2014年整理高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全-動(dòng)名詞

第一篇：2014年整理高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全-動(dòng)名詞

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全之動(dòng)名詞

動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)

1）作主語(yǔ)

Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方與北方開(kāi)戰(zhàn)了。

2）作賓語(yǔ)

a.動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)名詞doing作賓語(yǔ) V.+ doing sth

admit 承認(rèn)

complete 完成deny 否認(rèn)

enjoy 喜歡

fancy 想象

mind 介意appreciate 感激,贊賞consider 認(rèn)為avoid 避免delay 耽誤detest 討厭endure 忍受 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止 finish 完成imagine 想象postpone 推遲 miss 想念

practise 訓(xùn)練

resist 抵抗

suggest 建議

stand 忍受

keep 繼續(xù)

舉例：recall 回憶 resent 討厭 resume 繼續(xù) risk 冒險(xiǎn) face 面對(duì)include 包括 understand 理解 forgive 寬恕

(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

(2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b.詞組后接doing

admit toprefer…tobe used tolead todevote oneself toobject tostick tobe busylook forward toto為介詞）

no good, no use,can't help,be fond of

be proud of

put off It's worth…, as well as,be tired ofbe afraid ofhold off It's no use /good be capable ofthink of / about keep on insist oncount on / upon

set about be successful ingood at take up

give up burst out

3）作表語(yǔ)

Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.worth 的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while都為adj.意為“值得”。

1.worth： be worth + n.當(dāng)名詞為金錢(qián)時(shí)，表示“…… 值得……”

be worth doing sth.“……某事值得被做”

The question is not worth discussing again and again.2.worthy：be worthy of +n.當(dāng)名詞為抽象名詞時(shí)表示“……值得……”

be worthy to be done “某事值得被做”

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3.worth-while： be worth-while to do sth“值得做某事”

worth while： It is worth while doing sth

It is worth while sb to do sth.典型例題

It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.A.worthB.worthyC.worth-whileD.worth while

答案C.由worth的用法可知，此句只適合詞組be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C

prevent … from…

第二篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法整理總結(jié)

組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語(yǔ)句子成分有主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)等。

順序一般是主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，而表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的位置要根據(jù)情況而定。

1、主語(yǔ)

主語(yǔ)表示句子主要說(shuō)明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式等充當(dāng)。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜歡看電視。

2、謂語(yǔ)

謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。

一般可分為兩類(lèi)：

1)，簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)

由動(dòng)詞(或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成。

可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我們?yōu)槿嗣駥W(xué)習(xí)。2)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以說(shuō)一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)。

3、表語(yǔ)

表語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)的一部分，它位于系動(dòng)詞如be之后，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是護(hù)士。

4、賓語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，能作賓語(yǔ)的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我們喜歡英語(yǔ)。

有些及物動(dòng)詞可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，往往一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ)。

Hegavemesom'eink.他給了我一點(diǎn)墨水。

有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，意思才完整，賓語(yǔ)和它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。

5、定語(yǔ) 在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語(yǔ)。

用作定語(yǔ)的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是個(gè)新生。

但副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則放在被修飾的詞之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房間里的自行車(chē)是我的。

6、狀語(yǔ)

修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。用作狀語(yǔ)的通常是副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式和從句等。狀語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。

HelivesinLon'don.他住在倫敦。

7.補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞加賓語(yǔ)后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(請(qǐng))等等。如果我們說(shuō)：我們使我們的祖國(guó)。這不是一句完整的話。應(yīng)該說(shuō)：我們使我們的祖國(guó)更美麗。這是的“美麗的(beautiful)”為形容詞做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明祖國(guó)的狀態(tài)。英語(yǔ)句子為:We will make our country more beautiful.作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的詞或詞組為：形容詞，副詞，名詞，不定式，ing形式，數(shù)詞等。

句子的類(lèi)型：

1.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) 2.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)

3.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)

4.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)

5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)

6.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)

7.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

高中英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤列舉分析

[導(dǎo)讀] 本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行列舉分析，近年來(lái)，隨著課程新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的頒布，高中英語(yǔ)的改革不斷深化，系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)顯得越來(lái)越重要。一個(gè)好的語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)無(wú)疑會(huì)高效率地幫助學(xué)生清楚地了解句子結(jié)構(gòu)，規(guī)范語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際運(yùn)用并使之富有邏輯性，同時(shí)提高語(yǔ)言功底以及融會(huì)貫通和理解能力。

本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行列舉分析，近年來(lái)，隨著課程新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的頒布，高中英語(yǔ)的改革不斷深化，系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)顯得越來(lái)越重要。一個(gè)好的語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)無(wú)疑會(huì)高效率地幫助學(xué)生清楚地了解句子結(jié)構(gòu)，規(guī)范語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際運(yùn)用并使之富有邏輯性，同時(shí)提高語(yǔ)言功底以及融會(huì)貫通和理解能力。同時(shí)，高考中對(duì)語(yǔ)法的考查也呈現(xiàn)出新特點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)渭兊恼Z(yǔ)法規(guī)則測(cè)試題減少，而代之以語(yǔ)法加語(yǔ)境，語(yǔ)法加上下文，語(yǔ)法加比較辨析等三個(gè)方面的題目。我們的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)也應(yīng)該順應(yīng)這個(gè)潮流。從易犯錯(cuò)誤的地方入手，無(wú)疑是系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法，應(yīng)對(duì)高考新特點(diǎn)的最好切入點(diǎn)。

下面筆者依據(jù)近年的高考試題，總結(jié)了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中易犯的一些錯(cuò)誤：

一.詞法方面

詞法方面，詞語(yǔ)的辨析成為現(xiàn)今高考命題的重點(diǎn)，對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)也是一大難點(diǎn)。其綜合性越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，很多題目要根據(jù)上下文，反復(fù)比較才能做出正確判斷。這也提醒我們學(xué)習(xí)詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要關(guān)注它的多個(gè)意思，同時(shí)不要死記硬背，要在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境里靈活地學(xué)習(xí)和掌握。

1.____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)A.With B.Besides C.As for D.Because of 本題說(shuō)的是：因?yàn)閾?dān)心兩門(mén)考試，這個(gè)周末我不得不拼命學(xué)習(xí)。句意很簡(jiǎn)單明了，besides“除了”，as for“至于”兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)很容易排除，因此許多同學(xué)根據(jù)字面意思選擇了錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)D。錯(cuò)誤的原因是because of后邊不能接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，而正確答案A項(xiàng)構(gòu)成的with獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可表原因。所謂with獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)是指with+名詞(或代詞)+分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)

2.----Do you like____ here?----Oh , yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004 全國(guó)一)A.this B.these C.that D.it 很多同學(xué)看到The air, the weather, the way of life，以為這么多東西，當(dāng)然應(yīng)該是these了，從而誤選了B。此處it指代這些東西，同時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)了Everything。正確答案是D 二.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)依然是亙古不變的重點(diǎn)。時(shí)態(tài)的考查也不再局限于過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等也開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在考卷上。這一類(lèi)題目中，理解其所給的語(yǔ)境成為答對(duì)題目的關(guān)鍵。另外，試題中還故意設(shè)計(jì)出了一些陷阱：如經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在某一種時(shí)態(tài)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)放在另一種時(shí)態(tài)里。考生極易犯思維定式的錯(cuò)誤，所以，務(wù)必認(rèn)真審題也變得非常重要。

1.The crazy fans____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.(2004重慶)A were waiting B.had been waiting C.had waited D.would wait 這道時(shí)態(tài)題難度不小，從題目中的場(chǎng)景可知，空格處的“等待”動(dòng)作應(yīng)發(fā)生在“arrived”之前，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，所以應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí);同時(shí)“for two hours”這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)告訴我們?cè)摼鋸?qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作在過(guò)去一直持續(xù)進(jìn)行。綜合二者，我們選擇一個(gè)最佳答案：過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。答案為：B 2.It is said in the book that Thomas Edison(1847-1931)____the world leading inventor for sixty years.(2004遼寧)A.would be B.has been C.had been D.was 此題難度較大，無(wú)數(shù)考生拜倒在其腳下。錯(cuò)誤的原因是：看到for sixty years，再加上前面用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞is，便以為是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以選擇B。殊不知題目中給出的是一段過(guò)去的時(shí)間(1847-1931)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)也可以用以描述過(guò)去的一段時(shí)間的事實(shí)。所以答案是D：愛(ài)迪生過(guò)去曾經(jīng)連續(xù)60年是世界上發(fā)明創(chuàng)造界的領(lǐng)袖。

三.三大類(lèi)從句

對(duì)于從句的把握，不僅對(duì)語(yǔ)法題目意義重大，對(duì)寫(xiě)作也大有裨益。要弄明白名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句三者的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系，要了解各自的引導(dǎo)詞以及引導(dǎo)的句子種類(lèi)，從本質(zhì)上把握它們。

1.A modern city has been set up in____ was a wasteland ten years ago.(2004 天津)A.what B.which C.that D.where 此題解答時(shí)，易把漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣移植進(jìn)去：十年前曾是一片廢墟的地方，從而誤選D。本題中，空格及空格后面的部分共同做介詞in的賓語(yǔ)。而在這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中，空格部分又要做主語(yǔ)。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，where是副詞的性質(zhì)，從來(lái)只能做狀語(yǔ)，決不可能做主語(yǔ)。同時(shí)本題有沒(méi)有給定一個(gè)供選擇的范圍，所以排除了which。正確答案是A 四.分詞

分詞使我們中國(guó)學(xué)生最頭疼的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)知識(shí)。很多學(xué)生讀了研究生后依然搞不清楚現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。其實(shí)，只要適當(dāng)?shù)募右苑诸?lèi)和記憶，便能迅速地理情頭緒，并徹底掌握它。1.-----such a good chance, he planed to learn more.A.To be given B.Having been given C.Having given D.Giving 該題有三個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：主語(yǔ)he，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作plan，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作give;he與give之間很顯然是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以排除表主動(dòng)的現(xiàn)在分詞C和D;give這個(gè)動(dòng)作明顯在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作plan之前，所以選擇完成式B 2.-----time, he will make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given 該題的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：主語(yǔ)he，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作make，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作give：he與give之間同樣是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而ABC均為主動(dòng)，所以選D。該題如果增加難度，可以加入一個(gè)迷惑選項(xiàng)：被動(dòng)完成式having been given，此項(xiàng)也不可選，因?yàn)橥瓿墒奖仨毐硎緞?dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò);本題中動(dòng)作只是一種假設(shè)，尚未發(fā)生。

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

[導(dǎo)讀] 本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助：

本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助：

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征 1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。

2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。

3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)不加-s。

4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非謂語(yǔ)形式，即沒(méi)有不定式，分詞，等形式。

比較can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考資源網(wǎng)力;可能(過(guò)去時(shí)用could), 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。

They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告訴你消息了。

2)只用be able to a.位于助動(dòng)詞后。

b.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。

c.表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。

d.用于句首表示條件。

e.表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示時(shí)態(tài)

1)提出委婉的請(qǐng)求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定，疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是壞人。

比較may和might 1)表示允許或請(qǐng)求;表示沒(méi)有把握的推測(cè);may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，不表示時(shí)態(tài)。只是可能性比may 小。

2)成語(yǔ)： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為“不妨”。

If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例題

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可從后半句推出。

比較have to和must 1)兩詞都是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要，must 表示說(shuō)話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來(lái)。(客觀上需要做這件事)He said that they must work hard.他說(shuō)他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)2)have to有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語(yǔ)中表示過(guò)去的必要或義務(wù)。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中： don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”，You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告訴他。You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把這件事告訴他。

must表示推測(cè)

1)must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測(cè)，意為“一定”。

2)must表對(duì)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 后面通常接系動(dòng)詞be 的原形或行為動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)判斷)He must be working in his office.他一定在辦公室工作呢。

比較：

He must be staying there.他現(xiàn)在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there.他必須呆在那。

3)must 表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我剛才沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到電話，我想必是睡著了。

4)must表示對(duì)過(guò)去某時(shí)正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，must 后面要接不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推測(cè)用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開(kāi)這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。

表示推測(cè)的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測(cè)，其用法如下：

1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形。

表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況的推測(cè)，此時(shí)動(dòng)詞通常為系動(dòng)詞。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)正在進(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.這時(shí)，我們老師想必在批改試卷。

3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)。

表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項(xiàng)工作了。

The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

表示對(duì)過(guò)去正在發(fā)生事情的推測(cè)。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你媽媽一定一直在找你。

5)推測(cè)的否定形式，疑問(wèn)形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.邁克一定還沒(méi)有找回他的車(chē)，因?yàn)樵缟纤亲财?chē)來(lái)上班的。

注意：could, might表示推測(cè)時(shí)不表示時(shí)態(tài)，其推測(cè)的程度不如can, may。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞

1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示過(guò)去，推測(cè)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情。

Philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，具有“肯定”，“諒必”的意思。

You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事實(shí)上已扔了。)ought to 在語(yǔ)氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。

4)needn't have done sth本沒(méi)必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都為“應(yīng)該”的意思，可用于各種人稱(chēng)。---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣由 should(應(yīng)該)、had better最好)、must(必須)漸強(qiáng)。

had better表示最好

had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。

had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold.You'd better put on my coat.She'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為“本來(lái)最好”。

You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“寧愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…寧愿……而不愿。還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之獨(dú)立主格

[導(dǎo)讀] 本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之獨(dú)立主格進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助：

本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之獨(dú)立主格進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助：

(一)：獨(dú)立高考資源網(wǎng)主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：

名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞;名詞(代詞)+形容詞;名詞(代詞)+副詞;名詞(代詞)+不定式;名詞(代詞)+介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。

(二)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：

1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。

3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。

舉例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束了，我們開(kāi)始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。

This done, we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書(shū)，走出了圖書(shū)館

With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

表伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)

舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例題

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A.being tiedB.having tiedC.to be tiedD.tied 答案D.with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞“手”與分詞“綁”是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用過(guò)去分詞，選D.注意: 1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問(wèn)題：當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞)，也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。

2)當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例題：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting 答案B.本題中沒(méi)有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗號(hào)，且we 小寫(xiě)，可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許'，表主動(dòng)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。

如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.然后將if 去掉，再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之主謂一致

[導(dǎo)讀] 本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之主謂一致進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助，主謂一致是指：

本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之主謂一致進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助，主謂一致是指：

1)語(yǔ)法形式上高考資源網(wǎng)要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致。

2)意義上要一致，即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。

3)就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。

There is much water in the thermos.但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)

Reading and writing are very important.注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were 答案B.注：先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門(mén)he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor 前沒(méi)有the，在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。

主謂一致中的靠近原則

1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2)當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor，連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保

crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。His family isn't very large.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。

His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。

但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Are there any police around? 3)有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。

A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致

1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2)在一些短語(yǔ)，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。

Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來(lái)自這個(gè)城市

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全之狀語(yǔ)從句

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

地點(diǎn)狀高考資源網(wǎng)語(yǔ)從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方樹(shù)很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之形容詞及其用法

[導(dǎo)讀] 本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之形容詞及其用法進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助，形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事高考資源網(wǎng)物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常，可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類(lèi)，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之形容詞及其用法進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助，形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事高考資源網(wǎng)物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常，可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類(lèi)，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

1)直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot 熱的。

2)敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，所以又稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類(lèi)形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類(lèi)。例如：afraid 害怕的。

3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后，例如：

something nice 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞

1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。

改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò))She sang lovely.(錯(cuò))He spoke to me very friendly.(對(duì))Her singing was lovely.(對(duì))He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體

1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)，類(lèi)別--名詞

a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例題: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other two 答案：C。由“限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--性質(zhì)--名詞”的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質(zhì)依次順序，只有C符合答案。

2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stoneC.old stone ChineseD.Chinese stone old 答案A.幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。

3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last 答案：B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問(wèn)題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠

近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時(shí)，可參照下表：

限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞

old + brown + wood + table

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之形容詞及其用法

(錯(cuò))He is an ill man.(對(duì))The man is ill.(錯(cuò))She is an afraid girl.(對(duì))The girl is afraid.這類(lèi)詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后，例如：

something nice 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞

1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體 1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。

the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)，類(lèi)別--名詞

近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時(shí)，可參照下表：

限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞 old + brown + wood + table

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征

1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。

2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。

3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)不加-s。

4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非謂語(yǔ)形式，即沒(méi)有不定式，分詞，等形式。

比較can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考資源網(wǎng)力;可能(過(guò)去時(shí)用could), 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告訴你消息了。

2)只用be able to a.位于助動(dòng)詞后。

b.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。

c.表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。

d.用于句首表示條件。

e.表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示時(shí)態(tài)

1)提出委婉的請(qǐng)求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定，疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是壞人。

比較may和might 1)表示允許或請(qǐng)求;表示沒(méi)有把握的推測(cè);may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，不表示時(shí)態(tài)。只是可能性比may 小。

2)成語(yǔ)： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為“不妨”。

If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例題

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可從后半句推出。

比較have to和must 1)兩詞都是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要，must 表示說(shuō)話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來(lái)。(客觀上需要做這件事)He said that they must work hard.他說(shuō)他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)2)have to有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語(yǔ)中表示過(guò)去的必要或義務(wù)。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中： don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”，You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告訴他。

You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把這件事告訴他。

must表示推測(cè)

1)must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測(cè)，意為“一定”。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)判斷)He must be working in his office.他一定在辦公室工作呢。比較：

He must be staying there.他現(xiàn)在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there.他必須呆在那。

3)must 表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我剛才沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到電話，我想必是睡著了。

4)must表示對(duì)過(guò)去某時(shí)正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，must 后面要接不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推測(cè)用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開(kāi)這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。

表示推測(cè)的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測(cè)，其用法如下：

1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形。表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況的推測(cè)，此時(shí)動(dòng)詞通常為系動(dòng)詞。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)正在進(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.這時(shí)，我們老師想必在批改試卷。

3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)。

表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項(xiàng)工作了。

The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

表示對(duì)過(guò)去正在發(fā)生事情的推測(cè)。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你媽媽一定一直在找你。

5)推測(cè)的否定形式，疑問(wèn)形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.邁克一定還沒(méi)有找回他的車(chē)，因?yàn)樵缟纤亲财?chē)來(lái)上班的。

注意：could, might表示推測(cè)時(shí)不表示時(shí)態(tài)，其推測(cè)的程度不如can, may。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞

1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示過(guò)去，推測(cè)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本應(yīng)該做某事，而事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有做。否定句表示“不該做某事而做了”。You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事實(shí)上已扔了。)ought to 在語(yǔ)氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。

4)needn't have done sth本沒(méi)必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都為“應(yīng)該”的意思，可用于各種人稱(chēng)。

---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣由 should(應(yīng)該)、had better最好)、must(必須)漸強(qiáng)。

had better表示最好

had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。

You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“寧愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…寧愿……而不愿。

還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。

[導(dǎo)讀] 本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之代詞進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助：

本文將對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)之代詞進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹，希望對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助：

人稱(chēng)代詞的用法

1)人稱(chēng)代詞的主高考資源網(wǎng)格在句子中作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，例如：

John waited a while but eventually he went home.約翰等了一會(huì)兒，最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。

說(shuō)明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語(yǔ)相同，代詞主語(yǔ)要用在從句中，名詞主語(yǔ)用在主句中，例如：

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.約翰一到就直接去銀行了。

2)人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)，但在口語(yǔ)中也能作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，第一人稱(chēng)在省略句中，還可以作主語(yǔ)，例如：

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他們?cè)谝黄穑辽傥艺J(rèn)為是她。(her做賓語(yǔ)，them做介詞賓語(yǔ)，her作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))a.--Who broke the vase?--誰(shuí)打碎了花瓶? b.--Me.--我。(me作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)= It's me.)說(shuō)明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中多用賓格，在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。

人稱(chēng)代詞之主、賓格的替換

1)賓格代替主格

a.在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中，當(dāng)人稱(chēng)代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后，多用賓語(yǔ)。

----I like English.--我喜歡英語(yǔ)。

----Me too.--我也喜歡。

----Have more wine?--再來(lái)點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?----Not me.--我可不要了。

b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)保留，則主語(yǔ)只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替賓格

a.在介詞but，except 后，有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。

b.在電話用語(yǔ)中常用主格。

----I wish to speak to Mary.--我想和瑪麗通話。

----This is she.--我就是瑪麗。

注意：在動(dòng)詞be 或to be 后的人稱(chēng)代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。

I thought it was she.我以為是她。(主格----主格)I thought it to be her.(賓格----賓格)I was taken to be she.我被當(dāng)成了她。(主格----主格)They took me to be her.他們把我當(dāng)成了她。(賓格----賓格)代詞的指代問(wèn)題

1)不定代詞 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式場(chǎng)合使用時(shí)，可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he?誰(shuí)也沒(méi)來(lái)，是嗎? 2)動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替，有時(shí)也用he, she，帶有親切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food.She is hungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。3)指代車(chē)或國(guó)家，船舶的名詞，含感情色彩時(shí)常用she。

并列人稱(chēng)代詞的排列順序

1)單數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞并列作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

第二人稱(chēng)-> 第三人稱(chēng)-> 第一人稱(chēng)

you-> he/she;it-> I You, he and I should return on time.2)復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

第一人稱(chēng)-> 第二人稱(chēng)-> 第三人稱(chēng)

we->you->They 注意：在下列情況中，第一人稱(chēng)放在前面。

a.在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，It was I and John that made her angry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。

b.在長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩，長(zhǎng)官對(duì)下屬說(shuō)話時(shí)，如長(zhǎng)官為第一人稱(chēng)，如：I and you try to finish it.c.并列主語(yǔ)只有第一人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)時(shí)，d.當(dāng)其他人稱(chēng)代詞或名詞被定語(yǔ)從句修飾時(shí)。

物主代詞

1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用，例如：

John had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.約翰割破了手指，顯而易見(jiàn)，他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯。

物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種，形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。

名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的--'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

Jack's cap意為 The cap is Jack's.His cap 意為 The cap is his.2)名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

a.作主語(yǔ)，例如：

May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。

b.作賓語(yǔ)，例如：

I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我愛(ài)我的祖國(guó)就像你愛(ài)你的祖國(guó)一樣深。

c.作介詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說(shuō)的話，而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。

d.作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，例如：

The life I have is yours.It's yours.It's yours.我的生命屬于你，屬于你，屬于你。

雙重所有格

物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置，修飾一個(gè)名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。

公式為：

a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如：

a friend of mine.each brother of his.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 反身代詞

1)列表 Iyouyoushehe myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself wetheyitone ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself 2)做賓語(yǔ)

a.有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心。

Please help yourself to some fish.請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)。

b.用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。

注：有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞，get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down.請(qǐng)坐。

3)作表語(yǔ);同位語(yǔ) be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。

4)在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞后賓語(yǔ)用反身代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格均可。如：

No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意：

a.反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。

(錯(cuò))Myself drove the car.(對(duì))I myself drove the car.我自己開(kāi)車(chē)。

b.但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語(yǔ)中，第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語(yǔ)。

Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ)，要用反身代詞。

You should be proud of yourself.你應(yīng)為自己感到驕傲。

w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 相互代詞

1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個(gè)詞組。他們表示句中動(dòng)詞所敘述的動(dòng)作或感覺(jué)在涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象之間是相互存在的，例如： It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.顯而易見(jiàn)，不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。

2)相互代詞的句法功能：

a.作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ);People should love one another.人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛(ài)。

b.可作介詞賓語(yǔ);Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對(duì)唱。

說(shuō)明：傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法認(rèn)為，相互關(guān)系存在于兩個(gè)人或物之間用each other，存在于兩個(gè)以上人和物之間用one another?，F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，兩組詞交替使用的實(shí)例也很多，例如：

He put all the books beside each other.他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)。

He put all the books beside one another.他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)。

Usually these small groups were independent of each other.這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨(dú)立的。

c.相互代詞可加-'s構(gòu)成所有格，例如：

第三篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語(yǔ)句子成分有主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)等。

順序一般是主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，而表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的位置要根據(jù)情況而定。

1、主語(yǔ)

主語(yǔ)表示句子主要說(shuō)明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式等充當(dāng)。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜歡看電視。

2、謂語(yǔ)

謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。一般可分為兩類(lèi)： 1)，簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)

由動(dòng)詞(或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成。

可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我們?yōu)槿嗣駥W(xué)習(xí)。2)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以說(shuō)一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)。

3、表語(yǔ)

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是護(hù)士。

4、賓語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，能作賓語(yǔ)的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我們喜歡英語(yǔ)。

有些及物動(dòng)詞可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，往往一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ)。

Hegavemesom'eink.他給了我一點(diǎn)墨水。

有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，意思才完整，賓語(yǔ)和它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。

5、定語(yǔ)

在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語(yǔ)。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是個(gè)新生。

但副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則放在被修飾的詞之后。Thebikeintheroomismine.房間里的自行車(chē)是我的。

6、狀語(yǔ)

HelivesinLon'don.他住在倫敦。7.補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞加賓語(yǔ)后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(請(qǐng))等等。如果我們說(shuō)：我們使我們的祖國(guó)。這不是一句完整的話。應(yīng)該說(shuō)：我們使我們的祖國(guó)更美麗。這是的“美麗的(beautiful)”為形容詞做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明祖國(guó)的狀態(tài)。英語(yǔ)句子為:We will make our country more beautiful.作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的詞或詞組為：形容詞，副詞，名詞，不定式，ing形式，數(shù)詞等。

句子的類(lèi)型： 1.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)

2.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ) 3.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ) 4.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)

5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ) 6.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ) 7.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表

說(shuō)明：

（1）標(biāo)*號(hào)的項(xiàng)目，七級(jí)要求理解，8級(jí)要求掌握。

（2）高中階段的語(yǔ)法教學(xué)，應(yīng)從語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的角度出發(fā)，把語(yǔ)言的形式、意義和用法有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)。要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語(yǔ)境中了解和掌握語(yǔ)法的表意功能。

1.名詞

（1）可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)（2）不可數(shù)名詞（3）專(zhuān)有名詞（4）名詞所有格 2.代詞（1）人稱(chēng)代詞（2）物主代詞（3）反身代詞（4）指示代詞（5）不定代詞（6）疑問(wèn)代詞 3.數(shù)詞（1）基數(shù)詞（2）序數(shù)詞 4.介詞和介詞短語(yǔ) 5.連詞

6.形容詞（比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)）7.副詞（比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)）8.冠詞 9.動(dòng)詞

（1）動(dòng)詞的基本形式（2）系動(dòng)詞

（3）及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞（4）助動(dòng)詞（5）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 10.時(shí)態(tài)（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)（3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)（4）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)（5）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（6）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（7）將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)*（8）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（9）過(guò)去完成時(shí)*（10）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)* 11.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 12.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（1）動(dòng)詞不定式（2）動(dòng)詞的-ing形式（3）動(dòng)詞的-ed形式 13.構(gòu)詞法（1）合成法（2）派生法（3）轉(zhuǎn)化法（4）縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě) 14.句子種類(lèi)（1）陳述句（2）疑問(wèn)句（3）祈使句（4）感嘆句 15.句子成分（1）主語(yǔ)（2）謂語(yǔ)（3）表語(yǔ)（4）賓語(yǔ)（5）定語(yǔ)（6）狀語(yǔ)（7）補(bǔ)語(yǔ)*

16.簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型 17.主謂一致* 18.并列復(fù)合句 19.主從復(fù)合句（1）賓語(yǔ)從句（2）狀語(yǔ)從句（3）定語(yǔ)從句（4）主語(yǔ)從句*（5）同位語(yǔ)從句*（6）表語(yǔ)從句* 20.間接引語(yǔ)* 21.省略* 22.倒裝* 23.強(qiáng)調(diào)* 24.虛擬語(yǔ)氣*

8.特殊詞精講

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。

I must stop smoking..我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法口訣

（一）作者: 提供人:管理員

閱讀:7760 時(shí)間:2008-9-1 9:44:36 高中階段的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)在現(xiàn)行的教材中分布得較分散、零碎，學(xué)生學(xué)起來(lái)頗感吃力，難以記牢。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的途徑很多，但教學(xué)中常用的主要有如下二種：一是通過(guò)教師的講解，對(duì)所學(xué)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的概念、結(jié)構(gòu)，用法有個(gè)確切的了解；二是通過(guò)大量的練習(xí)，在英語(yǔ)實(shí)踐中正確、熟練地掌握語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的用法。仔細(xì)惦量這兩種方法，其實(shí)都強(qiáng)調(diào)了同一個(gè)極其重要的東西，即是―記憶‖。記憶的方式、方法很多，諸如分類(lèi)記憶法，直觀形象記憶法、奇持聯(lián)想記憶法，特征記憶法等等。這里，筆者主要從詞法與句法兩大塊對(duì)巧記英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法作些闡述。

一、詞法

（1）巧記名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則：

單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)式，一般詞尾加-s；

下列句詞詞尾后，要加-s先加-e。

發(fā)音[f]、[ t ]、[s]和[z]，或是某些輔音加-o時(shí)。

有些名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，詞尾變化要注意。

y前字母是輔音，一律變y為-ies.遇到f和fe，有時(shí)需要變-ves.少數(shù)名詞不規(guī)則，特殊情況要強(qiáng)記。

說(shuō)明：

1．名詞變復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在詞尾加-s.eg bag-bags banana-bananas bird-birds pen-pens,....2．詞尾發(fā)音為[f , t s, z]的名詞（即以字母sh, ch, s, x結(jié)尾者）在變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，要在詞尾加-es，eg watch-watches, box-boxes, bus-buses,etc)

3．若詞尾字母o的前面是輔音字母，變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，有些加-es，eg hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, patato-patatoes, tomato-tomatoes.這四個(gè)詞可組成一句話來(lái)記憶：Heroes and Negroes eat potatoes and tomatoes（英雄和黑人吃馬鈴薯和西紅柿。簡(jiǎn)為二人吃二菜。）

但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞則加-s，eg photo – photoes, piano –pianos等。

4．若詞尾字母y前加的是輔音字母時(shí)，變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，首先把y變?yōu)閕，再加-es, eg family – families, city-cities, baby – babies等，但若詞尾y前為元音字母時(shí)，則可直接加-s, eg day-days, boy-boys等。

5．以f和fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，首先將f和fe變?yōu)関, 再加-es，我們也可用一句話來(lái)記，―狼（wolf）和小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用小刀（knife）威脅書(shū)架(shelf)上的半片（half）葉子（leaf）的生命（life）。另外記住一些常見(jiàn)特殊詞，eg roof—roofs.6.有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化是不規(guī)則的，eg man-men, woman-women, child-children, chinese-chinese, sheep-sheep等，平時(shí)多留心，稍微加以歸納，是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其的特征的。

（2）定冠詞

冠詞是NMET試題中出現(xiàn)較頻繁的詞性，近五年復(fù)出率高達(dá)83.3%。因而掌握冠詞，尤其是定冠詞的用法也尤其必要。

請(qǐng)看下面的順口溜，它可以幫助我們記憶定冠詞的一些用法：

特指、重提和唯一，島嶼，海峽和海灣；

海洋，黨派最高級(jí)，沙漠，河流與群山；

方位、順序和樂(lè)器，年代，團(tuán)體與機(jī)關(guān)；

船名，建筑和組織，會(huì)議，條約與報(bào)刊；

姓氏復(fù)數(shù)，國(guó)全名，請(qǐng)你記住用定冠。

下面讓我們?cè)賮?lái)―驗(yàn)證‖這順口溜吧。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察下面各句中定冠詞的用法，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它的―功效‖與―真?zhèn)巍恕?/p>

1.The girl in red has just come back from Australia.2.Mr.Li will give us a talk.The talk will begin at 800 3.The sun gives us heat and light.4.The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all.5.The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.6.Do you know when the Great Wall came into being 7.She’s on the People’s Daily.8.The Einsteins could not pay for the advanced education that young Albert needed.9.Who was the first to come

10.I heard somebody playing the piano in the next room.11.Great Changes have taken place in the 1990’s

12.In 1864, Lincoln was elected President of the United States for the second time.（3）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式三種。這是高考中的熱點(diǎn)，其考查量多、面廣，幾乎是必考的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。近六年高考復(fù)現(xiàn)率達(dá)百分之百?？v觀試題，其考查重點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的作用及功能相同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別。學(xué)生對(duì)此知識(shí)也―知之半解‖，深感頭疼。請(qǐng)看下面的方法，將有助于記住不定式及動(dòng)名詞。

1、動(dòng)詞的不定式

①不定式有標(biāo)記，to與動(dòng)詞連一起。

②沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)數(shù)變化，動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)它具備。

③主賓定狀表補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，唯獨(dú)作謂不可以。

④not 加上不定式，否定結(jié)構(gòu)要牢記。

⑤疑問(wèn)詞與不定式，構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)有意義。

⑥仔細(xì)推敲多思考，準(zhǔn)確判斷有依據(jù)。

解析：①―to+動(dòng)詞原形‖是它的基本構(gòu)成形式，即不定式的標(biāo)記。

②它沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，不管主語(yǔ)是任何人稱(chēng)，單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞不定式都沒(méi)有變化。但它仍保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。③它具有名詞、形容詞和副詞三大特點(diǎn)，所以，它在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)。

④―not +動(dòng)詞不定式‖是它的否定形式，不要受其他否定式的影響，要記住規(guī)律。

⑤疑問(wèn)代詞what, who, whom, which和疑問(wèn)副詞where, when, why , how加上不定式在句中可以做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。

⑥通過(guò)以上分析，只要仔細(xì)研究，把不定式的功能用法搞清楚，在應(yīng)用時(shí)就能作出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。

2、動(dòng)名詞：

哪些動(dòng)詞后面只能接動(dòng)名詞，下面的順口溜有助于記憶。

喜歡、考慮不可免（enjoy, consider, escape, avoid）

停止，放棄太冒險(xiǎn)（stop, give up , risk）

反對(duì)想象莫推延（mine, imagine, delay, put off）

要求完成是期望（require, finish, look forward to.）

建議繼續(xù)勤練（suggest, go on, practise）

不禁原諒要堅(jiān)持（can’t help, excuse , insist on）

繼續(xù)注意使成功（keep on, mind, succeed in）

（4）多個(gè)形容詞并開(kāi)修飾一個(gè)名詞的問(wèn)題

有兩三個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，與被修飾名詞關(guān)系較密切的形容詞靠近名詞。若有多個(gè)形容詞修飾，可用下面這句話來(lái)判斷、排列它們的順序：縣官行令殺國(guó)材。

其意思是：縣（限）代表限定詞，包括冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞，所有格，數(shù)字等。

官（觀）代表表示觀點(diǎn)的描繪性形容詞，eg fine beautiful interesting等。

行（形）代表表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低及形狀的形容詞：eg small tall, high, little, round等。

令代表表示年齡、新舊的形容詞：eg old, young等。殺色（近似音）代表表示顏色的形容詞：eg white, black等。

國(guó)代表國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞：eg Englsih, American, moun tain等。

材代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞，eg wooden, silk, plastic, stone等。

請(qǐng)看下面的例子： a fine old stone bridge;two big round new Chinese wooden tables;his large new black foreign car.（5）序數(shù)詞中的特殊詞：

記憶序數(shù)詞中的特殊詞時(shí)，可用順口溜來(lái)記：

八去t，九減e, f來(lái)把ve替，若是遇上幾十幾，ie就把y來(lái)替。

即：eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth, twentieth, thirtieth...（6）一些動(dòng)詞

1.lie 的變化

記憶lie 的變化時(shí)，可用順口溜來(lái)幫助記憶：

規(guī)則的說(shuō)謊，不規(guī)則的躺，躺過(guò)就下蛋，下蛋不規(guī)則。

即：lie—lied—lied—lying(說(shuō)謊)lie—lay—lain—lying(躺，位于)lay—laid—laid—laying(產(chǎn)卵，下蛋)2．感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞：

記憶此項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞，可歸納于―五三二一‖，即：

―五看‖—see, watch, notice, observe, look at;―二使‖—let, make, have;―三聽(tīng)‖—hear, listen to;―一覺(jué)‖—feel.3．―否定轉(zhuǎn)移‖的5個(gè)常用詞：我認(rèn)為（think）猜想（suppose）與想象（imagine）都不可相信（believe），我期待（expect）等著你的回答。eg I don’t think he’ll come tomorrow.4．―同源賓語(yǔ)‖的七個(gè)常用詞

微筆（smile）著生話（live）歌唱（sing）著戰(zhàn)斗（fight）死(die)也像睡覺(jué)（sleep）做夢(mèng)（dream）一樣甜蜜。

eg Now we’re living a happy life and often dream good dreams.5．巧記常用于―主語(yǔ)沒(méi)有生命勝似有‖之類(lèi)句子謂語(yǔ)的七個(gè)動(dòng)詞：

如果看見(jiàn)(see)或發(fā)現(xiàn)(discover)Turn(音譯：特恩)，一定要找到(find)他，并帶（bring）他到這兒給（give）大伙展示（show）一下。

eg Tomorrow’ll see the opening of the meeting.Dusk found a little boy crying in the street.

第四篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法權(quán)威解析

目錄: 第01章名詞性從句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解第03章高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象第04章主謂一致第05章

動(dòng)詞不定式第06章

倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

第07章

定語(yǔ)從句第08章

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 第09章祈使句第10章感嘆句第11章疑問(wèn)句第12章名詞

第一章名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。

一．主語(yǔ)從句

主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較

It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）

2.用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It is ＋名詞＋從句

It is a fact that ?

事實(shí)是?

It is an honor that

?非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that

?是常識(shí)(2)It is ＋形容詞＋從句

It is natural that?

很自然?

It is strange that?

奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句

It seems that?

似乎?

It happened that?

碰巧?

It appears that?

似乎?(4)It ＋過(guò)去分詞＋從句

It is reported that?

據(jù)報(bào)道?

It has been proved that?

已證實(shí)?

It is said that?

據(jù)說(shuō)?

3.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：

（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．賓語(yǔ)從句

賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。

1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)

(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他參軍了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。

(3)動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。

2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。

3.作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。

注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類(lèi)詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

4.it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)

it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。

5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞

這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類(lèi)詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞

有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。

三.表語(yǔ)從句

表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句”。可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語(yǔ)從句

同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。

1.同位語(yǔ)從句的功能

同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置

同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。

(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英語(yǔ)名詞性從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone 7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：

一、It用作實(shí)詞

表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象??

二、It用作形式主語(yǔ)

替代作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：

1.代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式，其句型為

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語(yǔ)的從句常見(jiàn)句型

(1)It is + noun +從句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??

It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語(yǔ)的句型

1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風(fēng)格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時(shí)候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)某動(dòng)作已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不發(fā)生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)? before?過(guò)(不)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間某動(dòng)作發(fā)生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語(yǔ)

用來(lái)替代作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?

leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做

take it for granted that ?想當(dāng)然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的介詞后面，賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who)? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可以用who。

在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.請(qǐng)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問(wèn)句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)not ? until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語(yǔ)從句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說(shuō)定、趕上、及時(shí)到達(dá)

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語(yǔ)中相當(dāng)于fix the date for,表示“約定好時(shí)間”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相當(dāng)于in fact, in reality表示“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際情況是??”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當(dāng)于方式狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“照原樣”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當(dāng)于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說(shuō)，可以說(shuō)，換句話說(shuō)”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來(lái)引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，相當(dāng)于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相當(dāng)于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒(méi)有別的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當(dāng)于 That's right.表示“對(duì)啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯(cuò)事而挨罵，受責(zé)備，受批評(píng)，受懲罰”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相當(dāng)于say, insist表示“說(shuō)，主張，表明，硬說(shuō)”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當(dāng)于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當(dāng)于go on,表示“繼續(xù)做，不放棄”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, ? 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒(méi)有多大價(jià)值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當(dāng)于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來(lái)勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔(dān)心，存住氣”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于believe me what I say.表示“請(qǐng)相信我的話，我敢擔(dān)?！?/p>

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價(jià)值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒(méi)有定下來(lái)”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負(fù)責(zé)，取決于??”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專(zhuān)練

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國(guó)卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國(guó)卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象

在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中，為了使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了，重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)之為省略?，F(xiàn)就英語(yǔ)中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下：

一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略

在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫(xiě)作業(yè)。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略

1．狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則：

1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be，這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語(yǔ)；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過(guò)去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工人，現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí)，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會(huì)談時(shí)，感謝中國(guó)在六方會(huì)談中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開(kāi)嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。注意：

1)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，間或也有這樣的省略,如：

Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過(guò)馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。

2)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是 it，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒(méi)有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定語(yǔ)從句中的省略

1）一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見(jiàn)到的湯姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見(jiàn)到他了。

2）在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來(lái)代替，甚至還可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？

3）當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時(shí)，從句不能用 how 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，應(yīng)該用that 或 in which，或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷?。如?/p>

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3．賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略

1）在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說(shuō)《反分裂國(guó)家法》已被通過(guò)，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should +動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國(guó)總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒(méi)有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。

6．在答語(yǔ)中，主句可全部省略。如：

—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)？ —因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?/p>

三、簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略

1．省略主語(yǔ)

1）祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略如：

(You)Open the door, please.請(qǐng)開(kāi)一下門(mén)。

2)其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒(méi)關(guān)系。

2．省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙

b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎？

c)(You come)This way please.請(qǐng)這邊走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎？

3．省略賓語(yǔ) 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認(rèn)識(shí)他 4．省略表語(yǔ) 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺(jué)得好些了嗎？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。

四、動(dòng)詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場(chǎng)合1．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開(kāi)前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做，但當(dāng)我就要離開(kāi)的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。

2．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車(chē)，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來(lái)，可是她父母不讓。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒(méi)關(guān)系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚(yú)，但過(guò)去喜歡。

五、動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略

1．主語(yǔ)部分有to do ,系動(dòng)詞 is 或 was 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。

2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語(yǔ)，前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說(shuō)陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外，什么也沒(méi)有做。

3．主語(yǔ)部分暗含to do，表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學(xué)，努力學(xué)習(xí)。

4．當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略，但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.說(shuō)起來(lái)容易，做起來(lái)難。

5．在would rather?than? 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號(hào)常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to；why(not)do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了房間

b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢？

六．其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)

1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過(guò)的事物時(shí)，常?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾?/p>

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們?cè)诂旣惣疫^(guò)的周末。

2．What和 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，?？墒÷灾髡Z(yǔ) it 和be動(dòng)詞如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對(duì)Tom來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)多么大的勝利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當(dāng)作一個(gè)正常孩子對(duì)待對(duì)他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章主謂一致

主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱(chēng)”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.(一)語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng): 1.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。

2.用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:

The poet and writer has come.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

3.不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。

4.用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。

5.each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。

6.若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。

7.none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無(wú)完人。None of this worries me.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。

8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。

9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)如: physics, mathematics, economics;國(guó)名如: the United States;報(bào)紙名如: the New Times;書(shū)名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。

(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:

1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車(chē)，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋(píng)果都是爛的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的一部分被豬吃光了。

3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。

4.表示時(shí)間, 金錢(qián), 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。

5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會(huì)決定解雇他。6.the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類(lèi)人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則

1.由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車(chē)來(lái)了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？

2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。

注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。

The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。

主謂一致練習(xí)

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

動(dòng)詞不定式不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1)動(dòng)詞+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。

2)動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3)動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買(mǎi)哪一種。

注意

疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。

2.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

1)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。

2)to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱(chēng)), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。

3)to be +形容詞

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。

3.不定式作主語(yǔ)

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車(chē)的時(shí)候，鎖車(chē)是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。

注意 1)其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

3)當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is? to?的句型(對(duì))To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me.你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法

用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)

4.不定式作表語(yǔ)

不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語(yǔ)

不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1)目的狀語(yǔ)

To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于“形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。

用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形；一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to習(xí)慣于，be used to習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開(kāi)始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意

省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式

1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：

3)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。

注意

在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：

6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。

動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window?

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too?to? 1)too?to

太?以至于?

He is too excited to speak.他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。----Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。

2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意為“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(諺語(yǔ))改過(guò)不嫌晚。

3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假? 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)

主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)

一般式

to do to be done

進(jìn)行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成進(jìn)行式

to have been doing

1)現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)到你。2)完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動(dòng)名詞與不定式

1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：

動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是：狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達(dá)的是：目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2)接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。

3)動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來(lái)。(to come動(dòng)作未做)

典型例題

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?

regret doing/to do regret to do

對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing

對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。

cease doing

短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那個(gè)部門(mén)已不復(fù)存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^(guò)時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企圖做某事。try doing

試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing

繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；

be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎?

(一種想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味著

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開(kāi)始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時(shí)開(kāi)始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開(kāi)始生起氣來(lái)。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開(kāi)始明白真相。4)物作主語(yǔ)時(shí) It began to melt.感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見(jiàn)他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。

典型例題

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

一全部倒裝

全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來(lái)了

3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。

2.表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：

1)Here he comes.他來(lái)了。

2)Away they went.他們走了。

二部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。

1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。

注意：當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意：如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。

2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門(mén)時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)看她。

注意：只有當(dāng)Not only? but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂(lè)。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí)，句子作部分倒裝。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意：當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。

4.only放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），全句語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請(qǐng)了三次才來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。

注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息。

三 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來(lái)都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

四其他部分倒裝

1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng)。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家開(kāi)心愉快。

3.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。

第七章定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。

被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。

關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。

定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱(chēng)上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。

定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2)whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))

關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：

不用that的情況：

a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)

(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況

①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時(shí)

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時(shí)

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí)，只用that。

He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開(kāi)始的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)

He is not the man that he used to be.、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的差別由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區(qū)別：

(1)as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。

(3)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)習(xí)題精選

用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認(rèn)出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述

英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。

主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài)指的是動(dòng)詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)，從而是句法概念。所謂主動(dòng)句就是由主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，而被動(dòng)句則是由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他開(kāi)了門(mén)。(主動(dòng)句)

The door was opened.門(mén)被開(kāi)了。(被動(dòng)句)

二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的?，F(xiàn)以teach為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋taught

一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was／were＋taught

一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will／shall be＋taught

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／are being＋taught

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：have／has been＋taught

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have／has been＋taught

記憶歌訣：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變，過(guò)去分詞跟后面。

注意：區(qū)分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

be+過(guò)去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過(guò)去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過(guò)去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是主語(yǔ)；當(dāng)“be +過(guò)去分詞”表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過(guò)去分詞是表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The door is locked.門(mén)鎖著。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The door has already/just been locked.門(mén)已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The shop is opened.這家商店開(kāi)門(mén)了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。

三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.這本書(shū)出版于1981年。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.這本書(shū)是他寫(xiě)的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。

記憶歌訣：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)有必要；動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用到。

四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過(guò)去分詞)，根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主

動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式。把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用。

五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。

記憶歌訣：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”，原來(lái)帶to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9講祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表達(dá)說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的勸告、叮囑、請(qǐng)求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，但根據(jù)其句意，實(shí)際上是省略了主語(yǔ)you。祈使句句末用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào)，朗讀時(shí)，常用降調(diào)。在表達(dá)請(qǐng)求或勸告時(shí)，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語(yǔ)氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，也不能與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個(gè)小房間里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類(lèi)型：

1.行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根據(jù)例句造句。

2.Be動(dòng)詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。

3.Let, ＋賓語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.讓他現(xiàn)在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類(lèi)型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t＋行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!別再那樣說(shuō)了！

2.在Be動(dòng)詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱(chēng)名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開(kāi)頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無(wú)論什么時(shí)候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。

4.在公共場(chǎng)合的提示語(yǔ)中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意問(wèn)句

祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句須按其句子結(jié)構(gòu)及講話人的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)決定其疑問(wèn)部分。通常有以下三種形式：

1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問(wèn)句表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，通常用will you；表示邀請(qǐng)、勸說(shuō)時(shí)，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫(xiě)信，好嗎？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚來(lái)和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？

2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問(wèn)句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在會(huì)議室抽煙，好嗎？

3.Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句構(gòu)成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?讓個(gè)那男孩先走，好嗎？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚飯后我們?nèi)ド⒉剑脝幔?/p>

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的動(dòng)作通常是表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以回答祈使句時(shí)，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時(shí)，要注意兩點(diǎn)：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時(shí)，要注意分析上下文語(yǔ)境中所提供的條件。例如：---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請(qǐng)不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機(jī)場(chǎng)接我弟弟。

六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陳述句時(shí)，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞and來(lái)連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞or來(lái)連接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒(méi)有辦法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點(diǎn)，否則我們要遲到了。

七.祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連用

祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句連用時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來(lái)這兒的話，叫他給我來(lái)個(gè)電話。

八.祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式

祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動(dòng)詞Do（Do在句中無(wú)意義）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英語(yǔ)中，有些祈使句不是以動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)引起一個(gè)祈使句，而是以一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)，且后接一個(gè)帶有并列連接詞的分句。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)充當(dāng)祈使句的名詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹(shù)多澆點(diǎn)水，他們就不會(huì)死了。

十.運(yùn)用祈使句的誤區(qū)

祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語(yǔ)從句相混淆。在平時(shí)的練習(xí)或測(cè)試中，如果稍不留神，就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。因此，要認(rèn)真審題，認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，作出正確判斷。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項(xiàng)，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒(méi)有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項(xiàng)（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語(yǔ)some spelling mistakes又不能執(zhí)行這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故均不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，只有C項(xiàng)（條件狀語(yǔ)從句）符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意。

第十章感嘆句。

感嘆句：一般是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語(yǔ)感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導(dǎo)，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語(yǔ)序。

感嘆詞修飾對(duì)象感嘆部分主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)+其他！

How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動(dòng)詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容詞）修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數(shù)名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感嘆句的特殊形式

感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句，甚至一個(gè)詞組及單詞構(gòu)成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑問(wèn)句

疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定義：表達(dá)疑問(wèn)（亦即發(fā)問(wèn)）或請(qǐng)求的句子叫做疑問(wèn)句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發(fā)問(wèn)）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請(qǐng)求）

疑問(wèn)句的句末必須使用問(wèn)號(hào)（Question mark）“？”來(lái)標(biāo)示問(wèn)句的結(jié)束。

疑問(wèn)句：可分為一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句和否定疑問(wèn)句。

種類(lèi) 特征語(yǔ)調(diào) 舉例回答

一般疑問(wèn)句系+主+表+？

助動(dòng)詞+主+動(dòng)+？升調(diào) Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)詞+系+表+？

疑問(wèn)詞+助+主+動(dòng)+？降調(diào) How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 選擇疑問(wèn)句一般問(wèn)句：系+主+表+?or?？

助+主+動(dòng)+?or?？ Or前升調(diào)。Or后降調(diào) Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問(wèn)句中一個(gè)，不用yes, no 特殊問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+系+主+?or?？第一部分用降調(diào)，第二部分or 前升調(diào)，or后降調(diào) Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個(gè)答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問(wèn)句陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？陳述部分用降調(diào)，一問(wèn)部分用升調(diào) It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時(shí)用yes，否定時(shí)用no

陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？如對(duì)陳述肯定，可用降調(diào) It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問(wèn)句系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+動(dòng)+？表示驚異用升調(diào)。贊嘆、責(zé)難用降調(diào) Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章名詞

在英語(yǔ)中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱(chēng)，是各級(jí)各類(lèi)考試的熱點(diǎn)之一，主要測(cè)試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，而且有普通名詞和專(zhuān)有名詞之分，還有用法獨(dú)待的所有格形式。

1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化

情況構(gòu)成方法

讀音例詞

一般情況

加-s

1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞

加-es 讀 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞加-s 讀 /iz/

license-licenses

以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞

變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies

2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化

1)以y結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比較：層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)的表示方法 1）物質(zhì)名詞

a.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。

比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數(shù))

b.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類(lèi)時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)。

This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))

We need various steels.(可數(shù))

c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。

我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。

2）抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化

物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一條建議

4.定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)

名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有例外。

1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。如：

sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)

students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室

talks table 談判桌

the foreign languages school外語(yǔ)學(xué)校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。

如：goods train(貨車(chē))

arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)

4)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù)

a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃

5.不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)

名稱(chēng) 總稱(chēng)(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))一個(gè)人

兩個(gè)人

中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亞人 the Australians

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希臘人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國(guó)人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美國(guó)人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英國(guó)人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國(guó)人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名詞的格

在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加“'s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱(chēng)為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：

1）單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“'s”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包，men's room 男廁所。

2）若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4）在表示店鋪或教堂名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。

5）如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示“分別有”；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）

John and Mary's room（一間）

6）復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。如：

第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)總結(jié)

定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句

Who人主語(yǔ)Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?

Whom人賓語(yǔ)The man(whom)she loved came back safe and sound.提拉米蘇 Whose人，物定語(yǔ)I like those books whose topics are about action老外 That人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)a cup is a cookie that can eat

She is an elegant women(that)I want to see

Which物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)the book(which)I gave you was worth 10yuan

The picture which was about the landscape is fantastic As人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)He is such a person as is respected by all of us

This is the same purse as I lost yesterday

The garden where followers are in full bloom makes us encounter

The reason why he is attractive is his humor

Tomorrow when he will come to my party is my honor

Where=at, in whichwhy=for whichwhen= at，in，on which

Jack studied in a village school,____ is named after his grandfather

I walked in the garden,______ Tom and Tim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees 從句完成選關(guān)副，主干缺失關(guān)代補(bǔ)

狀語(yǔ)從句

時(shí)間，條件，方式，讓步，原因，目的，結(jié)果，比較

時(shí)間狀從

When從句短暫、延續(xù)動(dòng)詞都可 as, while 只延續(xù)

When I lived in xin zhuang, I had a cozy life

When we looked at her, she gave us a bright smile

When 主從句動(dòng)作可同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可先后發(fā)生as, while只能同時(shí)

When I eat up my apple, I will buy some.When I arrived at the market, all the apples have been sold out

主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句為延續(xù)v，三者都可

When, as, while I was dreaming that I win lottery in five million, the alarm rang

Although不倒 though 倒不倒都可 As倒

Child as he is, he knows a lot

原因狀從

語(yǔ)氣 because since as 漸弱

Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class 既然

As it was getting dark, we soon turned back

名詞性從句

that的用法

主，表，同位that不省去賓從一般可以省

That we have a new chairman is known to us all

Whether和if

主，表，同位都只用whether，在引導(dǎo)賓從的時(shí)候可以互換，但做介詞的賓語(yǔ)只能用whether It all depends on whether we can insist on it

疑問(wèn)詞+ever（名從，讓步狀從都可）no matter+疑問(wèn)詞只能讓步狀從

Whoever breaks the law must be punished

Whoever breaks the law, he must be punished可用no matter who

同位從和定從的區(qū)別

They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again同位從不做成分

The hope(that)she expressed is that they would come to visit china again

常見(jiàn)句式的固定時(shí)態(tài)

No sooner…than,hardly scarcely rarely…when剛。。就

No sooner had I left school than it began to rain

It is was has been+一段時(shí)間+since自從。以來(lái)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了is has，did ；was，had done It is has been 10years since we met last

It will be+一段時(shí)間+before從句dodoes 表將來(lái)要過(guò)多久才

It will be three weeks before we have the concert

主句+by the time+從句had done，didwill have done，do

By the time we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off

To do 有副詞名詞形容詞作用，可做主、賓、定、表、狀、賓補(bǔ)

Doing 有副詞形容詞作用，可做定、表、賓補(bǔ)、狀

動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，可做主、賓、定、表

to do 和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)

smoking is prohibited here.抽象的泛指的to read the Bible everyday makes her mind full of peace

to do 和分詞作定語(yǔ)

the man named jack is in favor of the flowers growing on his yard

to do（目的）和分詞作狀語(yǔ)

not knowing what to do, he sat there hopelessly(泰囧)

faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan

To do（具體的將來(lái)的），動(dòng)名詞（抽象泛指）, 分詞（感到。）作表語(yǔ) His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future

Our work is serving the people heart and soul

Encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓舞的To do 分詞作賓補(bǔ) to do/doing 主動(dòng) done被動(dòng)

I saw him(to)fall off his bike and break his leg(動(dòng)作的過(guò)程)

I saw him falling off his bike(進(jìn)行)

I find the bike repaired

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣

Shall用于一三人稱(chēng)表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，二三人稱(chēng)表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅 Shall I dance with you, beauty?

No, you shall not.Can/could/may/might have done對(duì)過(guò)去進(jìn)行推測(cè)

Must have done一定、確定

Should have done 本應(yīng)該做卻沒(méi)做need have done 本必要做卻沒(méi)做 If條件句的虛擬

If there were no music，the world would be very dull

錯(cuò)綜虛擬句 if you’d taken my advice, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.倒裝 were I you, I would marry a girl like me

Had it not been for the free ticket, I wouldn’t have gone to see the film so often Should it rain, the crops would be saved.賓從中

Demand, suggest, order, insist 后接(should)do

He suggested that we not change our mind

Wish did(現(xiàn))had done（過(guò)）should/would do(將)

I wish I could be a pop singer

倒裝

完全倒裝

Here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子表示強(qiáng)調(diào) Out rushed the children

表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)

Under the tree lied a handsome guy

部分倒裝

Never/hardly/scarcely/seldom/little/not until 等否定意義的副詞放在句首 Hardly did I know what had happened(地震)

Only和修飾的狀語(yǔ)放于句首時(shí)

Only then did he realized the importance of English(學(xué)生出國(guó))

Not only…but also 前倒后不倒

Not only did I knew Japanese, but also I’m expert at it

So that, such that 中so 和such 及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday recently

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

Everything taken into consideration your work is well done

名代+to do(將來(lái))

Lots of work to be done, I have to work extra hours

名代+現(xiàn)在分詞（主動(dòng)）

They run up to me, their hair flying in the wind

名代+過(guò)去分詞（被動(dòng)）

He stood there, his hands raised(電影舉起手來(lái))

With+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)

With many goals we need to achieve, we should spare no effortHe soon fell asleep with the light still burning

He sat there with his eyes fixed upon the ceiling

欧美色欧美亚洲高清在线观看,国产特黄特色a级在线视频,国产一区视频一区欧美,亚洲成a 人在线观看中文

2014年整理高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全-動(dòng)名詞

第一篇：2014年整理高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全-動(dòng)名詞

第二篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

第三篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

第四篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)

第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)總結(jié)

相關(guān)范文推薦

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法222

動(dòng)名詞范文大全

蘇教版牛津高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)[模版]

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全-定語(yǔ)從句

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全之倒裝[大全]

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全之代詞

淺談如何學(xué)好高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法改錯(cuò)題