療機(jī)器人它也很復(fù)雜，一方面它完全自動(dòng)去完成各種工作，是有困難的，一般來說都是人來參與，這是美國(guó)開發(fā)的一個(gè)林白手術(shù)這樣一個(gè)例子，人通過在屏幕上，通過一個(gè)遙控操作手來控制另一個(gè)機(jī)械手，實(shí)現(xiàn)通過對(duì)人的腹腔進(jìn)行手術(shù)，前幾年我們國(guó)家展覽會(huì)上，美國(guó)已經(jīng)成功的實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)人的心臟瓣膜的手術(shù)和搭橋手術(shù)，這已經(jīng)在機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域中，引起了很大的轟動(dòng)，還包括，AESOP的這種外科手術(shù)機(jī)器人，它實(shí)際上通過一些儀器能夠?qū)θ说囊恍┎∽冞M(jìn)行檢查，通過一個(gè)機(jī)械手就能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)人的某些部位進(jìn)行手術(shù)，還包括遙操作機(jī)械手，以及多個(gè)醫(yī)生可以在機(jī)器人共同參與下進(jìn)行手術(shù)，包括機(jī)器人給大夫醫(yī)生拿鉗子、鑷子或刀子來代替護(hù)士的工作，同時(shí)把照明能夠自動(dòng)的給醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作聯(lián)系起來，醫(yī)生的手到哪兒，照明就去哪兒，這樣非常好的，一個(gè)醫(yī)生的助手。

機(jī)器人是人類的得力助手，能友好相處的可靠朋友，將來我們會(huì)看到人和機(jī)器人會(huì)存在一個(gè)空間里邊，成為一個(gè)互相的助手和朋友。機(jī)器人會(huì)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生飯碗的問題。我們相信不會(huì)出現(xiàn)“機(jī)器人上崗，工人下崗”的局面，因?yàn)槿藗冸S著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，實(shí)際上把人們從繁重的體力和危險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境中解放出來，使人們有更好的崗位去工作，去創(chuàng)造更好的精神財(cái)富和文化財(cái)富。

第五篇：室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯【適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯】

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文資料翻譯

Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

課題名稱

院（系）專 業(yè) 姓 名 學(xué) 號(hào) 起訖日期 指導(dǎo)教師

2011 年 02 月 20 日

Interior Design

Susan Yelavich

Interior design embraces not only the decoration and furnishing of space, but also considerations of space planning, lighting, and programmatic issues pertaining to user behaviors, ranging from specific issues of accessibility to the nature of the activities to be conducted in the space.The hallmark of interior design today is a new elasticity in typologies, seen most dramatically in the domestication of commercial and public spaces.Interior design encompasses both the programmatic planning and physical treatment of interior space: the projection of its use and the nature of its furnishings and surfaces, that is, walls, floors, and ceilings.Interior design is distinguished from interior decoration in the scope of its purview.Decorators are primarily concerned with the selection of furnishings, while designers integrate the discrete elements of décor into programmatic concerns of space and use.Interior designers generally practice collaboratively with architects on the interiors of spaces built from the ground up, but they also work independently, particularly in the case of renovations.There is also a strong history of architect-designed interiors, rooted in the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, the total work of art, that came out of the Arts & Crafts movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.It is no accident that its strongest proponents(from Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe)extended their practices to include the realm of interiors during the nascency of the interior-design profession.Indeed, it was a defensive measure taken by architects who viewed formal intervention by an interior decorator or designer as a threat to the integrity of their aesthetic.Today, apart from strict modernists like Richard Meier who place a premium on homogeneity, architects who take on the role of interior designer(and their numbers are growing)are more likely to be eclectic in philosophy and practice, paralleling the twenty-first century's valorization of plurality.Nonetheless, the bias against interior designers and the realm

of the interior itself continues to persist.Critical discussions of the interior have been hampered by its popular perception as a container of ephemera.Furthermore, conventional views of the interior have been fraught with biases: class biases related to centuries-old associations with tradesmen and gender biases related to the depiction of the decorating profession as primarily the domain of women and gay men.As a result, the credibility of the interior as an expression of cultural values has been seriously impaired.However, the conditions and the light in which culture-at-large is understood are changing under the impact of globalization.The distinctions between “high” culture and “l(fā)ow” culture are dissipating in a more tolerant climate that encourages the cross-fertilization between the two poles.Likewise, there are more frequent instances of productive borrowings among architecture, design, and decoration, once considered exclusive domains.And while the fields of architecture, interior design, and interior decoration still have different educational protocols and different concentrations of emphasis, they are showing a greater mutuality of interest.Another way to think of this emergent synthesis is to substitute the triad of “architecture, interior design, and decoration” with “modernity, technology, and history.” One of the hallmarks of the postmodern era is a heightened awareness of the role of the past in shaping the present.In the interior, this manifests itself in a renewed interest in ornament, in evidence of craft and materiality, and in spatial complexities, all running parallel to the ongoing project of modernity.Even more significantly, there is a new elasticity in typologies.Today, the traditional typologies of the interior—house, loft, office, restaurant, and so on—strain to control their borders.Evidence of programmatic convergences can clearly be seen in public and commercial spaces that aspire to be both more user-friendly and consumer-conscious.Growing numbers of private hospitals(in competition for patients)employ amenities and form languages inspired by luxury spas;at the same time, many gyms and health clubs are adopting the clinical mien of medical facilities to convince their clients of the value of their services.The same relaxation of interior protocols can be seen in offices that co-opt the informal, live-work ethic of the artist's loft, and in hotels that use the language(and contents)of galleries.Similarly, increasing numbers of grocery stores and bookstores include spaces and furniture for eating and socializing.Likewise, there is a new comfort with stylistic convergences in interiors that appropriate and recombine disparate quotations from design history.These are exemplified in spaces such as Rem Koolhaas' Casa da Musica(2005)in Porto, Portugal(with its inventive use of traditional Portuguese tiles), and Herzog & de Meuron's Walker Art Center(2005)in Minneapolis, Minnesota(where stylized acanthus-leaf patterns are used to mark gallery entrances).These interiors make an art out of hybridism.They do not simply mix and match period furnishings and styles, but refilter them through a contemporary lens.Another hallmark of the contemporary interior is the overt incorporation of narrative.Tightly themed environments persist in retail spaces such as Ralph Lauren's clothing stores and in entertainment spaces like Las Vegas casinos.However, a more playful and less linear approach to narrative is increasingly common.Of all the typologies of the interior, the residence has been least affected by change, apart from ephemeral trends such as outdoor kitchens and palatial bathrooms.However, the narrative of the residence dominates interior design at large.It has become the catalyst for rethinking a host of spaces once firmly isolated from it, ranging from the secretary's cubicle, to the nurse's station, to the librarian's reading room.Considerations such as the accommodation of personal accessories in the work space, the use of color in hospitals, and the provision of couches in libraries are increasingly common, to cite just three examples.The domestication of such environments(with curtains and wallpaper, among other residential elements)provides more comfort, more reassurance, and more pleasure to domains formerly defined by institutional prohibitions and social exclusions.Unquestionably, these changes in public and commercial spaces are indebted to the liberation movements of the late 1960s.The battles fought against barriers of race, class, gender, and physical ability laid the groundwork for a larger climate of hospitality and accommodation.It is also possible to detect a wholly other agenda in the popularity of the residential model.The introduction of domestic amenities into commercial spaces, such as recreation spaces in office interiors, can also be construed as part of a wider attempt to put a more acceptable face on the workings of free-market capitalism.In this view, interior design dons the mask of entertainment.There is nothing new about the charade.Every interior is fundamentally a stage set.Nor is it particularly insidious—as long as the conceit is transparent.Danger surfaces，however, when illusion becomes delusion—when design overcompensates for the realities of illness with patronizing sentiment, or when offices become surrogate apartments because of the relentless demands of a round-the-clock economy.In these instances, design relinquishes its potential to transform daily life in favor of what amounts to little more than a facile re-branding of space.Another force is driving the domestication of the interior and that is the enlarged public awareness of design and designers.There is a growing popular demand for design as amenity and status symbol, stimulated by the proliferation of shelter magazines, television shows devoted to home decorating, and the advertising campaigns of commercial entities such as Target and Ikea.In the Western world, prosperity, combined with the appetite of the media, has all but fetishized the interior, yielding yet another reflection of the narcissism of a consumer-driven society.On the one hand, there are positive, democratic outcomes of the growing public profile of design that can be seen in the rise of do-it-yourself web sites and enterprises like Home Depot that emphasize self-reliance.It can also be argued, more generally, that the reconsideration of beauty implicit in the valorization of design is an ameliorating social phenomenon by virtue of its propensity to inspire improvement.On the other hand, the popularization of interior design through personas such as Philippe Starck, Martha Stewart, and Barbara Barry has encouraged a superficial understanding of the interior that is more focused on objects than it is on behaviors and interactions among objects.For all the recent explosion of interest in interior design, it remains, however, a fundamentally conservative arena of design, rooted as it is in notions of enclosure, security, and comfort.This perception has been exacerbated by the growth of specialized practices focused, for example, on healthcare and hospitality.While such firms offer deep knowledge of the psychology, mechanics, and economies of particular environments, they also perpetuate distinctions that hinder a more integral approach to the interior as an extension of architecture and even the landscape outside.One notable exception is the growth of design and architecture firms accruing expertise in sustainable materials and their applications to the interior.At the same time that design firms are identifying themselves with sustainability and promoting themselves as environmentalists, a movement is building to incorporate environmental responsibility within normative practice.Over the past four decades, efforts have intensified to professionalize the field of interior design and to accord it a status equal to that of architecture.In the US and Canada the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, formerly known as FIDER, reviews interior design education programs at colleges and universities to regulate standards of practice.Furthermore, the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design(ICSID)embraces interior design within its purview, defining it as part of “intellectual profession, and not simply a trade or a service for enterprises.”

Yet, the education of interior designers remains tremendously variable, with no uniformity of pedagogy.Hence, interior design continues to be perceived as an arena open to the specialist and the amateur.This perception is indicative of both the relatively short history of the profession itself and the broader cultural forces of inclusion and interactivity that mark a global society.原文來源：

Board of International Research in Design，Design Dictionary Perspectives on Design Terminology，Birkh?user Verlag AG 2008