第一篇：美國文學(xué)考試

美國文學(xué)考試題型

1、填空題（這部分的重點老師帶我們畫過，由于比較散，不方便整理，請同寢室或隔壁寢室相互告知）-----大家記得人名，作品名稱等一定不要寫錯了

2、名詞解釋（共兩題，每題5分）

這一題大體有三種類型：文本、作者、理論

大題要求（大家按點答題）

文本類：①寫明作者②該文本體現(xiàn)的理論特征③該文本的主要內(nèi)容（2分）④該文本使用的主要文學(xué)技巧

理論類：①該理論出現(xiàn)的時間②該理論的主張（2分）③寫作風(fēng)格④相關(guān)作家以及他的作品 作者類：①寫明哪個時期的作者②該作者的文學(xué)主張③寫作風(fēng)格④主要作品以及作品的主題

下面是本學(xué)期我們學(xué)過的作家、理論以及作品（結(jié)合筆記以及結(jié)合相關(guān)資料整理的，不是老師說的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案哦，大家參考即可）

理論---本學(xué)期三大主要理論

①Puritanism

Puritanism , appeared in the early part of the 17th century, is the practices and beliefs of Puritans.The American puritanism, like their English brothers , are idealists.They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to te grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.It is so much part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets

Its influence on literature

American literature had the characteristics of simplicity, plainness of rhetoric and indication to the Holy Bile

代表作家Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Nathaniel Hawthorne(課本所選的代表作品)②transcendentalism

American transcendentalism is more than an attitude of Transcendentalist.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits.The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.The major features of the American Transcendentalism are:

A.They place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe

B.They stress the importance of individuals

C.They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God

該理論出現(xiàn)的大致時間1836-the civil war

代表作家--Ralph Waldo Emerson

代表作品the American Scholar

③naturalism

American naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolution theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces.It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Time: the mid-19th century---the first half of the 20th century

Naturalism in literature:the product of despair.It had no attempt to make moral judgment.It offered detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society.代表任人物及作品

Stephen Cranethe Open Boat

作者（三個比較重要的）

① Nathaniel Hawthorne

浪漫主義時期（特別記?。┳骷?/p>

He is a master of symbolism

He has an unceasing interest in the “interior of the heart” of man’s being

His understanding of “evil being at the core of human life” is deeply reflected in his works Young Goodman Brown是他的代表作，該作品體現(xiàn)的主題

PURITANISM

A.man’s depravity

B.The original sin: a journey from innocence to evil

C.Predestination

D.A struggle between to forces

②Ralph Waldo Emerson

浪漫主義時期作家

He is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism which he regarded as an intuitive cognizance of moral and other truths that transcend the limits of human sense experience 代表作：The American Scholar

主題：Transcendentalism

大致內(nèi)容：we American should stop imitating other counties in literature and we ought to create a way of our own.③Stephen Crane

19世紀(jì)后半期---20世紀(jì)初，自然主義時期作家。

His works were characteristic of pessimism and determinism which he emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表作the Open Boat

體現(xiàn)的主題（十分重要，一定要記?。?/p>

A.Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces

B.Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe

作品（作品的大致內(nèi)容，便于大家熟悉文本，答題時還需要大家自己按照上面寫的答題要求總結(jié)哈）

①Young goodman brown

The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that all of humanity exists in a state of depravity,except those who are born in a state of grace.Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature.In a symbolic fashion, the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self-scrutiny, which results in his loss of virtue and faith.“Young Goodman Brown” is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity.In order to convey the setting, he used literary techniques such as specific diction, or colloquial expressions.② the American Scholar

The American Scholar was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson.Emerson uses Transcendentalist and Romantic views to get his points across by explaining a true American scholar's relationship to nature.There are a few key points he makes that flesh out this vision:

We are all fragments, “as the hand is divided into fingers”, of a greater creature, which is mankind itself, “a doctrine ever new and sublime.” An individual may live in either of two states.In one, the busy, “divided” or “degenerate” state, he does not “possess himself” but identifies with his occupation or a monotonous action;in the other, “right” state, he is elevated to “Man”, at one with all mankind.To achieve this higher state of mind, the modern American scholar must reject old ideas and think for him or herself, to become “Man Thinking” rather than “a mere thinker, or still worse, the parrot of other man's thinking”, “the victim of society”, “the sluggard intellect of this continent”.“The American Scholar” has an obligation, as “Man Thinking”, within this “One Man” concept, to see the world clearly, not severely influenced by traditional/historical views, and to broaden his understanding of the world from fresh eyes, to “defer never to the popular cry.”

The scholar's education consists of three influences: I.Nature as the most important influence on the mind II.The Past manifest in books III.Action and its relation to experience The last, unnumbered part of the text is devoted to Emerson's view on the “Duties” of the American Scholar who has become the “Man Thinking.”

③ the Open Boat

It was a dramatic short story based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship sank after hitting a sandbar.He and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat;one of the men, an oiler named Billie Higgins, drowned after the boat overturned.小說中的四大人物

the correspondent------a condescending observer detached from the rest of the group

the captain------who is injured and morose at having lost his ship, yet capable of leadershipthe cook-----fat and comical, but optimistic that they will be rescued

the oiler-----Billie, who is physically the strongest, and the only one in the story referred to by name

體現(xiàn)的主題

A.The relationship between Man and Nature

①Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces

②Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe

B.The relationship among Men---isolation

①isolation among men in different situations

②isolation among men in the same boat

③man’s different reactions against others’ miseries when he was in different conditions3、問答題(每題20分，共兩題)

課本后面的問題（除了pg3 第一題、pg17第一題、pg30一二兩題、pg64第一二五六題不需要看，其余都要思考思考）

老師給了pg64 第三四兩題的答案，如下：

第三題：.the four men were in the same boat;they built a firm comradeship for the sake of safety;there lay feelings of warms in the boat ,but they are reluctant to express;there was isolation among modern men even in danger;the captain seemed to know his responsibility to guide the boat out of the disaster, but when he was really in need, he was asleep;when a shock appeared, the other three were asleep;the correspondent hesitated at awakening them, he had to face the danger by himself;at the time,when men was in plight, friendship was no meaning, isolation existed among men even they were in danger.第四題：the soldiers died in indifferent and apathetic circumstances;the correspondent had not express his care about the misery of the soldier,not to say the sympathy until he was personally in harsh condition.only in the common plight did the correspondent express his sympathy for the soldier.only the common miseries could arouse man's sympathy for others.the correspondent's remembrance of the verse displaced the isolation among human beings and man's apathy to others miseries, as well as man'shelplessness in plight and insignificance in harsh reality4、大題----文本分析（30分，一題）

所選材料是老師上課帶我們細(xì)讀過的Unit2三首詩歌以及young goodman brown

Unit3重點考查有哪些價值觀（ps.這一章我沒有上，所以不是很清楚）

Unit4the American scholarpara1--para20

Unit5細(xì)讀pg52 part III 第一段，pg56---pg57，pg59 part VI 上面的段落, pg60 para1---5段的內(nèi)容，尤其是中間的verse

第二篇：美國文學(xué)八級考試資料（模版）

美國文學(xué)

1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富蘭克林1706-1790

A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack窮查理歷書；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自傳

2、Thomas Paine托馬斯·潘恩1737-1809

The Case of the Officers of Excise稅務(wù)員問題；Common Sense常識；American Crisis美國危機(jī)；Rights of Man人的權(quán)利：Downfall of Despotism專制體制的崩潰；The Age of Reason理性時代

3、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗倫諾1752-1832

The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英國囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans紀(jì)念美國勇士-----同類詩中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殯葬地

4、Washington Irving華盛頓·歐文1783-1859

A History of New York紐約的歷史-----美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；The Sketch Book見聞札記The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的傳說-----使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽(yù)的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田莊；Talks of Travellers旅客談；The Alhambra阿爾罕伯拉

5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·費尼莫爾·庫珀1789-1851

The Spy間諜;The Pilot領(lǐng)航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer殺鹿者

6、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯倫·布萊恩特1794-1878

The Poems1821/1932詩選:To a Waterfowl致水鳥-----英語中最完美的短詩;Thanatopsis死亡隨想---受墓園派影響;The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林賦;The Flood of Years似水流年

7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·愛倫·坡1809-1849（以詩為詩；永為世人共賞的偉大抒情詩人-----葉芝）

Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪誕奇異故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia萊琪兒;Annabel Lee安娜貝爾·李-----歌特風(fēng)格；首開近代偵探小說先河，又是法國象征主義運(yùn)動的源頭

Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木兒和其他詩;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾爾·阿拉夫，帖木兒和其他詩;The Raven and Other Poems烏鴉及其他詩:The Raven烏鴉;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲爾;To Hellen致海倫

8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生1803-1882

Essays散文集:Nature論自然-----新英格蘭超驗主義者的宣言書;The American Scholar論美國學(xué)者;Divinity;The Oversoul論超靈;Self-reliance論自立;The Transcendentalist超驗主義者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英國人的特征;School Address神學(xué)院演說

Concord Hymn康考德頌;The Rhodo杜鵑花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首開自由詩之先河

9．Nathaniel Hawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑1804-1864

Twice-told Tales盡人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年輕的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter紅字;The House of the Seven Gables有七個尖角閣的房子--------心理若們羅曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷傳奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像

10、Henry David Threau亨利·大衛(wèi)·梭羅1817-1862

Wadden,or Life in the Woods華騰湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers11、Walt Whitman沃爾特·惠特曼1819-1892

Leaves of Grass草葉集:Song of the Broad-Axe闊斧之歌;I hear America Singing我聽見美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花開時;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪漢和罷工問題;Song of Myself自我之歌

12、Herman Melville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾1819-1891

Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鯨；Typee泰比;Omoo奧穆;Mardi瑪?shù)?Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮爾埃;Piazza廣場故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德

13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃茲沃思·朗費羅1807-1882

The Song of Hiawatha海華沙之歌----美國人寫的第一部印第安人史詩;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民謠及其他詩;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布魯茨的鐘樓及其他詩;Tales of a Wayside Inn路邊客棧的故事---詩集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生禮物/Paul Revere’s Ride保羅·里維爾的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish邁爾斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----敘事長詩；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴組詩

14、John Greenleaf Whittier約翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892

Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question廢奴問題;Voice of Freedom自由之聲;In War Time and Other Poems內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封門;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海灘的帳篷

Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田園詩

15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈麗特·比徹·斯托1811-1896

Uncle Tom’s Cabin湯姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德陰暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧師的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奧爾島的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人們

16、Frederick Douglass弗萊德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗萊德里克·道格拉斯，一個美國黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷鎖與我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗萊德里克·道格拉斯的生平與時代

17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886

The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森詩集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄學(xué)的18、Mark Twain馬克·吐溫（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美國文學(xué)的一大里程碑

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉維拉縣有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出國記;The Gilded Age鍍金時代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer湯姆·索耶歷險記;The Prince and the Pauper王子與貧兒;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克貝利·費恩歷險記;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亞瑟王宮中的美國佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威爾遜;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·達(dá)克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg敗壞哈德萊堡的人

How to Tell a Story怎樣講故事---對美國早期幽默文學(xué)的總結(jié)

19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-190

2The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮營的幸運(yùn)兒------鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué)作家

20、William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威爾斯1837-1920

The Rise of Silas Lapham賽拉斯·拉帕姆的發(fā)跡;A Modern Instance現(xiàn)代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes時來運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);A Traveller from Altruia從利他國來的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透過針眼----烏托邦小說;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小說創(chuàng)作與小說閱讀

21、Henry Adams享利·亞當(dāng)斯1838-1918

History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison(歷史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亞當(dāng)斯的教育

22、William James威廉·詹姆斯1842-1910(首提“意識流”理論)

Principles of Psychology心理學(xué)原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking實用主義：某些舊思想方法的新名稱；The Meaning of Truth真理的意義

23、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916

小說：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米樂；The Portrait of a Lady貴婦人畫像；The Bostonians波士頓人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真貨色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鴿翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗

評論集：French Poets and Novelists法國詩人和小說家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的畫像;Notes and Reviews札記與評論;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小說藝術(shù)

24、Ambrose Bierce安布羅斯·畢爾斯1842-1914?

小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的樂趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亞淘出的金塊和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull來自空腦殼的蜘蛛網(wǎng)

短篇小說集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians軍民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中間;Can Such Things Be?這種事情可能嗎？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼詞典(The Applicant申請者)

25、Edward Bellamy愛德華·貝拉米1850-1898

Looking Backward:2000-1887回顧：從2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起義的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他

26、Edwin Charles Markham馬卡姆1852-1940

The Man With the Hoe荷鋤人

27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查爾斯·契斯納特1858-1932

The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年時代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警長的兒女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脈相承

28、Hamlin Garland漢姆林·加蘭1860-1940

Crumbling Idol崩潰的偶像（真實主義veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵歸來);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷蘭人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部邊地農(nóng)家子

29、O·Henry歐·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910

The Man Higher Up黃雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下

30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·華頓1862-1937

The House of Mirth歡樂之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班納姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真時代;The Customs of the Country鄉(xiāng)村習(xí)俗;A Backward Glance回首往事

32、George Santayana桑塔亞那1863-1952

Scepticism and Animal Faith懷疑主義與動物性信仰;The Realms Being存在諸領(lǐng)域（本質(zhì)/物質(zhì)/真理/精神領(lǐng)域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲學(xué)詩人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十書懷);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒

33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963

Souls of Black Folk黑人的靈魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隸貿(mào)易進(jìn)入美國;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）

34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·馬斯特斯1868-1950

A Book of Verse詩集;Maximilian馬克西米連（詩集）;

Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河詩集(Lucinda Matlock魯欣達(dá)·馬物羅克)

35、Edwin Arlington Robinson魯賓遜1869-1935

Captain Craig克雷格上尉---詩體小說；The Town Down the River河上的城鎮(zhèn);The Man Against the Sky襯托著天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃馮的收成;Collected Poems詩集

36、Frank Norris弗蘭克·諾里斯1870-1902

Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人號上的莫蘭（romantic）;Mc-Teague麥克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麥詩史(The Octopus章魚,The Pit小麥交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麥交易所及其他新老西部故事

37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克萊恩1871-1900

Magic:A Girl of the Streets街頭女郎梅姬（美國文學(xué)史上首次站在同情立場上描寫受辱婦女的悲慘命運(yùn)）；The Red Badge of Courage紅色英勇勛章；The Open Boat小劃子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘來到黃天鎮(zhèn)

38、Theodore Dreiser西奧多·德萊塞1871-1945

Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美國的悲劇（被稱為美國最偉大的小說）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗

39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保爾·勞倫斯·鄧巴1872-1906

We Wear the Mask我們帶著面具

他是美國第一個有成就的黑人詩人，被稱為“黑種人的桂冠詩人”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)

40、Jack London杰克·倫敦1876-1916

The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼喚;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深淵中的人們;The Iron Heel鐵蹄;Marti Eden馬丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎樣成為社會黨人;The War of the Classes階級之間的戰(zhàn)爭;What Life Means to Me生命對我意味著什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life熱愛生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下

41、Upton Sinclair厄普頓·辛克萊爾1878-1968

Spring and Harvest春天與收獲;The Jungle屠場（揭發(fā)黑幕運(yùn)動的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士頓;Dragon’s Teeth龍齒

42、Irving Babbitt歐文·白壁德1865-1933

（新人文主義主要代表）

Literature and the American College文學(xué)與美國學(xué)院（）要求恢復(fù)古典文學(xué)教學(xué);The New Laokoon新拉奧孔;Rousseau and Romanticism盧梭與浪漫主義;Democracy and Leadership民主與領(lǐng)導(dǎo);On being Creative論創(chuàng)造性

第三篇：美國文學(xué)名詞解釋

1.AmericanTranscendentalism:①transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “ the recognition in man of the capability of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.②transcendentalists stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of Native American Puritanism and European romanticism.③some prominent representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.2.Free verse

free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conversational rules of meter.Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman?s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.3.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature.Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature.It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（預(yù)言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔誠,盡職），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.4.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying life.It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（資本主義）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知識界精華）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.Bill of Rights.5.Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America.In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and

the use of colloquial language.Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry..The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism.Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.6.American romanticism

①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.It started with the publication of Washington Irving?s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman?s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period.Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American.Works concentrate on unique

characteristics of the American land.④New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.

第四篇：美國文學(xué)名詞解釋

1.Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.3.Realism: Realism emphasizes on a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Romanticism: romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Transcendentalism:They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and stressed the importance of the individual.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.6.Imagism意象主義: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.7.Local Colorism: fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features – including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape – of a particular region.8.Lost Generation: It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.9.Beat Generation: It was a group of American post-World War IIwho came to prominence in the 1950s.They rejected conventional social and moral values;expressed their alienation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road.10.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.11.Modernism：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly, Modernism began in the late 19th century and regarded the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.12.A Jazz age(爵士時代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.

第五篇：美國文學(xué)講義

1896年———1900年間斷斷續(xù)續(xù)在練習(xí)本上寫下了自傳體長篇小說《讓·桑得伊》的草稿。1903～1905年普魯斯特父母先后去世，他閉門寫作，除寫了闡述美學(xué)觀點的論文《駁圣·勃夫》，并開始了文學(xué)巨著《追憶似水年華》的創(chuàng)作。1912年，他將小說前三部交給出版商，受到冷遇，1913年他自費出版了第1部《斯萬之家》，反應(yīng)冷淡。1919年，小說第2部《在花枝招展的少女們身旁》由卡里瑪出版社出版，并獲龔古爾文學(xué)獎，作者因而成名。普魯斯特作為意識流小說流派的開山鼻祖而在世界文學(xué)史上留名。

故事情節(jié)： 敘述者回憶起童年時在貢布雷的生活。有一年夏天晚上，鄰居斯萬先生，來看望敘述者的父母，敘述者心里非常難受。有一年冬天，他把瑪?shù)氯R娜小蛋糕浸泡在茶水中吃，這味道使他想起他童年時。在貢布雷家，有兩條步行小道，一條通往斯萬家，稱為斯萬家之路，另一條通往蓋爾芒特府邸，稱為蓋爾芒特家之路。斯萬先生在劇院里逐漸愛上高級妓女奧特·德·克雷西。維爾迪蘭夫人覺得斯萬令人厭煩，便不再邀請他。

又進(jìn)入回憶狀態(tài)。他在貢布雷見萬見希爾特·斯萬。舊日同學(xué)布洛克帶他去嫖妓。媽媽桑向他介紹一位名叫拉謝爾的妓女。兩年后，外婆帶著他去海濱城市男主人巴爾貝克，外婆向他介紹了維爾巴里西斯侯爵夫人，和羅爾·德·圣盧。成為好朋友。馬塞爾經(jīng)由畫家艾爾斯蒂爾認(rèn)識了阿爾貝蒂娜·西蒙納，馬塞爾漸漸愛上了她。

回到巴黎后，父母親蓋了新房子。這時發(fā)生了全法國沸騰的“德雷福斯事件”。男主人翁想去探望。由于圣盧的牽線，馬塞爾受到優(yōu)厚的款待。一日外婆的尿毒癥突然發(fā)作去世。馬塞爾的母親知道他暗戀蓋爾芒特公爵夫人。男主人翁參加維爾巴里西斯夫人的晚會，見到蓋爾芒特公爵夫人，還結(jié)識了夏爾呂斯男爵。

馬塞爾第二次來到巴爾貝克海濱，偶然遇到阿爾貝蒂娜，又恢復(fù)了親密交往，最后馬塞爾還是決定娶她為妻。

馬塞爾與阿爾貝蒂娜在巴黎同居，阿爾貝蒂娜跟安德萊的女子很要好，馬塞爾懷疑她們有同性戀關(guān)系，后來此事得到證實。于是他想離開她，卻無法痛下決心。阿爾貝蒂娜離家出走，給他留下一封信，說他們不能再這樣生活下去，還是趁早分手。

阿爾貝蒂娜騎馬摔在樹上撞死了。這使他想去尋找別的女人。馬塞爾到威尼斯旅行，仍然時常想起阿爾貝蒂娜，他收到吉爾貝特的信，說她已跟圣—盧結(jié)婚，后來圣—盧竟愛上了男提琴手莫萊爾。

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，圣—盧戰(zhàn)死，男主人翁一直待在療養(yǎng)院。見到親德份子夏呂斯，是一名同性戀，男伴男爵是性虐待狂，經(jīng)常鞭打他。大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，男主人翁來到蓋爾蘭特王府門前，又回想起威尼斯，交際場中更是景物已非，有人淪為乞丐，有人早己死去。他決定用文字將這些回憶記錄起來，找回了失去的時間。