第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)七種語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)介紹篇

2012大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)精講:大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)七種語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)介紹篇

在歷年詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)的題中語(yǔ)法部分約占40%，詞匯部分約占60%，而且多有交叉?？偟膩碚f語(yǔ)法題主要有以下考點(diǎn)：虛擬語(yǔ)氣。強(qiáng)調(diào)說話人的主觀愿望和假想情況。考生應(yīng)著重復(fù)習(xí)能引起虛擬語(yǔ)氣的某些介詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和連詞(如lest，incase，otherwise等);一部分表示建議、主張、命令、緊要等概念的詞語(yǔ)，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句往往采用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”;虛擬倒裝句;在wouldrather，wish，asif，it?stimethat等句型中使用適當(dāng)形式表達(dá)主觀愿望;混合虛擬句。

2.主謂一致。這類考題靈活性大，需要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people，poultry，militia等;用and連接的成分表單一概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);就近原則：主語(yǔ)中含有某些連詞(如aswellas，besides，inadditionto等)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)同第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。

3.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出，分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。那些否定詞(組)、介詞短語(yǔ)能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有和區(qū)別，as在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應(yīng)當(dāng)重視的地方。

4.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這是詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)考試中語(yǔ)法部分的重中之重，解題時(shí)可以從三個(gè)方面入手：①根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同其所修飾的名詞或邏輯主語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系，確定使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，然后考慮采用現(xiàn)在分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式或過去分詞;②非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系。動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的用現(xiàn)在分詞進(jìn)行式，同時(shí)發(fā)生或不分先后發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在分詞一般式或過去分詞;在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式、不定式完成式;發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的多用不定式一般式;③表狀態(tài)多用分詞，表目的多用不定式。

5.獨(dú)立主格題。一般說來，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下，逗號(hào)是無(wú)力連接兩個(gè)句子的，其中一個(gè)分句要么是非謂語(yǔ)形式，要么是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都做狀語(yǔ)，不同的是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。

6.時(shí)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)中一共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，最常用的5個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過去式、一般將來時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)最多的考點(diǎn)是將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。針對(duì)這一題型，考生首先要抓住的就是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、將來時(shí)間還是過去時(shí)間?是短暫時(shí)間還是延續(xù)性時(shí)間?

7.名詞性從句。形容詞性的定語(yǔ)從句是考核的重點(diǎn)，用什么引導(dǎo)詞，引導(dǎo)詞前面的介詞形式，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做什么成分(做賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)等)，從句的語(yǔ)序等等均有可能成為考點(diǎn)。此外，主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)適當(dāng)復(fù)習(xí)。

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第二篇：2018年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法精要

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法精要

Ⅰ動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)1.時(shí)態(tài)

1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(have/has been +-ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)將來完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.語(yǔ)態(tài)

1)可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)

詞,常

見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

2)雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

a)雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):

She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1)Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi + prep(有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt + adv + O(無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement.4.省略

1)在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致a),或者主語(yǔ)是it b),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或 as b)引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）錯(cuò)誤的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致

1)如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的一致

a)each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you? b)some, few, both, many 等作復(fù)數(shù)

c)some 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念, 但none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù): None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(all of the?, most of the ?), 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).3)由and 或 both? and 連接名詞詞組時(shí), 后用復(fù)數(shù);由not only?but(also), either?or, neither?nor或 or 連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一個(gè)句子是由there 或here引導(dǎo), 而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè), 謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待, 有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來決定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù): This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5)表示時(shí)間, 重量, 長(zhǎng)度, 價(jià)值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如果作整體看待, 動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他問題

a)書名, 國(guó)家名用單數(shù): Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)學(xué)科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數(shù).c)many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接復(fù)數(shù), the number of后接單數(shù): A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those 后用單數(shù).在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.當(dāng)one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one 而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1.不定式

1)形式 主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式

to do to be done to have done to have been done to be doing

一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式

完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing

a)完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b)進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用: 不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a), 賓語(yǔ)(b), 表語(yǔ)(c), 定語(yǔ)(d)或是狀語(yǔ)(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare? e.We have come to learn from you.3)不帶to 的不定式:

a)在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.John made her tell him everything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在動(dòng)詞help(或help +賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?

e)在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f)連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式, 如果主語(yǔ)是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法

a)too?to 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義: She was too young to understand all that.enough?to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義: She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義: He’s only too pleased to help her.so?as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ): Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要說明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的, 可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ): It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ), 來說明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況: It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)1)形式

a)完成式: 如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語(yǔ)中), 常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式, 盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中, 表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b)被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動(dòng)詞后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來作定語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被動(dòng)式: 如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用

a)作主語(yǔ): Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作賓語(yǔ): Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介詞賓語(yǔ): 動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)用的時(shí)候最多.它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z(yǔ)后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect?of, accuse?of, charge?with, hear of, approve of, prevent?from, keep?from, stop?from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d)作表語(yǔ): The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ).一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作, 特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí), 多用不定式.e)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后, 及可用現(xiàn)在分詞, 也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí), 表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作狀語(yǔ): 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作, 來對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以用作狀語(yǔ)表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于when引起的從句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)), 來表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ).Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭, 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

5)既可用動(dòng)名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大, 有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6)懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的動(dòng)作, 正確)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(錯(cuò)誤)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正確)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(錯(cuò)誤)3.分詞

1)意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動(dòng)詞, 帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動(dòng)詞, 有的來自不及物動(dòng)詞, 通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.frozen food

a freezing wind a boring journey a losing battle a bored traveller a lost cause

a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the spoken word a closed shop a recorded talk

來自不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ), 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動(dòng)意義.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students，the last finishing touch a speaking bird the closing hour a recording machine retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分, 在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用

a)作定語(yǔ): distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無(wú)名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊(duì), canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)

分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ): simply-furnished room陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復(fù), highly-developed industry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè), heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛(wèi)星

b)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 可以帶過去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動(dòng)詞: I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動(dòng)詞: I don’t want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)過去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ), 修飾謂語(yǔ), 很多都說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work, Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.過去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有時(shí)也可說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶爾也可用來代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu): 在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一.致.但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ), 這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu), 一般表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間: Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.條件: All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1.that從居中:

1)wish, would rather(sooner), had better: I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句: The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中.It was arranged that they leave the following week It will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句: His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中

1)it is time that It is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的從句: They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)多用 should +動(dòng)詞原形): He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4)以whatever, whoever, no matter what這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)多用may加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成): Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead.干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承認(rèn)他年老體衰, 然而盡管如此, 它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.3.條件句

1)虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類:

a)表示現(xiàn)在及將來情況(表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況): 謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下(be多用were這個(gè)形式): 從句 主句 過去式 would + 動(dòng)詞原形

不管發(fā)生什么情況, 我們都要If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示過去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況), 謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下:

從句 主句 had + 過去分詞 would have + 過去分詞

She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake, You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有時(shí)候, 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作, 發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的(如一個(gè)是過去發(fā)生的, 一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的).這時(shí), 動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3)有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示, 而是通過一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.4)如果條件句從句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有時(shí)可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主語(yǔ)前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do? Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ 介詞

1.合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞

1)合成介詞: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without

2)復(fù)雜介詞: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等

2.介詞在句末:

This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

3.名詞加介詞(n + prep)1)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for 2)某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight

4.動(dòng)詞加介詞

1)Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon 2)Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等 3)Vi + adv + prep:

I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt + O + adv +prep:

You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.5.形容詞加介詞

about---anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc at---awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc for---convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc from---evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc in---deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etc of---apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc on---dependent, keen, intent, etc to---acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc with---awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etc Ⅴ 連詞 1.并列連詞

1)表示意義的引申: and, both?and, not only?but(also), as well as, and ?as well, neither?nor 2)表示選擇: or, either?or 3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)4)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence 2.從屬連詞

1)表示時(shí)間: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once 2)表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that 3)表示條件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition(that)，4)表示其他關(guān)系:(al)though, than, as/so?as, lest, in order that, so?that

Ⅵ 定語(yǔ)從句

1.限制和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句: 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個(gè)組成部分, 去掉了會(huì)造成病句或意義不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句屬于補(bǔ)充說明性質(zhì), 去掉了不會(huì)影響主要意義, 通常用逗號(hào)與它的先行詞分開.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是專有名詞, 或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my, his, etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this, that, etc)作限定詞, 其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常都是非限制性的: Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.2.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

1)that, who, whom: 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時(shí)用that(作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較多).如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ), 就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介詞后只能用whom: This is the man to whom I referred.但在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時(shí)可用that, 但省略時(shí)更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking? Have you met the person(that)he was speaking about

The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多, 也有時(shí)用which..當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句中是用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語(yǔ)中(尤其是當(dāng)被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時(shí)): Have you everything you need?(Is there)anything I can do for you? All you have to do is to press the button.在介詞后只能用which, 在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去, 這時(shí)可以用that, 但省略的時(shí)候更多一些: The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool(that)he is working with is called a wrench.This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.This is the question(that)we’ve had so much discussion about.定語(yǔ)從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的, 但間或也可以修飾整個(gè)句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引導(dǎo)詞用which: a)They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted

b)When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.3)whose: 在表示“．．．的”這個(gè)概念時(shí), 可用所有格 whose;whose 用于指物, 有時(shí)可與of which交替使用, 通常的詞序是 名詞詞組 + of which:

Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast? We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.(…the purpose of which was…)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(…whose name I’ve…)

of which前的名詞詞組也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基數(shù)詞擔(dān)任;這些詞也能用在 of whom之前.The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.4)關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why: 它們的含義相當(dāng)于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.The day when he was born…

The office where he works…

有時(shí)可用that替代關(guān)系副詞, 在口語(yǔ)中that 可省略.Every time(that)the telephone rings, he gets nervous.at which he works… which he works at…

on which he was born…

which he was born on… This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.Do you know anywhere(that)I can get a drink? This is the place(where)we met yesterday.That is the reason(why)he did it.在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口語(yǔ)中that也可省略.This is the way(that/in which)he did it.That’s the way I look at it.3.如果定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)為 there is, 作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也?？墒〉? I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.This is the fastest train(that)there is to Nanjing.4.定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化: 定語(yǔ)從句與不定式結(jié)構(gòu),-ing分詞結(jié)構(gòu),-ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句等有著轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系.He was the only one to realize the danger(= who realized the danger).The woman driving the car(= who was driving the car)indicated that she was going to turn left.The man injured by the bullet(= who was injured by the bullet)was taken to hospital.All the women present(= who were present)looked up in alarm.Ⅶ 倒裝

1.全部倒裝和部分倒裝: 如果謂語(yǔ)在主語(yǔ)前面, 就是倒裝語(yǔ)序.倒裝語(yǔ)序又分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝.在全部倒裝的句子中, 整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)都放在主語(yǔ)的前面:

Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒裝的句子中只是謂語(yǔ)中的一部分(如助動(dòng)詞, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 或系動(dòng)詞be等)放在主語(yǔ)前面, 其余部分仍在主語(yǔ)后面: Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldn’t answer the question.Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.2.以neither, nor, so等開始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所說情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所說情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(否定句), 助動(dòng)詞或be置于主語(yǔ)前.“We must start for the work-site now”.“ So must we.” I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didn’t drop any hint.Nor(Neither)did his secretary.“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor(Neither)will I.”

如果一個(gè)句子只是重復(fù)前面一句話的意思, 盡管是用so開頭, 語(yǔ)序也不要顛倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”

3.當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定詞或有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí), 一般引起部分倒裝.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.4.表示位置或方向的副詞提前, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 go, come等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞而主語(yǔ)又較長(zhǎng)時(shí), 通常用全部倒裝: There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.如果主語(yǔ)是代詞, 仍用正常語(yǔ)序: There comes your turn.有here引起, 謂語(yǔ)為be的句子, 也要倒裝: Here is China’s largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.如果主語(yǔ)是代詞, 仍用正常語(yǔ)序: Here we are.This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”

5.表語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞提前:

a)介詞短語(yǔ): On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.b)形容詞: Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.c)副詞: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.d)分詞: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.6)句首狀語(yǔ)若由 only + 副詞，only + 介詞詞組, only + 狀語(yǔ)

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.從句構(gòu)成, 引起局部倒裝:

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only開頭的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒裝: Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.Ⅷ 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)

1.無(wú)比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞及副詞: complete, perfect, utter, etc

2.比較從句

1)as…as, almost/just/nearly as…as, not so/as …as: We’ll give you as much help as we can.I haven’t made as much progress as I should.We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago.My command of English is not half so(as)good as yours.2)than, so much/a lot more than, no more… than, not more…than, less than more?than, less?than可表示“與其說?不如說?”: He is more good than bad.He was less hurt than frightened.The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis.“no + 形容詞或副詞比較級(jí) + than”所表示的可以是該形容詞或副詞的相反的含義: no rich than = as poor as no bigger than = as small as no later than = as early as John is no better than Tom.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.3)the more? the more(越是?就越?)Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt.4)more of a, as much of a, less of a, etc: 當(dāng)as much of a?as, more/less of a ?than等結(jié)構(gòu)與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配時(shí), 名詞只能置于比較結(jié)構(gòu)中間.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.Ⅸ 名詞性從句: 名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句, 同位語(yǔ)從句.1.主語(yǔ)從句有三類: a)由what等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句: what表示“?所?的(東西)”, 在結(jié)構(gòu)上等于一個(gè)名詞加一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句;whatever表示“所?的一切”;whoever表示“一切?的人”.What you need is more practice What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever I have is at your service.Whoever comes will be welcome.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.b)由連詞that引起的主語(yǔ)從句: 這類主語(yǔ)從句在大多數(shù)情況下都放到句子后部去, 而用代詞it做形式上的主語(yǔ): That we need more equipment is quite obvious.It is impossible that I may not able to come.It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.在口語(yǔ)中連詞that有時(shí)可以省略掉: It’s good you’re so considerate.It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk.c)由連接代詞或連接副詞(或whether)引起的主語(yǔ)從句: 這類主語(yǔ)從句, 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用it做形式上的主語(yǔ).When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether he will join us.2賓語(yǔ)從句: 和主語(yǔ)從句及表語(yǔ)從句一樣, 賓語(yǔ)從句也有以上三類.a)連接代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的從句只是在某些動(dòng)詞后能用作賓語(yǔ).Tell me what you want.I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing.Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate.能跟這類賓語(yǔ)從句的常見動(dòng)詞有: see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise等.這種動(dòng)詞后也常用whether或if引導(dǎo)的從與作賓語(yǔ):

這種從句有時(shí)前面可以有另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ): Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting? I don’t know whether these figure are accurate.I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.Please advise me which book I should read first.有時(shí)這種從句也可用作及詞的賓語(yǔ): Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.I was curious as to what he would say next.b)用that引導(dǎo)的從句作賓語(yǔ)的情形最為普遍, 在很多動(dòng)詞如boast, say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree, acknowledge, admit, deny, expect, explain, confess, order, command, suspect, dream, suggest, propose, know, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, report, urge, 以及doubt的否定和疑問式后面都可以用它.Ⅹ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:

1.may/might表示允許和可能:

a)允許: 詢問或說明一件事可不可以做.May I trouble you with a question? You may take this seat if you like.He asked if he might glance through my album.You might as well speak your mind.(比may?顯得婉轉(zhuǎn)一些)

b)可能: 表示一件事或許發(fā)生(或是某種情況可能會(huì)存在).You may walk ten miles without seeing a house.She was afraid they might not like the idea.A bad thing might be turned to good account.c)might 表示請(qǐng)求: Might I ask for a photograph of your baby?(比May I ?更客氣一些)

2.can’t, couldn’t表示否定的推測(cè): She can’t be serious.A more suitable book can’t be found.(It is not possible to find a more suitable book.)He couldn’t(can’t)be over fifty.3.should, ought to: 表示應(yīng)該做的事, ought to比should口氣稍重一些.You should(ought to)do as he says.You shouldn’t(oughtn’t to)talk like that.但這兩者間也有一些差別, 在表示責(zé)任, 義務(wù)等該做的事情時(shí), 常用ought to, 在表示某件事宜于做時(shí), 多用should, 在下面的句子中這兩

第三篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試七種重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試七種重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

在歷年詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)的題中語(yǔ)法部分約占40%，詞匯部分約占60%，而且多有交叉?？偟膩碚f語(yǔ)法題主要有以下考點(diǎn)：

1.獨(dú)立主格題。

一般說來，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下，逗號(hào)是無(wú)力連接兩個(gè)句子的，其中一個(gè)分句要么是非謂語(yǔ)形式，要么是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都做狀語(yǔ)，不同的是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。

2.時(shí)態(tài)。

英語(yǔ)中一共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，最常用的5個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過去式、一般將來時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)最多的考點(diǎn)是將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。針對(duì)這一題型，考生首先要抓住的就是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、將來時(shí)間還是過去時(shí)間?是短暫時(shí)間還是延續(xù)性時(shí)間?

3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

這是詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)考試中語(yǔ)法部分的重中之重，解題時(shí)可以從三個(gè)方面入手：①根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同其所修飾的名詞或邏輯主語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系，確定使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，然后考慮采用現(xiàn)在分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式或過去分詞;②非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系。動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的用現(xiàn)在分詞進(jìn)行式，同時(shí)發(fā)生或不分先后發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在分詞一般式或過去分詞;在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式、不定式完成式;發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的多用不定式一般式;③表狀態(tài)多用分詞，表目的多用不定式。

4.虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

強(qiáng)調(diào)說話人的主觀愿望和假想情況。考生應(yīng)著重復(fù)習(xí)能引起虛擬語(yǔ)氣的某些介詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和連詞(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建議、主張、命令、緊要等概念的詞語(yǔ)，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句往往采用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”;虛擬倒裝句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用適當(dāng)形式表達(dá)主觀愿望;混合虛擬句。

5.名詞性從句。

形容詞性的定語(yǔ)從句是考核的重點(diǎn)，用什么引導(dǎo)詞，引導(dǎo)詞前面的介詞形式，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做什么成分(做賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)等)，從句的語(yǔ)序等等均有可能成為考點(diǎn)。http:///此外，主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)適當(dāng)復(fù)習(xí)

6.主謂一致。

這類考題靈活性大，需要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and連接的成分表單一概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);就近原則：主語(yǔ)中含有某些連詞(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)同第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。

7.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出，分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。那些否定詞(組)、介詞短語(yǔ)能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有和區(qū)別，as在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應(yīng)當(dāng)重視的地方。

以詞匯為基礎(chǔ)，雅思聽力“三級(jí)跳”

對(duì)于大部分的中國(guó)烤鴨們來說，聽力，是一個(gè)較難提高的科目。http://004km.cn/他們往往都能夠在聽題前劃出信號(hào)詞，在聽音的過程當(dāng)中，也能夠聽到這些信號(hào)詞的出現(xiàn)，卻難以抓住作為答案出現(xiàn)的詞匯。即使聽到了這些詞匯，有些考生也難以及時(shí)寫下答案，因此而丟分。

究其原因，主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：首先，大部分學(xué)生對(duì)于未知的詞匯無(wú)法作出準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)和把握。從根本上來說，就是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)薄弱而不能對(duì)卷面上的語(yǔ)言信息作出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。其次，有些學(xué)生發(fā)音不是十分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，與正確發(fā)音相去甚遠(yuǎn)，因此無(wú)法從語(yǔ)音上辨認(rèn)出答案。第三，有些學(xué)生雖然能夠抓住語(yǔ)音元素，并且也能夠辨認(rèn)出詞匯，但是無(wú)法在短時(shí)間內(nèi)記錄下答案而丟分。

針對(duì)以上幾點(diǎn)，筆者在雅思(微博)聽力的教學(xué)過程中，通過長(zhǎng)期的研究和教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，得出聽力教學(xué)的“三級(jí)跳”法，有效地幫助廣大考生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中從本質(zhì)上提高聽力水平。

第一階段：學(xué)生在這個(gè)階段中已經(jīng)掌握了基礎(chǔ)詞匯和準(zhǔn)確的發(fā)音規(guī)則，但是要想對(duì)整篇的語(yǔ)音資料的理解和掌握還是有一定困難的。該階段的教學(xué)目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的聽力習(xí)慣。提高聽力語(yǔ)篇的長(zhǎng)度和難度，讓學(xué)生在聽整篇文章或整段對(duì)話的過程中聽取重點(diǎn)信息，例如重讀音節(jié)，句子中的主干等，通過這些重要的語(yǔ)音元素來猜測(cè)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容。同時(shí)，學(xué)生開始學(xué)習(xí)速記，掌握不同的速記方式，不僅是在語(yǔ)音上，更重要是在筆記上記錄下重點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)音元素，即重點(diǎn)詞匯甚至是詞組。這樣，學(xué)生就能夠通過讀音反饋出詞形，避免了考試中學(xué)生因?yàn)闊o(wú)法正確拼寫詞匯而丟分。

第二階段：這個(gè)時(shí)候，考生已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了考前強(qiáng)化階段。課堂上，老師會(huì)對(duì)聽力解題技巧詳細(xì)分析和反復(fù)練習(xí)。但是，因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)場(chǎng)景知識(shí)的缺乏，依然會(huì)有部分學(xué)生停留在第二階段，即使此時(shí)學(xué)生們的聽力水平已經(jīng)得到了提高。這就要求我們的老師在課堂上合理安排教學(xué)內(nèi)容，讓考生們多了解和熟悉雅思聽力考試中出現(xiàn)的高頻場(chǎng)景和重點(diǎn)場(chǎng)景，重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)這些場(chǎng)景中出現(xiàn)的高頻詞匯，從讀音和拼寫上加強(qiáng)考生們的聽力詞匯量。另外，有些較為生活化的詞匯對(duì)于考生們來說也是難以跨越的一個(gè)障礙，因?yàn)樵谏钪袑W(xué)生們沒有機(jī)會(huì)接觸和使用這些詞匯。那么教師在課堂上就應(yīng)該給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造這樣的機(jī)會(huì)，適當(dāng)結(jié)合雅思聽力機(jī)經(jīng)中出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)詞匯讓考生們熟悉并掌握這些表達(dá)方法，以保證考試有備無(wú)患。最后，也是最難的一部分，即一些專業(yè)場(chǎng)景中出現(xiàn)的表達(dá)，在考試中這部分詞匯通常出現(xiàn)在聽力考試的最后一部分(section four)，這也是整個(gè)聽力考試中最難的一關(guān)。老師和學(xué)生們都不能忽略這部分知識(shí)的積累。該部分的學(xué)習(xí)不僅保證了聽力考試中高分的出現(xiàn)，同時(shí)也為將來在國(guó)外教學(xué)環(huán)境中能夠順利學(xué)習(xí)和交流打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

第三階段：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在一連串的聲音中辨認(rèn)出獨(dú)立的詞匯。在這個(gè)階段，學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)還有待進(jìn)一步提高，因此，他們的信心還不是很足。筆者認(rèn)為，老師在教學(xué)過程中要下意識(shí)地幫助學(xué)生建立信心;課上可以選取一些簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)話，例如英語(yǔ)電影對(duì)白，或者一些瑯瑯上口的英文歌曲，加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)于語(yǔ)音的敏感度，讓學(xué)生在輕松快樂的環(huán)境中練習(xí)聽力，并掌握基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)音知識(shí)，實(shí)質(zhì)性地提高聽力水平。同時(shí)，在這個(gè)階段，老師還應(yīng)該將聽力與口語(yǔ)相互結(jié)合，這不僅能夠糾正學(xué)生的不正確發(fā)音，還能夠培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)感。這樣學(xué)生就能夠通過詞形來辨別讀音。當(dāng)然，在教學(xué)中，語(yǔ)法知識(shí)作為整體英語(yǔ)水平提高的必備因素仍然是不能夠忽略的。認(rèn)為練習(xí)聽力與語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)無(wú)關(guān)的想法當(dāng)然是不可取的!

第四篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)?？颊Z(yǔ)法總結(jié)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)?？颊Z(yǔ)法總結(jié)

一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣。應(yīng)著重復(fù)習(xí)能引起虛擬語(yǔ)氣的某些介詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和連詞(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建議、主張、命令等概念的詞語(yǔ)，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句往往采用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”;虛擬倒裝句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用適當(dāng)形式表達(dá)主觀愿望;混合虛擬句。

二、獨(dú)立主格題。一般說來，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下，逗號(hào)是無(wú)力連接兩個(gè)句子的，其中一個(gè)分句要么是非謂語(yǔ)形式，要么是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都做狀語(yǔ)，不同的是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。

三、時(shí)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)中共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)最多的是將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

四、名詞性從句。形容詞性的定語(yǔ)從句是考核的重點(diǎn)，用什么引導(dǎo)詞，引導(dǎo)詞前面的介詞形式，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做什么成分，從句的語(yǔ)序等均有可能成為考點(diǎn)。此外，主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)適當(dāng)復(fù)習(xí)。

五、主謂一致。這類考題靈活性大，需要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and連接的成分表單一概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);就近原則：主語(yǔ)中含有某些連詞(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)同第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。

六、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。那些否定詞(組)、介詞短語(yǔ)能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有和區(qū)別，as在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應(yīng)當(dāng)重視的地方。

七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。①根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同其所修飾的名詞或邏輯主語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系，確定使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，然后考慮采用現(xiàn)在分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式或過去分詞;②非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系。動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的用現(xiàn)在分詞進(jìn)行式，同時(shí)發(fā)生或不分先后發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在分詞一般式或過去分詞;在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式、不定式完成式;發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的多用不定式一般式;③表狀態(tài)多用分詞，表目的多用不定式。

第五篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)介紹

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)，即CET-4，College English Test Band 4的縮寫。是由國(guó)家教育部高等教育司主持的全國(guó)性教學(xué)考試；考試的主要對(duì)象是根據(jù)教育大綱修完大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)的大學(xué)本科生或研究生。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試自1986年末開始籌備，1987年正式實(shí)施。目的是推動(dòng)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱的貫徹執(zhí)行，對(duì)大學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)能力進(jìn)行客觀、準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量，為提高我國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課程的教學(xué)質(zhì)量服務(wù)。

綜述

大綱要求

最新《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》(1999)對(duì)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法的要求是：“鞏固和加深基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，提高在語(yǔ)篇水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的能力?！薄洞缶V》對(duì)四級(jí)詞匯的要求是：“領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握4200單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為2500)，以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組1600條(中學(xué)所掌握的詞和詞組均包括在內(nèi))，并且有按照基本構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力?！?/p>

四級(jí)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯考查內(nèi)容

四級(jí)考試對(duì)語(yǔ)法詞匯的考查與《大綱》要求是十分一致的。綜觀近年來的四級(jí)考試題，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)四級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法詞匯部分是這樣體現(xiàn)《大綱》的。

1.語(yǔ)法考題的涉及面寬

近年考題曾經(jīng)考到：幾乎所有詞類，三種動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式，名詞從句，形容詞從句，副詞從句，獨(dú)立主格，一致，倒裝，強(qiáng)調(diào)等基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。

2.語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)突出

語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)為內(nèi)容龐雜較難掌握的項(xiàng)目，這些項(xiàng)目還反復(fù)出現(xiàn)如：虛擬語(yǔ)氣，狀語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句，獨(dú)立主格，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

3.具體考查重點(diǎn)為以上項(xiàng)目中的特殊用法

1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考點(diǎn)為：would rather+ that-c+一般過去時(shí)：It is vital /necessary /important /urgent /imperative /desirable /advisable/ natural /essential + that + do；It is time /about time / high time + that + 一般過去時(shí)：proposal /suggestion +that do；lest that should +do；if only that would do。

2)狀語(yǔ)從句的考點(diǎn)為：非if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，此類句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等來替代if；由even if/so，now that，for all等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；just/hardly?when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；more than，as?as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。

3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多以邏輯主語(yǔ)＋分詞的形式出現(xiàn)。

4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞多與完成時(shí)形式連用。

5)定語(yǔ)從句重點(diǎn)考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞(which)和as作為關(guān)系代詞。

4.詞匯的考查重點(diǎn)為

1)動(dòng)詞，名詞與介詞的搭配如：popular / patient with；yield/solution/adapt/ transfer / access to；accuse/ require of；charge for；under discussion等等。

2)習(xí)慣用法如：confess to/set about/be used to+doing；be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。

3)由同一動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)如：come，go，set，break等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)。

4)單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞，抽象名詞，形容詞和副詞多以近義詞、同義詞的形式出現(xiàn)。

5)介詞短語(yǔ)在句中作狀語(yǔ)如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外還應(yīng)注意rather than，other than，such as，none/nothing+but等詞在考題中的出現(xiàn)。

5.近年來考題中的新趨勢(shì)為：若干考點(diǎn)混合出現(xiàn)：一些交際用語(yǔ)也時(shí)常出現(xiàn)在考題中。最新《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》(1999)對(duì)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法的要求是：“鞏固和加深基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，提高在語(yǔ)篇水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的能力?！薄洞缶V》對(duì)四級(jí)詞匯的要求是：“領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握4200單詞(其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為

12500)，以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組1600條(中學(xué)所掌握的詞和詞組均包括在內(nèi))，并且有按照基本構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力?！?/p>

考試組織機(jī)構(gòu)

由國(guó)家教育部任命成立“全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)”（目前為第三屆），考試委員會(huì)由全國(guó)若干重點(diǎn)大學(xué)的有關(guān)教授和專家組成，設(shè)顧問二人，主任委員一人，副主任委員若干人，專業(yè)委員會(huì)委員和咨詢委員會(huì)委員各若干人。全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)在學(xué)術(shù)上、組織上對(duì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試負(fù)責(zé)。部分考務(wù)工作由“教育部考試中心”負(fù)責(zé)?？荚囄瘑T會(huì)設(shè)辦公室作為常設(shè)辦事機(jī)構(gòu)（辦公地址設(shè)在上海交通大學(xué)校內(nèi)）。

全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試作為一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性的教學(xué)考試由“國(guó)家教育部高教司”主辦，分為四級(jí)考試(CET-4)和六級(jí)考試(CET-6)，每年各舉行兩次。從2005年1月起，報(bào)道成績(jī)滿分為710分，凡考試成績(jī)?cè)?20分以上的考生，由國(guó)家教育部高教司委托“全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)”發(fā)給成績(jī)單。

CET考生須知

成績(jī)和證書

考試成績(jī)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試現(xiàn)已改為新題型，滿分為710分，其中聽力249分，閱讀249分，完型填空或改錯(cuò)70分，作文142分，沒有合格與不合格之說，425分以上者可報(bào)名參加六級(jí)考試（故，可認(rèn)為此為及格分?jǐn)?shù)線），550分以上者可報(bào)名參加口語(yǔ)考試。

合格證書

現(xiàn)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試不再發(fā)布合格證書，改為成績(jī)單的形式，上有你的照片、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、身份證號(hào)、以及你的聽力閱讀綜合作文的各項(xiàng)得分，可更方便的看出你英語(yǔ)各方面的能力。

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試成績(jī)

1．大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試成績(jī)報(bào)道采用以710制為形式的正態(tài)分制，425分為四級(jí)資格線，85 %分為優(yōu)秀；

2．大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試將發(fā)放成績(jī)告知單，分別告知寫作、聽力、閱讀、完形和翻譯的得分以及總分；

3．各考試中心在考試后50天內(nèi)將成績(jī)寄給參加考試的學(xué)校；

4．如考生對(duì)本人的成績(jī)有疑問，可憑本人準(zhǔn)考證及學(xué)校教務(wù)處證明向有關(guān)考試中心提出查詢，并交納人工查詢費(fèi)。

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試合格證書

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試合格者發(fā)給教育部高等教育司印制的證書，證書上注明“合格”或“優(yōu)秀”；凡遺失證書者，在證書發(fā)放日起 4年內(nèi)可由原所在學(xué)校教務(wù)處出具證明，向所屬考試中心申請(qǐng)補(bǔ)發(fā)由考試委員會(huì)辦公室統(tǒng)一印制的“CET考試合格證明”，不再補(bǔ)發(fā)證書，申請(qǐng)者交納工本費(fèi)。超過 4 年，不再補(bǔ)發(fā) CET 考試合格證明。

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試口試

凡在兩年內(nèi)參加過四級(jí)考試并且四級(jí)成績(jī)550分以上的考生均可報(bào)名參加大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試口試。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試口試每年5月、11月舉行。報(bào)名時(shí)間為3月、9月?？谠嚦煽?jī)分為A、B、C、D四個(gè)等級(jí)，A、B、C級(jí)均頒發(fā)口試證書。只有四級(jí)口試通過的人才有資格去考六級(jí)口試。

英語(yǔ)新四級(jí)710分?jǐn)?shù)計(jì)算方式

簡(jiǎn)介

2007年12月23日的英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試全國(guó)所有考點(diǎn)都實(shí)行新四級(jí)，現(xiàn)將新四級(jí)分?jǐn)?shù)分配通知如下：四級(jí)考試單項(xiàng)分的報(bào)道共分為四個(gè)部分：聽力（35%）、閱讀（35%）、完型填空或改錯(cuò)（10%）、作文和翻譯（20%）。

各單項(xiàng)報(bào)道分的滿分分別為：

聽力249分，閱讀249分，完型填空或改錯(cuò)70分，作文142分。

各單項(xiàng)分相加之和等于總分（710分）。

聽力理解部分分值比例為35%；其中聽力對(duì)話15%，聽力短文20%。聽力對(duì)話部分包括短對(duì)話和長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的聽力理解；聽力短文部分包括選擇題型的短文理解和復(fù)合式聽寫。

閱讀理解部分分值比例為35%；其中仔細(xì)閱讀部分（Reading in Depth）25%，快速閱讀部分（Skimming and Scanning）10%。仔細(xì)閱讀部分分為：a）選擇題型的篇章閱讀理解；b）篇章層次的詞匯理解（Banked Cloze）或短句問答（Short Answer Questions）。快速閱讀理解部分測(cè)試的是瀏覽閱讀和查讀能力。

完型填空或改錯(cuò)部分分值比例為10%。完型填空部分采用多項(xiàng)選擇題型，改錯(cuò)部分的要求是辨認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤并改正。

寫作和翻譯部分分值比例為20%；其中寫作部分（Writing）15%，翻譯部分（Translation）5%。寫作的體裁包括議論文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等；翻譯部分測(cè)試的是句子、短語(yǔ)或常用表達(dá)層次上的中譯英能力。

新題型能力要求提高

新四、六級(jí)考試測(cè)試內(nèi)容、題型和分值比例

試卷構(gòu)成 測(cè)試內(nèi)容 測(cè)試題型 比例

第一部分

聽力理解 聽力對(duì)話 短對(duì)話 多項(xiàng)選擇 35%

長(zhǎng)對(duì)話 多項(xiàng)選擇

聽力短文 短文理解 多項(xiàng)選擇

短文聽寫 復(fù)合式聽寫

第二部分

閱讀理解 仔細(xì)閱讀理解 篇章閱讀理解 多項(xiàng)選擇 35%

篇章詞匯理解 選詞填空

快速閱讀理解 是非判斷+句子填空或其他

第三部分

綜合測(cè)試 完型填空或改錯(cuò) 多項(xiàng)選擇 15%

錯(cuò)誤辨認(rèn)并改正

篇章問答或句子翻譯 簡(jiǎn)短回答

中譯英

第四部分

寫作 寫作 短文寫作 15%

新的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試形式的最大變化就是將30分鐘的短文寫作放在了考試的開始。雖然這一變化某種程度上有利于緩解考生的緊張情緒，但這一點(diǎn)緩解卻被緊接下來的快速閱讀試題所抵消。

快速閱讀是新四、六級(jí)考試最主要的新題型。就樣題而言，兩者之間的長(zhǎng)度相差300詞左右。即四級(jí)1200，六級(jí)1500。由于今年年底六級(jí)考試初次登場(chǎng)，四級(jí)考試也不為考生所熟悉，估計(jì)實(shí)際考試中文章的長(zhǎng)度將會(huì)有所保留?？碱}設(shè)置上四級(jí)的“對(duì)、錯(cuò)、未提及”(Y/N/NG)型判斷題7個(gè)，六級(jí)減少到4個(gè)。填空題的數(shù)量四級(jí)為3個(gè)，六級(jí)增加一倍到6個(gè)。雖然文章的閱讀難度對(duì)考生而言沒有太大的壓力，但15分鐘以內(nèi)完成的時(shí)間限制對(duì)考生是最大的挑戰(zhàn)。所以，考生必須通過大量的閱讀，培養(yǎng)在10分鐘內(nèi)就將判斷題和填空題中所給出的答題信息在略讀中找到、在尋讀中摘出的能力，方能在考試中游刃有余。

長(zhǎng)對(duì)話是聽力考試中與老題型相比唯一增加出來的新題型，同時(shí)也是聽力增加的15%中主要的構(gòu)

成部分。新四、六級(jí)考試樣題中的聽力長(zhǎng)對(duì)話難度基本持平，同樣設(shè)編號(hào)19至25的7道題目。唯一不同的是六級(jí)的對(duì)話長(zhǎng)度略有增加，但對(duì)總體難度影響不大。新的四、六級(jí)考試有兩個(gè)部分與舊的托?？荚嚇O為相似，一是評(píng)分體系，二是長(zhǎng)對(duì)話。en211考生復(fù)習(xí)這一部分的最好辦法是做一下舊托福的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話試題即可。

閱讀填空題也是新的四、六級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)嶄新的題型，實(shí)質(zhì)上是傳統(tǒng)完型填空試題的變種，歸于深度閱讀理解試題部分。試題仍然遵循完型填空試題的基本原則，在文章的第一句和最后一句一般不設(shè)空。由于試題本身的閱讀理解性質(zhì)所決定，所挖空之處均為影響全文理解的實(shí)詞，共計(jì)10個(gè)空，提供15個(gè)詞供選擇，也就是有5個(gè)詞是多余的，剩余的10個(gè)詞必須各就各位。因此，填空完成后的檢查性閱讀就顯得尤為重要。這部分試題必須在10分鐘之內(nèi)完成，解題的速度無(wú)疑是一大挑戰(zhàn)。這一挑戰(zhàn)同樣也體現(xiàn)在兩篇傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解試題上。雖然題型上沒有變化，但從原來的35分鐘閱讀四篇提升到15分鐘閱讀兩篇。因此，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀的速度是新的四、六級(jí)考試的趨勢(shì)之一。

由于翻譯本身評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和可操作性等諸多因素的限制，翻譯只設(shè)定了5%的分值。因此，雖然以中譯英的命題形式出現(xiàn)，但考查重點(diǎn)仍然是語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，與高層次意義上的文化背景和深層的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)涵基本無(wú)關(guān)。因此，考生只需將所學(xué)教材中每篇課文后所列出的短語(yǔ)和結(jié)構(gòu)以及課本練習(xí)中同類的翻譯作業(yè)有一個(gè)很好的復(fù)習(xí)即可。但是需要注意到的是，翻譯試題的主要挑戰(zhàn)不在試題本身，而在所限定的5分鐘做題時(shí)間。

從詞匯量的角度來說，新的四、六級(jí)考試基本上保持在原有的水平上。但是，由于新題型的準(zhǔn)主觀性在很大程度上擺脫了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化試題的可猜測(cè)性和可投機(jī)性，加上試題信息量的大量增加，給考生帶來了一定的壓力和挑戰(zhàn)。

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試大綱

1、詞匯

領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握4,200個(gè)單詞（其中復(fù)用式掌握的單詞為2,500個(gè)），以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組1,600條（中學(xué)所掌握的單詞和詞組均包括在內(nèi)），并具有按照基本構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞的能力。

2、語(yǔ)法

鞏固和加深基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，提高在語(yǔ)篇水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的能力。

3、閱讀能力

能順利閱讀語(yǔ)言難度中等的一般性題材的文章、掌握中心大意以及說明中心大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，并能進(jìn)行一定的分析、推理和判斷，領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘70詞。在閱讀篇幅較長(zhǎng)、難度略低、生詞不超過總詞數(shù)3%的材料時(shí)，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，閱讀速度將達(dá)到每分鐘100詞。

4、聽的能力

能聽懂英語(yǔ)講課，并能聽懂題材熟悉、句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單、基本上沒有生詞、語(yǔ)速為每分鐘130-150詞的簡(jiǎn)短會(huì)話、談話、報(bào)道或講座，掌握其中心大意，抓住要點(diǎn)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，領(lǐng)會(huì)講話者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。

5、說的能力

能就教材內(nèi)容和適當(dāng)?shù)穆犃Σ牧线M(jìn)行問答和復(fù)述，能用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行一般的日常會(huì)話，能就所熟悉的話題經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備后作簡(jiǎn)短發(fā)言，表達(dá)思想比較清楚，語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)基本正確。

6、寫的能力

能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時(shí)做筆記、回答問題和寫提綱，能就一定的話題或提綱在半小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出120-150詞的短文，能寫短信或便條，表達(dá)意思清楚，無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。

7、譯的能力

能借助詞典將難度略低于課文的英語(yǔ)短文譯成漢語(yǔ)，理解正確，譯文達(dá)意，譯速為每小時(shí)300英語(yǔ)單詞。能借助詞典將內(nèi)容熟悉的漢語(yǔ)文字材料譯成英語(yǔ)，譯文達(dá)意，無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，譯速為每小時(shí)250字。

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試成績(jī)報(bào)告單樣張

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)的重要性

在應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生求職的硬條件里，英語(yǔ)四級(jí)是相當(dāng)重要的一項(xiàng)，許多企業(yè)將其當(dāng)做招聘的硬性門檻。

1、對(duì)于大多數(shù)的職位，英語(yǔ)已非專業(yè)技能，而是必備的職業(yè)素質(zhì)，自然被企業(yè)普遍地采用為招聘考察項(xiàng)目。

2、對(duì)于慣于批量招聘應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生的企業(yè)，他們招收應(yīng)屆生大多并非為填補(bǔ)現(xiàn)有的職位空缺，而是為了儲(chǔ)備培養(yǎng)未來的職位空缺、新增職位的填補(bǔ)者，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看更是要從中培養(yǎng)出各部門管理者和技術(shù)型骨干，所以招聘要求就會(huì)按一個(gè)比較高的水平統(tǒng)一制訂。

3、就工作本身的要求來看，企業(yè)中有些崗位要求你英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用熟練，有些崗位幾乎從來不會(huì)涉及英語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用，但你進(jìn)入這些企業(yè)后，從事各種崗位都有可能，學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)的有可能會(huì)去做生產(chǎn)管理，學(xué)會(huì)計(jì)的有可能會(huì)去做市場(chǎng)，多種可能的崗位中總有對(duì)英語(yǔ)要求比較高的。出現(xiàn)這些情形有可能是你在實(shí)際的工作中對(duì)與專業(yè)無(wú)關(guān)的工作產(chǎn)生了興趣，有可能是公司發(fā)掘了你從事與你專業(yè)無(wú)關(guān)工作的潛力，而如果公司要培養(yǎng)你成一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的管理者，就更會(huì)要求你積累多崗位的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)了，所以，對(duì)于任何一個(gè)新進(jìn)儲(chǔ)備型人才，英語(yǔ)都是必備素質(zhì)。

4、就招聘過程來看，在目前應(yīng)屆生人才供大于求的社會(huì)環(huán)境里，企業(yè)，尤其是知名企業(yè)招聘應(yīng)屆生，不患寡而患多，去年網(wǎng)易幾所學(xué)校一巡回，收了9000份簡(jiǎn)歷，不說一份份審閱耗時(shí)費(fèi)力，光說這些簡(jiǎn)歷的運(yùn)送都是件頭疼事，所以企業(yè)自然要設(shè)些硬條件來?yè)醯舸笈罩疅o(wú)益丟之不義的簡(jiǎn)歷了。我以前工作的一個(gè)電器公司，需求人數(shù)不多，四級(jí)六級(jí)皆可，為了為招聘減負(fù)，將招聘要求一律定到六級(jí)，結(jié)果大大縮小了招聘范圍，省時(shí)省力很快招到了合適的人員。

5、就英語(yǔ)四級(jí)本身所含意義來看，英語(yǔ)是基本的職業(yè)素質(zhì)與能力已被普遍認(rèn)同，而目前國(guó)家仍有英語(yǔ)四級(jí)與學(xué)位掛鉤的政策，那么英語(yǔ)四級(jí)沒過就會(huì)意味著你沒正常地完成大學(xué)四年的學(xué)業(yè)。工作崗位的人的職責(zé)是認(rèn)真工作，學(xué)生的職責(zé)是好好學(xué)習(xí)，英語(yǔ)四級(jí)沒過，招聘者就會(huì)想這人是個(gè)不替自己職業(yè)前途考慮的人，是個(gè)不負(fù)責(zé)、散漫、懶惰、缺乏進(jìn)取心的人。

綜上所述，英語(yǔ)四級(jí)對(duì)于應(yīng)屆生求職招聘的重要性顯而易見。極少人會(huì)真正地唯證書論，招聘者總在人為的判斷與硬性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃線分級(jí)中尋找平衡點(diǎn)。如果沒有這些硬件條件的規(guī)定，他們的人為判斷就會(huì)因缺少硬性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的參考而出現(xiàn)更大的失真。