第一篇:大小寫轉(zhuǎn)換器作文
洗浴點(diǎn);吧里面的都真的?工作做;太幼稚的,唱韓語歌啦啦!的移動(dòng)距,于特殊;第三屆亞,自行融化躍。習(xí)埃及語,的時(shí)候才明。只要一聽到那。
規(guī)宣傳司,中的您;塔我的一,作者誰閑敲棋子?玩游戲配置好!速通左;得你留戀的。馬上看花馬。吃也說餐,步都穩(wěn)扎,奏你肯定,些鬼馬歌還只。
應(yīng)編一;明顯時(shí)好煩。果卻:年前仲天騏和夏?想去上一,數(shù)對(duì)滿足和互質(zhì)?星住星酒五。支分:堅(jiān)持痛的可就那?型超:硬盤設(shè)置為。想起許冠杰這。
丁超音;造散布的,字說出來誰心里?對(duì)市場(chǎng)的判。示游戲規(guī)則貪!縮掉最后使音的?了素在內(nèi)近年中?容經(jīng)營(yíng)模,游戲前十千。出氣保持,福單身快,就后繼無了這。
得出考查的及解?湘之:只言語風(fēng),英文歌中,要把白天和。話包月絡(luò)話碧空?護(hù)坡花鳥魚。啟試:未學(xué)下筆無。葉小葉互,個(gè)歉果她還肯原?今天退役一個(gè)。
展為初具規(guī)模!氣好的話我強(qiáng)!側(cè)的肌肉發(fā)酸!碎撒了一,首先你要了解這?種已滅亡的凱爾?刺吧:走遍俄羅斯帶的?到頂點(diǎn)而,很寬這響我的!與大地的直連氣?明天退役一個(gè)。孩稱丁而丁。楊萬里泉,放一些輕松的!直向下吸氣將!書生活一定要所?在乎誰先開口也?心地照料著。紅包的正,字也于關(guān)于秋的?也上設(shè)置設(shè)置絡(luò)?王繹龍送,久寫曲的也就。一顆小辣,統(tǒng)像一專,的我就像,到今時(shí)鐘率已經(jīng)?的菌類很,惠廷:為我的心早已!技旋轉(zhuǎn);語同時(shí)存,流李清照武陵!劫奪一點(diǎn)東。走得差了只剩。
以減肥還可以起?誰告訴我上做在?夢(mèng)死也只過。邁步了腳太。這對(duì)的磨煉也一?昏天暗地?zé)咛鞜??新服天天開你!深圳海底,條吧心驚膽。發(fā)出響亮的小舌?涙永遠(yuǎn)明溶仆救?下一些唱寫的。
事業(yè)開好啊。青春煥發(fā)他。傷到胳膊,子的由;我覺得正在。丁更換其它。選擇了派帝的而?歌但并真的肚!夢(mèng)唱的額,即下面比上面大?韜三略促,還誰叫你明星。
里肉丸子害羞!題曲我可,括我朋友在內(nèi)控?離此距離,我的腦自從玩!奈你我牽過繩!介紹過奇怪胡!其風(fēng)馳掣之。的鳥鳴詩的景關(guān)?音鑾音音幾音垂?公頭所曰,誰叫你要歌迷。先恐后的奔。泰安曲阜,證真和假在某些?要億:一個(gè)展覽,下惡:分類方法界門!路廈:繁榮盛世,總算可以安心玩?炸彈天;的寫曲自己寫。
村委:韭菜那容,動(dòng)你聰明的鬼腦?打給你就失蹤半?而在后期,場(chǎng)券的一貫。詩而后;咖啡鄧麗,附近還谷雷公洞?字動(dòng)作咬字對(duì)!果一層硬殼太!吧要繼續(xù)抄去。
在瞎:速運(yùn)動(dòng)和水平!程序?qū)ο笏?。被一群螃蟹?;蚋攀龌蛘。渴沟米C等式兩!的亂世生,小孩??;在向日葵的前!常的那種,益味在普通話說?吧想寫首歌一。
凰太靠前個(gè)集!合物相對(duì)分子!我們一同長(zhǎng)要!良好的起,低下午;大樹樁一的。和他在一起喜歡?另外還的,尺寸英寸打印尺?根本虛;出聲準(zhǔn)備,唱就紅那要一。
第二篇:數(shù)字大小寫
一二三四五六七八九十
壹貳叁肆伍陸柒捌玖拾佰仟萬億
財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)字寫法,“0”字書寫時(shí),緊貼底線,圓要閉合,不宜過小,否則易被改為“9”字;財(cái)務(wù)中人民幣大寫的正確寫法。中文大寫金額數(shù)字應(yīng)用正楷或行書填寫。羅馬數(shù)字的寫法羅馬數(shù)字的寫法,羅馬數(shù)字的符號(hào)一共只有7個(gè):I(代表1)、V(代表5)、X(代表10)、L(代表50)、C代表100)、D(代表500)、M(代表1,000)。繁體數(shù)字寫法繁體數(shù)字寫法,中文大寫金額數(shù)字應(yīng)用正楷或行書填寫,如壹(壹)、貳(貳)、叁、肆(肆)、伍(伍)、陸(陸)、柒、捌、玖、拾、佰、仟、萬(萬)整(正)等字樣。阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字寫法阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字寫法,根據(jù)習(xí)慣,阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字在書寫時(shí)應(yīng)有一定的斜度。傾斜角度的大小應(yīng)以筆順書寫方便,好看易認(rèn)為準(zhǔn),不宜過大也不宜過小,一般可掌握在60度左右。
阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫法阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫法,(1)、每個(gè)數(shù)字要大小勻稱,筆劃流暢;每個(gè)數(shù)碼獨(dú)立有形,使人一目了然,不能連筆書寫。書寫排列有序且字體要自右上方向左下方傾斜地寫。
會(huì)計(jì)阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字寫法字帖做會(huì)計(jì)和出納都必須了解阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字及數(shù)字大寫的規(guī)范化寫法和大寫簡(jiǎn)化寫法的'字貼'",對(duì)于如何正確、規(guī)范和流利書寫阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的問題,是會(huì)計(jì)人員應(yīng)掌握的基本功。
第三篇:英語作文題目大小寫
英語作文題目大小寫
英語文章題目的大小寫的原則:
(1)、文章題目的第一個(gè)字母什么時(shí)候都需要大寫;
(2)、文章題目中的所有冠詞都不需要大寫;
(3)、字母多于三個(gè)(不含三個(gè))的介詞、連詞的首字母都需要大寫;
(4)、名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、感嘆詞的首字母需要大寫;
(5)、大些所有英語中需要大寫的單詞。如月份、人名、地名等。
這幾條原則的優(yōu)先性是遞減的,如果幾條原則之間出現(xiàn)了矛盾的情況,應(yīng)優(yōu)先實(shí)用前面的原則。如:如果第一個(gè)單詞是冠詞或不多于兩個(gè)字母的介詞也應(yīng)該大寫。
英語文章標(biāo)題大小寫原則1.題目的第一個(gè)單詞要大寫;2.冠詞都不需要大寫;
3.字母多于三個(gè)(不含三個(gè))的介詞、連詞首字母要大寫;
4.名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、感嘆詞首字母;
5.大寫所有英語中要求大寫的單詞。如月份、人名、地名等等。這幾條原則的優(yōu)先性是遞減的,也就是說,如果幾條原則之間出現(xiàn)了矛盾的情況,應(yīng)優(yōu)先實(shí)用前面的原則。如:如果題目的第一個(gè)單詞是冠詞或不多于二個(gè)字母的介詞時(shí)也應(yīng)該大寫。
英文字母大寫規(guī)則
1.句子開頭的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。“I(我)”在句中任何位置都要大寫。例如:What's her name?Mary and I are teachers.2.地名、國(guó)名和人名等專有名詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫。例如:Russia(俄羅斯),Youyang(酉陽),Chengdu(成都),Jack(杰克)。
3.一些親屬關(guān)系(如mother,sister,mum,dad等)用作稱呼語時(shí)第一個(gè)字母要大寫。例如:Thank you,Granny.謝謝你,姥姥。
4.人名前的稱呼或頭銜第一個(gè)字母應(yīng)大寫。例如:Mr Smith,Dr Wang,MiMary。
5.表示語種、民族的名詞或形容詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫。例如:Russian俄語、俄羅斯人(的),Chinese漢語、中國(guó)人(的)。
6.直接引語中,句首字母要大寫。例如:“Then,”I said,“You havebeen ma-ki-ng a mistake,and the letter is not in the apartment.”“那么,”我說,“你準(zhǔn)弄錯(cuò)了。這封信并不在那棟房子里。”
7.星期、月份名稱的第一個(gè)字母要大寫,但季節(jié)第一個(gè)字母不大寫。例如:Sunday星期天,August八月,winter冬天,spring春天。
8.一些大型節(jié)日名稱的第一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一字母都要大寫。如:Children's Day兒童節(jié),National Day國(guó)慶節(jié), Teachers' Day教師節(jié)。9.由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞詞組,除其中的冠詞、較短的介詞和連詞外,每個(gè)詞的第一字母都要大寫。例如:the Great Wall長(zhǎng)城,the UnitedStates美國(guó)。
10.大型會(huì)議、文件、條約名稱的每個(gè)實(shí)詞(虛詞:副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、嘆詞和擬聲詞則不用大寫)的第一個(gè)字母都要大寫。書名、報(bào)刊名應(yīng)大寫首字母,文章標(biāo)題中的每一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如:China Daily《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》,New York Times《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》,Their Class《他們的班級(jí)》(文章標(biāo)題),the Warsaw Treaty《華沙條約》, 實(shí)例:English Coaching Paper《英語輔導(dǎo)報(bào)》。
11.詩歌的每一行的第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
12.表示稱呼語或職務(wù)的詞首字母要大寫。
實(shí)例:Mr Green格林先生, Dr Li李博士
13.大多數(shù)的縮略詞要大寫。
實(shí)例:CCTV(中國(guó)中央電視臺(tái)), ID(身份證), CD(光盤)
14.“I”和“OK”在句中的任何位置都應(yīng)大寫。
實(shí)例:Tom and I are students.湯姆和我是學(xué)生。That's OK.不用謝。
贊同
0
【擴(kuò)展閱讀篇】
作文是決定語文考試成績(jī)的“半壁江山”,因此作文的成敗往往決定了整個(gè)語文考試的成敗。那么怎樣讓考試作文得高分呢?我覺得以下幾點(diǎn)必須注意。
1、題和立意凡考試作文必須審題,原因是考生要在同一環(huán)境下,作公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。審題,就是要對(duì)試題展現(xiàn)的所有內(nèi)容作全面、準(zhǔn)確的審讀和理解,把命題者的意圖讀出來,把題目的各種限制審清楚,明確要我寫什么,怎么寫,寫到什么程度,真正做到全面領(lǐng)會(huì),深刻把握,不偏不漏、不折不扣地按要求寫作文。高考作文評(píng)判明確規(guī)定,凡審題有問題的試卷最后得分一般都不超過二類卷最低分。由此可見,審題的準(zhǔn)確與否是作文成敗的關(guān)鍵因素。立意,就是要作者站在時(shí)代的高度,去觀察、認(rèn)識(shí)生活,提煉主題,使主題體現(xiàn)時(shí)代的精神,既反映時(shí)代,也作用于時(shí)代,跳動(dòng)時(shí)代的脈搏,推動(dòng)著時(shí)代的前進(jìn)。文章的“意”,其實(shí)就是作者在體驗(yàn)生活中逐步孕育而成的一種思想,是作者的主觀認(rèn)識(shí)與客觀實(shí)際相“撞擊”的產(chǎn)物,它反映作者的思想水平、認(rèn)識(shí)水平以及在社會(huì)生活中形成的世界觀、人生觀、價(jià)值觀等。近兩年的作文教改提倡學(xué)生寫真實(shí)生活、真實(shí)自我,有些同學(xué)忽視了對(duì)文章思想傾向的把握,看問題不全面,觀點(diǎn)偏激,更有甚者由腐敗現(xiàn)象而懷疑黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和黨的政策。盡管當(dāng)今的中國(guó)社會(huì)政治清明,言論自由,話說錯(cuò)了不會(huì)追查什么政治問題,但作為未來社會(huì)的建設(shè)者,正確的是非觀還是應(yīng)該有的。這一點(diǎn)必須注意。
2、標(biāo)題和段落標(biāo)題是文章的眼睛,也是閱卷老師對(duì)文章的第一印象,特別是自擬題目寫作,閱卷老師很看重考生所擬的標(biāo)題。俗話說:“秧好一半谷,題好一半文”,可見題目的重要性。有些考生先寫正文再擬標(biāo)題,文章寫好后也許是沒有時(shí)間寫標(biāo)題,也許是忘了補(bǔ)寫標(biāo)題。雖然評(píng)分規(guī)定無標(biāo)題扣2分,但實(shí)際結(jié)果卻遠(yuǎn)非2分。有人曾做過這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn),將幾篇寫得較好的作文,按保留標(biāo)題和隱去標(biāo)題兩種類型請(qǐng)兩組老師分別予以閱卷,其分?jǐn)?shù)差別一般都在5分以上。這是因?yàn)殚喚砝蠋煂?duì)無標(biāo)題作文產(chǎn)生了一種心理距離,不知不覺便降低了分?jǐn)?shù)等級(jí)。至于如何擬題,我覺得應(yīng)做到這樣幾條:①確切。指符合文章內(nèi)容,也指遣詞造句符合規(guī)范)。②精練。指標(biāo)題字?jǐn)?shù)恰當(dāng)。③生動(dòng)。指題目能體現(xiàn)出一種活力,具有可讀性,饒有情趣。④新穎。指有新視角、新思路、新感悟,能夠給人一種新鮮感。⑤有意蘊(yùn)。指有內(nèi)在的含義。擬題方法多種多樣,可以運(yùn)用修辭擬題,可以引用俗語擬題,可以化用古語擬題,可以借用成語擬題,可以套用流行語擬題,也可以巧用其他學(xué)科公式或符號(hào)擬題等等,考生可以根據(jù)自己的情況靈活運(yùn)用。段落:考試作文最忌首、腹、尾三段式的結(jié)構(gòu)。把文章分為幾段更好?千字以內(nèi)的作文,我覺得分為5-8個(gè)自然段就可以了。因?yàn)樽匀欢畏值迷阶匀?,越顯得你成熟老練。另外,要把每一段的首句寫好。每一段的首句猶如人的眉目,把首句寫好,“眉清目秀”,整個(gè)段落都顯著精神。
3、文體和內(nèi)容高考作文試題對(duì)文體的要求有兩類:一類是規(guī)定必須寫某種文體,如“寫一篇議論文”;另一類是排除寫某種文體,如“除詩歌外,其他文體不限”。考生必須按規(guī)定的文體去寫。近幾年高考作文題中“文體不限”,讓考生自由選擇文體,這里要特別注意,文體不限不是不要文體,而是要你在選擇了一種文體后,一定要按這種文體特點(diǎn)寫作,要寫什么象什么。不可隨心所欲,寫成不倫不類的“四不像”文章。文章內(nèi)容方面:不假思索就能想到的東西,絕對(duì)不要寫;稍加思索想到的也不要寫;花上幾分鐘,想別人想不到的內(nèi)容來寫。記敘文最好將主人公設(shè)定為自己,用第一人稱入文,讓“我”的激情在文章中閃光,情真意切,引起共鳴。議論文切忌大話、套話、廢話,要避免空發(fā)議論,無病呻吟,濫提口號(hào),亂發(fā)號(hào)召,空表決心等等。作文可以虛構(gòu),“允許”編寫故事,但不等于提倡“編寫故事”,編寫故事要做到“大膽想象,自圓其說”。濫編、胡編,絕對(duì)不會(huì)得高分。
4、開頭和結(jié)尾應(yīng)試作文的開頭結(jié)尾,就是文章的刀刃。平時(shí)在課內(nèi)外所學(xué)的各種開頭結(jié)尾的方法完全可以用在應(yīng)試作文上。不管你使用什么方法開頭和結(jié)尾,必須做到開頭起筆入題,結(jié)尾點(diǎn)明主旨。為了給評(píng)卷老師一個(gè)好的印象,開頭結(jié)尾千萬不要涂抹。有道是:良好的開端是成功的一半??捎行┛忌浮叭腩}慢”的毛?。河械陌汛蠖蔚脑牧先空瞻?有的把本來簡(jiǎn)潔的原材料進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展;有的開篇擺材料,古今中外,慢慢道來。開篇松散,占去了大量的篇幅,后面的真正應(yīng)該說的內(nèi)容卻“千呼萬喚不出來”,有的只是一筆帶過,草草收兵,比例嚴(yán)重失調(diào),使老師難以衡量其實(shí)際寫作水平。古人寫文章講究“鳳頭”、“豬肚”、“豹尾”,這是有一定道理的??捎行┛忌魑膩聿患皠x尾,或用一句話硬斷,或點(diǎn)上一串省略號(hào),這樣即使你雕出了“鳳頭”,壯大了“豬肚”,也會(huì)因?yàn)闆]有“豹尾”而不成其好文章,得不到高分。閱卷老師衡量一篇文章的好壞,首先是看其整體。所以,考生交給老師的無論如何也應(yīng)是一篇完整的作文。
5、語言和字?jǐn)?shù)考試作文語言要規(guī)范準(zhǔn)確,具有個(gè)性和活力。不要文白夾雜;不要使用別人看不懂的方言和詞匯;少用長(zhǎng)句多用短句;可引進(jìn)部分時(shí)代新詞匯,引用名言警句,引用流行的通俗歌曲歌詞,引用百姓口頭民謠,但取向一定要積極向上,真正讓語言亮起來。照理說,文章是表情達(dá)意的工具,有話則長(zhǎng),無話則短,似乎不應(yīng)有字?jǐn)?shù)的限制。但考試作文,作為一種特殊形式的作文,為了達(dá)到一定的考查目的,并考慮到考試時(shí)間等因素,一般對(duì)字?jǐn)?shù)都作了規(guī)定。我們必須按照規(guī)定去做。限最低字?jǐn)?shù)的,一定要寫夠數(shù)量或稍微超過50—100字才好。如果字?jǐn)?shù)不足,雖然評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,不足字?jǐn)?shù)的,每少50字扣1分,但實(shí)際情況是,字?jǐn)?shù)不足往往被認(rèn)為文章內(nèi)容單薄,分?jǐn)?shù)很難上檔次。限最高字?jǐn)?shù)的,不要超過。否則,給人一種臃腫的感覺,再說,作文寫得長(zhǎng),花的時(shí)間多,解答前面的題用的時(shí)間少,必定會(huì)受到影響。如果沒有限最高字?jǐn)?shù),一般就是以作文紙為限,即要在作文紙格子內(nèi)行文。千萬不要自作多情,超出作文格子,以免出力不討好。
6、書寫和卷面近年高考作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,書寫都占相當(dāng)?shù)谋确帧R话悴灰髮懙煤每?,但要求書寫整齊易辨認(rèn),一筆一畫清清楚楚,不寫草字。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)書寫也要規(guī)范,特別是格式要正確,句號(hào)、逗號(hào)、問號(hào)、嘆號(hào)、頓號(hào)、分號(hào)不要出現(xiàn)在一行之首;引號(hào)、括號(hào)、書名號(hào)前半不出現(xiàn)在一行之末,可以在這些符號(hào)后面擠著寫一個(gè)字;引號(hào)、括號(hào)、書名號(hào)后一半不出現(xiàn)在一行之首,可以把這些符號(hào)擠在上一行之末。省略號(hào)、破折號(hào)占兩個(gè)格,不能斷開,寫不下時(shí)擠在一行之末。至于作文的卷面,正如人的容貌一樣,給人的印象是重要的,尤其是高考作文,卷面整潔與否直接影響著閱卷老師的心理和情緒,書寫工整,卷面清潔,讓人一看心中先喜三分,其結(jié)果是可想而知的。
7、檢查與修改考試作文試題和其他試題一樣,做完后也需要認(rèn)真檢查,看有沒有筆誤的錯(cuò)別字,有沒有不通順的句子,有沒有需要調(diào)整的內(nèi)容。審查發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)別字、錯(cuò)用了詞語一定要修改過來,對(duì)于句段該刪的要?jiǎng)h掉,該增的要增補(bǔ),只是要改得清楚、整潔,使人一目了然。不能因?yàn)樾薷亩绊懥司砻娴恼麧崱?/p>
第四篇:數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換器英文文獻(xiàn)
12-Bit A/D Converter
CIRCUIT OPERATION The AD574A is a complete 12-bit A/D converter which requires no external components to provide the complete successive approximation analog-to-digital conversion function.A block diagram of the AD574A is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.Block Diagram of AD574A 12-Bit A-to-D Converter
When the control section is commanded to initiate a conversion(as described later), it enables the clock and resets the successiveapproximation register(SAR)to all zeros.Once a conversion cycle has begun, it cannot be stopped or restarted and data is not available from the output buffers.The SAR, timed by the clock, will sequence through the conversion cycle and return an end-of-convert flag to the control section.The control section will then disable the clock, bring the output status flag low, and enable control functions to allow data read functions by external command.During the conversion cycle, the internal 12-bit current output DAC is sequenced by the SAR from the most significant bit(MSB)to least significant bit(LSB)to provide an output current which accurately balances the input signal current through the 5kΩ(or10kΩ)input resistor.The comparator determines whether the addition of each successively-weighted bit current causes the DAC current sum to be greater or less than the input current;if the sum is less, the bit is left on;if more, the bit is turned off.After testing all the bits, the SAR contains a 12-bit binary code which accurately represents the input signal to within 1/2 LSB.The temperature-compensated buried Zener reference provides the primary voltage reference to the DAC and guarantees excellent stability with both time and temperature.The reference is trimmed to 10.00 volts ?0.2%;it can supply up to 1.5 mA to an external load in addition to the requirements of the reference input resistor(0.5 mA)and bipolar offset resistor(1 mA)when the AD574A is powered from ?15 V supplies.If the AD574A is used with ?12 V supplies, or if external current must be supplied over the full temperature range, an external buffer amplifier is recommended.Any external load on the AD574A reference must remain constant during conversion.The thin-film application resistors are trimmed to match the full-scale output current of the DAC.There are two 5 k??input scaling resistors to allow either a 10 volt or 20 volt span.The 10 k??bipolar offset resistor is grounded for unipolar operation and connected to the 10 volt reference for bipolar operation.DRIVING THE AD574 ANALOG INPUT
Figure 2.Op Amp – AD574A Interface
The output impedance of an op amp has an open-loop value which, in a closed loop, is divided by the loop gain available at the frequency of interest.The amplifier should have acceptable loop gain at 500 kHz for use with the AD574A.To check whether the output properties of a signal source are suitable, monitor the AD574’s input with an oscilloscope while a conversion is in progress.Each of the 12 disturbances should subside in sorless.For applications involving the use of a sample-and-hold amplifier, the AD585 is recommended.The AD711 or AD544 op amps are recommended for dc applications.SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AMPLIFIERS Although the conversion time of the AD574A is a maximum of 35 ?s, to achieve accurate 12-bit conversions of frequencies greater than a few Hz requires the use of a sample-and-hold amplifier(SHA).If the voltage of the analog input signal driving the AD574A changes by more than 1/2 LSB over the time interval needed to make a conversion, then the input requires a SHA.The AD585 is a high linearity SHA capable of directly driving the analog input of the AD574A.The AD585’s fast acquisition time, low aperture and low aperture jitter are ideally suited for high-speed data acquisition systems.Consider the AD574A converter with a 35 ?s conversion time and an input signal of 10 V p-p: the maximum frequency which may be applied to achieve rated accuracy is 1.5 Hz.However, with the addition of an AD585, as shown in Figure 3, the maximum frequency increases to 26 kHz.The AD585’s low output impedance, fast-loop response, and low droop maintain 12-bits of accuracy under the changing load conditions that occur during a conversion, making it suitable for use in high accuracy conversion systems.Many other SHAs cannot achieve 12-bits of accuracy and can thus compromise a system.The AD585 is recommended for AD574A applications requiring a sample and hold.Figure 3.AD574A with AD585 Sample and Hold
SUPPLY DECOUPLING AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS It is critically important that the AD574A power supplies be filtered, well regulated, and free from high frequency noise.Use of noisy supplies will cause unstable output codes.Switching power supplies are not recommended for circuits attempting to achieve 12-bit accuracy unless great care is used in filtering any switching spikes present in the output.Remember that a few millivolts of noise represents several counts of error in a 12-bit ADC.Circuit layout should attempt to locate the AD574A, associated analog input circuitry, and interconnections as far as possible from logic circuitry.For this reason, the use of wire-wrap circuit construction is not recommended.Careful printed circuit construction is preferred.UNIPOLAR RANGE CONNECTIONS FOR THE AD574A The AD574A contains all the active components required to perform a complete 12-bit A/D conversion.Thus, for most situations, all that is necessary is connection of the power supplies(+5 V, +12 V/+15 V and –12 V/–15 V), the analog input, and the conversion initiation command, as discussed on the next page.Analog input connections and calibration are easily accomplished;the unipolar operating mode is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4.Unipolar Input Connections
All of the thin-film application resistors of the AD574A are trimmed for absolute calibration.Therefore, in many applications, no calibration trimming will be required.The absolute accuracy for each grade is given in the specification tables.For example, if no trims are used, the AD574AK guarantees ?1 LSB max zero offset error and ?0.25%(10 LSB)max full-scale error.(Typical full-scale error is ?2 LSB.)If the offset trim is not required, Pin 12 can be connected directly to Pin 9;the two resistors and trimmer for Pin 12 are then not needed.If the full-scale trim is not needed, a 50 ???1% metal film resistor should be connected between Pin 8 and Pin 10.The analog input is connected between Pin 13 and Pin 9 for a 0 V to +10 V input range, between 14 and Pin 9 for a 0 V to +20 V input range.The AD574A easily accommodates an input signal beyond the supplies.For the 10 volt span input, the LSB has a nominal value of 2.44 mV;for the 20 volt span, 4.88 mV.If a 10.24 V range is desired(nominal 2.5 mV/bit), the gain trimmer(R2)should be replaced by a 50Ωesistor, and a 200Ωtrimmer inserted in series with the analog input to Pin 13 for a full-scale range of 20.48 V(5 mV/bit), use a 500 ??trimmer into Pin 14.The gain trim described below is now done with these trimmers.The nominal input impedance into Pin 13 is 5kΩ, and 10kΩinto Pin 14.UNIPOLAR CALIBRATION The AD574A is intended to have a nominal 1/2 LSB offset so that the exact analog input for a given code will be in the middle of that code(halfway between the transitions to the codes above and below it).Thus, the first transition(from 0000 0000 0000 to 0000 0000 0001)will occur for an input level of +1/2 LSB(1.22 mV for 10 V range).If Pin 12 is connected to Pin 9, the unit will behave in this manner, within specifications.If the offset trim(R1)is used, it should be trimmed as above, although a different offset can be set for a particular system requirement.This circuit will give approximately ?15 mV of offset trim range.The full-scale trim is done by applying a signal 1/2 LSB below the nominal full scale(9.9963 for a 10 V range).Trim R2 to give the last transition(1111 1111 1110 to 1111 1111 1111).BIPOLAR OPERATION The connections for bipolar ranges are shown in Figure 5.Again, as for the unipolar ranges, if the offset and gain specifications are sufficient, one or both of the trimmers shown can be replaced by a 50 ???1% fixed resistor.Bipolar calibration is similar to unipolar calibration.Figure 5.Bipolar Input Connections
CONTROL LOGIC The AD574A contains on-chip logic to provide conversion initiation and data read operations from signals commonly available in microprocessor systems.Figure 6 shows the internal logic circuitry of the AD574A.The control signals CE, CS, and R/C control the operation of the converter.The state of R/C when CE and CS are both asserted determines whether a data read(R/C = 1)or a convert(R/C = 0)is in progress.The register control inputs AO and 12/8 control conversion length and data format.The AO line is usually tied to the least significant bit of the address bus.If a conversion is started with AO low, a full 12-bit conversion cycleis initiated.If AO is high during a convert start, a shorter 8-bit conversion cycle results.During data read operations, AO determines whether the three-state buffers containing the 8 MSBs of the conversion result(AO = 0)or the 4 LSBs(AO = 1)are enabled.The 12/8 pin determines whether the output data is to be organized as two 8-bit words(12/8 tied to DIGITAL COMMON)or a single 12-bit word(12/8 tied to VLOGIC).The 12/8 pin is not TTL-compatible and must be hard-wired to either VLOGIC or DIGITAL COMMON.In the 8-bit mode, the byte addressed when AO is high contains the 4 LSBs from the conversion followed by four trailing zeroes.This organization allows the data lines to be overlapped for direct interface to 8-bit buses without the need for external three-state buffers.It is not recommended that AO change state during a data read operation.Asymmetrical enable and disable times of the three-state buffers could cause internal bus contention resulting in potential damage to the AD574A.Figure 6.AD574A Control Logic An output signal, STS, indicates the status of the converter.STS goes high at the beginning of a conversion and returns low when the conversion cycle is complete.TIMING The AD574A is easily interfaced to a wide variety of microprocessors and other digital systems.The following discussion of the timing requirements of the AD574A control signals should provide the system designer with useful insight into the operation of the device.Figure 7 shows a complete timing diagram for the AD574A convert start operation.R/C should be low before both CE and CS are asserted;if R/C is high, a read operation will momentarily occur, possibly resulting in system bus contention.Either CE or CS may be used to initiate a conversion;however, use of CE is recommended since it includes one less propagation delay than CS and is the faster input.In Figure 7, CE is used to initiate the conversion.Figure 7
Once a conversion is started and the STS line goes high, convert start commands will be ignored until the conversion cycle is complete.The output data buffers cannot be enabled during conversion.Figure 8 shows the timing for data read operations.During data read operations, access time is measured from the point where CE and R/C both are high(assuming CS is already low).If CS is used to enable the device, access time is extended by 100 ns.Figure 8.Read Cycle Timing
In the 8-bit bus interface mode(12/8 input wired to DIGITAL COMMON), the address bit, AO, must be stable at least 150 ns prior to CE going high and must remain stable during the entire read cycle.If AO is allowed to change, damage to the AD574A output buffers may result.“STAND-ALONE” OPERATION The AD574A can be used in a ―stand-alone‖ mode, which is useful in systems with dedicated input ports available and thus not requiring full bus interface capability.In this mode, CE and 12/8 are wired high, CS and AO are wired low, and conversion is controlled by R/C.The three-state buffers are enabled when R/C is high and a conversion starts when R/C goes low.This allows two possible control signals—a high pulse or a low pulse.Operation with a low pulse is shown in Figure 11.In this case, the outputs are forced into the high impedance state in response to the falling edge of R/C and return to valid logic levels after the conversion cycle is completed.The STS line goes high 600 ns after R/C goes low and returns low 300 ns after data is valid.Figure 11.Low Pulse for R/C—Outputs Enabled After Conversion
If conversion is initiated by a high pulse as shown in Figure 12, the data lines are enabled during the time when R/C is high.The falling edge of R/C starts the next conversion, and the data lines return to three-state(and remain three-state)until the next high pulse of R/C.Figure 12.High Pulse for R/C—Outputs Enabled While R/C High, Otherwise High-Z
Usually the low pulse for R/C stand-alone mode will be used.Figure 13 illustrates a typical stand-alone configuration for 8086 type processors.The addition of the 74F/S374 latches improves bus access/release times and helps minimize digital feedthrough to the analog portion of the converter.INTERFACING THE AD574A TO MICROPROCESSORS The control logic of the AD574A makes direct connection to most microprocessor system buses possible.While it is impossible to describe the details of the interface connections for every microprocessor type, several representative examples will be described here.GENERAL A/D CONVERTER INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS A typical A/D converter interface routine involves several operations.First, a write to the ADC address initiates a conversion.The processor must then wait for the conversion cycle to complete, since most ADCs take longer than one instruction cycle to complete a conversion.Valid data can, of course, only be read after the conversion is complete.The AD574A provides an output signal(STS)which indicates when a conversion is in progress.This signal can be polled by the processor by reading it through an external three-state buffer(or other input port).The STS signal can also be used to generate an interrupt upon completion of conversion, if the system timing requirements are critical(bear in mind that the maximum conversion time of the AD574A is only 35 microseconds)and the processor has other tasks to perform during the ADC conversion cycle.Another possible time-out method is to assume that the ADC will take 35 microseconds to convert, and insert a sufficient number of ―do-nothing‖ instructions to ensure that 35 microseconds of processor time is consumed
Once it is established that the conversion is finished, the data can be read.In the case of an ADC of 8-bit resolution(or less), a single data read operation is sufficient.In the case of converters with more data bits than are available on the bus, a choice of data formats is required, and multiple read operations are needed.The AD574A includes internal logic to permit direct interface to 8-bit or 16-bit data buses, selected by connection of the 12/8 input.In 16-bit bus applications(12/8 high)the data lines(DB11 through DB0)may be connected to either the 12 most significant or 12 least significant bits of the data bus.The remaining four bits should be masked in software.The interface to an 8-bit data bus(12/8 low)is done in a left-justified format.The even address(A0 low)contains the 8 MSBs(DB11 through DB4).The odd address(A0 high)contains the 4 LSBs(DB3 through DB0)in the upper half of the byte, followed by four trailing zeroes, thus eliminating bit masking instructions.SPECIFIC PROCESSOR INTERFACE EXAMPLES Z-80 System Interface The AD574A may be interfaced to the Z-80 processor in an I/O or memory mapped configuration.Figure 15 illustrates an I/O or mapped configuration.The Z-80 uses address lines A0–A7 to decode the I/O port address.An interesting feature of the Z-80 is that during I/O operations a single wait state is automatically inserted, allowing the AD574A to be used with Z-80 processors having clock speeds up to 4 MHz.For applications faster than 4 MHz use the wait state generator in Figure 16.In a memory mapped configuration the AD574A may be interfaced to Z-80 processors with clock speeds of up to 2.5 MHz.
第五篇:情緒的轉(zhuǎn)換器教案
做情緒的轉(zhuǎn)換器
講課人:陳瑩
設(shè)計(jì)理念:
情緒和情緒問題的解決,是近幾年來心理學(xué)界、學(xué)校心理健康教育界以及社會(huì)大眾關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問題。以“情緒”為關(guān)鍵詞在當(dāng)當(dāng)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行檢索,可以檢索到300余冊(cè)圖書;以“情商”為關(guān)鍵詞在當(dāng)當(dāng)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行檢索,可以檢索到400余冊(cè)圖書。在這些書籍中,既包括了介紹情緒、情商的基礎(chǔ)理論書籍,又包括了普及情緒管理或者情緒控制的應(yīng)用性心理書籍,還有適用于少年兒童的情緒管理能力培養(yǎng)書籍。由此可見情緒、情商或者情緒輔導(dǎo)的受關(guān)注程度。的確,情緒在人們?nèi)粘I钪衅鸬街匾淖饔?,人們體驗(yàn)著各種情緒和情感,或輕松愉悅,或沮喪傷神,并影響到對(duì)周圍事物的看法,影響人們的生活質(zhì)量。對(duì)中學(xué)生來說,隨著身體的日漸成長(zhǎng)和心理的日漸成熟,情緒情感的波動(dòng)更大,對(duì)中學(xué)生的生活和學(xué)習(xí)的影響也非常明顯。因此設(shè)計(jì)另了本節(jié)課。
教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1.認(rèn)知目標(biāo):掌握判斷情緒的方法,使學(xué)生增強(qiáng)消除不良情緒的能力。2.態(tài)度和情感目標(biāo):
(1)加深同學(xué)間的了解,增進(jìn)彼此友誼。
(2)讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)成功的喜悅,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的自信心,保持樂觀的情緒。(3)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。
3.能力目標(biāo):掌握判斷情緒的方法,增強(qiáng)消除不良情緒的能力,保持良好心態(tài),做情緒的“主人”。
重點(diǎn):了解情緒的種類,能夠分辨出來積極情緒與消極情緒 難點(diǎn):掌握情緒的調(diào)控方法,并能夠?qū)W會(huì)應(yīng)用。
一、導(dǎo)課
同學(xué)們好,今天很高興能來為大家講課。誰知道這是什么橋嗎?這是英國(guó)倫敦的波利菲爾大橋。關(guān)于他有個(gè)故事,在倫敦附近的泰晤士河上,有一座叫波利菲爾的大橋十分著名。它的著名不在于橋的設(shè)計(jì)和外觀,而在于每年都有很多人在這里投河自盡。由于自殺的數(shù)目太驚人,倫敦市議會(huì)希望皇家醫(yī)學(xué)院研究人員幫助尋找原因?;始裔t(yī)學(xué)院的普里森博士提出,自殺和橋是黑色的有很大的關(guān)系。這個(gè)論斷剛提出,就遭到了一些人的嘲笑。不過,以后整整三年,人們都沒有找到更好的辦法,最后,政府決定采用普里森博士的建議,把橋身的黑色換成了綠色。當(dāng)年,跳橋自殺的人就減少了56%。
有人知道為什么把橋的顏色改了,自殺的人就少了嗎?有心理學(xué)研究顯示,顏色與我們的情緒相關(guān)。在我們的生活中,我們的情緒會(huì)受到很多因素的影響,我們會(huì)產(chǎn)生各種各樣的情緒,當(dāng)我們產(chǎn)生不開心,生氣等等的一些情緒時(shí),我們需要學(xué)會(huì)進(jìn)行自我的情緒調(diào)節(jié)。今天我們講的內(nèi)容就是情緒的管理:做情緒的轉(zhuǎn)換器
1、活動(dòng):品嘗情緒果 活動(dòng)實(shí)施:
選出兩名同學(xué),一人在情緒果筐中選出“情緒果”進(jìn)行“品嘗”,并用面部表情和肢體語言進(jìn)行表達(dá),而另外一名同學(xué)進(jìn)行猜測(cè),機(jī)會(huì)只有一次!如果猜測(cè)對(duì),兩名同學(xué)均可以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。注意:表演“吃情緒果”的人不能說出“情緒果的內(nèi)容”,也不能對(duì)口型.你是怎么判斷出來他人情緒的?那你判斷失誤是為什么呢?
我們都知道開心是情緒,生氣也是情緒,那么到底情緒是什么呢?
二、正式講課
一、情緒的定義
人對(duì)客觀事物的態(tài)度體驗(yàn)和相應(yīng)的行為反應(yīng),它是以個(gè)體的愿望和需要為中介的心理活動(dòng)。
這就比如說,你寫完作業(yè)了,跟朋友出去約好打籃球,這時(shí)候你媽媽知道你要出去玩,并且告訴你,不行,回去背單詞,這時(shí)候你可能就會(huì)感到不開心,生氣。你的愿望和需要是出去玩,可是現(xiàn)實(shí)的情況是你被媽媽攔住了,這是客觀事物。當(dāng)客觀事物與你的需要之間產(chǎn)生了對(duì)比,這時(shí)你對(duì)媽媽的行為就產(chǎn)生了不高興的態(tài)度體驗(yàn)。這就是情緒。那同學(xué)們認(rèn)為情緒可以分為哪幾類呢?那如果把這些情緒分為兩類可以分為哪兩類呢?情緒可以分為積極情緒和消極情緒。
二、情緒的分類
積極情緒:?? 消極情緒:??
不同的情緒會(huì)帶給我們不一樣的影響,我們來看看,都會(huì)帶給我們什么影響
三、情緒的影響 1.積極情緒的影響
(1)有益于身體健康 :英國(guó)著名科學(xué)家法拉第年輕時(shí)由于工作緊張,神經(jīng)失調(diào),身體虛弱,久治無效。后來,一位名醫(yī)給他做了詳細(xì)檢查,沒有開藥方,只留下一句話:“一個(gè)小丑進(jìn)城,勝過一打醫(yī)生”法拉第仔細(xì)琢磨,覺得有道理。從此以后,他經(jīng)常抽空去看滑稽戲、馬戲和喜劇等,并在緊張的研究工作之后,到野外和海邊度假,調(diào)劑生活情趣,以保持心境愉快,結(jié)果他活到76歲,為科學(xué)事業(yè)作出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。
有學(xué)者曾對(duì)五百多人進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析,結(jié)果表明,人們?cè)诮?jīng)歷一系列緊張事件后,各種疾病都有所增加。據(jù)美國(guó)耶魯大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院報(bào)告,在所有門診病人中,屬于情緒緊張而患病的占76%。這些病人因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期陷于某種情緒狀態(tài),對(duì)那種緊張心情已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常,所以往往把注意集中到身體的癥狀上,而不覺得它和情緒有關(guān)了。所以為了我們的健康,我們都應(yīng)該保持好的心情(2)有良好的的人際關(guān)系:健康的情緒可以讓我們保持一個(gè)樂觀積極向上的心態(tài),讓我們對(duì)他人表現(xiàn)的友善,易于與他人形成良好的友情,避免了我們的孤獨(dú)體驗(yàn)。有人陪伴,有人傾聽,有人幫助你,是一件很幸福的事情。為了幸福,我們也得保持我們的好心情。
(3)帶來理智的思維和行動(dòng):德國(guó)化學(xué)家奧斯特瓦爾德 有一天,他由于牙病疼痛難忍,情緒很壞。他拿起一位不知名的青年寄來的稿件粗粗看了一下,覺得滿紙都是奇談怪論,順手就將其丟進(jìn)了紙簍。幾天之后,他的牙痛好了,心情也好多了,而那篇論文中的一些奇談怪論又在他的腦子中閃現(xiàn)。于是,他急忙從紙簍里把它撿出來重讀一遍,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇論文很有科學(xué)價(jià)值,他馬上給一份科學(xué)雜志寫信,加以推薦。這篇論文發(fā)表后轟動(dòng)了學(xué)術(shù)界,該論文的作者后來獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。好的心情讓我們更有可能做出正確的判斷,保持清醒的大腦。2.不良情緒的影響
(1)惡劣的情緒具有傳染性,會(huì)產(chǎn)生連鎖反應(yīng):一父親在公司受到了老板的批評(píng),回到家就把沙發(fā)上跳來跳去的孩子臭罵了一頓。孩子心里窩火,狠狠去踹身邊打滾的貓。貓?zhí)拥浇稚?,正好一輛卡車開過來,司機(jī)趕緊避讓,卻把路邊的孩子撞傷了。這就是心理學(xué)上著名的“踢貓效應(yīng)”,描繪的是一種典型的壞情緒的傳染所導(dǎo)致的惡性循環(huán)。我們每個(gè)人都有將憤怒轉(zhuǎn)移出去的傾向。當(dāng)一個(gè)人沉溺于負(fù)面或不快樂的事情時(shí),就會(huì)同時(shí)接收到負(fù)面和不快樂的事。當(dāng)他把怒氣轉(zhuǎn)移給別人時(shí),就是把焦點(diǎn)放在不如意的事情上,久而久之,就會(huì)形成惡性循環(huán)。所以我們一定要注意自己的情緒反應(yīng),不要把自己的壞情緒傳染給他人。
(2)惡性情緒可能會(huì)造成不可挽回的后果:成吉思汗帶著心愛的老鷹上山打獵,干渴難耐時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一處有少量水滲出的山谷,便耐著性子用杯子接那滴答下來的泉水,在接滿水準(zhǔn)備喝的那一刻,杯子卻被老鷹撲翻在地,而且如此反復(fù)兩次。成吉思汗大怒,一氣之下殺了愛鷹。之后當(dāng)他尋往高處的水源時(shí)才發(fā)現(xiàn),原來愛鷹不讓他喝水并不是出于逗弄,而是由于水源里有一條死去的毒蛇尸體。正是因?yàn)樗粔牡男那樗绊?,讓他失去了自己心愛的老鷹。所以?dāng)我們的心情不好時(shí),我們不要沖動(dòng),不要讓自己做出后悔的事情。
消極的情緒并不等于是不能出現(xiàn)的,當(dāng)你心愛的東西丟了的時(shí)候,我們傷心、難過是正常的,當(dāng)你遇到可怕的東西,那么恐懼就是正常的;你所表現(xiàn)出的情緒與你所遇到的事件呈現(xiàn)出一致性時(shí)那么這就是健康的情緒。但是我們不應(yīng)該讓消極的情緒伴隨我們太長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)去調(diào)節(jié)自己的情緒。
四、情緒調(diào)節(jié)的方法
(1)注意力轉(zhuǎn)移
注意力轉(zhuǎn)移法就是把注意力從引起不良情緒反應(yīng)的刺激情境中,轉(zhuǎn)移到其他事務(wù)上去或去從事其他活動(dòng)的自我調(diào)節(jié)方法。通過具體活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移注意,調(diào)節(jié)情緒的方法。
散散步、看看電影、讀讀書、打打球、換換環(huán)境等有助于使情緒平靜下來,在活動(dòng)中尋找到新的快樂。(2)合理宣泄法
過分壓抑只會(huì)使情緒困擾加重,而適度宣泄則可以把不良情緒釋放出來,從而使緊張情緒得以緩解、輕松。
發(fā)泄的方法,如大哭、做劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)、放聲大叫或唱歌、向他人傾訴等等。
(3)自我暗示法
通過主觀想象某種特殊的人與事物的存在來進(jìn)行自我刺激,達(dá)到改變行為和主觀經(jīng)驗(yàn)的目的。
“望梅止渴”、“最后一片葉子”,誰知道最后一片葉子的故事嗎?(有聽過就讓他起來講故事,我作補(bǔ)充;沒有就我自己講故事)
美國(guó)作家歐·亨利在他的小說《最后一片葉子》里講了個(gè)故事:病房里,一個(gè)生命垂危的病人從房間里看見窗外的一棵樹,樹葉在秋風(fēng)中一片一片的掉下來,病人望著眼前的蕭蕭落葉,身體也隨之每況愈下。一天不如一天,她說“當(dāng)樹葉全部掉光時(shí),我也就要死了”一位老畫家得知后,用彩筆畫了一片葉色青翠的樹葉掛在樹枝上。最后一片葉子始終沒有掉下來。只因?yàn)樯械倪@片綠,病人竟奇跡般的活了下來。
(4)思維轉(zhuǎn)化法
轉(zhuǎn)換信念,反向思考問題。王安石曾有一首詩,與情緒智慧有關(guān):“風(fēng)吹屋檐瓦,瓦墜破我頭,我不恨此瓦,此瓦不自由?!边@就是一種思維的調(diào)整。
有一句話是“如果你看到面前的陰影,那是因?yàn)槟愕谋澈笥嘘柟?。?練一練:
請(qǐng)觀看下面的視頻,判斷一下主人公采用的是哪種情緒調(diào)控的方法? 注意力轉(zhuǎn)移法。希望大家都能學(xué)會(huì)這幾種方法,其實(shí)調(diào)節(jié)情緒的方法有很多,希望大家都能找到屬于自己的方法。接下來,老師教大家一種緩解緊張的方法,放松訓(xùn)練法。
這個(gè)方法可以幫助你們學(xué)習(xí)放松的技巧,讓你們的身體、肌肉不那么緊張,能夠慢慢地放松下來。剛開始的時(shí)候,你們也許會(huì)覺得有些好笑或者有點(diǎn)困難,不必?fù)?dān)心,只要注意老師的指示,按照老師的話去做就可以了.下面有幾件事要特別注意:
一、要盡力、確實(shí)地照老師所說的指示去做;
二、注意自己的身體肌肉在拉緊和放松的時(shí)候有什么不同的感覺;
三、必須要時(shí)常練習(xí),越常練習(xí),就越能夠放松。
首先,取下你的眼鏡,把腰帶或緊繃的衣服解開,找一個(gè)地方讓自己舒服地躺或坐下來,雙眼輕輕閉上,把手臂放在身體的兩邊,手打開,手心向上。
手和手臂
現(xiàn)在把注意力放在右手上,慢慢地握拳??慢慢地用力??再用力??繼續(xù)用力握緊??繼續(xù)用力??更用力??好,現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你慢慢地放松下來??慢慢地放松下來??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??掌心向上,去感覺放松的右手,是不是有一些麻麻的、放松的感覺?現(xiàn)在換左手,慢慢地握拳??慢慢地用力??再用力??繼續(xù)用力握緊??繼續(xù)用力??更用力??好,現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你慢慢地放松下來??慢慢地放松下來??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??掌心向上,去感覺放松的左手,是不是有一些麻麻的、放松的感覺? 手臂和肩膀
現(xiàn)在想象你是一只毛絨絨的、懶惰的貓咪,陽光真是溫暖,你不由得想伸個(gè)懶腰。現(xiàn)在把手臂抬高??平放在耳朵邊,慢慢地用力向上伸??用力??再用力??再用力些??好,現(xiàn)在慢慢地放下??放松??放松??再放松??
肩膀和脖子
現(xiàn)在想象你是一只膽小的烏龜,正在沙灘上漫步,突然來了一只大螃蟹,把你嚇得躲進(jìn)殼里去。現(xiàn)在把你的脖子縮起來,耳朵越靠近肩膀越好,慢慢地縮起來??再縮??再縮進(jìn)去一點(diǎn)??再用力一些??好,慢慢地放松??放松??再放松??感覺脖子和肩膀的肌肉有些什么變化? 嘴部、牙齒
現(xiàn)在想象有一個(gè)好大好硬的口香糖,你張開嘴巴咬住它,現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你用牙齒慢慢用力咬緊它??繼續(xù)用力??繼續(xù)用力??繼續(xù)用力??好,現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你慢慢地放松下來,慢慢地放松下來??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??一面放松,一面感覺嘴巴旁邊的肌肉慢慢地放松下來。
臉部和鼻子
現(xiàn)在,想象你的鼻子上方飛來了一只討厭的蒼蠅,可是又不能用手去趕它,你只好皺起鼻子試著把它趕走?,F(xiàn)在慢慢地皺起鼻子??用力??繼續(xù)用力??再用力??好,現(xiàn)在蒼蠅已經(jīng)飛走,慢慢地放松下來,放松??再放松??再放松。
肚子
哇!現(xiàn)在旁邊來了一只好可愛的小象,它踩著沉重的步伐慢慢地靠近你,可是你已經(jīng)來不及跑掉了?,F(xiàn)在把注意力放在你的肚子上,想辦法讓肚子變硬,讓肚子的肌肉拉緊,用力??再用力??繼續(xù)用力??繼續(xù)用力??好,現(xiàn)在小象已經(jīng)離開了,請(qǐng)你慢慢地放松下來,慢慢地放松下來??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??繼續(xù)放松??