第一篇：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2002年考研經(jīng)貿(mào)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)試題

對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2002年考研經(jīng)貿(mào)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)試題

2008-11-19 17:46

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本試題為英譯中，共五段，每段二十分。

1.The True,Peaceful Face of Islam

There are 1.2 billion Muslims in the world,and Islam is the world's fastest-growing religion.If the evil carnage we witnessed on Sept.11 were typical of the faith,and Islam truly inspired and justified such violence,its growth and the increasing presence of Muslims in both Europe and the U.S.would be a terrifying prospect.Fortunately,this is not the case.The very word Islam,which means surrender,is related to the Arabic salam,or peace.When the Prophet Muhammad brought the inspired scripture known as Koran to the Arabs in the early 7th century A.D.,a major part of his mission was devoted precisely to bringing an end to the kind of mass slaughter we witnessed in New York City and Washington.Pre-Islamic Arabia was caught up in a vicious cycle of warfare,in which tribe fought tribe in a pattern of vendetta and counter-vendetta.Muhammad himself survived several assassination attempts,and the early Muslin community narrowly escaped extermination by the powerful city of Mecca.The Prophet had to fight a deadly war in order to survive,but as soon as he felt his people were probably safe,he devoted his attention to building up a peaceful coalition of tribes and achieved victory by an ingenious and inspiring campaign of non-violence.When he died in 632,he had almost single-handedly brought peace to war-torn Arabia.Because the Koran was revealed in the context of an all-out war,several passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle.Warfare was a desperate business on the Arabian Peninsula.A chieftain was not expected to spare survivors after a battle,and some of the Koran injunctions seem to share this spirit.Muslims are ordered by God to slay [enemies] wherever you find them！。Extremists such as Osama bin laden like to quote such verses but do so selectively.They do not include the exhortation to peace,which in almost every case follow these more ferocious passages： Thus,if they let you be,and do not make war on you,and offer you peace,God does not allow you to harm them.Islam is not addicted to war,and jihad is not one of its pillars,or essential practices.The primary meaning of the word jihad is not holy war but struggle。It refers to the different effort that is needed to put God's will into practice at every level-personal and social as well as political.A very important and much quoted tradition has Muhammad telling his companions as they go home after a battle.We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad，the far more urgent and momentous task of extirpating wrongdoing from one’s own society and one's own heart.——Time,October 1st 2001.2.Women at work

Throughout American history,the proportion of women who work to provide for themselves or their families has always very high,What has changed——and has changed dramatically——is how many women earn a wage.After the rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century,men increasingly sold their labor on the market.Most American women,however,continued to work without pay inside the home or on the family farm.This has changed.Most Americans now regard the rigidly enforced isolation of women from the labor force as out of step with contemporary business and culture.For over a century,at any given time more than 80 percent of men have earned a wage or salary.One hundred years ago,only about 20 percent women earned a wage or salary.Today,over 70percent do.Historians will report that the entrance of large numbers of women into the labor force was the most profound shift in the demographic composition of U.S.workers in the twentieth century.Indeed,it could be argued soundly that it was the century's preeminent sociocultural change as well.Wage-earning women in the industrial democracies today have greater earning power than women have ever had in the history of the West.Many see the World War II ear,with its tight labor market and Rosie the Riveter campaigns as the watershed period for women's first beginning to work for wages in large numbers.Such exclusive attention to the temporary upsurge cause by the war,though,risks ignoring how there has been a trend toward increasing labor force participation throughout the development of the American market economy.There can be little doubt that,on balance,a woman's expectation to earn a wage has been liberating.The labor power of today’s women allows personal and professional choices to be made that were unavailable in the past.Some worry,however,that the economic agency that women have gained by entering the labor force is culturally hollow,At very least,the grand social transformation that many feminists hoped would follow after large number of hours outside the home still earn less on average than their male coworkers and are often excluded from positions of authority,yet continue to bear disproportionate responsibility for completing household chores.——America by the Numbers

3.The Knowledge Economy

Economists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth.Traditional production functions focus on labor,capital,materials and energy； knowledge and technology are external influences on production.Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions.Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into new products and processes.And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing(rather than decreasing)returns,they are the key to long-term economic growth.The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the information society。Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge,transforming it into a market commodity:large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks.The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade.These computers can be linked nationally and internationally.Through computer networks,knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire.Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product,and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets.The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet,raging from job searches to medical advice,is one example.The transformation of several disciplines—measurements,navigation,chemistry,music,surgery,telecommunications—by laser technology is another.And as the stock of knowledge accessible to the world economy swells,it is driving economic growth.The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.——The Knowledge Economy

4.Capacity to Be a Principal

Nor every person or entity may be a principal.To be a principal,one must have the capacity to execute a contract.Minors,incompetents,and other natural persons with limited contractual capacity may be restricted in their ability to be a principal or even prohibited entirely from becoming a principal.Adult persons of limited mental capacities or adults who are temporarily incapacitated(for example,while intoxicated)are not permitted to appoint agents freely.Under modern legal theory,minors have contractual capacity for necessities and thus may be principals and appoint agents for any item deemed to be necessary(food,shelter,and so on）。This complicated by the fact that there is no uniform definition of what falls within the term necessary。Consequently,the practical result is that very few people are willing to contract with minors for anything,and even fewer people will deal with the agent of minor.A corporation has contractual capacity and can be a principal.The corporation's ability to appoint an agent is limited to the scope of activities authorized in its articles of incorporation.This caused some problems in the past because lawyers used to draft the articles of incorporation to encompass only those activities contemplated by the incorporations(for example,to operate a railroad）。However,since modern legal practice is to create a corporation with the ability to conduct any business the law allows,there are few limitations on a corporation’s capacity to act as a principal.Partnerships can usually act as principals,although there are two legal theories to explain how.Where the law does not treat a partnership as a legal entity,the partnership itself is not technically capable of being a principal.In these jurisdictions,because the partnership lacks

contractual capability,the individual partners are deemed to be the principal and the partnership's agent is really the agent of the partners.In the jurisdictions where a partnership is a legal entity,this fiction need not be observed,and the partnership can act directly as a principal through its agents.——McGill's Legal Aspects of Life Insurance

5.Financial Derivatives

In the past two decades,we have witnessed the revolutionary period in the trading of financial derivatives or contingent claims in financial markets around world.A derivative security may be defined as a security whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying variables,which may be the prices of traded securities,prices of commodities or stock indices.The two most common derivative securities are futures and options.A forward contract(called a futures contract if traded on exchange)is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a predetermined price while an option gives the holder the right(but not the obligation)to buy or sell an asset by a certain date for a predetermined price.Options are classified either as a call option or a put option.A call(or put)is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy(or sell)a prescribed asset,known as the underlying asset,by a certain date(expiration date)for a predetermined price(commonly called the exercise price or the strike price）。Since the holder is given the right,but not the obligation,to buy or sell the asset,he will make the decision depending on whether the deal is favorable to him or not.The option is said to be exercised on the expiration date,then the option is called a European option,while the exercise is allowed at any time prior to the expiration date,then it is called an American option(these term have nothing to do with their continental origins）。The simple call and put options with no special features are commonly called plain vanilla options.Also,we have options coined with names like Asian option,lookback option,barrier option etc.The other party to the holder of the option in the contract is called the writer of the option.The holder and the writer are said to be in the long and short positions of the option contract,respectively.Unlike the holder,he writer does have an obligation with regard to the option contract,say,the writer must sell the asset if the holder chooses in his favor to buy the asset.This is zero-sum game.The holder gains from the loss of writer or vice versa.——Mathematical models of financial derivatives

第二篇：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2000年考研國(guó)際貿(mào)易學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)試題

對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2000年考研國(guó)際貿(mào)易學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)試題

2008-11-20 11:35

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1.The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector

-------------Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on the Net

Every year,American business sends out 29 billion bills.And by any measure,the exercise isn't much fun.For companies,printing,processing and posting a tipical consumer bill runs about

90.And for recipients ,there's not only a demand for payment,there 's a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.But for banks trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool.Bankers see bills as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where it's tough to command consumer attention——and a key to protecting their existing business managing cash for big companies.Increasingly,banks are battling high-tech competitors for control of Internet billing,or electronic-bill presentment,as it is called.To be sure,this is a fight over a business that is in its infancy.Few bills are now sent via the Net,and online payment systems often involve a paper check.But the technology exists to send bills from business to customers and route payments back on the Net.By the end of next year,industry analysts estimate upwards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online.What's more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper delivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net.Bankers reckon that if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,they can become key entry points on the Net-portals,even.That would enable them to sell other financial services online.The fear is that existing portals,such as Yahoo！or even American Online,will become centers of bill payment and , in turn ,siphon off existing bank business.banks have been slow to get into this, says Kenneth J.Kerr,a Garter analyst in Durham,N.C.But they realize there is a threat here and they need to get aboard.Banks have their advantages.They can offer custumers simultaneous access to their bills and their money.Banks have long relationships with the billers,such as utilities and retailers,and centuries of experience in protecting people's money.Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment could muscle into one of their fastest-growing business-managing cash for big companies.After all ,distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to cash management.At this point,predicting how the industry will shake out is premature.Banks and technology

companies already have formed several alliances aimed a delivering bills on the net.More combinations are likely.What's clear, though , is the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act together._____From Business Week/July 19,1999

2.Principles of Regulation

The following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of government laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets and types of transactions would cease to exist.Without laws, the terms of many types of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable and would cease.The choice facing individuals and society is not between regulation and no regulation ； it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulation are desirable.This description portrays regulation as fully encompassing the systems of government and law with the power to control all markets and transactions.Economists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation,concentrating more on the targets of regulatory action or the regulatory process itself.An economist, focusing on thetargets of regulatory action, might describe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to elicit a desired behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor.An economist or politician focusing on regulatoty process, however, might express a view similar to the following：

Through regulation,society attempts to substitute the decidion-making process of a regulatory commission for the action of the market mechanism……It is clear that the'process' of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment for market-place judgement.In effect, an economic environment of legal rules and regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market,and economic decisions are made by a political process.The above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting asministrative judgement for marketplace judgement.The description identifies the important interaction between regulation and the market and raised an important issue：when, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with as ministrative judgement？

Various answers to this question have been proposed.Of primary importance is the market being considered.Different market require different amounts and types of regulation.____From The Regulation of Insurance

3.Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary System

Bilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been literally fixed； rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins.Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then.Each participating currency is also assigned a central exchange rate against the European Union currencies.When a currency's market xchange rate against the ECU diverges sufficiently from its cegogo the currency is expected to intervene and possibly take other actions to correct the situation.In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a European Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding of ECUs.ECUs can be used, along with other types of international reserves, to purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in intervention opertations but do not wish to hold it.Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not be.If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, for example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM reserves； at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to the Bank of France.EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-currency country loses reserves and the other gains them.Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action.If the bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its margins.In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric.There is little at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign intervention.________From c Economics-Theory and Policy,4th Edition

4.Freedom of Contract

The main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish.This principle comprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose one's contracting party and to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific terms.However, any freedom of contract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, duress,coercion, mistake or other invalidating causes.It should also be observed that it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions.Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforcement authorities is unavailable.This is true for most illegal contracts as one cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to those who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable activities.The same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without the assistance of the authorities, e.g.wagering contract or games for money.In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting parties individually negotiate each and every contract term.Instead, they would in most cases use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms or clauses.It is also possible to use computerized texts available for different types of contracts.If so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties themselves.Such standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditional paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the parties.The standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would understand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties understood it, if they even thought about it at all.Such standardised texts originate from different sources.In some cases they are unilaterally prepared by one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are elaborated under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only representing one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship.However, trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relationship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually called an agreed document.International organisations,such as the International Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principles which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference, In some cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the status of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contracting relationship even in the absence of express reference.________From Igogo, by ICC

第三篇：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)金融學(xué)院金融專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)試題及答案2002

對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)

2002年攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試

金融學(xué)院 金融專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ) 試題

（英譯中，五段，每段20分，共100分）

1.What is a bank?

As important as banks are to the economy as a whole and to local communities, there is much confusion about exactly what a bank is.Certainly banks can be identified by the functions(services or roles)they perform in the economy.The problem is that not only are the functions of banks changing, but the functions of their principal competitors are changing as well.Indeed, many financial institutions including leading security dealers, brokerage firms, mutual funds, and insurance companies arc trying to be as similar as possible to banks in the services they offer.Bankers, in turn, are challenging these nonblank competitors by lobbying for expanded authority to offer real estate and full-service security brokerage, insurance coverage, investments in mutual funds, and many other new services.The result of many legal and regulatory changes is a state of confusion in the public’s mind today over what is or is not a bank.The safest approach is probably to view these institutions in terms of what types of services the offer the public.Banks are those financial institutions that offer the widest range of financial services especially credit, savings, and payment services and perform the widest range of financial functions of any business form in the economy.This multiplicity of bank services and functions has led to banks being labeled“financial department store”.2.The Adoption of Indirect Instruments of Monetary Policy

In the late 1970s, industrial countries began phasing out the direct instruments some of them used to operate monetary policy-including credits controls, interest rate ceilings, and sometimes directed credits-and began moving toward full reliance on indirect instruments, such as open market operations, rediscount facilities, and reserve requirement.In more recent years, there has been also an increasing tendency for the developing countries and the economies in transition to adopt such instruments.The greater use of indirect monetary instruments can be seen as the counterpart in the monetary area to the widespread movement toward enhancing the role of price signals in the economy more generally.Both have the same objective of improving market efficiency.Perhaps even more critically, moves to indirect instruments are taking place in an increasingly more open economic environment, with widespread adoption of current account convertibility.In such an environment, direct instruments have become increasingly ineffective, leading to inefficienciesand disintermediation.In the absence of indirect instruments of monetary policy, the authorities would, therefore, be unable to counter any problems of excess liquidity, which would impede their efforts to stabilize the economy.3.Why banks are so heavily regulated?

Why are banks so closely regulated? There are number of reasons for this heavy burden of government supervision, some of them centuries old.First, banks are among the leasing repositories of the public’s savings especially the saving of individuals and families.While most of the public’s saving are placed in relatively short-term, highly liquid deposits, banks also hold large amounts of long-term savings in individual retirement accounts(IRAs).The loss of these funds due to bank failure or bank crime would be catastrophic to many individuals and families.But, many savers lack the financial expertise and depth of

information needed to correctly evaluate the riskiness of a bank.Therefore, regulatory agencies are charged with the responsibility of gathering and evaluating the information needed to assess the true financial condition of banks in order to protect the public against loss.Banks are also closely watched because of their power to create money in the form of readily spendable deposits by making loans and investments.Changes in the volume of money created by banks appear to be closely correlated with economic conditions, especially the growth of jobs and the presence or absence of inflation.Banks are also regulated because they provide individuals and businesses with loans that support consumption and investment spending.Regulatory authorities argue that the public has a keen interest in an adequate supply of loans flowing from the banking system.Moreover, where discrimination in the granting of credit is present, those individuals who are discriminated against face a significant obstacle to their personal well-being and an improved standard of living.This is especially true if access to credit is denied because of age, sex, race, national origin, or similar factors.Finally, banks have a long history of involvement with government federal, state, and local.Early in the history of the industry governments relied upon cheap bank credit and the taxation of banks to finance armies and to supply the funds they were unwilling to raise through direct taxation of their citizens.More recently, governments have relied upon banks to assist in conducting economic policy, in collecting taxes, and in dispensing government payments.4.Financial Futures

A financial futures contract is an agreement between buyer and a seller reached today that calls for the delivery of particular security in exchange for cash at some future date.The market value of a futures contract changes daily as the market price of the security to be exchanged moves over time.As a result, futures contracts are “marked to marker” each day to reflect the current value of the assets subject to eventual delivery under each futures contract, and a cash payment may have to be made(usually to a broker)by one or the other party to the contract in order to protect against possible loss.The financial futures markets are designed to shift the risk of interest rate fluctuations from risk-averse investors, such as commercial banks, to speculators willing to accept and possibly profit from such risks.Futures contracts are traded on organized exchanges(such as the Chicago Board of Trade or the London Futures Exchange), where floor brokers execute orders received from the public to buy or sell these contracts at the best prices available.Then a bank contacts an exchange broker and offers to sell futures contracts(I, e., the bank wishers to “go short” in futures), this means it is promising to deliver securities of a certain kind and quality to the buyer of those contracts on a stipulated date at a predetermined price.Conversely, a bank may enter the futures market as buyer of futures contracts(i.e., the bank chooses to “go long” in futures), agreeing to accept delivery of the particular securities named in each contract and to pay cash to the exchange clearinghouse the day the contracts mature, based on their price at that time.5.Offshore Financial Center(OFC)

An offshore financial center(OFC)may be defined as jurisdiction in which transactions with non-residents far outweigh transactions related to the domestic economy.They have developed by offering an attractive tax, legal and/or regulatory environment.In particular, the absence of inheritance, wealth, withholding or capital gains taxes can make the environment in OFCs very favorable to, for example, internationally mobile individuals.Zero or low direct taxes can make it

attractive for companies conducting business with non-residents to incorporate in OFCs.Ina similar vein, the corporate legal environment may facilitate speedy adoption of new financial products or allow greater flexibility in restructuring and refinancing options.Political and economic stability and the presence of high quality professional(eg legal and accounting)and supporting services are also important in attracting business from other major financial centers.A number of important OFCs are small island states, with few domestically owned financial institutions, a large number of “brass-plate” institutions and little non-financial economic activity.The Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands are obvious examples.But the distinction between OFCs and other financial centers is not clear-out.Some economies.Such as Hong Kong and Singapore have a significant volume of entrepot business alongside domestically orientated financial intermediation.The term “OTC” is , furthermore, sometimes also used in connection with special tax and/or regulation zones that are established within the borders of a country to attract non-resident business(for example Labuan in Malaysia, or the International Financial Services Center in Dublin).1． 銀行是什么？

無(wú)論是對(duì)于整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)還是對(duì)于某一地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)而言，銀行都是很重要的，同樣地，人們對(duì)銀行的準(zhǔn)確含義也充滿了困惑。當(dāng)然，可以通過(guò)銀行在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的職能（服務(wù)或作用）來(lái)給銀行下定義。問(wèn)題在于，不僅僅銀行的職能在變化，其主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的職能也在變化。事實(shí)上，從提供的服務(wù)上來(lái)看，許多金融機(jī)構(gòu)（包括主要的證券承銷(xiāo)商、經(jīng)紀(jì)公司、共同基金和保險(xiǎn)公司）都類(lèi)似于銀行。相反，銀行家們則通過(guò)游說(shuō)方式爭(zhēng)取權(quán)力以便能夠開(kāi)展房地產(chǎn)和全面證券經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)務(wù)、保險(xiǎn)理賠業(yè)務(wù)、共同基金投資和其他許多新的服務(wù)，藉此向非銀行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手挑戰(zhàn)。

許多法規(guī)發(fā)生變化的結(jié)果是，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)于什么是銀行什么不是銀行這一問(wèn)題，目前公眾心里一片茫然。根據(jù)這些機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)公眾提供服務(wù)的種類(lèi)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)，或許是最保險(xiǎn)的做法。銀行是提供最廣泛金融服務(wù)（尤其是信貸、儲(chǔ)蓄和支付業(yè)務(wù)）的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，并執(zhí)行經(jīng)濟(jì)中所有商業(yè)形式的最廣泛的金融職能。這種服務(wù)和職能的多樣性，使銀行被稱(chēng)為“金融百貨公司”。

2.貨幣政策間接工具的運(yùn)用

在20世紀(jì)70年代末期，有些工業(yè)化國(guó)家開(kāi)始逐步摒棄一些曾經(jīng)用來(lái)實(shí)施貨幣政策的直接工具，包括信貸控制，利率上限，有時(shí)是直接存款，并開(kāi)始完全采用間接工具，比如，公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)操作、再貼現(xiàn)和準(zhǔn)備金要求。在最近幾年，發(fā)展中國(guó)家和過(guò)渡經(jīng)濟(jì)體也開(kāi)始采用這些間接工具，而且呈上升趨勢(shì)。

間接貨幣政策在貨幣領(lǐng)域里發(fā)揮著日益重要的作用，就如同經(jīng)濟(jì)中價(jià)格信號(hào)的功能日益廣泛一樣。二者有著共同的目標(biāo)：提高市場(chǎng)效率?；蛟S更為重要的是，轉(zhuǎn)向間接工具的行為發(fā)生在一個(gè)日益開(kāi)放的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境里，“經(jīng)常性項(xiàng)目可兌換”被廣泛采用。在這樣一種環(huán)境下，直接工具的效果越來(lái)越差，最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致完全無(wú)效和非居間化投資。如果沒(méi)有貨幣政策的間接工具，管理當(dāng)局就沒(méi)有辦法解決任何過(guò)剩流動(dòng)性帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，而過(guò)剩的流動(dòng)性會(huì)妨礙他們穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟(jì)的努力。

3.為什么要對(duì)銀行進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格管制？

為什么要對(duì)銀行進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格管制？有很多理由可以解釋政府監(jiān)管這一重負(fù)，這已經(jīng)有幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的歷史了。

首先，銀行是公眾儲(chǔ)蓄（尤其是個(gè)人和家庭儲(chǔ)蓄）的出租倉(cāng)庫(kù)。大多數(shù)公眾儲(chǔ)蓄都屬于短期存放，屬于高流動(dòng)性的存款，而銀行也掌握了大量來(lái)自個(gè)人退休賬戶的長(zhǎng)期存款。銀行破產(chǎn)和犯罪行為會(huì)導(dǎo)致銀行存款的損失，這對(duì)于許多個(gè)人和家庭來(lái)說(shuō)，將是巨大的災(zāi)難。

但是，許多存款人缺乏正確評(píng)價(jià)銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的金融知識(shí)和足夠的信息。因此，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)有義務(wù)收集和評(píng)價(jià)那些用來(lái)評(píng)估銀行真實(shí)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的信息，以保護(hù)公眾免受損失。

對(duì)銀行密切監(jiān)管的另一個(gè)重要原因是，銀行有創(chuàng)造貨幣的權(quán)力，而這些貨幣通過(guò)貸款和投資就可以直接放出?？瓷先ィy行所創(chuàng)造的貨幣量的變化與經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況密切相關(guān)，尤其是與就業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)和通貨膨脹的存在與否有關(guān)。

要對(duì)銀行進(jìn)行管制還因?yàn)樗鼈儗?duì)個(gè)人和企業(yè)貸款以支持消費(fèi)和投資。監(jiān)管當(dāng)局聲稱(chēng)，公眾對(duì)銀行系統(tǒng)能夠提供足夠的貸款供給非常感興趣。尤其是，當(dāng)信貸條件存在歧視的時(shí)候，那些被歧視人的個(gè)人福利和已經(jīng)得到改善的生活水平將會(huì)遇到嚴(yán)重的影響。如果信貸的權(quán)利因?yàn)槟挲g、性別、種族、民族等類(lèi)似原因而被拒絕的話，這種影響尤其明顯。

最后，銀行與政府（聯(lián)邦政府，州政府和地方政府）的糾纏由來(lái)已久。在工業(yè)化的早期，政府就依靠銀行成本低廉的信貸和銀行的稅收為軍隊(duì)籌措資金，并向他們不愿意通過(guò)公民的直接稅收籌資的基金提供支持。更近一些時(shí)候，政府依靠銀行幫助實(shí)施其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，征繳稅收，發(fā)放政府支付款。

4.金融期貨

金融期貨合約指買(mǎi)賣(mài)者雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議，協(xié)議規(guī)定了在未來(lái)的某個(gè)日期以現(xiàn)金交換某一特定的證券。由于被交易的證券的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格不斷地隨著時(shí)間變化，期貨合約的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值也每天都發(fā)生變化。因此，期貨合約每天都進(jìn)行逐日結(jié)算，以便可以反映該筆合約最終將要交割的資產(chǎn)的當(dāng)前價(jià)值。為了避免可能的損失，合約的一方或者另一方必須采用現(xiàn)金結(jié)算（通常是支付給經(jīng)紀(jì)人）的方式。

金融期貨市場(chǎng)的目的在于，把利率波動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避型的投資者（如商業(yè)銀行）轉(zhuǎn)移給那些為了得到利潤(rùn)而愿意承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的投機(jī)者。期貨合約交易是在有組織的交易所（如芝加哥期貨交易所或倫敦期貨交易所）內(nèi)進(jìn)行的。在那里，場(chǎng)內(nèi)經(jīng)紀(jì)人執(zhí)行由公眾發(fā)出的以可能的最好價(jià)格買(mǎi)入或者賣(mài)出合約的指令。一家銀行與一個(gè)經(jīng)紀(jì)人取得聯(lián)系，發(fā)出出售合約（例如，銀行希望可以做空某期貨），這意味著它承諾在一個(gè)事先確定的價(jià)位上、在規(guī)定的日期把確定品種和數(shù)量的證券出售給合約購(gòu)買(mǎi)者。相反，一家銀行也可以以期貨合約購(gòu)買(mǎi)者的身份進(jìn)入期貨市場(chǎng)（例如，銀行希望能夠持有某種期貨的多頭），承諾在合約到期的時(shí)候，按照合約規(guī)定的價(jià)格買(mǎi)入合約中所規(guī)定的證券，并將現(xiàn)金支付給交易清算所。

5．離岸金融中心（OFC）

當(dāng)某一市場(chǎng)中由非本國(guó)居民所進(jìn)行的金融交易遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)與本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)相關(guān)的交易時(shí)，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)就可以稱(chēng)為離岸金融中心。它們通過(guò)提供優(yōu)惠的稅收政策、法律和/或規(guī)范的交易環(huán)境得到了很大的發(fā)展。特別地，由于OFC不對(duì)遺產(chǎn)、財(cái)富、預(yù)提款和資本利得征稅，OFC對(duì)那些諸如國(guó)際流動(dòng)人口等一類(lèi)人來(lái)說(shuō)非常具有吸引力。零稅收或者很低的直接稅收能夠吸引那些與非本國(guó)居民從事商業(yè)往來(lái)的公司進(jìn)駐OFC。同理，這樣的公司法律環(huán)境能夠催生新的金融產(chǎn)品，并允許公司在重組和募資的選擇上擁有更大的彈性。穩(wěn)定的政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境、高質(zhì)量的專(zhuān)業(yè)人才（如法律和會(huì)計(jì)人才）以及相關(guān)的配套服務(wù)對(duì)于OFC能夠從其他主要金融中心吸引企業(yè)也是很重要的。

許多重要的OFC都是一些島國(guó)，當(dāng)?shù)氐慕鹑跈C(jī)構(gòu)很少，而“黃銅板”機(jī)構(gòu)很多，非金融經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)卻很少。開(kāi)曼群島和英屬維京群島就是很典型的例子。但是，OFC和其他金融中心的區(qū)別并不是很明確。諸如香港和新加坡除了作為世界上很繁榮的貿(mào)易中心的同時(shí)，它們也擁有大量的本土金融業(yè)務(wù)。此外，OFC作為一個(gè)專(zhuān)有名詞，有時(shí)也與這樣的地區(qū)相聯(lián)系的，它們往往是建立在一國(guó)之內(nèi)，卻執(zhí)行特定的規(guī)章制度和/或者稅收政策，其設(shè)立的目的在于吸引非本土的企業(yè)（例如，馬來(lái)西亞的納閩島，或者是都柏林的國(guó)際金融服務(wù)中心）。

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第四篇：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)

對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)

一：學(xué)校簡(jiǎn)介

對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)是教育部直屬的全國(guó)重點(diǎn)大學(xué)，國(guó)家“211工程”首批重點(diǎn)建設(shè)高校，坐落在首都北京朝陽(yáng)區(qū)。學(xué)校校園規(guī)劃精致，環(huán)境優(yōu)雅，是中國(guó)社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)事業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)和科學(xué)研究的重要基地之一。

學(xué)校前身為“高級(jí)商業(yè)干部學(xué)?！保瑒?chuàng)建于1951年，受中央貿(mào)易部和教育部雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。1952年，中央貿(mào)易部撤銷(xiāo)，學(xué)校劃歸對(duì)外貿(mào)易部，受對(duì)外貿(mào)易部和教育部雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。1953年，學(xué)校更名為北京對(duì)外貿(mào)易專(zhuān)科學(xué)校，由教育部委托對(duì)外貿(mào)易部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。1954年，中國(guó)人民大學(xué)貿(mào)易系對(duì)外貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè)并入北京對(duì)外貿(mào)易專(zhuān)科學(xué)校，以北京對(duì)外貿(mào)易專(zhuān)科學(xué)校為基礎(chǔ)成立北京對(duì)外貿(mào)易學(xué)院。1984年，學(xué)校更名為對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)。2000年6月，原中國(guó)金融學(xué)院與原對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)合并成立新的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)，劃歸教育部直屬。2010年12月，教育部與商務(wù)部正式簽署協(xié)議，共建對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)。學(xué)?，F(xiàn)任黨委書(shū)記王玲，校長(zhǎng)施建軍。

歷經(jīng)幾代師生員工的艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)和努力奮斗，對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一所擁有經(jīng)、管、法、文、理五大門(mén)類(lèi)，以國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易、法學(xué)（國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法）、金融學(xué)、工商管理、外語(yǔ)（商務(wù)外語(yǔ)）等優(yōu)勢(shì)專(zhuān)業(yè)為學(xué)科特色的多科性財(cái)經(jīng)外語(yǔ)類(lèi)大學(xué)。目前，學(xué)校下設(shè)研究生院及16個(gè)學(xué)院，并設(shè)有思政部、體育部和文化藝術(shù)教學(xué)部；擁有國(guó)家級(jí)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科2個(gè)，國(guó)家級(jí)人文社會(huì)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地1個(gè)，教育部戰(zhàn)略研究（培育）基地1個(gè)、教育戰(zhàn)略與規(guī)劃研究中心1個(gè)，北京市重點(diǎn)學(xué)科7個(gè)，北京市哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)研究基地1個(gè)，博士后流動(dòng)站4個(gè)，一級(jí)學(xué)科博士點(diǎn)5個(gè)，一級(jí)學(xué)科碩士點(diǎn)8個(gè)，專(zhuān)業(yè)碩士學(xué)位授權(quán)點(diǎn)10個(gè)，本科專(zhuān)業(yè)39個(gè)。

學(xué)校現(xiàn)有教職工1600余人，其中專(zhuān)任教師950余人，學(xué)校還聘請(qǐng)一定數(shù)量的兼職教師及外國(guó)專(zhuān)家。這是一處群英薈萃之地，老教授中名家耀眼，中青年教師里新秀輩出。大批獲得政府特殊津貼、受聘擔(dān)任政府學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)成員的專(zhuān)家學(xué)者工作在教學(xué)科研第一線；大部分中青年教師在國(guó)外留學(xué)或進(jìn)修過(guò)，教學(xué)科研水平高，許多人被評(píng)為省部級(jí)學(xué)科帶頭人和骨干教師，入選國(guó)家優(yōu)秀人才培養(yǎng)工程。

學(xué)?，F(xiàn)有在校學(xué)生1.6萬(wàn)余人，其中本科生8000余人，研究生4300余人，來(lái)華留學(xué)學(xué)歷生2100余人。學(xué)校培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生一直以專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和技能扎實(shí)、外語(yǔ)嫻熟、思維活躍、實(shí)踐能力強(qiáng)而受到社會(huì)的普遍歡迎，畢業(yè)生遍布全國(guó)各地的外貿(mào)、金融、三資等行業(yè)領(lǐng)域及國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、中國(guó)駐外商務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)發(fā)展，尤其是經(jīng)貿(mào)事業(yè)的發(fā)展發(fā)揮著重要的作用。

學(xué)校的學(xué)術(shù)研究在我國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)科研領(lǐng)域占有重要地位，設(shè)有100多個(gè)研究單位，其中中國(guó)WTO研究院是全國(guó)唯一的研究世界貿(mào)易組織的國(guó)家級(jí)人文社科重點(diǎn)研究基地。學(xué)校圖書(shū)館文獻(xiàn)總量150余萬(wàn)冊(cè)（件）。學(xué)校主辦并公開(kāi)發(fā)行多種學(xué)術(shù)刊物，其中《國(guó)際貿(mào)易問(wèn)題》、《國(guó)際商務(wù)——對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》、《日語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)與研究》、《Journal of WTO and China》（WTO與中國(guó)）等享有較高的學(xué)術(shù)地位。學(xué)校出版社每年出書(shū)百余種，在高校出版社中享有較高聲譽(yù)。學(xué)校也是國(guó)家培訓(xùn)高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理干部的基地之一，設(shè)有政府委托或與外國(guó)合辦的多個(gè)高級(jí)在職培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)。

學(xué)校于1989年11月在國(guó)內(nèi)率先成立了校董會(huì)。李嵐清為首任校董會(huì)主席，榮毅仁、霍英東等任名譽(yù)主席，吳儀為第二任校董會(huì)主席。2011年9月，校董會(huì)第三屆會(huì)議選舉施建軍為第三任校董會(huì)主席，石廣生、劉鴻儒、陳元為榮譽(yù)主席。校董會(huì)的建立，對(duì)于學(xué)校的建設(shè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

學(xué)校在發(fā)展過(guò)程中受到海內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注和支持：政府機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)家、財(cái)團(tuán)、大公司等紛

紛向?qū)W校捐資設(shè)立基金或獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，許多國(guó)際著名的跨國(guó)企業(yè)成為學(xué)校的贊助團(tuán)體。目前，社會(huì)力量在學(xué)校設(shè)立的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、獎(jiǎng)教金等已達(dá)20多項(xiàng)，院系級(jí)基金則更多。學(xué)校與美、英、法、德、日、俄、意、澳等40多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的100多所著名大學(xué)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)建立合作交流關(guān)系，不斷開(kāi)展的對(duì)外交流與合作，使對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)面向世界辦學(xué)的特色更加鮮明。面對(duì)新時(shí)期我國(guó)全面實(shí)現(xiàn)小康社會(huì)建設(shè)目標(biāo)，加快社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的新形勢(shì)，學(xué)校堅(jiān)持走內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展的道路，倡導(dǎo)追求卓越、創(chuàng)造精品的精神，把建設(shè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、影響力顯著增強(qiáng)的國(guó)際知名的有特色高水平大學(xué)作為自己的長(zhǎng)期愿景和歷史使命。二：專(zhuān)業(yè)介紹

專(zhuān)業(yè)介紹

專(zhuān)業(yè)類(lèi)型 專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng) 專(zhuān)業(yè)層次 專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng) 專(zhuān)業(yè)層次

文學(xué)類(lèi) 漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué) 本科 英語(yǔ) 本科

法學(xué)類(lèi)

俄語(yǔ) 朝鮮語(yǔ) 商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 對(duì)外漢語(yǔ) 西班牙語(yǔ) 葡萄牙語(yǔ) 法學(xué)

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

德語(yǔ) 日語(yǔ) 翻譯 法語(yǔ) 意大利語(yǔ) 阿拉伯語(yǔ) 國(guó)際政治

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

理學(xué)類(lèi) 信息與計(jì)算科學(xué) 本科工商管理

本科

管理學(xué)類(lèi) 信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) 本科

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)類(lèi)

電子商務(wù) 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué) 人力資源管理 公共事業(yè)管理 工商管理 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo) 財(cái)務(wù)管理 行政管理 公共管理 勞動(dòng)與社會(huì)保障 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

金融學(xué) 金融工程 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

本科 本科 本科

保險(xiǎn) 投資學(xué)

本科 本科

三：2014年研究生招生簡(jiǎn)章

2014年研究生招生簡(jiǎn)章：見(jiàn)附錄一。

碩士研究生入學(xué)考試參考書(shū)目：見(jiàn)附錄二。四：專(zhuān)業(yè)碩士生導(dǎo)師介紹博士生導(dǎo)師名單（97人）區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(2)王強(qiáng)洪俊杰 財(cái)政學(xué)(2)

孔淑紅 鄭俊田 國(guó)際貿(mào)易學(xué)(23)

王林生 王紹熙 薛榮久 林桂軍 白樹(shù)強(qiáng)黃曉玲 唐宜紅郭飛盧進(jìn)勇楊長(zhǎng)春夏友富趙忠秀 王健葛盈劉東升孫玉琴朱明俠賴平耀 殷曉鵬王強(qiáng)洪俊杰裴長(zhǎng)洪*張宏霖*金融學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)(28)

劉亞邱兆祥吳軍陳進(jìn)于瑾孫華妤 蔣先玲丁建臣葉陳剛王國(guó)軍齊天翔郭敏 郭紅玉丁志杰奉立城劉立新王穩(wěn)呂文棟 吳衛(wèi)星陳欣門(mén)明史燕平劉園劉樹(shù)林 徐信忠*蔡浩儀*胡懷邦*張曉慧*產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(10)

趙忠秀張新民林漢川夏友富陳進(jìn)邵祥林* 王微* 王強(qiáng)黃曉玲魏巍賢 企業(yè)管理專(zhuān)業(yè)(18)

賈懷勤徐子健 馬春光 余恕蓮范黎波林漢川 張新民張建平雷光勇王斌王玉榮湯谷良 鄭建明張杰王秀麗蔣屏傅慧芬尹建華 世界經(jīng)濟(jì)專(zhuān)業(yè)(10)

張漢林桑百川戴長(zhǎng)征華曉紅楊榮珍楊言紅 陳文敬*李鋼*張金生*李琨* 國(guó)際法學(xué)(8)

沈四寶王 軍黃勇丁丁石靜霞鮑祿 高西慶*焦津洪* 民商法學(xué)(6)

梅夏英冀宗儒蘇號(hào)朋徐海燕李玫王曉川 注：姓名后帶“*”號(hào)的為外聘導(dǎo)師。碩士生指導(dǎo)教師名單

金融學(xué)(47)

楊曉泉 劉 園 史燕平黃敬陽(yáng) 門(mén) 明 孫華妤 吳 青 于 瑾 蔣先玲 郝旭光 姚得驥許施智丁建臣朱忠明 馮 彬 羅 興劉 亞邱兆祥 吳 軍郭紅玉 粟 勤 高清霞 李 琦 嚴(yán)渝軍 郭 敏 史 薇 奉立城 陶存文 曾立新 鄒亞生 孫東升 高 潔 齊天翔 宋國(guó)良白 薇 王國(guó)軍 丁志杰王 穩(wěn)張 穎荊濤衛(wèi)新江何自云何麗芬田秀娟趙霜卓劉光燦劉立新國(guó)際貿(mào)易學(xué)(64)

薛榮久 李 詩(shī) 楊逢華 宋 沛 石玉川 于俊年 朱明俠夏友富 鄭俊田 林桂軍 李 青 王福明王偉力鄭寶銀 盧進(jìn)勇章昌裕許文凱 孫秀峰 趙秀臣 楊長(zhǎng)春 梁 蓓 杜奇華 黃曉玲 王 健 張漢林 舒玉敏 韓 琪 蔣德恩 劉東升 何曉兵趙 蘇張 瑋 白樹(shù)強(qiáng) 冷柏軍 王全火 孫玉琴 薛書(shū)武 孔淑紅 施 丹 劉曉惠 唐宜紅 趙忠秀 桑百川 金 燕 劉樹(shù)林 劉文麗 華曉紅 郭 飛 趙京霞 曹紅月 王 強(qiáng) 葉東亞 徐進(jìn)亮 葉 梅 張家瑾 魏鐵梅 韓立華 楊榮珍 賈保華 陳永紅 高 巍 俞雄飛 王曉東 潘紅宇

產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（18）

蔣漢生 李大豐 李 肖 曹 健 陳恭和 王麗娟 趙杏梅 席寧華 鄒志紅 王朝培 劉瑞林 曹淑燕 陳立波 陳 進(jìn)楊尚群 趙杰民 張福德 徐嘉震國(guó)際法學(xué)(20)

沈四寶 高西慶 陸志芳 王 軍 焦津洪 王曉川 孫 利 金渝林 張 紅唐麗子 盛建明 黃 勇 丁 丁 鮑 祿 石敬霞 李 玫 李 莘劉剛仿 李 俊邊永民 民商法學(xué)(4)

冀宗儒 王國(guó)平徐海燕 董 靈 英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)(43)

黃震華 程海波 陳蘇東 吳 芬 王關(guān)富 李正中 王恩冕 蔣顯璟 趙中源 李柱國(guó) 陳準(zhǔn)民 趙賀田 常 力 賈文浩

隋 云閻善明李平謝毅斌 岑 華 張 靜 常玉田黃 豪 陳俐麗 左放軍 陳小全 張佐成 張翠萍 蒲衛(wèi)寧 江 春羨錫彪 楊玉功俞利軍丁崇文沈素萍竇衛(wèi)霖 金冰康 晉王淑芳魏嘯飛周 玲張海森武姜生朱美慧（英語(yǔ)）外語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)(31)

黃美波 張 晶 鄭文彬 劉寶義 張 萍 劉 軍（法語(yǔ)）(6)楊言洪 葛鐵鷹 葉文樓(阿拉伯語(yǔ))(3)

徐永彬 金秉運(yùn) 洪成一 樸淑子（朝鮮語(yǔ)）(4)朱 凱楊仲林趙雪梅(西班牙語(yǔ))(3)張 宓 王天清 周莉莉（意大利語(yǔ)）(3)

陳健平任國(guó)強(qiáng) 李伯杰 杜景林 盧 諶 潘亞玲 黃燎宇

戴英杰 史世偉 馮小虎 日語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)(6)

姚莉萍 李?lèi)?ài)文 李二敏 企業(yè)管理(22)

馬春光 賈懷勤 徐子建 張 杰 杜學(xué)孔 劉耀威 蔣 屏 高 懿 熊 偉 郭銘華 王正富（德語(yǔ)）(12)傅 蔭馬 駿郭德玉 傅慧芬 余恕蓮 張新民 張建平安玉華 楊恭輔 王玉榮 王秀麗 范黎波 劉寶成 劉子安劉春英

劉玉新 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)(6)

張學(xué)謙 吳 革 李相志 導(dǎo)師簡(jiǎn)介見(jiàn)附錄三

于守華錢(qián)愛(ài)民孔寧寧

第五篇：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)行政管理專(zhuān)業(yè)2009年考研真題

對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)行政管理考研歷年真題

2009年

行政管理學(xué)

一、名詞解釋?zhuān)款}五分）

1、公共組織

2、政府替代

3、分權(quán)制

4、社區(qū)治理

5、公共財(cái)政管理

6、公共責(zé)任

二、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題十分）

1、公共管理與私人管理的區(qū)別

2、公共政策失效的原因

3、在等級(jí)制下，我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)政府間關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)？

4、組織之間沖突的類(lèi)型

5、公共部門(mén)引入戰(zhàn)略管理的背景

三、論述題（前兩道每題15分，后兩道每題20分）

1、結(jié)合實(shí)際，論述組織授權(quán)的作用

2、結(jié)合實(shí)際，論述我國(guó)第三部門(mén)興起的原因與不足.3、當(dāng)代西方政府改革的內(nèi)容與措施

4、根據(jù)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的情況，談?wù)勀銓?duì)政府失敗的理解與認(rèn)識(shí)

行政學(xué)綜合（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、公共政策、行政法學(xué)）

一、名詞解釋?zhuān)款}5分）

1、自然壟斷

2、政策制定過(guò)程

3、投票循環(huán)

4、邊界分析

5、科斯定理

6、行政復(fù)議

二、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題10分）

1、簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明解決外部性的公共政策

2、簡(jiǎn)要作圖說(shuō)明，單位稅對(duì)消費(fèi)者征收和對(duì)生產(chǎn)者征收沒(méi)有區(qū)別

3、簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明政策論證的模式

4、簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明政策德?tīng)柗萍夹g(shù)的步驟

5、行政賠償?shù)姆秶?/p>

6、簡(jiǎn)述行政法律關(guān)系的特征

三、論述題（每題20分）

1、結(jié)合材料，論述“非政府部門(mén)由政策執(zhí)行的對(duì)象轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎邊⑴c者”

2、結(jié)合我國(guó)實(shí)際，論述利益集團(tuán)的作用與弊端

四、專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)（20分）

1、英譯漢

China is counting on the infrastrure investment--railway particular, to prompt its economy and boost employment to find off the effect of the global economic downturn.the major steel mills will continue cut off their output in December, while the experts say they will report losses in the fourth quarter.China's milk industry still weak from the fallout of the moal-mined poisoned scandal, which involves nearly all the country's milk company2、漢譯英

當(dāng)我們考慮許可制度時(shí)，我們不僅必須牢記是否應(yīng)該進(jìn)行許可，還要考慮許可之前所必須滿足的條件，因?yàn)楹茱@然各領(lǐng)域的許可條件是不同的。我們還要牢記許可制度的一般性原則。