第一篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)讀書報(bào)告

I've read several books this semester, all of them are interesting and amusing.One of them is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, it made me laugh while I was reading and left me a very deep impression.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is authored by Mark Twain who is one of the greatest writers in American and is lauded as the “greatest American humorist of his age”.William Faulkner call him “the father of American literature”.Mark Twain wrote many long novel and short stories.His writings are famous for being humorous，resourceful and witty which possess a strong local American flavor and are liked and much appreciated by many people of not only America but also the world over.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a classical work of Mark Twain, it tells the story of a teenage Huckleberry Finn, who is a misfit and escapes from the civilization society.During his flee, he comes across Jim, an escaping slave, and the two decide to go away together.In the course of their perilous journey, Huck and Jim meet adventure, danger, and a cost of characters who are sometimes menacing and often hilarious.And in the winding and adventurous, Huck and Jim build up a permanent

friendship that breaks down the barrier between the White and the Black.This book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River.The usage of first person makes the readers feel truly about the story and makes the distance between the writer and the

reader shortened.The famous novelist Hemingway summed up the great

importance of this novel “All American literature comes from one book

by Mark Twain called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn[...]the best

book we've had.All American writing comes from that.There was

nothing before.There has been nothing as good since”.The Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn is very popular both among children and adults.And it

is not only widely admired in America but also enjoys a huge success all

over the world.The protagonist of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a boy

named Huckleberry Finn.Huck is a teenage with many good qualities.He is a very naughty boy and he dose not like things which is customary

and fixed.He wears old rags and sleeps in sugar-hogshead.Huck does not

like school, when he has to go to school, he feel dull and boring.He likes

to go out with Tom at midnight.When Huck lives with the widow, he

often goes out thought the window.And he also fools Jim with Tom.Huck is very brave and intelligent.When he faces dangers, he does not

escape but confronts them and tries his best to settle them.Huck also

likes to be free.For Huck, society imposes restriction, and civilization is

artificial and colorless.In contrast, the life on the river represents freedom

and the opportunity to observe natural beauty.So when Huck was locked

by his father, he ran away, not only from his father but also from the

widow.Huck is an outcast without education.He comes from the very

lowest level of society.His father is the poor town drunkard who would

willingly commit any crime just for the pure pleasure of it.Huck is a motherless and homeless outcast, sleeping in barrels, eating scraps and leavings and dressed in rags.He dislikes civilized ways because they are personally restrictive and hard.He lives with Widow Douglas who wants to civilize him, but he likes to be free.Thought the widow treats him friendly, he finds it is difficult for him to endure the life style of the widow.When he can not endure any more, he runs away.Huck is a kind boy, thought he sometimes plays jokes on others, he does not mean harm.When he told Jim a lie and fooled him by saying they did not get apart but just Jim dreamed it.He felt sorry and ashamed when he noticed Jim's care and worry.Huck is only a boy, after all, and therefore fallible.Imperfect as he is, Huck represents what anyone is capable of becoming: a thinking, feeling human being rather than a mere cog in the machine of society.Apparently, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn describes a winding and adventurous journey.But in fact, the volume of novel does not only belong to teenagers' story.Huck asserts the values of individualized experience against the threatening incubus of civilization.It is this which makes it so much more than a “kind of companion to Tom Sawyer”, which makes it, in fact, one of the great modern novels.This novel contributes to reflecting the desire of the public to abrogate the bondage of slavery and seek independence and liberty.

第二篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)讀書報(bào)告

091112班 黃茜茜 美國(guó)文學(xué)選讀

Book Report

——My View of Walden

Since I have finished reading The Unbearable Lightness of Being last year, I suppose it is the best.But when I get Walden, my heart is caught again.To be honest, when I first hear about Walden, I have no idea what it is concerned about.After my teacher introduces a bit about it, then I know it is a quiet book.Because of that favor, I have much interest in it and read it immediately.I have to say, I think it talks nonsense in the Economy chapter, and I become confused when I finish it at the first time.I just learn some thing about Thoreau’s more than two years of life and thought at Walden Pond, it is like a journal.For further studying, I read more literature from library and search for more evaluating from the Internet.It is generally believed in literary circles that Walden is such a book, a book is called “overcome all worldly thoughts and enter sainthood“ by Eliot, a book together with Bible and the little prince was named one of the ”twenty-five books for shaping the readers " by America National Library, a book that poets will never abandon.It is very important to know background of a book when you read it.Otherwise，you may not know why the author write it or what the author want to tell readers.In Walden, they are mentioned in chapter two.Just like me, I am not able to understand Walden well at the beginning and think it is nonsense.It is not the simple description of nature and life of Thoreau, it also reveals that the author comes back to the nature and makes an experiment of life to find the true meaning of life.It seems that if one can meet the required for basic life to the world, one can more easily and more calm to enjoy life.There are many researches on Walden, the themes contain ecological significance, aesthetic value, relationship between Walden and China, and so on.But, my heart just follow the words.I read it twice.When I think of seclusion, I think of Tao Yuanming.When I think of prose, I think of Zhu Ziqing and his Moonlight over the Lotus Pond.It is said that the writing style of Wei An ultimately from poetry to prose because of Walden.I am indulged in Thoreau’s thought and the words of Walden.The book is fresh,healthy and inspiring.I love it.I like the second chapter of it most.In this chapter, the author explains why he choses to live alone in a small, simple cabin at Walden Pond, and why he writes this book.He thinks many of his contemporaries do not understand the real meaning of life.He describes the beauty of nature, some ideas of transcendentalism and his philosophy of life--”simplicity, simplicity, simplicity”.I love these sentences

especially, “Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in.I drink at it;but while I drink I see the sandy bottom and detect how shallow it is.Its thin current slides away, but eternity remains.” There is a metaphor, stream is used to be compared to time.Although we can not like Thoreau to appreciate the lonely forest life now, Walden has never disappeared.Nothing can prevent us to have a clear Walden in our hearts.It

always can let the hearts be elutriated, according to Thoreau, to your inner exploration.The book is eternal.I love Walden, such a quiet book.

第三篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)讀書報(bào)告

外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院《美國(guó)文學(xué)》課程

讀書報(bào)告 beloved 《寵兒》

ⅰ、the thought of from my perspective ∏、basic information name of the book: publishing house: random house books for young readers publishing time : 1987 isbn: 978-037541156 reading date: winter vacation, 2012 ⅲ、introduction to the author toni morrison(born chloe ardelia[1] wofford on february 18, 1931), is a nobel prize-winning american author, editor, and professor.her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters;among the best known are her novels< the bluest eye>< song of solomon> ,which won the pulitzer prize for fiction in 1988.in 2002, scholar molefi kete asante listed toni morrison on his list of 100 greatest african americans.ⅳ、summary of the novel this story set in 1873 just after the american civil war(1861–1865), it is based on the story of the african-american slave, margaret garner, who escaped slavery in 1856 in kentucky by fleeing to ohio, a free state.a posse arrived to retrieve her and her children under the fugitive slave act of 1850, which gave slave owners the right to pursue slaves across state borders.margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured.beloveds main character, sethe, kills her daughter and tries to kill her other three children when a posse arrives in ohio to return them to sweet home, the plantation in kentucky from which sethe had recently fled.the daughter, beloved, returns years later to haunt the house in which she was killed, sethes home at 124 bluestone road, cincinnati.the story opens with an introduction to the ghost: 124 was spiteful.full of a babys venom.ⅴ、 details in a traditional narrative, morrison strengthens the impact of the novel and its brutal revelations.symbols of water, rain, snow, and ice connect the disparate scenes, and the use of shadows and the ghostly character of beloved keep the reader on tenterhooks until the action is eventually resolved.a powerful, atmospheric, and shocking novel, beloved is also a searing indictment of slavery and the damage it has done to the fabric of life, damage that cannot be repaired until it is fully recognized through novels such as this.n mary whipple.the writing is craftful and the imagery masterful.the depiction of slavery and its malevolent effects on everyone is poignant and convincing without ever being maudlin or preachy.what could have been a sad tearjerker is much too real, too convincing, calloused over with the hardness that the characters are forced to develop when everything they love, from their spouses to their children are beaten, raped, taken away, or killed at the whim of the whiteman.but while i can appreciate the story, the structure, and the way it was written, i found it extremely tedious to read.it hangs on the thinnest of narrative thread, and whenever a plot threatens to develop, the scene ends and we find out what happened later as an aside.most of the 275 pages are dense interior monologues, frequently repetitious, that sometimes degenerates into what seemed like random text.the characters are drawn with detail, each distinctive and real.i feel i could recognize them on the street if one walked past.but they are as closed to us as they are to themselves.while they evoke my sympathy, they never gain my empathy.we study them, we hear them, we even feel them, but we never are them.外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院《美國(guó)文學(xué)》課程

讀書報(bào)告 the relation between human nature of moby dick 論《白鯨》小說(shuō)人與自然的關(guān)系

學(xué)生姓名： 李 丹

班 級(jí)：09級(jí)英語(yǔ)本科4班

學(xué) 號(hào)：09280421 完成日期：2012年4月28日 and the relation between human and nature of moby dick i、basic information name of the book: moby dick publishing house: bantam classics publishing time: 1981-02-01 isbn: 0553213113 reading date: winter vacation, 2012 ii、introduction to the author melvilles roving disposition and a desire to support himself independently of family assistance led him to seek work as a surveyor on the erie canal.this effort failed, and his brother helped him get a job as a boy(a green hand)on a new york ship bound for liverpool.he made the voyage, and returned on the same ship.redburn: his first voyage(1849)is partly based on his experiences of this journey.iii、summary of the novel in this book, moby dick is the whale’s name, several conflicts appeared in the story, the main conflict is the one between the captain and the whale called moby dick.the captain made his mind to kill the whale in order to take his revenge, but at last, the big whale was the final winner, he killed all the people almost.besides, another conflict is that exist between the captain and his sailors, they couldn’t work together harmoniously, the captain always got his sailors into embarrassing situation by taking advantage of his authority, which lead sailors to set their duties aside in order to give out their anger, so, they failed to kill moby dick at last.moby-dick has been classified as american romanticism.it was first published by richard bentley in london on october 18, 1851, in an expurgated three-volume edition titled the whale, and weeks later as a single volume, by new york city publisher harper and brothers as moby-dick;or, the whale on november 14, 1851.the book initially received mixed reviews, but moby-dick is now considered part of the western canon,and at the center of the canon of american novels.iv、the relation between human and nature（symbolism）moby dick is a giant albino sperm whale and the main antagonist of the novel.he bit off ahabs leg, leaving ahab to swear revenge.the cetacean also attacked the rachel and killed the captains son.at the end of the story he kills the entire crew of the pequod, with the exception of ishmael.the story does not tell whether or not he survives his own wounds after that.although he is an integral part of the novel, moby dick appears in just three of the 135 chapters and the reader does not have access to his thoughts and motivations.moby dick is considered to be a symbol of a number of things, among them god, nature, fate, the ocean, and the very universe itself.the symbolism of the white whale is deliberately enigmatic, and its inscrutability is a deliberate challenge to the reader.ishmael describes the whale’s forehead as having wrinkles and scars on it that look like hieroglyphics, and recounts: if then, sir william jones, who read in thirty languages, could not read the simplest peasant’s face in its profounder and more subtle meanings, how may unlettered ishmael hope to read the awful chaldee of the sperm whale’s brow? i put that brow before you.read it if you can.—moby-dick, ch.79 all the reader can know is that the white whale symbolizes many things to various characters in the novel.it is their personal interpretations of moby-dick, in addition to their individual ruminations on the gold doubloon ahab has nailed to the mast to motivate his crew, that serve as a further clue to their own inner makeup.篇三：美國(guó)文學(xué)讀書報(bào)告 091112班 黃茜茜 美國(guó)文學(xué)選讀 book report ——my view of walden since i have finished reading the unbearable lightness of being last year, i suppose it is the best.but when i get walden, my heart is caught again.to be honest, when i first hear about walden, i have no idea what it is concerned about.after my teacher introduces a bit about it, then i know it is a quiet book.there are many researches on walden, the themes contain ecological significance, aesthetic value, relationship between walden and china, and so on.but, my heart just follow the words.i read it twice.when i think of seclusion, i think of tao yuanming.when i think of prose, i think of zhu ziqing and his moonlight over the lotus pond.it is said that the writing style of wei an ultimately from poetry to prose because of walden.i am indulged in thoreau’s thought and the words of walden.the book is fresh, healthy and inspiring.i love it.i like the second chapter of it most.in this chapter, the author explains why he choses to live alone in a small, simple cabin at walden pond, and why he writes this book.he thinks many of his contemporaries do not understand the real meaning of life.he describes the beauty of nature, some ideas of transcendentalism and his philosophy of life--”simplicity, simplicity, simplicity”.i love these sentences although we can not like thoreau to appreciate the lonely forest life now, walden has never disappeared.nothing can prevent us to have a clear walden in our hearts.it always can let the hearts be elutriated, according to thoreau, to your inner exploration.the book is eternal.i love walden, such a quiet book.篇四：英美文學(xué) 讀書報(bào)告格式

讀書報(bào)告格式

on wordsworth and emerson’s conception of nature（題目字居中，加粗times new roman小三）空一行 yu lianjun, class 2, 2008, foreign languages school（居中，加粗times new roman小四號(hào)）空一行 i.introduction in the introduction part, information about the book, the author, and his times should be covered.a brief account of the author’s life should be given together with a description of his times.the latter should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book.tell the reader the main thesis or argument of the book ii.the story or a summary of the book in this part, the writer expresses his or her own views on the book, names its merits and demerits, and discusses its relevance to the present time.the discussion should of course center on the content of the book, the author’s style and techniques of writing, if interesting, can also be touched upon.書寫格式及裝訂要求 1.論文必須用計(jì)算機(jī)排版，用a4紙打印，裝訂好（頁(yè)面設(shè)置為：左2.8，右2.5，上2.5，下2.5，行距1.5，單面打?。?.頁(yè)碼從正文第一頁(yè)開始按阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字連續(xù)編排，位于頁(yè)面底端居中。附件2.推薦課外閱讀書目： 1）一年級(jí)學(xué)生閱讀書目：皆為英文簡(jiǎn)寫本。只要求理解，并能復(fù)述故事內(nèi)容。一般為每本閱讀時(shí)間為15天左右，依據(jù)書的厚薄難易而定?！豆素惱べM(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》、《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》、《愛(ài)麗絲漫游奇境記》、《蘇格蘭瑪麗女王》、《魯賓孫漂流記》、《雙城記》、《費(fèi)蘭肯斯坦》、《愛(ài)情與金

錢》、《野性的乎喚》、《格列佛游記》、《大衛(wèi)·利波菲爾》、《小婦人》、《遠(yuǎn)大前程》、《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》、《巴斯克維爾獵犬》、《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》、《呼嘯山莊》、《苔絲》、《秘密花園》、《愛(ài)麗絲鏡中世界奇遇記》、《風(fēng)語(yǔ)河岸柳》、《圣誕歡歌》、《曾達(dá)的囚徒》、《誘拐》、《金銀島》、《黑駿馬》、《象人》、《歌劇院的幽靈》、《星際動(dòng)物園》、《化學(xué)秘密》、《在月亮下面》、《格林·蓋布爾斯來(lái)的安妮》、《潘德爾的巫師》、《猴爪》、《世界上最冷的地方》、《一個(gè)國(guó)王的愛(ài)情故事》、《亡靈島》、《多里安·格雷的畫像》、《勃朗特一家的故事》、《神秘幻想故事集》、《牙齒和爪子》、《亞瑟王傳奇》 2）二年級(jí)學(xué)生可適當(dāng)讀原著，一般每本閱讀時(shí)間為30天左右，依書的厚薄難易而定。要求達(dá)到理解并在理解的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)書中某些方面進(jìn)行欣賞、分析。

第四篇：法國(guó)文學(xué)讀書報(bào)告

中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)江城學(xué)院

法國(guó)文學(xué) 課程（論文）

讀《Le chateau de ma mère》有感

姓 名： 張艷霞

專 業(yè)： 英語(yǔ)（英法雙語(yǔ)方向）

班 級(jí)： 41401101

學(xué) 號(hào)： 4140110103

評(píng)閱教師： 呂敏

摘要

《母親的城堡》是法國(guó)小說(shuō)家和劇作家馬塞爾·帕尼奧爾的童年回憶錄中的一部代表作品，講述了身為裁縫的母親所給予三個(gè)孩子無(wú)私的關(guān)懷與真摯的愛(ài)，雖然她傲人的財(cái)富，也沒(méi)有厚實(shí)的肩膀，但是她卻用清貧維持著整個(gè)家庭，用她纖細(xì)的胳膊托著孩子們一步步健康成長(zhǎng)。她的溫柔與堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，蒼白與柔弱帶給孩子們無(wú)盡的童年歡樂(lè)和鄉(xiāng)村回憶，也讓作者感動(dòng)懷念一生。

關(guān)鍵詞： 愛(ài)

童年

鄉(xiāng)村生活

回憶

Résumé

Le chateau de ma mère était mémoires d'enfance de Marcel Pagnol qui étai le romancier et le dramaturge fran?ais ,racontent la mère qu’ était une couturière donnait l'entraide désintéressée et sincère amour à ses trois enfants.Même si elle est fière de la richesse, ni les épaules épaisses, mais elle maintenais toute la famille avec les pauvres, avec ses bras minces grace à la croissance saine des enfants étape par étape.Sa doux et fort, pale et faible,elle a apporté aux enfants de joie de l'enfance et des souvenirs rurales,touchent et eu la nostalgie de tout la vie d’auteur.Mots-clés：l’amour l’enfance la vie rural souvenir

引言

《母親的城堡》又名《再度艷陽(yáng)天》,本書由法國(guó)小說(shuō)家、劇作家——馬塞爾·帕尼奧爾（Marcel Pagnol，1895—1974）于1960年發(fā)表，是《父親的榮耀》即《初度艷陽(yáng)天》的姊妹篇。這部作品是帕尼奧爾六十歲后發(fā)表的總題為“童年回憶錄”自傳體小說(shuō)“童年四部曲”之一，他以幽默逗趣的筆調(diào)敘述小馬塞爾的童年生活和少年時(shí)光，為他贏得文學(xué)上的巨大聲譽(yù)，出版后好評(píng)如潮，成為法國(guó)教育部指定的學(xué)生必讀書。作品從小馬塞爾的出生一直寫到中學(xué)畢業(yè)，分別是《父親的榮耀》《母親的城堡》《秘密時(shí)光》《愛(ài)戀時(shí)光》，他細(xì)數(shù)生活中點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴的幸福，這些小幸福豐滿、飽漲了他的記憶，而面對(duì)那些失去的、悔憾的、悲傷的，他微笑著聳聳肩，像所有法國(guó)人一樣感嘆“這就是生活！”。帕尼奧爾在電影方面受到電影大蛹羅塞里尼等人的推崇。他擅長(zhǎng)描寫法國(guó)南方的風(fēng)土人情，尤其是普羅旺斯的詩(shī)情畫意和對(duì)家庭的眷念之情。帕尼奧爾筆下的人物都給人好感，他成功的表達(dá)了家庭的意義、追求完美的敬業(yè)態(tài)度和純樸的生活樂(lè)趣。他曾說(shuō)“在這些回憶錄里，我只想講自己的故事，非褒亦非貶，其實(shí)我談的不是現(xiàn)在的自己，而是早已不再的童年的我，這個(gè)我熟悉的孩子淹沒(méi)在時(shí)間的洪流里，就像飛走的鳥兒，沒(méi)留下任何的痕跡，再者，這個(gè)孩子并非本書的主角，而是書中故事的見(jiàn)證人。”在序言中，馬瑟·巴紐這樣寫道：隔了時(shí)間的重重紗幕回望童年，有些人和事漸漸模糊，而有些東西卻被歲月打磨得愈發(fā)明凈、清晰，還有些記憶則被重新拆借、組合變成了另一副模樣??從書中，我能深切地感受到一個(gè)老人對(duì)逝去歲月的那種淡淡的緬懷和哀愁，當(dāng)然這淚水里仍交織著歡笑和甜蜜。因?yàn)橛芯拺?，我們學(xué)著成長(zhǎng)，也因?yàn)橛形魰r(shí)的回憶，我們懂得了珍惜。

《母親的城堡》中的主人公——小馬塞爾雖然長(zhǎng)在馬塞城里，但他的心卻是最親近鄉(xiāng)間、田野的，他是一個(gè)奔跑在普羅旺斯山區(qū)里的孩子。所以在書頁(yè)間始終閃爍著碎金子般燦爛的陽(yáng)光，埋下頭就能嗅到百里香和薰衣草濃烈的氣息。馬瑟和在鄉(xiāng)下認(rèn)識(shí)的好朋友力力一起設(shè)陷阱捕鵪鶉，學(xué)習(xí)碾黑麥，拍打干鷹嘴豆，到井里挑水灌溉“愛(ài)情的蘋果”，跟著朱爾姨夫和爸爸擦亮獵槍、拎著獵袋去狩獵，直到夕陽(yáng)西下才滿載而歸??他用大段大段溫情滿溢的文字來(lái)表達(dá)自己對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村生活的摯愛(ài)—“倚坐在一株巨大而傾斜的老松下，好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我凝望四周的風(fēng)景。遠(yuǎn)方，遙遙的遠(yuǎn)方，在手邊那幾座較低矮的山陵后面，早晨的海面閃耀著金光，正前方，從馬塞綿延至維荷的山脈，雪白、裸禿，有如長(zhǎng)年積雪的高山峻嶺，山腳處晨霧輕輕地漂浮在源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的于佛尼河谷上??一陣微風(fēng)輕吹，剎那，空氣中彌漫著薰衣草的香氣，我背起手，鼓起胸膛，上半身向后仰，閉上雙眼，深深地呼吸著這屬于我的國(guó)度的熾熱氣味?！边€是在這里，淳樸的普羅旺斯的鄉(xiāng)間，他還經(jīng)歷了生命中第一次的蛻變，遭遇初戀并為愛(ài)瘋狂，也因?yàn)殂露募兗儛?ài)戀而傷害了朋友，舍棄了自我。雖然父親、母親和姨媽、姨夫這些大人們對(duì)他墜入愛(ài)河不以為然，甚至覺(jué)得可笑；雖然他回想起自己那些瘋狂的舉止也頗有點(diǎn)羞澀；雖然這次愛(ài)情倉(cāng)促地結(jié)束了，但沒(méi)有經(jīng)歷稚氣而又狂熱的初戀又怎么會(huì)成長(zhǎng)呢？我們諱忌莫深的少年的愛(ài)情，其實(shí)很美麗，女孩兒或者男孩兒都是映照自己的另一面鏡子，會(huì)讓人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的虛榮、懦弱、善良和對(duì)愛(ài)的渴望。少年的愛(ài)其實(shí)也只是青澀歲月中一段美好的回憶——“我并沒(méi)有忘卻我的戀情，但我的憂傷也染上了當(dāng)季的色彩：一種悲情悔憾，一種淡淡的哀怨，重組了我的回憶，我已將那些丟人現(xiàn)眼的考驗(yàn)，四腳爬地的詩(shī)人和卡西紐家庭最后那殺傷力強(qiáng)大的犯人現(xiàn)形記全部抹滅。我只看見(jiàn)，鳶尾花束后面那對(duì)紫色的眼睛，兩片微啟的嘴唇前那一串葡萄，唱著歌的秋千上，一個(gè)女孩用白色涼鞋的鞋尖觸碰橄欖樹顫抖的枝葉和她棕色的后頸背??然后，在夜夢(mèng)中，我聽見(jiàn)遠(yuǎn)方傳來(lái)音樂(lè)，一身紅衣的小王后，帶著無(wú)盡的哀怨和寂寞，在夕陽(yáng)下，朝一座往日時(shí)光的拱形森林，漸漸遠(yuǎn)去??”。

后來(lái)，小馬塞爾進(jìn)入了中學(xué)，赫然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新世界，曾經(jīng)親密的家人不再是自己生活的重心，而生活僅僅濃縮于課堂、導(dǎo)師、同齡朋友之間。當(dāng)父親和弟弟詢問(wèn)他有關(guān)學(xué)校的問(wèn)題時(shí)，他說(shuō)：“我不會(huì)告訴他們所有的細(xì)節(jié)，而且當(dāng)我在跟他們說(shuō)這些事情時(shí)，心情就好象是一個(gè)旅人般，對(duì)折從未到過(guò)巴西或加拿大的人，訴說(shuō)著這些陌生國(guó)度的故事，而他們當(dāng)然也不能完全明白。我擁有屬于自己的秘密，活在另一個(gè)新的世界里，在這個(gè)新世界里我扮演著一個(gè)截然不同的角色，一個(gè)我的家人絕不會(huì)認(rèn)得我的角色。”他絮絮地說(shuō)著在這個(gè)新世界里發(fā)生的重要事件，無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)課堂上的惡作劇，孩子之間無(wú)數(shù)次小小的戰(zhàn)役，怎樣巧妙地與導(dǎo)師周旋取得好一點(diǎn)的成績(jī)，他還是一個(gè)秘密組織的首領(lǐng)，這個(gè)組織有自己的徽章還創(chuàng)設(shè)了自己的秘密文字來(lái)傳達(dá)口信。這個(gè)世界沒(méi)有成人眼中的好壞之分，馬塞爾印象中的好學(xué)生都是面白如紙，為著爭(zhēng)奪第一名寢食難安的呆子，他關(guān)心的是如何戰(zhàn)勝自己的怯懦，在維護(hù)名譽(yù)之戰(zhàn)中打贏高年級(jí)的胖子，從而建立自己“無(wú)畏的戰(zhàn)士”的威信，他發(fā)明出“代人受過(guò)”的辦法使所有被懲罰的孩子得以解脫，他幫自己的好朋友寫十四行情詩(shī)??在這個(gè)小世界中生存法則是：寧可用拳頭和惡作劇受人矚目，也不在暗淡的陰影中平庸度日。所有調(diào)皮、熱衷于在課堂上樹立自己形象的“壞”男孩們，讀到這本書恐怕都會(huì)綻放會(huì)心地一笑。

當(dāng)我看到瘦小而害羞的母親為了孩子每個(gè)星期周末都在山崗度過(guò)，無(wú)數(shù)次遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)致意和殷勤地“偶遇“校長(zhǎng)夫人，并最終如愿以償時(shí)，我的心愉悅的反復(fù)吟唱著一曲歡樂(lè)頌。當(dāng)我讀到在他父親曾經(jīng)一位學(xué)生布奇格的幫助下，為了節(jié)省來(lái)回的路程，他們無(wú)數(shù)次選擇捷徑——沿著長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的河岸，膽戰(zhàn)心驚地穿過(guò)貴族們的城堡回到心愛(ài)的鄉(xiāng)下房子里，我的心也跟著無(wú)比激動(dòng)，為他們的憂愁而憂愁，為他們的歡樂(lè)而歡樂(lè)。我的童年雖然也是在鄉(xiāng)間度過(guò)，但缺少父母的陪伴和無(wú)微不至的關(guān)愛(ài)，現(xiàn)在能夠回憶起來(lái)的零星片段也乏善可陳。但這部作品中母親的形象深深的觸動(dòng)了我的心靈，是母親寬容無(wú)私的愛(ài)呵護(hù)馬塞爾和弟弟妹妹一起健康成長(zhǎng)，是母親單薄但深切的懷抱包容了小馬塞爾童年的幼稚與純真，是母親溫柔的雙手捧起那個(gè)小男孩將所有的愛(ài)與感動(dòng)深深地埋入他的心底。

《母親的城堡》的筆調(diào)并不像《父親的榮耀》那么輕快歡樂(lè)，甚至在情節(jié)的逐漸發(fā)展中感到一種淡淡的無(wú)奈與憂傷在蔓延，連自己的心也隨著深陷那莫名的哀傷中無(wú)法自拔。時(shí)間飛逝，它轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)生命之輪，如同水流推動(dòng)水車那般。無(wú)情的歲月帶走了母親。帕尼奧爾在書中這樣描述：“我走在一架黑色馬車后面，它的輪子高高的，高到我能看見(jiàn)馬蹄，我一襲黑衣，小保爾用盡全力攥住我的手，時(shí)間永遠(yuǎn)帶走了母親?！绷攘葦?shù)語(yǔ)，可是悲痛無(wú)限，我似乎看見(jiàn)兩個(gè)身著悲傷織成黑衣的小男孩，跟著轱轆作響的馬車后，走在長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的鄉(xiāng)村道路上，路是那么長(zhǎng)，可是卻沒(méi)有了母親那纖弱的身影。甚至在多年后，誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有勇氣再提起她。母親的與世長(zhǎng)辭、弟弟的英年早逝和好朋友的不幸離世給他帶來(lái)巨大的傷痛，他發(fā)出無(wú)可奈何的感嘆：“人的一生，大概就是如此吧，僅有的那點(diǎn)快樂(lè)匆匆逝去，取而代之的是無(wú)法忘懷的痛苦?！背赡旰笫聵I(yè)成功的馬塞爾想在家鄉(xiāng)普羅旺斯建一座影視城，冥冥之中，像是命中注定一般，他又回到那讓母親心生恐懼的那座城堡。他在書中寫道：“我重新漫步在兒時(shí)假期走過(guò)的路，過(guò)去的陰影就走在我的身邊，在城墻一角運(yùn)河的近旁，我又找到了那扇黑色的門，那扇在那一年怎么也打不開的門，那扇代表著我父親恥辱的門，現(xiàn)在我似乎能更自如的呼吸了，纏繞我的心魔已散去,但在時(shí)間的另一端，曾有一位年輕的棕發(fā)女子，一直緊攥著她那顆脆弱的心，還有那束紅色的玫瑰，她聽到看門人的訓(xùn)斥 狗的狂吠，她還不知道——這城堡現(xiàn)在屬于她的兒子，她蒼白、顫栗、永遠(yuǎn)那樣不安?！倍嗝瓷钪氐膽涯罹凸谶@悲傷而又無(wú)奈的話語(yǔ)里。

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

最后，引用譯者陳曦琳的話來(lái)說(shuō)就是：這書太可愛(ài)了，翻譯它是一種享受。到最后一次存盤時(shí)，當(dāng)然也伴隨著大大松了一口氣的感覺(jué)，終于可以階段性地把顯示屏和鍵盤這兩件假設(shè)從身上卸下來(lái)?？捎侄嗝词洌瑥男牡桌?，我是巴不得每天去那嶺子里消磨我的時(shí)光的。對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀它也是一種享受，那清新動(dòng)人的語(yǔ)句讓人流連不絕，感嘆不已。而法國(guó)《文學(xué)文獻(xiàn)》也曾評(píng)論帕尼奧爾是一個(gè)極會(huì)賣弄關(guān)子的說(shuō)書人。他友善的笑容里透著幾分狡黠聰慧，就像阿爾封斯·都德一樣，在普羅旺斯?fàn)N爛的陽(yáng)光下濺射出耀眼奪目的才華。而這部作品如此感人肺腑、觸動(dòng)心靈不僅僅是是因?yàn)榕聊釆W爾自然且略帶戲謔的語(yǔ)調(diào)，還有字里行間流露出一種對(duì)過(guò)去歲月的淡淡哀愁。生活如此，歲月無(wú)情，人生短暫，生命中有歡笑又有淚水，有愛(ài)有恨，有得到有失去，珍惜現(xiàn)在，活在當(dāng)下。但愿在我們老去時(shí)，心中仍存留著童年那份純真與美好。我們不僅要對(duì)生活感恩，還要對(duì)愛(ài)我們的親人朋友心存感恩之情。

參考文獻(xiàn)

1．馬塞爾·帕尼奧爾，陳曦琳，2009，《母親的城堡》，浙江，浙江文藝出版社 2．馬塞爾·帕尼奧爾，施康強(qiáng)，2009，《父親的榮耀》，浙江，浙江文藝出版社 3．[法]普洛坎，錢培鑫，陳偉，2002，《法國(guó)文學(xué)大手筆》，上海，上海譯文出版社

4．張放，晶尼，2000，《法國(guó)文學(xué)選集》，北京，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社

第五篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)教案

Lecture 1

The American Literature

I.Teaching Aim: through introduction, the students should get an idea about the history and development of American nation and how did the American literature came into being and what is the characteristic of its early literature.II.Teaching method: Teacher’s Presentation.III.Teaching Tool: multi-medium.Key points: the characteristics of literature.一、基本概況

國(guó)名

美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)（United States of America），簡(jiǎn)稱美國(guó)（U.S.A.），舊稱花旗國(guó)。【面積】9629091平方公里（其中陸地面積915.8960萬(wàn)平方公里），本土東西長(zhǎng)4500公里，南北寬2700公里，海岸線長(zhǎng)22680公里。

【人口】2.96億（2005年7月）。白人占75%，拉美裔占12.5%，黑人占12.3%，亞裔占3.6%，華人約243萬(wàn)，占0.9%，多已入美國(guó)籍（2000年美人口普查數(shù)據(jù)）。通用英語(yǔ)。56%的居民信奉基督教新教，28%信奉天主教，2%信奉猶太教，信奉其他宗教的占4%，不屬于任何教派的占10%。

【首都】 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)（Washington D.C.），人口約55.4萬(wàn)（2004年）。

【國(guó)慶日】7月4日（美國(guó)獨(dú)立日，1776年）。美國(guó)文學(xué)的歷史不長(zhǎng)，它幾乎是和美國(guó)自由資本主義同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，較少受到封建貴族文化的束縛。美國(guó)早期人口稀少，有大片未開發(fā)的土地，為個(gè)人理想的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供了很大的可能性。

美國(guó)人民富于民主自由精神，個(gè)人主義、個(gè)性解放的觀念較為強(qiáng)烈，這在文學(xué)中有突出的反映。美國(guó)又是一個(gè)多民族的國(guó)家，移民不斷涌入，各自帶來(lái)了本民族的文化，這決定了美國(guó)文學(xué)風(fēng)格的多樣性和龐雜性。美國(guó)文學(xué)發(fā)展的過(guò)程就是不斷吸取、融化各民族文學(xué)特點(diǎn)的過(guò)程。許多美國(guó)作家來(lái)自社會(huì)下層，這使得美國(guó)文學(xué)生活氣息和平民色彩都比較濃厚，總的特點(diǎn)是開朗、豪放。內(nèi)容龐雜與色彩鮮明是美國(guó)文學(xué)的另一特點(diǎn)。個(gè)性自由與自我克制、清教主義與實(shí)用主義、激進(jìn)與反動(dòng)、反叛和順從、高雅與庸俗、高級(jí)趣味與低級(jí)趣味、深刻與膚淺、積極進(jìn)取與玩世不恭、明快與晦澀、犀利的諷刺與陰郁的幽默、精心雕琢與粗制濫造、對(duì)人類命運(yùn)的思考和探索等傾向，不僅可以同時(shí)并存，而且形成強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)照。

美國(guó)文學(xué)表現(xiàn)為平民化，多元化，富于陽(yáng)剛之氣，熱愛(ài)自由，追求以個(gè)人幸福為中心的美國(guó)夢(mèng)。美國(guó)文學(xué)大致出現(xiàn)過(guò)3次繁榮：19世紀(jì)前期形成民族文學(xué)，第一和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，美國(guó)文學(xué)兩度繁榮，并產(chǎn)生世界影響，已有近10位作家獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

從來(lái)沒(méi)有一種潮流或傾向能夠在一個(gè)時(shí)期內(nèi)一統(tǒng)美國(guó)文學(xué)的天下。美國(guó)作家敏感、好奇，往往是一個(gè)浪潮未落，另一浪潮又起。作家們永遠(yuǎn)處在探索和試驗(yàn)的過(guò)程之中。20世紀(jì)以來(lái)，許多文**流起源于美國(guó)，給世界文學(xué)同時(shí)帶來(lái)積極的與消極的影響。

Lecture 2

The American Literature

IV.Teaching Aim: through introduction, the students should get an idea about the history and development of American nation and how did the American literature came into being and what is the characteristic of its early literature.V.Teaching method: Teacher’s Presentation.VI.Teaching Tool: multi-medium.Key points: the characteristics of literature.按照體裁分類:

一、自傳

二、詩(shī)歌

三、戲劇

四、小說(shuō)

最初的美國(guó)文學(xué)既不是美國(guó)的，也不是真正的文學(xué)。它不是美國(guó)文學(xué)是因?yàn)樗饕菑挠⒏裉m來(lái)的移民的作品。它不是文學(xué)是因?yàn)檎缥覀冎赖摹皇且栽?shī)歌、散文或小說(shuō)的形式出現(xiàn)的—而是些頗有情趣的旅行記載和宗教作品。

殖民時(shí)期文學(xué):這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)并不發(fā)達(dá)，主要以模仿為主，沒(méi)有自己的鮮明特點(diǎn)，但那時(shí)的政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展對(duì)美國(guó)文學(xué)的形成還是有很大的影響。例如：當(dāng)年來(lái)美洲大陸移民的人基本上屬于兩種人，一類是為逃避國(guó)內(nèi)政治迫害，追求宗教自由的英國(guó)清教徒，他們來(lái)到新英格蘭地區(qū)，扎根發(fā)展；另一類是謀求發(fā)財(cái)致富的歐洲平民百姓，包括野心勃勃的冒險(xiǎn)家。不論是哪一種人都相信在新大陸都可以得到自由平等的待遇，都有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想。這種觀點(diǎn)是“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”成為日后美國(guó)文學(xué)的永恒主題。清教主義有關(guān)人生來(lái)有罪及上帝主宰一切等思想也影響了美國(guó)作家不斷思考人性與原罪、人與上帝的關(guān)系。由于這一時(shí)期文學(xué)不很發(fā)達(dá)，主要文學(xué)形式多為講經(jīng)布道之作，也有游記、書信等其他文學(xué)作品。

這一時(shí)期大約從1607年約翰·史密斯船長(zhǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)第一批移民在北美大陸建立第一個(gè)英國(guó)殖民地詹姆斯敦到1765年殖民地人民憤怒抗議英國(guó)政府頒布的印花稅法?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，殖民時(shí)期人們忙于生存，無(wú)暇吟詩(shī)作曲，清教主義反對(duì)虛構(gòu)的小說(shuō)戲劇，因此文學(xué)不很發(fā)達(dá)。當(dāng)時(shí)的宗教領(lǐng)袖和殖民區(qū)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物如布雷福德（William Bradford，1590－1657）、溫思羅普（John Winthrop，1588－1649）等人撰寫的書籍多半是講道布經(jīng)等有關(guān)神學(xué)的材料或日記。此外還有一些為歐洲讀者或親人撰寫的介紹新大陸的山水風(fēng)貌和日常生活的小冊(cè)子或游記書信，最著名的作者是為英國(guó)人在北美建立第一個(gè)永久性殖民地的工作起重要作用的約翰.史密斯船長(zhǎng)（Captain John Smith,1580-1631）.即便是詩(shī)歌也拜托不了宗教內(nèi)容。比較出色的詩(shī)人有安妮.布雷特茲里特（Anne Bradstreet,約1612－1672）和愛(ài)德華.泰勒（Edward Taylor, 約1642-1729)。前者是北美第一位女詩(shī)人，她的詩(shī)歌雖然宗教氣息較濃，但她描寫夫妻恩愛(ài)，家庭美滿等日常生活題材的詩(shī)歌感情真摯，富有感染力。泰勒是位牧師，虔誠(chéng)的情教徒，詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作也是為上帝服務(wù)，有些跟他的講道有密切關(guān)系。他的作品在生前并未發(fā)表，直到20世紀(jì)30年代才被發(fā)現(xiàn)并整理出版。兩位詩(shī)人的一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)是都受英國(guó)玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人的影響，詩(shī)歌有較大的模仿性。

二、啟蒙時(shí)期與獨(dú)立革命（1765－18世紀(jì)末）這是北美人民爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立、建立美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的時(shí)期。17世紀(jì)末18世紀(jì)初，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，殖民者的注意力開始轉(zhuǎn)向世俗生活，在歐洲啟蒙主義和自然神論等哲學(xué)思潮的影響下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教主義的統(tǒng)治逐漸衰落。18世紀(jì)美國(guó)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的代表人物富蘭克林（Benjamin Frankin,1706－1790）。富蘭克林是個(gè)人文主義者，相信人性善良、主張人權(quán)天賦、政治平等，認(rèn)為行善是忠于上帝的最好表示。他出身貧苦，但意志堅(jiān)定，頑強(qiáng)奮斗，從商、參政，寫文章、研究科學(xué)，終于成為文學(xué)家、科學(xué)家和在美國(guó)立國(guó)過(guò)程中起重大作用的政治家。他的《格言歷書》（Poor Richard's Almanac）通過(guò)大量的格言警句宣傳創(chuàng)業(yè)持家、待人處世的道德原則和勤奮致富的生活道路。他在獨(dú)立革命期間撰寫的《自傳》（Autobiography）以親身經(jīng)歷再次說(shuō)明，美國(guó)有的是機(jī)會(huì)，只要勤奮便能成功。富蘭克林的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)美國(guó)人的人生觀、事業(yè)觀和道德觀產(chǎn)生過(guò)深遠(yuǎn)的影響。他的《自傳》還開創(chuàng)了美國(guó)名人寫傳記的風(fēng)氣，建立了傳記文學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)。

從1765年英國(guó)殖民者第一次反對(duì)英國(guó)政府的印花稅到1789年美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府成立的20多年里，北美大陸的政治形勢(shì)發(fā)展很快，1775年獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，1776年宣布獨(dú)立，1783年對(duì)英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利，1789年新憲法生效，華盛頓當(dāng)選第一任總統(tǒng)。獨(dú)立革命時(shí)期文學(xué)的主要形式跟殖民時(shí)期一樣以理性的敬文為主。主要是各派政治力量對(duì)于革命的必要性、革命的前途與方向、政府的形式與性質(zhì)等重大問(wèn)題展開激烈爭(zhēng)論時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的大批論點(diǎn)鮮明、充滿戰(zhàn)斗力和說(shuō)服力的雜文、政論文和演講辭，如潘恩（Thomas Paine，1737－1809）的《常識(shí)》（Common Sense）、杰弗遜（Thomas Jefferson,1743－1826）的《獨(dú)立宣言》（The Declaration of Independence）

三、浪漫主義時(shí)期（1800－1865）19世紀(jì)初，美國(guó)完全擺脫了對(duì)英國(guó)的依賴，以獨(dú)立國(guó)家的身份進(jìn)入世界政治舞臺(tái)。民族文學(xué)開始全面繁榮，逐漸打破英國(guó)文學(xué)在美國(guó)的壟斷局面。這時(shí)期作家們跟英國(guó)浪漫主義作家一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)文學(xué)的想象力和感情色彩，反對(duì)古典主義的形式與觀點(diǎn)，歌頌大自然，崇尚個(gè)人和普通人的思想感情，并且尋根問(wèn)祖發(fā)幽古之思情。但他們雖然模仿美國(guó)作家，素材卻完全取自美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)，如西部開發(fā)與拓荒經(jīng)歷。他們贊美美國(guó)山水，謳歌美國(guó)生活，反映美國(guó)人民的樂(lè)觀與熱情。

早期浪漫主義的主要代表作家是歐文（Washington Irving，1783－1859）、庫(kù)柏（James Fenimore Cooper，1789－1851）和布賴恩特（William Cullen Bryant，1794－1878）。歐文以短篇小說(shuō)見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)，他的《見(jiàn)聞札記》（The Sketch Book）開創(chuàng)了美國(guó)短篇小說(shuō)的傳統(tǒng)，使他成為第一個(gè)享有國(guó)際聲譽(yù)的美國(guó)作家。庫(kù)柏主要寫長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)，而且有三種不同類型的小說(shuō)：歷史小說(shuō)、細(xì)節(jié)準(zhǔn)確詳盡的冒險(xiǎn)小說(shuō)和對(duì)后來(lái)西部文學(xué)影響甚大的邊疆小說(shuō)--《皮襪子故事集》（The Leather Stocking Tales）五部曲。布賴恩特是美國(guó)第一個(gè)浪漫主義詩(shī)人，也是第一個(gè)受到英國(guó)詩(shī)壇贊賞的美國(guó)詩(shī)人。《致水鳥》（To a Waterfowl）

19世紀(jì)的浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心在新英格蘭地區(qū)，主要表現(xiàn)形式為超驗(yàn)主義（Transcendentalism）。超驗(yàn)主義理論崇尚直覺(jué)，反對(duì)理性和權(quán)威，強(qiáng)調(diào)人有能力憑直覺(jué)直接認(rèn)識(shí)真理，人能超越感覺(jué)獲得知識(shí)，因此，人的存在就是神的存在的一部分，人在一定范圍內(nèi)就是上帝，自然界是神對(duì)人的啟示，人可以從自然界認(rèn)識(shí)真理，了解物質(zhì)發(fā)展規(guī)律，得到精神道德原則方面的啟示。超驗(yàn)主義理論的奠基人是愛(ài)默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson，1803－1882）。愛(ài)默生的《論自然》（Nature）、《論自立》(Self-Reliance）等著作對(duì)打破神學(xué)統(tǒng)治，摒棄以神為中心的清教教義，強(qiáng)調(diào)人在宇宙萬(wàn)物中的地位，確立民主思想和發(fā)展民族文化起了極大的作用?！墩撟匀弧吩环Q為超驗(yàn)主義理論的“圣經(jīng)”。

棱羅（Henry David Thoreau,1817－1862）是愛(ài)默生的朋友和門徒。他接受愛(ài)默生關(guān)于認(rèn)識(shí)自我和研究自然的思想，并且身體力行，獨(dú)自在家鄉(xiāng)森林沃爾登湖畔生活了兩年，把超驗(yàn)主義的原則和自己的哲理信念付諸實(shí)踐?！段譅柕呛罚╓alden）詳細(xì)描寫他在湖畔的生活，宣傳自然的美好，批判資本主義文明的消極影響，呼吁人們返樸歸真，到自然中去尋找生活的意義和豐富的精神世界。梭羅富有正義感，反對(duì)美國(guó)對(duì)墨西哥的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，譴責(zé)蓄奴制。他的《論公民的不服從》（Civil Disobedience）主張用和平斗爭(zhēng)的方式反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和奴隸制，對(duì)印度的甘地、60年代的美國(guó)黑人領(lǐng)袖馬丁·路德·金等人起過(guò)積極的影響。

在詩(shī)歌方面，新英格蘭地區(qū)比較出名的詩(shī)人有朗費(fèi)羅（Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,1807-1882），霍姆斯（Oliver Wendell Holmes,1809-1894）和洛威爾（James Russell Lowell, 1810-1891）等。他們大都出身世家，有地位有名望，文化修養(yǎng)比較高，但又都比較守舊，缺乏創(chuàng)新精神，對(duì)社會(huì)問(wèn)題雖有批評(píng)卻比較溫和。因此他們常被稱為波士頓的婆羅門（Brahmins）。19世紀(jì)美國(guó)最偉大的浪漫主義詩(shī)人是惠特曼（Walt Whitman，1819－1892），1855年出版的《草葉集》（Leaves of Grass）標(biāo)志著美國(guó)文學(xué)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)嶄新的時(shí)代。另一位革新詩(shī)歌的詩(shī)人是狄金森（Emily Dickinson，1830-1886）。1955年出版的《艾米莉·狄金森詩(shī)集》》確立了狄金森在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上的重要地位。

浪漫主義時(shí)期兩位重要的小說(shuō)家是霍桑和梅爾維爾?；羯＃∟athaniel Hawthorne，1804－ 1864）不贊成超驗(yàn)主義，尤其是“人即是神”的說(shuō)法?！都t字》（The Scarlet Letter）描寫罪惡對(duì)人的精神面貌作用；《帶有七個(gè)尖角閣的房子》》（The House of the Seven Gables）表現(xiàn)祖上的罪孽對(duì)后代的報(bào)應(yīng)。梅爾維爾（Herman Melville, 1819-1891）深受霍桑的影響，關(guān)心人類命運(yùn)，相認(rèn)邪惡的普遍性，懷疑超驗(yàn)主義的樂(lè)觀主義理論，對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)步持悲觀態(tài)度。他們兩人給美國(guó)文學(xué)帶來(lái)了戲劇色彩。但是梅爾維爾不像霍桑那樣安于命運(yùn)、按受現(xiàn)實(shí)。他進(jìn)行更為深刻的鉆研，探討上帝的本質(zhì)、人類的天性和邪惡戰(zhàn)勝一切的原因。代表作《白鯨》（Moby Dick）對(duì)此作了深刻的反映。

四、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期（186－1918）南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界人戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，美國(guó)完成了從農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)到工業(yè)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)化，社會(huì)面貌和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活開始發(fā)生急劇的變化。

現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)時(shí)期三位最重要的作家是豪威爾斯（William Dean Howells，1837-1920）馬克吐溫（Mark Twain，1835－1910）和詹姆斯（Henry James 1843－1916）。

五、現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期（1918－1945）自20世紀(jì)開始，美國(guó)文學(xué)進(jìn)入新的時(shí)代。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)對(duì)美國(guó)人的思想和精神面貌產(chǎn)生極大的影響。人們對(duì)自由民主的信念開始動(dòng)搖，普遍感到迷惘，甚至絕望。

現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)是從詩(shī)歌開始的。當(dāng)時(shí)的詩(shī)人大致可分為三類：

（l）芝加哥詩(shī)人。他們無(wú)論在詩(shī)歌形式上還是題材上都堅(jiān)持惠特曼的傳統(tǒng)，反映勞動(dòng)人民的思想感情。（2）以龐德（Ezra Pound，1885-1972）和當(dāng)時(shí)在倫敦居住尚未加入英國(guó)籍的艾略特（T．S．Eliot，1888－1965）為首的身居海外的詩(shī)人。（3）新英格蘭詩(shī)人弗洛斯特(Robert Frost，1874－1963)和羅賓遜（Edward Arlington Robinson，1869－1935）屬于第三類詩(shī)人，介乎上述兩派之間，受到新詩(shī)歌運(yùn)動(dòng)的感染，但并不全盤接受它的原則和主張。

很多在20年代發(fā)表作品的年輕作家往往被稱為“迷惘的一代”（the lost generation）。他們?cè)鴳阎杂擅裰鞯幕孟雲(yún)⒓舆^(guò)第一次世界大戰(zhàn)。然而，殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、無(wú)謂的犧牲使他們的理想幻滅了。

菲茨杰拉德（F Scott Fitzgerald,1896－1940）雖然沒(méi)有去過(guò)前線，卻是典型的“迷惘的一代的作家。第一部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《人間天堂》和100多篇短篇小說(shuō)真實(shí)地反映爵士時(shí)代人們醉生夢(mèng)死的空虛的精神面貌，生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)了20年代美國(guó)青年認(rèn)為”一切上帝都死亡了，一切戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都打完了和一切對(duì)人的信念都動(dòng)搖了“的絕望心理?！读瞬黄鸬纳w茨比》》和《夜色溫柔》（Tender is the Night）從內(nèi)容到技巧都更為成熟，進(jìn)一步揭露”美國(guó)夢(mèng)“和”美國(guó)精神“的迷惑性和空虛。菲茨杰拉德是繼德萊塞以后又一個(gè)抨擊腐蝕人們靈魂的美國(guó)夢(mèng)的作家。

海明威（Ernest Hemingway，1899－1961）是”迷惆的一代“作家的主要人物?！短?yáng)照樣升起》》（The Sun Also Rises）反映大戰(zhàn)后在歐洲彷徨游蕩的美國(guó)青年絕望和幻滅的情緒?！队绖e了，武器》（A Farewell to Arms）表現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)如何粉碎人們的理想和生活目的?！秵淑姙檎l(shuí)而鳴》（For Whom the Bell Tolls）描寫西班牙的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。海明威小說(shuō)的主人公常常是位心靈受過(guò)創(chuàng)傷、敏感而玩世不恭的年輕人，但他作品里往往又有一位勇敢正直的英雄。海明威筆下的英雄可能是不見(jiàn)經(jīng)傳的獵人、士兵、斗中土、拳擊家，但他們都具有”硬漢“性格，曲折不撓，視死如歸。他們給海明威的主人公以啟示，教育他們?cè)诶щy前面不低頭、在壓力下面不彎腰的處世原則?！独先伺c?！罚═he Old Man and the Sea）中的老漁民集中體現(xiàn)了海明威大力推崇的在失敗中保持尊嚴(yán)從而取得精神勝利的生活原則。海明威不僅為美國(guó)文學(xué)創(chuàng)造了”硬漢"形象；他那含蓄簡(jiǎn)練，清新有力的文體對(duì)美國(guó)文學(xué)也產(chǎn)生了極大的影響。