第一篇：B1U3 新視野大學(xué)英語教案

新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

課程設(shè)計(jì)介紹

本課內(nèi)容所針對(duì)的學(xué)生是18級(jí)電子商務(wù)，通信工程，金融數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)新生。本學(xué)期是學(xué)生們從高中學(xué)習(xí)到大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的過渡階段，學(xué)生們需要轉(zhuǎn)變學(xué)習(xí)觀念，從學(xué)習(xí)完全依靠老師課堂講解到自主安排課余時(shí)間，學(xué)會(huì)自主學(xué)習(xí)。課堂上老師需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生重新定位大學(xué)課堂師生學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)系----課堂上教師引導(dǎo)，檢驗(yàn)，講解難點(diǎn)，幫助學(xué)生解決問題；學(xué)生們領(lǐng)取下階段學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)方法，解決遇到的問題，評(píng)估自己的學(xué)習(xí)；課下完成預(yù)習(xí)，部分學(xué)習(xí)，復(fù)習(xí)的過程。

每班學(xué)生大約50人，分成6-7人學(xué)習(xí)小組，每組選出一名學(xué)習(xí)組長(zhǎng)，負(fù)責(zé)整理學(xué)習(xí)問題，監(jiān)督組員學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程，組織完成學(xué)習(xí)projects，收發(fā)作業(yè)等。

本課生詞，課后練習(xí)部分由學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)小組課下完成并整理問題，課上老師集中講解。

Unit 3 Digital Campus

I.Teaching objectives

By the end of this unit, the students are supposed to: Apply the words, phrases and patterns on digital campus;Learn the following word-building patterns: suffixes-ry,-ive and-ize;Understand the text fully;Understand the cause-effect pattern and master the paragraph writing skills;Get help on time management II.Teaching method: task-based approach III.Time allotment：6 hours

The 1st hour: lead-in activities, new words and phrases of section A

The 2nd hour: Text learning of section A

The 3rd hour: review;Exercises of section A

The 4th hour: section B---reading skill: distinguishing facts and opinions

The 5th & 6th hour: review;dictation;comprehensive exercises

IV.Teaching Process:

The 1st hour

1.Lead in(30min)

a.Group discussion(20min)激起興趣，了解學(xué)生，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題

Do you think the university should provide internet access anywhere and anytime on campus? If you have to choose between one week without bathing and one week without a smart-phone, which one would you choose, and why? b.Project(p87)(5min)進(jìn)一步加深學(xué)生對(duì)話題的理解，鞏固學(xué)習(xí)成果，有意識(shí)地科學(xué)使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)

conduct a survey on campus prepare a presentation of the results第三次課交

effects of the internet on college students

suggestions 2.new words(25min)

學(xué)會(huì)自主學(xué)習(xí)單詞的方法 新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

關(guān)注詞性：詞性告訴我們一個(gè)單詞的基本使用特征

關(guān)注本義：一個(gè)單詞往往有幾個(gè)含義，引申義往往來源于本義；構(gòu)詞法

關(guān)注特殊搭配

關(guān)注近義詞：辨析近義詞方法：文體，詞義范圍，語言色彩，語氣，搭配

The 2nd hour

Text A

1.Understanding the main idea and structure of Text A

Before this class, students have been required to preview the text.1)main idea(5 minutes)At the beginning of the class, the teacher ask the students to answer the question: What is the main idea of the text? According to the answers given by the students, the teacher guides the students to the correct answer: Text A is an expository essay.It explains and illustrates what college education is like in the 21st century by analyzing the causes and effects of the application of new technologies in college education.2)Structure(8 minutes)This text consists of four parts.The students are given 3 minutes to match the parts with their main idea.Part 1: Paragraph 1 Part 2: Paragraph 2-6 Part 3: Paragraph 7-11 Part 4: Paragraph 12

A : How colleges and universities are being transformed in the new ages

B : colleges have been providing their students most advanced free system and has already yielded amazing benefits in education.C : The college today is being transformed into a new age of electronics because a fleet of laptops, smartphones and internet connections 24 hours a day.D : How this transformation affects students’ campus life 2.Detailed study of Text A(35minutes)

Paragraph 1-12: What is the main idea of this paragraph? A.Key Words B.Phrases and Expressions C.Sentence Structures D.Paraphrases 3.Homework(2 minutes)

a.Finish doing the exercises on p67-70, and submit the questions or problems you encounter to the head of your group.b.Learn to recognize the new words in Text B

The 3rd hour

Exercises, cause-effect structure, translation

1.The head of every student group report the problems;the teacher help students solve them.(10min)Words in use, word building, banked cloze, expressions in use 2.Paragraphs of cause and effect(15min)新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 one of the methods of expository writing Two ways of development: a.Cause-effect

eg.Para9

b.effect-cause

eg.Para.10

Complete the writing exercise on p71&p72 3.translation on p73(25 min)

a.E-C

提問的方式 b.C-E 演板，一人一句話 老師講解修改 4.homework

Learn the news words and expressions in Text B The 4th hour

Text B

1.New words and expressions(10min)The head of every student group report the problems;the teacher help students solve them.2.Reading skill: distinguishing facts and opinions（10min）

1.What are facts and what are opinions? 2.How can we distinguish facts and opinions? 3.Examples 3.Text learning(30min)a.Are you an internet addict(IAD)? What do you think cause IAD?

b.The students are given 10 minutes to read the text , then do Exercise 2 on p82.c.distinguishing facts and opinions in each paragraph d.Conclusion: In digital age, we should learn to make full use of the Internet and arrange our time on college campus more scientifically.4.Homework a.Exercises4-8 on p83-86 b.Finish doing the survey project The 5th hour& The 6th hour

Project reports and comprehensive exercises

1.Dictation(10min)2.Project(p87)(30min)進(jìn)一步加深學(xué)生對(duì)話題的理解，鞏固學(xué)習(xí)成果，有意識(shí)地科學(xué)使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)

Each group elect one representative to make a presentation of the results of their projects on effects of the Internet on college students.The presentation should include the following two parts: a.effects of the internet on college students b.suggestions

3.Comprehensive exercises(20+50 min)新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

Vocabulary and structure;grammar study;translation;reading comprehension;writing skills 4

第二篇：B1U4 新視野大學(xué)英語教案

新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

Unit 4 Heroes of our time

I.Teaching objectives

By the end of the class, the students are supposed to: Talk about heroism;Understand the text fully;Apply the phrases and patterns;Understand the question-example-conclusion pattern and master the paragraph writing skill.II.Teaching method: task-based approach III.Time allotment：3 hours IV.Teaching content:

1.Lead in

a.Group discussion To help students to understand the concept of heroism, they are required to answer the question “Who is the greatest hero in your mind? And Why?”, “What makes a hero in your eyes?” The group members are encouraged to present their opinions.Then the teacher will help to summarize the some basic qualities of a hero such as a good heart, the readiness to lend a hand to people in trouble, the courage to risk his own life to help others in danger, and the determination to fight for his own country and people.b.Brain-storming

Interacting with students by asking them to think of words about hero as a way to lead in some important words.c.Pre-reading activities(page 90)2.Understanding the main idea of Text A

a.Skinning and scanning

Task 1: students are required to mark names and words concerning time and place while scanning.This will help them to notice stories that have been used as examples to illustrate the concept of hero.Task 2: students are also required to mark questions put forwarded by the author and try to find answers to these questions while scanning.b.Comprehension Qs(page 98)3.Detailed study of Text A

A.Key Words advocate n.[C] sb.who publicly supports sb.or sth.提倡者；擁護(hù)者；鼓吹者

He was regarded as a strong advocate for a variety of educational improvements.他被認(rèn)為是多種教育改進(jìn)措施的強(qiáng)烈支持者。vt.publicly say that sth.should be done 主張；擁護(hù)；鼓吹

The economic policies the government advocated quickened the decline of the tourist industry.政府主張的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策加速了旅游業(yè)的衰退。

新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 involve vt.include or affect sb.or sth.涉及；影響

The accident last night involved five cars, causing the death of six people.昨晚那場(chǎng)事故涉及5輛汽車，造成6人死亡。include sth.as a necessary part of an activity, event, or situation 包含；需要

Administrative positions often involve doing a lot of paperwork, such as budget reports and staff evaluations.管理崗位常常需要做許多文書工作，例如做預(yù)算報(bào)告和進(jìn)行員工評(píng)估。3 encourage or allow sb.to take part in sth.鼓勵(lì)…參與；允許…參加

Our aim is to involve more parents in their children’s education through online education programs.我們的目的是通過網(wǎng)上教育節(jié)目讓更多的家長(zhǎng)參與孩子的教育。

At our meeting, we should not involve ourselves in arguments;instead we should try to solve our problems.我們?cè)跁?huì)上不應(yīng)該陷入爭(zhēng)論，而應(yīng)該試著解決問題。

confine vt.keep sb.in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison 監(jiān)禁；禁閉

The criminal was caught and confined to prison for two years.那名罪犯被捕了，并在監(jiān)獄里關(guān)了兩年。2 if sth.is confined to one area or group of people, it happens only in that area or affect only that group of people 使局限于

The risk of infection is confined to relatively small groups.感染的危險(xiǎn)只局限于較小的人群。respond vi.do sth.as a reaction to sth.that has been said or done 作出反應(yīng)；回應(yīng)

The fire department responded to the call within minutes.幾分鐘之內(nèi)消防部門就對(duì)報(bào)警電話作出了反應(yīng)。

subsequent a.(fml.)happening or coming after sth.else 隨后的；繼…之后的

Fires and floods subsequent to an earthquake often cause greater damage.地震后繼發(fā)的火災(zāi)和洪水往往會(huì)造成更大的破壞。

These skills were passed on to subsequent generations.這些技能被一代代傳了下去。

distinct a.(usu.before noun)definite and obvious 確實(shí)的；顯著的

After the principal talked with her, there was a distinct change in her attitude.校長(zhǎng)和她談過話后，她的態(tài)度有了明顯的轉(zhuǎn)變。separate and different in a way that is clear 有區(qū)別的；不同的；單獨(dú)的

The region’s linguistic and cultural identity is quite distinct from that of the rest of the country.該地區(qū)的語言和文化特征與該國(guó)的其他地區(qū)大不相同。able to be clearly seen, heard, smelt, or tasted 清晰的；清楚的；明顯的 The outline of the ship became more distinct.船的輪廓變得更加清晰了。新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 intense a.having a very strong effect or felt very strongly 劇烈的；強(qiáng)烈的

It is not scientific for a normally inactive person to start a program of intense exercise suddenly.一個(gè)平時(shí)不活動(dòng)的人突然開始進(jìn)行高強(qiáng)度的鍛煉，這是不科學(xué)的。

Every car was stopped and searched, which caused intense annoyance among the drivers.每輛車都被攔下搜查，這引起司機(jī)們的強(qiáng)烈不滿。

fulfill

vt.(BrE fulfil)do or provide what is necessary or needed 履行；執(zhí)行；符合

The public did not have confidence that the company would fulfill its promise.公眾不相信這家公司會(huì)履行其諾言。achieve sth.that you wanted to do, or get sth.you hoped for 實(shí)現(xiàn)；達(dá)到

After 10 years of hard work, Joey fulfilled his dream as a movie director.經(jīng)過10年的奮斗，喬伊終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的夢(mèng)想，成為了一名電影導(dǎo)演。

circumstance n.[C, usu.pl.] the conditions that affect a situation, action, event, etc.情況；情形

We have been told that under no circumstances may we use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.我們被告知，無論什么情況下都不得使用辦公室的電話辦私事。

reconcile vt.find a way to make ideas, beliefs, needs, etc.that are opposed to each other capable of existing together 調(diào)和；調(diào)解

We suggest that it is possible to reconcile these apparently opposing perspectives.我們認(rèn)為這些看似對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)是可以相互統(tǒng)一的。v.if you reconcile two people or groups or they reconcile, they become friendly again after a disagreement（使）和解；（使）恢復(fù)友好關(guān)系

The little boy does not readily reconcile with his elder sister.那個(gè)小男孩還不愿意和他姐姐講和。

My elder brother and I were finally reconciled with each other after not speaking for over five years.我和我哥有五年多不說話，最后我們和好了。

victim n.[C] sb.who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered 受害者；犧牲者

The local government is raising money to help the victims of the earthquake.當(dāng)?shù)卣诨I資幫助地震受害者。

survivor n.[C] sb.who continues to live after an accident, war, or illness 生還者；幸存者

The police are searching for survivors of the plane crash.警方正在搜尋飛機(jī)失事的幸存者。新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 associate n.[C] sb.who you work or do business with 同事；（生意）伙伴

He is not a friend but an associate;we work in the same department.他不是朋友，只是同事，我們?cè)谕徊块T工作。vt.make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another 聯(lián)想；聯(lián)系

Nowadays, most people associate this brand with good quality.如今，大多數(shù)人將這一品牌與高品質(zhì)聯(lián)系起來。shield vt.protect sb.or sth.from being harmed or damaged 保護(hù)；保衛(wèi)

You need an experienced lawyer to shield your rights and interests.你需要一位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的律師來保護(hù)你的權(quán)益。n.[C] a large piece of metal or leather that soldiers used in the past to protect themselves when fighting 盾；盾牌

The soldier’s shield saved him from being killed by his enemy.那個(gè)士兵的盾保護(hù)他免遭敵人殺害。

B.Phrases and Expressions in the words of sb./in sb.’s words

as sb.says or writes 用某人的話來說

Michael and his sister went to the concert, and in the words of his sister, it was a night to remember.邁克爾和他姐姐一起去了音樂會(huì)，用他姐姐的話來說，那是難忘的一夜。

count on

depend on sb.or sth., esp.in a difficult situation 依靠；指望

Martin is a capable person whom you can always count on in a crisis.馬丁是個(gè)能干的人，在遇到危機(jī)時(shí)你總能依靠他。

make sense of sth.understand sth., esp.sth.difficult or complicated 理解，弄懂某事（尤指困難或復(fù)雜的事）

The teacher had such a strong accent that none of us could make sense of what he was saying.那位老師的口音很重，所以我們誰都不明白他在說些什么。

reserve sth.for sb./sth.keep sth.so that it can be used by a particular person or for a particular purpose 保留；預(yù)留 If you get there early, please reserve a seat for me.如果你到得早，請(qǐng)幫我留個(gè)位子。

You cannot park here;these parking places are reserved for the disabled.你不能在這里停車。這些停車位是專門留給殘疾人士的。

新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 shield sb./sth.from sb./sth.protect sb.or sth.from being harmed or damaged by sb.or sth.使…免受

He tries his best to shield his children from the press.他盡力保護(hù)自己的孩子避開媒體的關(guān)注。call on formally ask sb.to do sth.呼吁；號(hào)召

The trade union called on the workers to go on strike unless the management agreed to give them a raise.工會(huì)呼吁工人們罷工，除非管理層同意給他們加薪。

sum up give the main information in a report, speech, etc.in a short statement at the end 概括；總結(jié)；概述 I can’ t sum up his whole philosophy in one sentence.我無法用一句話概括他的全部哲理。

relate to sth./sb.be able to understand a situation or the way sb.feels and thinks 理解；認(rèn)同

Sam gave up his profession as a doctor.I found it really hard to relate to him.山姆放棄了他的醫(yī)生職業(yè)。我覺得很難理解他。

I know he was very disappointed when his application was rejected.I can relate to that.我知道他的申請(qǐng)被拒絕后他很失望。我能理解他的感受。

in need not having enough food, money, clothing, or other things that are necessary for life 在困難時(shí)；在貧困之中 A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。

The charity aims to provide assistance to people in need.這個(gè)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)試圖向貧困者提供幫助。be/get caught up in sth.become involved in sth., esp.when you do not want to be 被卷入；陷入

Innocent passersby got caught up in the riot.無辜的路人被卷入了那場(chǎng)**。give one’s life

die in order to save other people or because of a strong belief 捐軀；犧牲

Many people are willing to give their lives for the great cause of their country.很多人愿意為自己祖國(guó)的偉大事業(yè)獻(xiàn)出自己的生命。

ring out produce a loud clear sound 發(fā)出響亮的聲音

“Crack!”-A gunshot rang out, shocking everyone in the square.“啪！”響起一聲響亮的槍聲，把廣場(chǎng)上的人都驚呆了。

with(good/a good)grace

in a pleasant and willing way 有風(fēng)度地；情愿地

John failed in the competition, but he accepted he failure with grace.約翰在比賽中輸了，但是他心平氣和地接受了失敗。

C.Sentence Structures 新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 It used to be that …用于表達(dá)“過去的某一習(xí)慣或情況現(xiàn)在已不存在”，表示與目前習(xí)慣或情況有所不同。

Sb./Sth.is ….So is sb./sth.else/So are some other people/some other things用于表達(dá)“人或事物之間的相似之處”

Sb.do sth., especially when….用于表達(dá)“某人最有可能做某事的一種條件”。

Sb.do sth.by….Perhaps, even more importantly, sb.do sth.by… 用于表達(dá)“對(duì)某人而言更為重要的行為方式”。

D.Paraphrases 1.In an era of heightened heroism, the word hero has become more common.(Para.1)Meaning: In a time when there is an increasing number of impressive actions of great courage, the word hero has been used more frequently.2.At the memorial service, the priest said: “Dory didn’t die a hero;he lived a hero.”(Para.3)

Meaning beyond words: By saying “Dory didn’t die a hero;he lived a hero”, the priest meant that Dory was a hero all through his life;he became a hero not just because he died in a brave way.memorial service: n.[C] a service done or made in order to remind people of sb.who has died

3.Long known for his remarkable spirit and love of humanity, Dory Stoddard died as he had always lived, assisting others.(Para.3)Meaning: Dory Stoddard had always been known for his noble spirit and his love toward other people.He had always helped others when he was alive, and he died when he was helping others.4.He made the choice not to be bitter, and worked hard as South Africa’s first black president to establish harmony and helped society reconcile its conflicted past.(Para.7)Meaning: he didn’t complain about the past.Instead, he, as South Africa’s first black president, worked hard to build a country in which people could live and work together peacefully.There had been disagreement among different groups of people in South Africa, but he helped to bring them to accept each other.E.Translation 1.It used to be that the word hero was reserved for those who performed acts of distinct courage beyond the call of duty.在過去，“英雄”一詞僅限于稱呼那些做出超乎職責(zé)范圍的特別英勇的行為的人們。

2.A soldier who runs through gunfire to rescue other military personnel is seen as a hero.So are larger-than-life leaders such as Nelson Mandela, who emerged after 27 years of jail, confined in a solitary chamber.一位戰(zhàn)士冒著槍林彈雨去搶救其他戰(zhàn)友，他就被看作英雄。同樣，與眾不同的偉大領(lǐng)袖人物也是英雄，比如納爾遜· 曼德拉，他被囚禁于單人牢房中27年，出獄后東山再起。

3.We count on first responders to rush toward danger, especially when it involves us or those we love.我們指望應(yīng)急人員沖向危險(xiǎn)，尤其是當(dāng)我們自身或我們所愛的人身處險(xiǎn)境時(shí)。

4.We honor the fireman, the policeman, and the average citizen by recognizing their heroism.Perhaps, even more importantly, we honor them by working to change the circumstances that led to their death.我們向消防隊(duì)員、警察和普通平民致敬，贊揚(yáng)其英雄精神。也許，甚至更為重要的是，我們要通過努力改變讓他們?cè)庥霾恍业沫h(huán)境，以此來紀(jì)念他們。

4.Structure analysis of the text 新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 Text A is typically an organization pattern of question-example-conclusion.A question is put forward first, and then one or more examples are used to illustrate the viewpoints.Sometimes, based on the example(s), a conclusion is drawn, serving as the answer to the question raised at the beginning.In Text A, in order to make a point clear, the author raises a question first, and then provides one or more examples to illustrate the point.Finally, a conclusion is made as a generalized answer to the question.Part One is Paragraph 1.Part Two consists of Paragraphs 2-4.Part Three includes Paragraphs 5-12.Part Four is the last paragraph—Paragraph 13.5.Summary

Text A is an essay on people’s view about what makes a hero.It is pointed out that in the past the word “hero” was reserved for those who performed acts of courage beyond the call of duty or for great leaders, while today heroes can be ordinary people like us.Besides, first responders, whose duty is to rush toward danger, are also heroes, even when their efforts failed to bring about desirable effects.Hopefully, we will also act heroically when circumstances call on us.V.Homework

All the exercises are to be done by the students after class as homework and answers are to be checked in the next class.

第三篇：Unit_9_新視野大學(xué)英語教案

Unit 9 Section A

College Success Made Easy

I.Warm-up Activity 1.Topic Discussion

i.Student’s Discussion

1)What kind of student could be learnt from as an excellent /outstanding/ a successful/model student? ― He/she should be a challenging/hard working/concerning and helping others and being successful in the examinations.2)What is your attitude /reflection to the event when you are slow /behind in your work/studies but your friend succeed in everything he/she does ? ― I’m jealous of him/her.― I’m envious of him/her.― I’m angry with myself/the one who succeeded in his /her work/examinations.― I’m happy with the event and determined to learn from him/her.ii.Teacher’s Summary Alright, that’s all for the discussion.I’m convinced that if you study hard and learn from others you will discover more good methods or means and employ them to improve your studies and you can also become one of the best students in your class.2.Questions on the Topic and the Passage 1)Are you the best student in your class? No I’m not.But who is ? Li Ming/Liu Fang… is.2)Li Ming could you tell us what methods /approach/secret arms do you use to get /gain the crown? ― Hard working ― Having a good planning to manage time and work hard;― He always studies even during the weekend….3)What is the specific meaning of the word “tip”? Can you guess/try? ― The general meaning: a small amount of money given as a gift for a small service performed.― The specific meaning: a helpful piece of advice.eg.Thanks for your tip on how to solve/deal with this problem.4)How many tips/pieces of advice are given to help you to become a top student in the passage? ― 3 tips/3 pieces of advice.5)What are they? ― Handing in homework on time ― Challenging and overcoming the difficulties in your work/studies.― Becoming a good test taker.6)How do you think about the three tips？Are they useful for you or not? ― They are very useful for me.II.Background Information Passage A 1.Education systems Schooling occurs when society or a group or an individual sets up a curriculum to educate people, usually the young.Schooling can become systematic and thorough.Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, and this can lead to abuse of the system.2.Primary education Primary or elementary education consists of the first years of formal, structured education that occur during childhood.In most countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education.Primary education generally begins when children are four to eight years of age.The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age(adolescence);some educational systems have separate middle schools with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen.In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, etc., schools which provide primary education are referred to as primary schools.Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools.3.Secondary education In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence.It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors to the optional, selective tertiary, “post-secondary”, or “higher” education(e.g., university, vocational school)for adults.The exact boundary between primary and secondary education varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of education.Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years.The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for either higher education or vocational education, or to train directly to a profession.4.Higher education

Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage or post secondary education, often known as academia, is the non-compulsory educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium.Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training.Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education.Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level(sometimes referred to as tertiary education)and the graduate(or postgraduate)level(sometimes referred to as graduate school).In most developed countries a high proportion of the population(up to 50%)now enter higher education at some time in their lives.Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.5.Adult education Lifelong, or adult, education has become widespread in many countries.However, education is still seen by many as something aimed at children, and adult education is often branded as adult learning or lifelong learning.Adult education takes on many forms, from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning.Lending libraries provide inexpensive informal access to books and other self-instructional materials.The rise in computer ownership and internet access has given both adults and children greater access to both formal and informal education.Passage B 1.Choose a major at American universities

Students can either select a major or declare themselves undecided at the time when they submit an application for admission into American universities or colleges.In fact, they can remain undecided till the end of their first or at some schools even second year of study.2.Jacqueline Susann

Jacqueline Susann(1918—1974)was an American author known for her mass-appeal novels.Despite a less than spectacular career as an actress, singer, and playwright, she never lost confidence in herself.Blessed with sensual looks and unbounded confidence, Susann went from unknown to the best-selling author of the 1960s.Her most notable book was Valley of the Dolls, a book that broke sales records and spawned a movie and a TV series.Her other novels include The Love Machine and Once Is Not Enough.III.Text Structure Analysis This passage presents some tips on how to make college success.In this passage, we find some paragraphs of similar structure, that is, paragraphs of a topic is supported by details.Take paragraph 6 as an example.The topic sentence is about good test taking.Then the author gives some suggestions about good test taking: read the whole test quickly;focus the attention on the material they know best;answering questions quickly;handle difficult questions.The global structure of the whole passage is different from the paragraph structure.Generally, this passage can be divided into 5 parts.Part 1(Para.1): This paragraph tells us the general situation of the essay: no matter how many students a professor may have, there is always one special student who can answer the professor’s difficult questions and turn in his assignment on time without mistakes.Part 2(Para.2): This paragraph first tells us the angry feelings of other students toward the top student and then leads us to the question: why can’t I be the special one ? This question leads the readers to read on the passage and to find solutions.Part 3(Para.3): This paragraph is a transitional part.It serves as the general introduction of the following paragraphs.The author of the passage has analyzed the difference between the top student and the others and come up with some tips to make college success.Part 4(Para.4-6): These three paragraphs offer three tips for students to improve their performance at school.The first tip is not to get behind in the learning schedule.The second tip is when you have a lot to do, do what’s most difficult first;when what you have to do is equally hard or easy, leave whatever you like best until the end.The third tip is about good test taking.Do what you know first and leave the difficult ones later.Part 5(Para.7): The last paragraph servers as a conclusion.The author just gives us three tips to successful learning.If every student learns from others, employs others’ learning method, he is sure to improve his performance at school and becomes the special one.IV.Structured Writing

Paragraphs of a Topic Supported by Details

In this essay, we find some paragraphs of a topic supported by details.This is one of the most common ways to organize one’s writing.After careful reading of paragraph 6, we can see it has a topic sentence, which is followed by details and then by a conclusion.At first, the author tells us good test takers do not plow through tests without cease.Then detailed suggestions about good test taking are given to support the topic: first, read the whole test quickly;second, focus the attention on the materials they know best;third, handle difficult questions.Finally, a conclusion is offered: this test taking method is likely to profit you.(Turn to P.215 and do the Exercise XI.Now fill in the same kind of chart for paragraph 4, identifying the details and the conclusion.)

Students can finish Exercise XII as an assignment.They can choose a topic and write a paragraph of the topic supported by details.In this way, students can be familiar with the writing skill.V.Detailed Study of the Text Words & Phrases Study 1.fantastic

a.（infml 口）marvelous;excellent極好的；極出色的

She’s a fantastic swimmer.她游泳游的非常棒。

You’ve passed your test? Fantastic!你測(cè)驗(yàn)及格了？太棒了！[擴(kuò)展] fantastically ad.You did fantastically well in the exam.你考得非常好。2.error

n.[C,U] thing done wrongly;mistake

There are spelling errors in the first sentence.第一句話中有拼寫錯(cuò)誤。

The letter was sent to you in error.此信誤送給你了。[同義辨析] error, mistake, fault

這幾個(gè)詞都有把某種東西做錯(cuò)，說錯(cuò)等的含義。error和 mistake 在許多情況下都可以互換。

error n.指“背離了真理，不夠準(zhǔn)確，不大正確”等,因此在這幾個(gè)詞中它的意義最廣泛。

She made an error in her calculations.她計(jì)算上出了個(gè)差錯(cuò)。

Grievous errors can sometimes be made as a result of ignorance.嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤有時(shí)會(huì)由于無知而造成。

mistake n.指“因疏忽，不注意或誤解而造成的過錯(cuò)”。對(duì)它的批評(píng)口氣沒有對(duì)error 重，因而日常生活中常見的過錯(cuò)多用此詞。

It’s a mistake to let a baby eat chocolate.給嬰兒吃巧克力是不對(duì)的。

There are only a few spelling mistakes in the composition.那篇作文中只有幾個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤。注意下列例句：

1)They are in error.他們弄錯(cuò)了。（此處不能用mistake）2)It was an error of judgment.那是個(gè)判斷上的錯(cuò)誤。（此處不能用mistake）3)He took my spectacles by mistake.他錯(cuò)拿了我的眼鏡。（此處不能用error）4)It’s going to rain and no mistake.沒錯(cuò)，要下雨了。（此處不能用error）fault n.指“過失的責(zé)任”，有時(shí)有“挑錯(cuò)”的含義。它可表示不完善的效果或性格上的弱點(diǎn)。

She finds fault with everything I do.我干的事她都要吹毛求疵。

Her only fault is being too proud.她唯一的缺點(diǎn)是太驕傲了。3.whatsoever

ad.used to emphasize a negative statement 任何；絲毫

There can be no doubt whatsoever about it.這件事毫無疑問。

Are there any signs of improvement? None whatsoever.有改進(jìn)的跡象嗎？一點(diǎn)都沒有。

No rules whatsoever have prescribed that the students cannot smoke on campus.從沒有規(guī)定學(xué)生不能在校園里吸煙。

4.arouse

vt.1）cause an emotion 引起；激起

Her strange behavior aroused our suspicions.她不尋常的舉動(dòng)引起我們的猜疑。He succeeded in arousing the nation’s sympathy.他已經(jīng)激發(fā)了全民的同情。

2）wake sb.up 喚醒（arouse sb.from sth.）

He was aroused from his nap by the doorbell.他午睡時(shí)被門鈴吵醒。

Sleeping beauty was aroused from her long sleep by the kiss from the brave princess.睡美人被勇敢的王子用吻從沉睡中喚醒。5.magnificent

a.very good or beautiful, and very impressive 出色的；壯麗的；宏偉的

The Louvre Museum is a magnificent Renaissance palace.盧浮宮博物館是一座文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的宏偉宮殿。

Her magnificent generosity gave me a deep impression.她那豪爽的慷慨給我留下了深刻的印象。6.remarkable

a.worthy of attention;unusual 值得注意的，顯著的

Tom is a boy who is remarkable for his stupidity.湯姆是一個(gè)笨的出奇的男

孩。

Beijing Olympic is a remarkable event in 2008.北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)是2008年一件

引人矚目的事件。

What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed

over the centuries but how much they have remained the same.有關(guān)玩具的 歷史之所以非同尋常，不是因?yàn)閹讉€(gè)世紀(jì)以來它們有多少變化，而是如何 在如此長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)保持不變。（CET-4，99.6）[擴(kuò)展] be remarkable for sth.以??著稱/引人注目

a remarkable change 顯著的變化

make oneself too remarkable（使自己）鋒芒畢露

remark v.談起，說 n.談話，評(píng)論

remarkably ad.不同尋常地 7.schoolwork

n.[U] work that students do for school or in classes 作業(yè)

Students do not like too much schoolwork in such a short class.學(xué)生們不喜歡

在短短的一節(jié)課上做太多的作業(yè)。8.ease

n.[U] ability to do sth.easily 容易，不費(fèi)力

The injection brought him immediate ease.他經(jīng)注射后疼痛頓消。

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他們的幫助使我能夠順

利地完成工作。

vt.make sth.less painful or severe 減輕；緩解

The aspirins eased my headache.阿司匹林使我頭疼減輕。

Talking eased his anxiety.那一番談話打消了他的顧慮。[擴(kuò)展]

ease sb.of sth.消除某人的痛苦

take one’s ease 不再憂慮

with ease

容易地，無困難地

（be/ feel）at(one’s)ease 感到舒適而無憂慮 9.devil

n.[C]（used for emphasis）a person ,esp.one who is annoying 家伙；人

The poor devil!多可憐的家伙！

Which silly devil left the fire on all day? 是哪個(gè)笨蛋沒將爐火熄掉，燒了這

一整天？

[擴(kuò)展] devil n.魔鬼；撒旦，鬼怪

The Devil tempted Adam and Eve.魔鬼誘惑了亞當(dāng)和夏娃。

He believes in devils and witches.他相信魔鬼、巫婆這類事。10.factor

n.[C] one of the things that help to produce a result 因素

Endurance is an important factor of success in sports.耐力是運(yùn)動(dòng)中取得成

功的重要因素。

Biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to

man.文化因素對(duì)于人的重要性比生物因素對(duì)于有機(jī)體的重要性更強(qiáng)。

（CET-4，96.1）11.outstanding

a.extremely good 優(yōu)秀的；突出的

Einstein was an outstanding scientist.愛因斯坦是位杰出的科學(xué)家。

The Cats Musical, which I have seen in London, is an outstanding musical performance.我在倫敦看的音樂劇《貓》是一場(chǎng)優(yōu)秀的音樂劇演出。12.infinite

a.very great, and seeming to have no limit 極大的；無限的

A teacher must be capable of infinite patience.教師必須具有極強(qiáng)的耐心。

（CET-4，03.6）

Students can get access to an infinite variety of books in the school library.學(xué)生們可以在校圖書館借閱到大量各類圖書。13.infinitely

ad.very much, used esp.when comparing things 極其；非常

The deep expanse of space spreads infinitely in all directions.深邃的外層

空間向各個(gè)方向無限的延伸。

Wives tend to believe that their husbands are infinitely resourceful and versatile.妻子傾向于認(rèn)為丈夫足智多謀、多才多藝。14.accomplish vt.succeed in doing sth.完成

Should we work together, we shall absolutely accomplish our common goal.倘若通力合作，我們絕對(duì)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)共同的目標(biāo)。

One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.只能教人使用這種或那種程序，而且這通常很容易做 到。（CET-4, 98.6）

[同義辨析] accomplish, complete, finish 這三個(gè)詞都有“完成”的意思。

accomplish 通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名詞，有時(shí)兼有達(dá)成（效果）之

意。如： The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks.探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)在五周內(nèi)完成了航程。

You should accomplish the task within the allowed time.你們必須在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。complete 比accomplish 具體，可接建筑，工程，書籍等名詞，表示經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步 的努力按預(yù)期目標(biāo)把未完成的工作完成，主要涵義是補(bǔ)足缺少的部分。如： The building will be completed by the end of this month.這座樓將于本月底竣工。

I only need one volume to complete my set of Dickens’s novels.我那套狄更斯小說只差一卷就能配齊了。

finish 在很多情況下可以和complete 換用但不及complete 正式。

Can he finish the task? 他能完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)嗎？ We finish work at 6:00.我們六點(diǎn)下班。15.accomplished a.good or skillful at sth.熟練的；有才藝的

She was an accomplished movie director.她是個(gè)成功的電影導(dǎo)演。

Today I accomplished zero.今天我一事無成。16.mission

n.1）[C] an important task that sb.has been given to do 任務(wù)，使命

Mr.Long’s briefing was not relevant to the mission.郎先生的指示與此次任務(wù)無關(guān)。（CET-4，02.1）

Some soldiers were sent to a military mission to Iraq.一些士兵被派往伊拉克執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)軍事任務(wù)。

2）[C] sth.that one feels one must do 職責(zé)

Her mission in life was to work with homeless.她人生的使命就是和無家可歸者一起工作。

He regards it as his mission to help the cause of world peace.他把促進(jìn)世界和平事業(yè)看作自己的天職。

17.investigate

vt.examine a crime, problem, etc.carefully, esp.to discover the truth

調(diào)查；審查

Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee be set

up to investigate the incident.他提議成立一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)來調(diào)查該事件，許多代表對(duì)此表示贊同。（CET-4, 02.1）

The police are investigating the cause of a terrible traffic accident which killed

over 10 persons.警察正在調(diào)查一起造成十余人死亡的惡性交通事故。[擴(kuò)展]

investigate a crime/ problem/ incident/ the cause of a matter

調(diào)查罪案/問題/事件/原因

investigation n.調(diào)查；審查

investigator n.調(diào)查者 18.mysterious

a.full of mystery;not easy to understand 神秘的；難以理解的

He’s being very mysterious about what his work is.對(duì)于他從事的工作，他態(tài)

度十分詭秘。

[擴(kuò)展] mysteriously ad.神秘地，難以理解地

mysteriousness n.神秘，詭秘 19.analysis n.[C, U] a careful examination of sth.分析

Each chapter of the book is an analysis of a well-known painting.書的每一

章就是一幅名畫的分析介紹。

The assignment asks them to weave the mass of questionnaire results into a readable and informative analysis.作業(yè)要求他們將一大批通過問卷調(diào)查所得的結(jié)果編成一份讀來有趣資料豐富的分析報(bào)告。20.peak

n.[C] the highest point or level 最高點(diǎn)；高峰

His career is at its peak now.他的事業(yè)現(xiàn)在處于鼎盛時(shí)期。

Membership was already near its peak.會(huì)員人數(shù)已接近最高值。[擴(kuò)展] be at the peak of one’s life 處于一生之巔峰期 21.excellence n.[U] the quality of being extremely good 優(yōu)秀；卓越；杰出

He established excellence at the magazine.他在雜志編輯上有杰出成就。

The firm is a byword for excellence.這家商號(hào)是優(yōu)質(zhì)的保證。22.credit n.1)[C] a successfully completed part of a course at a university or college 學(xué)分

Freshman composition is a 3-credit course.大學(xué)一年級(jí)的作文課是一門三學(xué)

分課程。

It takes 124 credits to graduate.畢業(yè)須修滿124個(gè)學(xué)分。

2)[U] belief or trust in the truth or rightness of sth.信任

I have full credit in your ability to do the job.我完全相信你有能力做這件工

作。

Do not place too much credit in hearsay.不可過于相信道聽途說。[擴(kuò)展] a man of high credit 極有名望的人

credit account(=[美]charge account)賒賬 credit sales 賒購(gòu) credit note 信用票據(jù) letter of credit 信用狀 credit card 信用卡

23.responsibility

n.1)[U] the state of being responsible for sb.or sth.責(zé)任

Terrorists have claimed responsibility for yesterday’s bomb attack.恐怖主義

者宣稱對(duì)昨天的炸彈襲擊事件負(fù)責(zé)。

The captain is absolved from all blame and responsibility for the shipwreck.那

位船長(zhǎng)被免除了因船只失事而遭致的非難和罪責(zé)。

2)[C] a job or duty that one must do 職責(zé)；義務(wù)

It’s her responsibility to ensure the project finished on time.她的職責(zé)是確保

項(xiàng)目按時(shí)完成。

I have increasing personal responsibilities.我的個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)越來越重了。[擴(kuò)展] on one’s own responsibility 自作主張地, 自負(fù)全責(zé)地

shift the responsibility onto sb.把責(zé)任推到某人身上, 嫁禍于人

take full responsibility for 對(duì)...負(fù)完全責(zé)任

take [assume] the responsibility of [for] 負(fù)起...的責(zé)任

take the responsibility upon oneself 自己承擔(dān)起責(zé)任來 24.amount

n.[C,U] quantity 數(shù)；數(shù)量

What affects the amount of carbon-14 on the earth? 什么因素影響碳14在地

球上的量？(CET-4, 02.6)

A large amount of money is spent on advertisements every year.每年都要花

費(fèi)大量金錢在廣告上。

vi.(to)equal to;add up to 等于；總計(jì)達(dá)

Building costs amount to six million dollars.建筑費(fèi)用總計(jì)達(dá)600萬元。

It all amounts to a lot of hard work.那一切意味著大量的艱苦工作。[同義辨析] the amount of , the number of

the amount of 與不可數(shù)名詞搭配，強(qiáng)調(diào)量的概念。

The driver was alarmed by the large amount of people swarming onto the bus.公交司機(jī)為蜂擁而上的乘客大吃一驚。

The amount of unemployed capital is very large.未被利用的資金數(shù)量很大。the number of 與可數(shù)名詞搭配，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)的概念。

They put the number of deaths at 300.他們估計(jì)死亡人數(shù)有300。

The number of tourists to that place is limited.去那地方旅游的人數(shù)有限制。

[擴(kuò)展] in amount 總之, 結(jié)局;總計(jì)

in large(small)amount 大(少)量地, 大(小)批地, 大宗地(小額地)never amount to anything 一事無成not amount to anything 一事無成no amount of 怎么(再多)也...不

a large amount of 大量

25.entertain vt.1)be ready and willing to think about sth.考慮；懷著

I will never entertain the idea of that poorly paid post.我再也不會(huì)考慮那個(gè)待遇低的職位。

The minister entertained a new solution to the serious problem.部長(zhǎng)考慮了一個(gè)新方案解決這個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。

2)do sth.to amuse or interest people 使快樂；給......娛樂

Most children’s television programs aim to educate and entertain at the same time.大多數(shù)兒童電視節(jié)目旨在教育和娛樂并重。

The child was entertaining himself with his building blocks.孩子在搭積木玩。

[擴(kuò)展] entertain friends at [to] dinner 招待[請(qǐng)]朋友們吃飯

entertain a proposal 愿意考慮這一建議 entertain an idea 抱著一種想法

entertaining a.使人得到娛樂的；有趣的 entertainer n.表演者

entertainment n.娛樂；娛樂節(jié)目 26.alternative

a.different from sth.else and able to be used instead of it 供選擇的

We prepared an alternative plan, in case it rained.我們另準(zhǔn)備了一套計(jì)劃，以防下雨。

Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而獲得成功被看作是美國(guó)人取代 通過家庭背景而獲得社會(huì)地位的另一條出路。（CET-4, 99.1）

You have no alternative/ choice but to follow my instruction.除了聽我指

揮，你別無選擇。

n.[C] sth.that can be chosen instead of sth.else 供選擇的東西

Her father gave her the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.她父親讓她在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開始工作之間做出抉擇。

To children on vacation from cities, the rugged environment presents exciting alternatives.對(duì)于從大城市來度假的兒童說來，這種艱苦的環(huán)境提供了令人興奮的調(diào)劑。

[擴(kuò)展] have no alternative but to do sth.除做……之外別無選擇

I had no alternative but to accept the offer.我除了接受該項(xiàng)目提議之外，別無選擇。

alternate v.(使)輪流，交替 alternation n.輪流

27.irregular

a.not following the usual pattern of grammar 不規(guī)則的

She tested the whole class on irregular verbs.她對(duì)全班學(xué)生進(jìn)行不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞測(cè)驗(yàn)。

It is a bit irregular to promote a man so soon.如此匆匆提升下屬有些不正常。

[擴(kuò)展]

an irregular physician 無照開業(yè)的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生

irregular troops 非正規(guī)軍 irregular conduct 不正當(dāng)行為

an irregular coast line 曲折的海岸線 an irregular verb 不規(guī)則(變化的)動(dòng)詞

irregularity n.不規(guī)則；不平坦；不合常規(guī)

irregularly ad.不規(guī)則地

regular ? irregular

28.grant

vt.give sb.sth.給予

Our teacher granted request to every student.我們的老師對(duì)學(xué)生有求必應(yīng)。

Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure, promotion, or substantial salary increases.那些專注于教學(xué)的大學(xué)教師，不久后發(fā)現(xiàn)他們不能得到終身制資格，不能獲得提升，也不能享受實(shí)實(shí)在在的加薪待遇。（CET-6, 99,1）

n.[C] an amount of money given to sb.for a particular purpose 資助；撥款

The government gave us a grant to build another classroom.政府給了我們

一筆撥款，用來再蓋一件教室。

You can get a grant to improve your house.你可以得到一筆撥款來修繕住

房。

[擴(kuò)展] grant/ granting/ granted that 假定…… 即使……..Granting that what you say is true, it is no excuse.縱然你所說的是真話，但那也不是理由。

grant sb.permission to do sth.準(zhǔn)許某人做……

grant the truth of what sb.says.假定……所說的事實(shí) take it for granted 認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然

29.cease n.[U] stop;end 停止；終止

It seemed that we had walked for days without cease.我們似乎不停地走了好幾天。

They worked on without cease.他們不停地干下去。v.stop doing sth.or stop happening 停止

At last they ceased working for lack of capital.最后，他們由于缺乏資金而停工了。

The dying man soon ceased to breathe.那個(gè)垂死的人不久停止了呼吸。

[擴(kuò)展]

cease fire

?；?/p>

without cease 繼續(xù)不斷地，不停地

ceaseless a.不停的 ceaselessly ad.不停地 30.concentration

n.[U] the process of giving all one’s attention to sth.集中精力；專心；專注

The tennis players need total concentration during play.網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽中需要全神貫注。

The drug affects one’s power of concentration.這種藥使人精神不能集

[擴(kuò)展] concentrate v.精神集中，專心致志

concentrate(sth.)(on sth./doing sth)專心致志于某事物 31.adapt

v.change one’s behavior or attitude to deal with a new situation(使)適應(yīng)

You will soon adapt yourself to this new environment.你很快就會(huì)適應(yīng)這里的新環(huán)境。

She adapted herself quickly to the new climate.她很快就適應(yīng)了這種新氣候。

vt.change sth.for a different purpose 改編；改裝

The book has been adapted to the needs of children.這本書是為迎合兒童的需要而改寫的。

This machine has been specially adapted for underwater use.這機(jī)器是為水下使用而特別改裝的。

[同義辨析] adapt, adjust, fit, suit, match

都含―適合‖、―適應(yīng)‖的意思。

adapt 指―修改或改變以適應(yīng)新條件‖, 如: You should adapt yourself to the new environment.你應(yīng)該適應(yīng)新環(huán)境。

These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.這些式樣均可改動(dòng)以適應(yīng)個(gè)人不同的愛好。

adjust 指―調(diào)整‖、―調(diào)節(jié)‖使之適應(yīng), 如: You can’t see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyes.你把望遠(yuǎn)鏡調(diào)節(jié)到適合你的眼睛之后, 你才看得見。

The body quickly adjusts itself to changes in temperature.身體迅速自行調(diào)節(jié)以適應(yīng)氣溫的變化。

fit 多指―大小適合‖, 引伸為―吻合‖, 如: The shoes adapt me well.這鞋我穿正好。Her coat fits her exactly.她的大衣很合身。suit 多指―合乎要求、口味、性格、情況‖, 如: No dish suits all tastes.眾口難調(diào)。

That color doesn’t suit your complexion.那顏色不適合你的膚色。match 指―大小、色調(diào)、形狀、性質(zhì)等相配或相稱‖, 如: A red jacket doesn’t match green trousers.紅上衣與綠褲子不相配。The curtains and the carpets match perfectly.窗簾和地毯十分協(xié)調(diào)。[擴(kuò)展] adapt for 使適合于;為...改編[改寫]

adapt from 根據(jù)...改寫[改編]

adapt oneself to 使自己適應(yīng)或習(xí)慣于某事

adapt sth.to 使某事物適應(yīng)或適合 adaptable a.能適應(yīng)的

adaptation n.適應(yīng)；適合；改編 adaptive a.適應(yīng)的

adaptor n.適配器；改編者

32.weird a.very strange and unusual, and difficult to understand or explain 離奇的，難以理解的

He has some weird ideas.他有一些稀奇古怪的念頭。

It’s really weird seeing yourself on television.看到自己上了電視感覺怪怪的。

33.profit

v.be useful or helpful to sb.有益于，有利于

A wise person profits by/from his mistakes.智者從自己的過失中得到教益。

You will gain/get profit from your studies.你將從學(xué)習(xí)中獲益。n.[C,U] money gained by trade or business 利潤(rùn)，盈利

Newspaper makes a profit from/out of the advertisements they carry.報(bào)紙從其所刊登的廣告中獲取利益。

There is very little profit in selling newspapers at present.現(xiàn)在賣報(bào)紙利潤(rùn)很少。

[擴(kuò)展] do sth.to one’s profit [with profit] 做某事而得益于

gross [net] profits 毛[純]利

paper profits 紙上的利潤(rùn), 實(shí)際不存在的利潤(rùn) reap profits at the expense of others 損人利已 small profits and quick returns 薄利多銷 sell sth.at a profit 出售某物而獲利 profitability n.盈利 profitable a.有盈利的，有益的 profiteer n.牟取暴利的人，投機(jī)商

34.alter

v.change or make sb.or sth.change（常為細(xì)微地）（使）改變

These clothes are too large;they must be altered.這些衣服太大，得改改。

The waiter apologized and altered the figure on the bill.侍者道歉并修改了賬單上的數(shù)字。

[同義辨析] alter, change, vary

這三個(gè)詞都含有“改變”之意

alter v.指衣服等表面或局部做部分變動(dòng)，而沒有變成另一種事物。

I’ll have to alter the diagram.I’ve made a mistake.我得修改圖表,我出了點(diǎn)兒錯(cuò)。

He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.他把一間屋子改建成了臥室。change v.指位置、性質(zhì)、外表、形式或是數(shù)量、質(zhì)量等改變，常與into 連用。

指―使改變的與原物完全不同‖或―使發(fā)生以新代舊的變化‖,如: The appearance of the town is quite changed.這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的外觀變化頗大。Most English women change their names when they marry.英國(guó)婦女大多因結(jié)婚而改姓。

vary v.所指某事物或其部分的改變常為暫時(shí)的或反復(fù)的。如: It’s better to vary your diet rather than eat the same things all the time.你最好變換一下飲食，不要總吃同樣的東西。

The results of the experiment varied wildly.試驗(yàn)結(jié)果差異很大。[擴(kuò)展]

alter an opinion 改變意見

alter the appearance of 改變……的面貌

alteration n.改變；修改 35.performance n.1)[C,U] how well or badly a person does a particular job 成績(jī)；表現(xiàn)

Some athletes take drugs to improve their performance.一些運(yùn)動(dòng)員為了提高成績(jī)而使用違禁藥品。

The overall performance of a college student at school is closely related to his future.大學(xué)生在校的整體表現(xiàn)與其未來有密切聯(lián)系。

2)[C] the act of performing a play, dance, etc.表演

The theater gives two performances a day.這個(gè)劇院一天演出兩場(chǎng)。

A music performance may take place indoors in a concert hall or outdoors in a field.音樂表演可以在室內(nèi)的音樂廳也可以在戶外的場(chǎng)地上進(jìn)行。

36.stand out

be much better than others 突出；出色

The real talented is sure to find his day of standing out among the rest.真正有才華的人定會(huì)脫穎而出。

If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered.如果你洗澡的時(shí)候電話果然響了，那么這件事將浮出水面，并被記住。（CET-4,95.1）

[擴(kuò)展] stand aside 不做事；退出（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）

stand by

袖手旁觀

37.no matter how/where/what,etc.used to say that sth.is the same whatever happens 不管怎樣（哪里，什么等）

Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.研究結(jié)果表明，不論我們白天可能做過什么事情，每天晚上都有大約兩小時(shí)在做夢(mèng)。（CET-4, 99.1）

No matter where the children may travel, they are the concern of their parents.不論游子身在何方，都讓父母牽腸掛肚。

38.turn in

give sth..to the person who is in charge 上交

Turn in everything captured.一切繳獲要?dú)w公。

Turn in your homework, please.請(qǐng)把作業(yè)交上來。39.with ease without any difficulty 容易地，不費(fèi)力地

He passed the examination with ease.他輕松地通過了考試。

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他們幫助我，使我能夠順利地完成工作。

40.sit back

make no effort to do sth.閑坐著，不做努力

Are you going to sit back and let me do everything? 你打算閑坐著，把所有事都讓我干？

They won’t sit back and let you do it alone.他們決不會(huì)袖手旁觀讓你一個(gè)人干的。

41.get behind

not do as much as one should have done 拖延

If you don’t keep up with the times, you’ll get left behind.如果你跟不上時(shí)代，就會(huì)被時(shí)代甩在后面。

I’m getting behind(with my work).我（工作）落后了。

42.get sth.out of the way

finish or deal with sth., esp.sth.difficult or unpleasant

完成或處理某事

Let me get these letters out of the way before dinner.讓我在晚飯前把這

些信件處理完畢。

Get the boy out of the way for a few minutes while I wrap his present.我在給男孩包禮物時(shí)，把他引開幾分鐘。

43.strike sb.as sth.give sb.a particular opinion or feeling 給某人某種感覺或印

象

He has always struck me as an honest worker.他給我的印象是個(gè)老實(shí)的

工人。

The idea at first struck me as stupid, but now I think it is a good one.開始 我覺得這想法很愚蠢，可現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為還不錯(cuò)。

44.have to do with

be connected with sb.or sth.與……有關(guān)

Do you have something to do with this group? 你和這個(gè)集團(tuán)有關(guān)系嗎？

You do not have to worry, since you have nothing to do with this affair.既然你與這件事沒關(guān)系，你就不必?fù)?dān)心。

45.plow through

finish sth.that is difficult or boring 艱難地完成 He plowed his way through the crowd.他費(fèi)力地穿過人群。

He plowed through his exam.他費(fèi)力地通過了考試。

46.adapt to

change one’s behavior or attitude so as to be used to sth.new(使適

應(yīng))

You will soon adapt yourself to this new environment.你很快就會(huì)適應(yīng)這里的新環(huán)境。

She adapted herself quickly to the new climate.她很快就適應(yīng)了這種新氣

候。

Language Points 1.Whatever the number, there’s usually one student from the group that stands out as being special, fantastic even.(Para.1)

Meaning: It doesn’t matter what the number of the students will be;there is usually one student who is much better than other students as being special and even extremely good.2.No matter how difficult a professor’s question, that one special student seems to know the answer.(Para.1)No matter how/whether/what/when, etc.: used to say that something is the same whatever happens 無論……

No matter how hard he tried, he simply could not work the problem out.不管怎么努力，他就是解答不出這道題。

No matter what your age, you can lose weight by following this program.無論你多大年齡，只要按照這個(gè)計(jì)劃行事，體重就能減下去。

3．…that one special student is able to turn in his assignment on time and without a single error whatsoever.(Para.1)

Meaning: …the excellent student is always able to finish and hand in his homework on time without any mistake.4.Surely, you know a student like this.Possibly he arouses in you feelings of anger.(Para.2)

Meaning: Of course, you must know a student like this.He might make you feel angry.5.Surely, it’d be magnificent to be like this person, but since it’s not you who is doing so well, posting remarkable grades and completing schoolwork with such ease, feelings of anger build and build.(Para.2)

Meaning: Of course, it would be wonderful to become a person like this one.But because you are not the person doing so well, and you are not getting good grades, and you are unable to finish your homework easily, then your angry feelings increase gradually.6.As a university student, I’m very interested in what factors separate outstanding students from ones infinitely less accomplished.(Para.3)

Meaning: As a university student, I’m very interested in what makes the difference between excellent students and hopeless students.7.Instead of sitting back and hating successful students, I made it my mission to investigate the mysterious causes of their greatness.(Para.3)

Meaning: I did not sit back and hate successful students;I went to find out the secrets of their success as my important task.8.And the fruit of my analysis, after speaking to many top students and their professors, is a group of tips that anyone can use to awaken greatness up within himself and reach new peaks of excellence.(Para.3)

Meaning: After talking with many top students and their teachers, the result of my analysis gives us some suggestions that anyone can use to become great and achieve much.9.The first tip is: don’t get behind.The problem of studying, hard enough to start with, becomes almost impossible when you are trying to do three weeks’ work in one weekend.(Para.4)

Meaning: The first suggestion is not to get behind of the learning schedule.Studying is difficult enough, but it is even harder if you have to do the work of three weeks in a single weekend.10.And if you are behind in written work that must be turned in, the teacher who accepts it late will probably not give you full credit.(Para.4)

Meaning: If you are behind the time schedule in handing in your written work, the teacher who accepts your work late would probably not give you full score.11.Little room is given to students that are not able to manage their work and time.(Para.4)

Meaning: There will be no chance for those who are unable to manage their time and work appropriately.12.Entertain an alternative plan!(Para.5)

Meaning: Just consider another choice!13.There will be more desire at half past eleven to read a political science article that sounded really interesting that to begin trying to study French irregular verbs, a necessary talk that strikes you as pretty dull.(Para.5)

Meaning: It is very likely that at half past eleven people prefer to read an interesting political science article rather than study French irregular verbs, a compulsory task that seems dull to you.14.Doing fun work may feel like you’re granting yourself a present after doing hard work.(Para.5)

Meaning: You may feel that doing fun work is just like you are rewarding yourself with a present after completing hard work.15.The best test takers don’t plow through their tests without cease, answering one question after the next as it comes.(Para.6)

Meaning: The best test takers take efforts to go through the tests from beginning to end with necessary stops.16.Second, they focus their attention, keeping their concentration on the material they know best, answering quickly because they are confident.(Para.6)

Meaning: Then, they gave a lot of attention to and concentrated their efforts on what they know best and answered questions quickly as they are full of confidence.17.Adapting yourself to this method of test taking might seem weird to you, but it’s likely to profit you.(Para.6)

Meaning: To make yourself become accustomed to this method of taking a test might appear strange and unusual to you, but it is likely you can benefit from it.18.Here are but three tips to greater success at school.(Para.7)

Meaning: These are only three tips that will help you succeed in school learning.19.Should you ask successful students around you, you will discover more tips.(Para.7)

Meaning: If you ask successful students around you, you will find out more pieces of advice.20.Learn from others, and employ their methods to alter your own studying, and you are sure to improve your performance at school.(Para.7)

Meaning: You should learn from others and use their methods to change the way you are studying.In this way you will be able to better yourself in your learning.VI.Text Summary 1.Student’s Presentation

（T asks 2-3 students to make presentation.）

2.Teacher’s Summary Usually there is one student from the group that stands out as being special in a class.The author investigates what factors separating outstanding students from others and finds a group of tips that anyone can use to awaken greatness up within himself and reach new peaks of excellence.Learning from others and employing their methods can surely improve one’s performance at school.VII．After-text A Exercises 1.Vocabulary: Students are asked to master the key words and phrases.2.Sentence Structure: T summaries the usage of ―as‖ and ―while‖ and S practices rewriting sentences after the models.3.Translation 4.Cloze

Section B

A major Question of Majors

I.Reading Skills

Previewing The particular reading skills introduced for this unit is previewing.Previewing a text before you read can make your reading more efficient in many ways.It can get you acquainted with the author’s style and aims;it can give you an idea of how the text is organized and where to look for ideas and information.Here is how to preview a reading selection:

Look at the title.Does it tell you what you will be reading about? If so, you can then set a purpose for your reading.Very likely titles give the main idea of the selection.Notice the visual clues automatically.Visual clues – things like numbers and dates;list, sections and subtitles;dialogues, quotations and recurring phrases – are easy to see in a passage, and can often give you a good picture of its organization and content before we start reading.Read the first paragraph carefully.The first paragraph usually tells just what the passage will be about.Read it and keep your mind active about it before going on.Either looking at the passage title or the first paragraph, you might have some prediction for what the passage is about.Although you may not be able to predict every detail and although a writer may surprise you with unexpected ideas, you can often anticipate the general direction the author is going to.For example, when you see the title ―A Major Question of Majors‖, think about it and predict what the passage is about.You might ask yourself the following question and at the same time have some predictable choices for answers: what is the passage mainly about?

A.A major problem with many different majors.B.A big difficulty with choosing majors.C.An important question concerning majors.D.A great confusion concerning majors.You might think of more possibilities, such as confusion, problem or difficulty, etc.When you read on, you will find that ―B‖ is the correct prediction.(Turn to P.218 and let’s do Exercise I)

II.Warming Up Activity 1.Topic Discussion

i.Student’s Discussion

1)What major do you like ? ― Business and computer.2)What kind of questions did you meet when you were faced with choosing a major? ― The major-choice was limited by the score got in the entrance exam;you have to choose your major before you know your exact scores…

ii.Teacher’s Summary Because of different background, the students are faced with different questions in choosing a major when studying in the university.For the students out of China, it is difficult for them to choose their majors just because they have to do many jobs in their life and change work places or even living places very frequently and so on.In China it was easier before.You pick up a major, and then do the job in your major for comparatively long time or even someone for a life time.But now things are changing.It is increasingly difficult as time goes by.There is much competition after graduation, so you have to get better prepared than before.2.Questions on the Topic and the Passage

1)Why wouldn’t the writer choose business as his major?

― Because he thought he was an artist.2)Why did the writer take his parents’ friends coming for dinner as a rest? ― Because he would be able to have a break from the question of majors.3)What were his parents’ friends talking about all the dinner time? ― The best way for choosing majors.III.Text Structure Analysis This author of this passage discusses the problem of deciding one’s major in university according to his own experience.The passage can be roughly divided into 4 parts.Part 1(Para.1)This paragraph puts forward an important question for college students: what major will you choose? It leads the readers to read on the passage to find the answer.Part 2(Para.2-10)These 9 paragraphs describe the author’s own experience of deciding his major in university 15 years ago.In this part, the paragraphs are arranged according to time sequence.The first time is ―tomorrow‖, namely the last day to declare a major;the second time is ―dinner time‖ at the last day in which the author’s parents talked about majors;the third time is ―after the dinner‖ until when the author still had not decided his major;the 10 a.m.the following day in which the author missed his first class;the next time is ―as I rushed to school‖, when he finally decided his major ―filmmaking‖;and the last time is ―15 years later‖, when the author found that very few students work in their chosen jobs years later.He himself did not become a filmmaker at the end.Part 3(Para.11)This paragraph servers as a conclusion.The author presents his point: what one majors in does not matter.What matters is to involve yourself in those things you are interested in and enjoy learning the world.After that, there is plenty of time for one to decide what he will do with the rest of his life.V.Detailed Study of the Text

Words & Phrases Study

1.echo

n.1)[C] a sound which is caused when a loud, sharp noise, for example a scream, is reflected off a surface such as a cliff or the walls of a building.回聲；回音 Judy found herself listening to the last echo of her shoes clicking on the marble floors.朱迪發(fā)覺自己在傾聽她鞋后跟踏擊大理石地板發(fā)出咔噠聲的回音余響。

They were the only seats not affected by the echo.這些是唯一不受回音影響的座位。

v.1)A sound that echoes is reflected off a surface, such as a cliff or the walls of a building, so that it can be heard again after the original sound has stopped.發(fā)出回聲;The noise of our footsteps seemed to go echoing around the walls.腳步聲似乎在墻壁周圍不停地回響。The great rumble from the explosion echoed away into the hills and sea.隆隆的爆炸聲漸漸遠(yuǎn)去，縈繞在群山和大海之中。

The room echoed with/to the sound of their happy laughter.房間里回蕩著他們的歡笑聲。

[擴(kuò)展] arouse/evoke an echo 激起共鳴

to the echo 大聲地

echo chamber 回聲室

Echo Boom（1987年美國(guó)的）生育高峰（因1 946-1964年間美國(guó)的生育高峰后再次出現(xiàn)的出生率激增現(xiàn)象）

2.hallway

n.[C] a passage in a building or house that leads to many rooms 走廊；通道

Jack’s office is at the far end of the hallway.杰克的辦公室在走廊的盡頭。An imposing staircase led out of the hallway.一座氣勢(shì)不凡的樓梯由廳內(nèi)通向廳外。

3.await

v.wait or be ready for 等待；等候

I shall await your answer to my letter with eagerness.急盼復(fù)信。

He awaited the newcomer with mingled feelings.他百感交集地等候著那位新來者。

a long-awaited holiday 期盼已久的假期 4.abortion

n.1)[U;C] If a woman has an abortion, she ends her pregnancy and loses the baby.人工流產(chǎn)

She had an abortion.她做了人工流產(chǎn)。

Is abortion legal in your country? 在你們國(guó)家人工流產(chǎn)合法嗎？

2)[C] a plan or arrangement which goes wrong before it can develop properly 中止；夭折

The project proved an abortion.這項(xiàng)工程中途夭折了。

If this plan is to be anything more than an abortion, we need to focus on getting the funds to implement it.想要這份計(jì)劃不失敗，我們必須集中全力去實(shí)施計(jì)劃所需的資金。

[擴(kuò)展] abort

v.流產(chǎn)；夭折

She aborted when she was four month pregnant.她懷孕4個(gè)月后流產(chǎn)了。

Without their help all further plans must inevitably abort.沒有他們的幫助，所有進(jìn)一步的計(jì)劃必然夭折。

abortive

adj.失敗的；夭折的

It would be an abortive effort to try to close this wide price gap.試圖縮小這樣大的價(jià)格差額是徒勞的。

All government attempts to prevent the strike were abortive.政府企圖阻止罷工，但都未能得逞。

[Cultural note] Abortion has been legal in the US since 1973 and in the UK since 1967, although people in both countries have very strong opinions about it.People disagree about whether it should stay legal, and about whether it is morally right.Some people are pro-choice and believe that a woman has the right to choose whether or not to have an abortion.Other people are anti-abortion and believe that an unborn baby has the right to be born.They believe that abortion is murder.5.database

n.[C] 又作databank a large collection of data stored in a company system that

can be found easily 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

[擴(kuò)展] database management system數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)

data processing數(shù)據(jù)處理

data processor數(shù)據(jù)處理機(jī)

data protection數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)

6.available

adj.1)If something is available, you are able to use it or obtain it.可利用的;可獲得的

More information becomes available through the use of computers.由于使用了計(jì)算機(jī)可以獲得更多的信息。

The doctor is available after 3:15.醫(yī)生3點(diǎn)15分后看病。

2)If something is available, it is not being used and is therefore free for you to use.可使用的

Will your accommodation be available next October? 你們的宿舍到十月份可以住了嗎？

The motel has no available rooms.這家汽車旅館沒有空房間了。

[擴(kuò)展] availability

n.可獲得性；可使用性

Laws still controlled the availability of contraceptives and abortion.法律仍舊管制避孕藥的使用及墮胎。

a widespread reduction in the world availability of oil 全世界獲得石油的可能性普遍下降

[聯(lián)想] 記憶一些以-able結(jié)尾的形容詞：

disagreeable 不隨和的 deniable 可否認(rèn)的 noticeable 清楚的 changeable 可變的 reliable 可靠的 reasonable 講道理的 amiable 溫柔的 incapable 無能力的 unable不能的 conceivable想象得出的 tolerable 可容忍的 breakable 易碎的 desirable值得要的 impregnable攻不破的 inflammable 易燃的

[考點(diǎn)]某些以-able /-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞作定語，與every, the only或形容詞最高級(jí)連用來修飾一個(gè)名詞，通常放在所修飾名詞的后面。This is the only reference book available here.7.indecision

n.[U] the state of being unable to make a decision 遲疑不決；優(yōu)柔寡斷

She felt ill with anxiety and indecision.她因憂慮和遲疑不決而病倒了。After five minutes of indecision, I put the knife away.我猶豫了5分鐘后把刀收了起來。

[擴(kuò)展] indecisive adj.猶豫不決的；不確定的

It was unlike him to be so indecisive.如此猶豫不決的不像他的秉性。As there is much obscurity in this disease, its medical treatment is indecisive.該病的發(fā)病有許多不明之處，所以其治療也非確定的。8.ban

v.1)To ban something means to state officially that it must not be done, shown, used, etc.禁止

The treaty bans all nuclear tests.該條約禁止一切核試驗(yàn)。

The government banned publication of his books.政府禁止出版他的書。

2)To ban someone from doing something means to state officially that they are not allowed to do it.禁止某人做某事 I am banned from driving.我被禁止駕車。

He was banned from attending the meeting.他被禁止參加會(huì)議。

n.[C] A ban is an official statement that something must not be done, shown, used, etc.禁止

This is a movie under a ban imposed by the government.這是被政府禁止上映的影片。

There was no ban on smoking cigarettes.沒有不準(zhǔn)抽煙的禁令。

[同義辨析] ban prohibit forbid ban 指合法地或因社會(huì)壓力而禁止，持譴責(zé)或不贊成的態(tài)度，常用搭配形式為ban…from sth/doing sth, 其后不跟不定式；

forbid 普通用語，用于較小事物，或個(gè)人、上級(jí)、官方、長(zhǎng)輩做出的禁止命令、規(guī)定，常用搭配形式為forbid...to do;

Her parents forbid her to see Tim again.她父母不讓她再跟蒂姆來往。

Her mother forbade the little girl to leave the house before she had finished her homework.在沒有完成作業(yè)前，她母親不讓她離開房間。

prohibit指通過法律、法令、警告等做出禁止命令的正式規(guī)定或規(guī)則，常用搭配形式為 prohibit...from sth/doing sth.We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours.上班時(shí)間禁止喝酒。

The recording of speech without the knowledge of the speaker was prohibited by the University.大學(xué)禁止在演講者不知情的情況下對(duì)其錄音。9.predict

v.If you predict an event or action, you believe that it will happen.預(yù)測(cè)；預(yù)言

It is difficult to predict what the future will hold for his second marriage.很難預(yù)測(cè)他的第二次婚姻今后會(huì)是什么樣子。

What I had predicted fortnight ago had happened far sooner than I had anticipated.兩星期前我所預(yù)測(cè)的事情比預(yù)期的早早提前發(fā)生了。

Given the past history of the Loch Ness monster, it is safe to predict that interest will rise again.如考慮到尼斯湖怪以前的歷史，那么可以肯定地預(yù)言人們還會(huì)感興趣的。[擴(kuò)展] prediction

n.預(yù)測(cè)；

to provide accurate long-term prediction 提供準(zhǔn)確的長(zhǎng)期預(yù)測(cè) to venture a prediction 大膽預(yù)測(cè)

to make a prediction about sth 做出預(yù)測(cè) predictable

adj.可預(yù)測(cè)的；可預(yù)言的

The planets are potentially predictable in their movements.從潛在意義上來講，星球運(yùn)動(dòng)是可預(yù)知的。

Most insects have fairly predicable behaviors.大多數(shù)昆蟲的行為具有相當(dāng)?shù)目深A(yù)測(cè)性。[同義辨析] predict forecast foretell

predict指從已知事實(shí)推斷或根據(jù)自然規(guī)律斷定未來的事情，其準(zhǔn)確程度不一；

forecast指對(duì)將來可能發(fā)生的事情或可能出現(xiàn)的情況做出大概的預(yù)測(cè)，通常主要用于天氣預(yù)報(bào)；

Cooler weather is forecast for tomorrow.預(yù)計(jì)明天天氣涼爽。

The weather forecast said the good weather would last.天氣預(yù)報(bào)說天氣將持續(xù)晴好。

foretell指憑借自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜測(cè)或感覺到將來發(fā)生的事情；

He foretold that the woman would die soon.他預(yù)測(cè)那個(gè)婦女將要死去。There is no way to foretell what inventions or fads will impose upon us.無法預(yù)知會(huì)出現(xiàn)怎樣的發(fā)明和潮流。10.breakthrough

n.[C] A breakthrough is a new and successful development or achievement突破；重大發(fā)現(xiàn)

This innovation was considered by many to be a breakthrough in government-industry relations.這項(xiàng)改革被許多人視為政府與工業(yè)界關(guān)系中的一大突破。

Scientists are hovering on the brink of a major breakthrough.科學(xué)家們正處 于一項(xiàng)重大突破的邊緣。11.fate

n.1)[U]Fate is a power that is believed to control and decide everything

that happens in a way that people cannot prevent or change.命運(yùn)；天命 It is, perhaps, our fate rather than our merit.也許這與其說是我們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，不如說這是天意。

It was fate that brought us together again after thirty years.天意注定我們30年后又重逢。

2)[C]Someone’s fate is what happens to them際遇；時(shí)運(yùn)；下場(chǎng)；結(jié)局 Their factory closed down, and several other companies suffered a similar fate.他們的工廠倒閉了，另有幾家公司也遭到相似命運(yùn)。

Rick decided to stay until we knew what Dookie’s fate would be.里克決定留下來，直到我們知道杜基最后結(jié)果如何。[擴(kuò)展] fated

adj.命中注定的；命中決定的

We were fated to dislike one another.我們命中注定彼此合不來。Once it had happened, it seemed fated.一旦事情發(fā)生了似乎就得聽天由命了。

fateful

adj.對(duì)未來有重大影響的；災(zāi)難性的

a fateful decision 一項(xiàng)有重大影響的決定

The Prime Minister made his fateful announcement.首相發(fā)表了他那篇災(zāi)難性的聲明。

[同義辨析] fate destiny lot doom fate有濃厚的宿命論色彩，強(qiáng)調(diào)不可避免，不可改變，人世間一切努力都是徒然的；通常用于不幸的結(jié)局；

destiny為普通用詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝的意旨，但并不排除個(gè)人的意志，可表示偉大崇高的行動(dòng)過程或個(gè)人所追求的目的； The Chinese people are now masters of their destiny.中國(guó)人民現(xiàn)在是自己命運(yùn)的主人。

This young man has to accomplish a destiny.這個(gè)年輕人注定要去完成一番偉業(yè)。

Lot 多指人們生活的境遇；

He was satisfied with his lot whatever it was.他永遠(yuǎn)隨遇而安。

They are visibly content with their lot.可以看出，他們對(duì)自己的境遇很滿意。

doom指注定的悲慘下場(chǎng)或毀滅；

In exile and poverty, he met his doom.他在流放和貧困中了結(jié)一生。

He awaited his doom on the death row.他在牢房里等待自己末日的到來。12.host

n.1)[C] A host is the person at a party or other social occasion who invites the guests and looks after them while they are there.東道主；主人

There were only three of us to dine---my host, his father, and me.我們就是三個(gè)人一起用餐，我的主人，他的父親和我。

Voster acted the dutiful host, filling up glasses and mixing with his guests.沃斯特表現(xiàn)得像個(gè)盡職的東道主，給大家斟酒，周旋在客人中間。

2)[C] A host is the country or organization that provides the facilities for an event or function 東道主國(guó)家或組織

Within a week his host country had supplied him with accommodation.他的東道主國(guó)家向他提供了一個(gè)星期的膳宿。

The attitude of the host to the refugees was at first hostile.東道主國(guó)對(duì)難民的態(tài)度起初是敵對(duì)的。

3)[C] A host is someone who is in charge of a radio or television program 主持人

He is a charming, polished and shrewd host.他是位有魅力的、優(yōu)雅的、機(jī)敏的節(jié)目主持人。

She was the host for the awards program.她擔(dān)任頒獎(jiǎng)節(jié)目的主持人。

v.to provide the place and everything needed for an organized event 主持;主辦 Beijing succeeded in her bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京成功地申辦了2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

He has been hosting the show for two years.他擔(dān)任這個(gè)節(jié)目的主持人已有兩年。12.pose

v.1)If someone poses, they stand in a particular place or in a particular manner.擺姿勢(shì)

She loved to pose in front of the mirrors.她喜歡在鏡子前擺姿勢(shì)。

The bride and groom pose for the photograph.新娘和新郎擺好姿勢(shì)讓人照相。2)If someone poses, they behave in an exaggerated way because they want people to look at them.裝模作樣；裝腔作勢(shì)

I saw him out posing in his new sports car.我看見他開著他的嶄新跑車招搖過市。

I loved trailing my cloak, posing and being emotional.我喜歡拖著披風(fēng)，裝腔作勢(shì)，情緒激動(dòng)。

3)If someone poses as another person, they pretend to be that person in order to deceive people.冒充；假裝

He posed as a plain uneducated man.他裝扮成沒有受過教育的平民。

The thief got into the house by posing as a plumber.那盜賊假扮管子工混進(jìn)了房子。

4)If someone or something poses problems, threats, dangers, etc.they cause those problems, threats, dangers, etc.產(chǎn)生（問題）；造成（威脅、危險(xiǎn)等）Its length must pose considerable steering problems.它的長(zhǎng)度一定會(huì)給駕駛帶來相當(dāng)多的問題。

He posed a serious threat to their authority.他對(duì)他們的權(quán)威造成威脅。

5)If someone poses a question or idea, they ask or state that question or idea;a fairly formal use.提出，陳述

This brings me back to the question you posed earlier.這使我回到了你早些時(shí)候提出的問題。

He was the first to pose an alternative concept of the world.他是第一個(gè)提出關(guān)于世界的另一種概念的人。

n.1)[C]a particular position or manner in which someone is standing, sitting, etc 姿勢(shì)；姿態(tài)

hundreds of photographs in various poses 成百上千張各種姿勢(shì)的照片 He tried to keep an alert pose.他想保持一種警覺的態(tài)度。

She knew this pose showed her slim fingers to better advantage.她知道這個(gè)姿勢(shì)更能襯托出她那雙手。

2)[C] a way of behaving that is intended to give a particular impression, often in order to deceive or impress people裝腔作勢(shì)；擺架勢(shì)

His photos sometimes showed him in rather typical Hollywood poses.他的相片有時(shí)顯出一副典型的好萊塢架勢(shì)。

People hate his pose as the champion of the proletariat.人們討厭他那副無產(chǎn)階級(jí)斗士的架勢(shì)。13 instance

n.[C] An instance is a particular example occurrence of an event, situation, person, etc.例子；實(shí)例

There are numerous instances of family rifts and angry scenes.家庭裂痕和大吵大鬧的事例舉不勝舉。

Pollock was an extreme instance, but his failure epitomizes that of many.伯克是個(gè)極端的事例，但他的失敗卻是許多事例的縮影。

[考點(diǎn)]for instance例如；譬如

take sth for instance 以?為例

Some minerals, for instance, were not used in pigments in those days.例如，有些礦物在那個(gè)時(shí)代尚未用作顏料。

Let’s take a man like Tom for instance.譬如說湯姆這樣的人。in the first instance 首先；第一步

They have to help themselves at least in the first instance.他們至少得先自己想辦法解決。

In the first instance she declined his invitation to dinner, but she seemed to have changed her mind two days later.起初她謝絕了他的邀請(qǐng)，不過兩天后她似乎改變主意了。

at someone’s instance 在?的要求下

They switched to this location at the urgent instance of the Commander in Chief.他們?cè)诳偹玖罹o急命令下轉(zhuǎn)移到這個(gè)地方。

I came here at the instance of Dr.Jekyll.我是應(yīng)吉基爾博士的邀請(qǐng)來這兒的。14 expert

n.[C] An expert is a person who is very skilled at doing something.專家；行家

What an expert can do in minutes may take you hours.一位行家?guī)追昼娔茏鐾甑氖?，你可能得花幾小時(shí)。

Experts are called in to dismantle the bomb.專家被請(qǐng)來拆除這個(gè)炸彈。adj.1)Someone who is expert at doing sth is very skilled at it.技術(shù)嫻熟的；

Only expert acrobats can master these activities.只有熟練的特技演員才能掌握這些動(dòng)作。

They have to be expert at dealing with any problems that arise.他們必須熟練地應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)生的任何問題。

2)If you say that someone has expert hands or an expert eye, you mean that they are very skillful or experienced for a particular purpose專家的；內(nèi)行的 He rubbed his expert hands over the wound.他用行家的巧手按摩傷口。He ran an expert eye over the photographs.他以行家的眼光掃視了一下照片。

3)Expert advice, opinion, or help is advice, opinion or help that is given by someone who has studied a subject thoroughly or is very skilled at a particular job.專家的；專門的

We would like an expert opinion.我們想聽聽專家的意見。The appliance needs expert attention.該裝置需要專門的檢修。15.surgery

n.1)[U]Surgery is medical treatment in which the body of a person or animal is cut open so that a surgeon can repair or remove the part which is causing the problem.外科手術(shù)

The patient has suffered a heart attack while undergoing surgery.病人在動(dòng)手術(shù)時(shí)突然心臟病發(fā)作。

Lori went into surgery at New York Medical Center.洛里在紐約醫(yī)療中心接受了外科手術(shù)。

2)[C] A surgery is the room where a doctor works.診所

He saw the poster in the doctor’s surgery.他在醫(yī)生診所里看到了這張海報(bào)。3)[U] a fixed period of time when patients see their doctors.就診時(shí)間

Outside surgery hours, please phone the emergency number.門診時(shí)間之外，請(qǐng)撥急診電話號(hào)碼。

Which doctor is taking surgery this morning? 今天上午是哪位醫(yī)生值班？ [擴(kuò)展] perform emergency surgery 做緊急手術(shù)

undergo routine surgery 接受常規(guī)手術(shù)

surgeon 外科醫(yī)生

physician 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生

plastic surgery 美容手術(shù)

16.naval

adj.used to describe people or things that belong to or involve a country’s navy 海軍的

He is a French naval officer.他是一名法國(guó)海軍軍官。

It had been attacked by Norwegian naval and air forces.它曾受到挪威海軍和空軍的攻擊。

[擴(kuò)展] navy n.海軍

navy-blue

adj.深藍(lán)色的 17.aircraft

n.[C] An aircraft is a vehicle which can fly.飛機(jī)，飛行器

The president and his wife emerged from their aircraft.總統(tǒng)及夫人從座機(jī)中走出。

There was an aircraft accident last month.上個(gè)月有一次空難。[擴(kuò)展] aircraft carrier 航空母艦

aircrew 空勤人員

airfield 飛機(jī)場(chǎng)

airhostess 空姐 18.target

n.1)[C] an object or a place at which a weapon is aimed 靶子；襲擊目標(biāo)

The station was an easy target for an air attack.火車站是空襲容易擊中的目標(biāo)。

Bad light and a target at twenty yards make it difficult.光線暗，靶子又有20碼遠(yuǎn)，要擊中是困難的。

2)[C]a person or thing that someone is attacking 批評(píng)的對(duì)象

In their search for a scapegoat, the government found an easy target in the unions.政府在尋找替罪羊時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)工會(huì)是最好的嫁禍對(duì)象。

Her proposal has been the target of much criticism.她的建議成了眾矢之的。v.If someone targets on something, they aim at it瞄準(zhǔn)，把---導(dǎo)向

It is hoped that the common people will not be targeted during any war.人們希望在任何戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中都不要把平民百姓作為攻擊目標(biāo)。

Investments are fewer in number, but better funded and more targeted.投資總數(shù)雖有減少，但投資資金卻更雄厚、針對(duì)性更強(qiáng)。19.spoonful

n.[C](pl.spoonfuls)the amount that a spoon can hold一匙之量

She put a spoonful of milk in each of the two cups.她在兩只杯子里各放了一匙牛奶。

He had difficulty targeting his mouth with his food.Every second spoonful was dropped to the ground.他連飯都喂不到嘴里去，總是掉到地上。[聯(lián)想] handful 一把（a handful of salt 一把鹽）

spoonful一勺的量（a spoonful of sugar 一勺糖）mouthful 一口（a mouthful of food 一口食物）boatful 一船（a boatful of coal 一船煤）armful 一抱（an armful of books 一抱書）20.navigation

n.[U] the movement of a ship or an aircraft along a planned path 航海；航空

Moving at such speeds, navigation becomes critically important.以這樣的速度航行，非有導(dǎo)航不可。

He demanded that that nation be open to navigation by its allies.他要求那個(gè)國(guó)家向其盟國(guó)開放領(lǐng)空。[擴(kuò)展] navigate

v.導(dǎo)航；航行

All these ships are large enough to navigate the oceans.所有這些輪船都是巨型的，可以遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)航行。

Early explorers used the stars to navigate.早期的探險(xiǎn)家利用星星導(dǎo)航。navigator 領(lǐng)航員

navigation light航行燈 20.numerous

adj.If you refer to numerous things or people, you mean that there are a lot of them.眾多的；許多的

We want especially to thank the numerous friends who gave us encouragement.我們特別要感謝許多曾給予我們鼓勵(lì)的朋友。

The cast is large, though nothing likes as numerous as one might suppose.演員陣容強(qiáng)大，盡管人數(shù)不像人們料想的那么多。22． fluent

adj.1)Someone who is fluent in a particular language can speak or write the language easily and correctly with no hesitation or inaccuracy.說話流利的； 文字流暢的

He was fluent in Spanish.他講西班牙語很流利。

Rage was making him fluent;the words came easily, in a rush.憤怒使他口若懸河；話一句句隨意而出。23.mechanic

n.1)[C] someone whose job is to repair machines;機(jī)修工

A mechanic had told him the plate was hard to get on.一個(gè)機(jī)修工告訴他，這塊金屬板很難安裝上去。

There is not a mechanic who hasn’t had this problem.沒有哪個(gè)技工沒碰到過這個(gè)問題。

2)The mechanics of something are the way in which it works or the way in which it is done.運(yùn)作方式；方法；技巧

What are the mechanics of it? 這事的蹊蹺之處何在？

The mechanics of the legal system are very complicated.法制體系的操作程序是十分復(fù)雜的。

3)Mechanics is also the part of physics that deals with forces acting or moving on stationary objects.力學(xué)；機(jī)械學(xué) 24.advertise

v.1)If you advertise a particular product, you tell people about it in newspapers, on television, etc.in order to persuade them to buy it.做廣告

She didn’t advertise it in case she was wrong.她深恐搞錯(cuò)，就沒有做廣告。Manufactures advertise products that they wish to sell.制造商為要銷售的產(chǎn)品做廣告。

2)If you advertise a particular event, you announce that it is happening, so that people know about it.公告，公布

When people lose something valuable, they advertise it in the newspaper.人們丟東西時(shí)，會(huì)在報(bào)紙上登一則公告。

This is a leaflet advertising a fishing competition.這是一張宣布釣魚比賽的傳單。

[擴(kuò)展] advertising n.廣告業(yè)

an advertising agency 廣告代理機(jī)構(gòu)

advertisement

n.廣告，啟事

25.waken

v.When you waken or when someone wakens you, you wake喚醒

It is frightening to most children to waken and find a stranger.大多數(shù)小孩醒來看到陌生人都會(huì)感到害怕。

Once she was sleeping nothing wakened her.她一旦入睡就睡得很死。26.enormous

adj.1)extremely large in size or amount.巨大的；龐大的

There was an enormous cat crouching on the counter eating fish.有只碩大的貓蹲在柜臺(tái)上吃魚。

There is an enormous amount of hard work in child care.照料兒童需要花費(fèi)大量心血。

2)to emphasize the great scale or extent of something(范圍、程度)極大的 To his enormous delight he was elected MP for Bristol South.使他極大高興的是他當(dāng)選為布托斯南區(qū)的議員。

Our athletes have won an enormous success in this Olympic Games.在今年的奧運(yùn)會(huì)中我們的運(yùn)動(dòng)員取得了巨大的成功。

[擴(kuò)展] enormously

adv.極大地 It has increased enormously the demand for food in the third world.這極大地增強(qiáng)了第三世界對(duì)食品的需求。[同義辨析] enormous colossal immense huge gigantic vast enormous 重點(diǎn)突出數(shù)量、程度、體積等超出正常限度；還可指某些嚴(yán)重、緊迫的事情；

colossal指比例上非常大，有宏大、雄偉之意；

Long ago, it wasn’t unusual for colossal countries to establish colonies in distant lands.很久以前，一個(gè)龐大的國(guó)家在海外建立殖民地是司空見慣的事。Even by modern standards, the 46，000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.即使按現(xiàn)在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，重達(dá)4萬6千噸的泰坦尼克號(hào)也是艘宏偉的大船。immense指三維空間上延伸，表示在尺寸、規(guī)模上大得無邊無際；

Early explorers got lost in the immense, uncharted Atlantic.早期的探險(xiǎn)者會(huì)在無邊無際的大西洋中迷路。

China is a country which has an immense territory.中國(guó)是一個(gè)有廣袤領(lǐng)土的國(guó)家。

huge為普通用詞，指尺寸、體積或容量等方面極大；

There is a huge vocabulary to be acquired.要掌握的詞匯量非常龐大。

America is now suffering the huge trade imbalances.美國(guó)正在遭受巨大的貿(mào)易逆差。

gigantic強(qiáng)調(diào)與同類其他事物在大小、數(shù)量上形成強(qiáng)烈對(duì)照以顯示巨大或龐大；

He has gigantic appetite.他胃口極大。

Building railway in Xi’an is a gigantic project.在西安建地鐵是一項(xiàng)龐大的工程。

vast指二維空間的延伸，表示浩瀚無比;

The vast plains stretch for thousands of miles.那廣闊的平原綿延幾千里。27.oversleep

v.If you oversleep, you sleep longer than you intend to and wake up late.睡過頭

Sorry I am late – I overslept.對(duì)不起我遲到了—— 我睡過頭了。

In fact, as college students are also likely to do, I overslept.實(shí)際上，跟其他大學(xué)生可能遇到的情形一樣，我睡過頭了。28.survey

v.1)If you survey something, you look carefully at the whole of it.She surveyed the grouping of furniture.她打量著家具的擺放。

He took the last page out of the typewriter and surveyed the day’s production with satisfaction.他將最后一頁從打印機(jī)中拿出，滿意的看著這一天的成果。2)If you survey a group of people, you find out about their opinions or behaviors, usually by asking them detailed questions.調(diào)查

In five of the villages that were surveyed, non-farm work provided one quarter of their income.在所調(diào)查的5個(gè)村莊中，非農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)所得占其總收入的四分之一。

In his book, he surveyed the traditional ways of life of Native Americans.在他的書中，他調(diào)查了美洲土著人的傳統(tǒng)生活方式。

3)To survey an area of land means to make an examination of it in order to measure it and make a map of it.測(cè)量，勘測(cè)

He had had the land surveyed from a helicopter.他已叫人從直升機(jī)上勘測(cè)了這塊地。

We stood at the top of the hill and surveyed the countryside.我們站在山頂俯視郊外。

n.1)a detailed investigation of something, for example people’s behavior or their opinions 調(diào)查；考察

This chapter includes a brief survey of the more commonly used drugs.本章收錄了一份有關(guān)常用藥物的簡(jiǎn)略考察報(bào)告。

A recent survey of 450 advertising companies found that art schools are providing most of their new recruits.據(jù)最近對(duì)450家廣告公司的調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)這些公司的大部分新員工都來自藝術(shù)學(xué)校。

2)a general description or report about a subject or situation 概況

We had a survey course in English literature last term.上學(xué)期我們上了英國(guó)文學(xué)概論課。

The book presents a critical survey of Irish history.該書頗有見地地綜述了愛爾蘭歷史。

考點(diǎn) make a survey of

對(duì)?進(jìn)行調(diào)查；market survey 市場(chǎng)調(diào)查 [同義辨析]

inquiry

investigation

research

survey survey多指為寫書面報(bào)告而進(jìn)行的民意測(cè)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查。

inquiry普通常用詞，指正式調(diào)查，也指一般的打聽或查詢；

They demand a public inquiry into the accident.他們要求對(duì)事故進(jìn)行公開調(diào)查。

He replied frostily to inquire about Tom’s visit.他冷淡地回答了有關(guān)湯姆來訪的詢問。

investigation一般指有系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查以得到希望發(fā)現(xiàn)或需要知道的事。It is unsafe to render an opinion without a full investigation.未經(jīng)充分調(diào)查研究便形成意見是不保險(xiǎn)的。

research指科學(xué)工作者等為揭示自然規(guī)律或獲取某個(gè)領(lǐng)域的新知識(shí)而進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的調(diào)查研究。

Students are required to conduct research into international relations.學(xué)校要求學(xué)生進(jìn)行國(guó)際關(guān)系研究。

The prediction about human behavior is the most recent research in philosophical anthropology.對(duì)人類行為的預(yù)測(cè)是哲學(xué)人類學(xué)最新的研究。29.best-selling

adj.A best-selling product such as a book is very popular and a large quantity of it has been sold.暢銷的

The movie is based on Susan’s best-selling novel and is starred by David.這部電影取材于蘇珊的暢銷小說，大衛(wèi)主演。

Han han is best known for his best-selling stories.韓寒因他的暢銷小說而出名。

[擴(kuò)展] bestsellers

n.暢銷書；暢銷商品

This car was a bestseller last year.這種汽車去年很暢銷。Dictionaries are perennial bestsellers.詞典一年到頭暢銷。30.filmmaker

n.someone who produces or directs a film 電影制作人

She had followed in the steps of her father, becoming a filmmaker.她承襲了父親的事業(yè)，成了一名制片人。

As a young filmmaker, his works always fillip our ambition.作為一名年輕的制片人，他的作品總能激發(fā)我們的雄心壯志。

[擴(kuò)展] filmgoer 愛看電影的人 filmography 影片集錦

film star 電影明星 31.prosperous

adj.wealthy and successful 富足的；興旺的

His father was a prosperous farmer and coal merchant.他父親是位富足的農(nóng)場(chǎng)主和煤商。

Our citizens individually have been happy and the nation prosperous.人人安居樂業(yè)，國(guó)泰民安。32.involve

v.1)If a situation or activity involves someone or something, it includes them as a necessary part or it uses them in some way.需要；非包含---不可

The business seemed to involve an enormous amount of sales.這生意需要大量的銷售工作。

Caring for a one-year-old involves nappies and making special meals.照顧一歲的嬰兒需要不時(shí)換尿布和準(zhǔn)備特別的飯食。

2)If you involve someone else in something, you get them to take part in it.使參與；使介入

I told her to get in touch with you, but she didn’t want to involve you.我叫她跟你聯(lián)系，但她不想讓你參與。

The function of those actors was to involve the audience.演員的作用就是使觀眾參與進(jìn)來。

3）If you involve yourself in something, you take part in it.使陷入；使卷入 I was reluctant to involve myself in this private fight.我不愿卷入這種私人紛爭(zhēng)。

They continue to involve themselves deeply in community affairs.他們繼續(xù)開展社會(huì)公益活動(dòng)。

考點(diǎn) involve后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞做賓語；不接不定式。

involve的-ed分詞既可放名詞前，也可放名詞后，但意義不同。放名詞前，表示“復(fù)雜的”作后置定語表示“所涉及到的，有關(guān)的”。

We had long, involved discussion.我們進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間紛繁復(fù)雜的討論。She had no real understanding of the problems involved.她對(duì)所涉及的問題并不真正了解。

33.catch phrase : a short phrase that many people know because a famous person often says it 流行語；口頭禪

Catch phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts.流行語經(jīng)常來源于大眾文化和藝術(shù)。

Gradually, catch phrases will become the “trademark” of a person or character.慢慢地，流行語也會(huì)成為一個(gè)人的標(biāo)志。

34.drop out: to leave an activity, school, etc.before it has finished 中途退出；輟學(xué)

The Russian class began with ten students, but several have dropped out.俄語班開始有10名學(xué)生，但已有幾個(gè)中途退出了。

The boys had dropped out of school and gone to work.那些男學(xué)生已經(jīng)退學(xué)工作去了。35.figure out:

1)to succeed in solving or understanding sth想出;理解；明白 She was too cool, too hard to figure out.她太冷靜，太難以捉摸。

He lay still for a moment, trying to figure out what had happened.他躺著不動(dòng)了好久，揣摩著剛才到底發(fā)生了什么。

2)to work out the answers to sums計(jì)算出；演算出

We figured out the time and the materials needed to complete the project.我們計(jì)算出完成該工程所需的時(shí)間和材料。

They began to figure out an arithmetic problem at the same time.他倆同時(shí)開始解答算數(shù)題。

36.would rather…than…: prefer to do or have sth 寧愿?不愿

I would rather choose the blue one than the red one.我寧愿選藍(lán)色的也不愿選紅色的。

I would rather use familiar English names than scientific Latin ones.我寧愿用熟悉的英文名稱也不愿用拉丁學(xué)名。

37.care about : If you care about sth, you feel that it is important or interesting, and are concerned about it.關(guān)心，對(duì)?感興趣

Wherever you are, whatever you do, you’ve never been closer to the people you care about.無論你在何地，不管你做什么，你與自己牽掛的人總是最貼心的。The average individual knows little and cares less about technology.普通人對(duì)于技術(shù)既不了解也不關(guān)心。38.as to: concerning sb.or sth關(guān)于

John had been given no directions as to what to write.關(guān)于寫什么內(nèi)容，約翰沒有得到任何指示。

I was asked my opinion as to why Charles climbed a tower at the University.關(guān)于查爾斯為什么要爬大學(xué)里的塔樓，有人問起我的意見。

39.page through: look at a book, magazine, etc.by turning the pages quickly I usually page through newspapers instead of reading them carefully.我通常是翻閱報(bào)紙而不細(xì)讀。

Kathy casually paged through magazines.凱西隨意地翻閱著雜志。

40.end up: do something or end up in a particular state,結(jié)果，到頭來做某事或處于某情況

If we go on in this way, we shall end up with millions and millions of unemployed.如果我們繼續(xù)這樣下去，我們最后將造成千百萬人失業(yè)。

We ended up taking a taxi there.我們結(jié)果還是乘出租車去了那兒。41.as long as: if 只要

We were all right as long as we kept our heads down.只要我們一直低頭就沒事。Detergent cannot harm a fabric, as long as it has been properly dissolved.只要將凈洗劑完全溶解，它就不會(huì)損害紡織品。

42.do with : If you do with something, you make use of it in the way indicated.使用；利用

He did as much with the material as he could.他盡量利用這材料。

There is more land in Australia than the government knows what to do with.澳大利亞土地廣闊，政府甚至不知道如何利用這些土地。

Language points: 1.It echoed through the hallway and out into every corner of the university.(Para.1)Meaning: The question was repeated and heard throughout the hallways and in every corner of the university.2.It was the new pick-up line, more commonly used than “What’s your sign?”(Para.1)Meaning: The question ―What’s your major?‖ became very popular.It became a frequently-used question, used even more frequently than the question ―What’s your astrological sign?‖

A pick-up line means a sentence used for introduction or opening a conversation, usually spoken when meeting someone with whom one wants to begin a romantic relationship.Look at the example:

I want to meet the woman over there, but I don’t know any pick-up lines that I can greet her with.我想與那邊的那個(gè)女士認(rèn)識(shí)一下，但是不知道用什么話和她搭訕。

3.I was “undeclared” like some unborn baby in its earliest stages.(Para.1)

Meaning: I had not decided on a major, which made me as immature and unformed as a baby that was not born and in its early stages of formation.4.And, by the way I was going, I was merely awaiting abortion.(Para.1)Meaning: According to the present situation, I could do nothing but wait for failure.5.Looking at the database of available majors, I could not make up my mind.(Para.1)Meaning: I could not make the decision as to which major to choose when I was reading the collection of majors that are offered.6.Would I have to drop out of school because of my indecision? Would I be banned from a happy life if I couldn’t figure this problem out?(Para.1)Meaning: Would I have to leave school because I couldn’t make a choice? Would I be kept from a happy life in future if I couldn’t choose my major? 7.Everyone else was happily moving forward in their lives, choosing topics of study and predicting futures.(Para.2)Meaning: Everyone else was in high spirits, choosing their majors and at the same time thinking about their futures in advance.8.I still hadn’t made my big breakthrough in making this all too significant decision.(Para.2)

Meaning: Choosing a major is such a big decision, but I still had not made any big advance in that.Note that ―all too‖ is usually used for emphasizing that something is too easy, something happens too often, something is more than desirable, etc.Look at the examples:

All too often it’s the parents who get blamed for their children’s behavior.孩子做錯(cuò)了事，受責(zé)備的往往是父母。

9.On the night before my fate was to be declared, my parents were hosting a dinner party for two of their friends.(Para.3)Meaning: The night before my future was set and announced, my parents invited two friends for dinner.10.Finally, a rest!What would my parents’ friends care about majors?(Para.4)Meaning: Finally there could be a rest from my worry about choosing my major now.It would be unlikely for my parents’ friends to show concern about choosing majors.11.I could eat dinner in peace and take a break from being posed this question for a couple of hours.(Para.4)Meaning: I could have the dinner with a peaceful mind and could have a break of a couple of hours from my worry about choosing a major.12.They both had to share their majors with me, and both had an opinion as to what I should be.All their advice didn’t put me any closer to a major, though.(Para.4)Meaning: Both my parents’ friends told me about their majors and offered their opinions on my major choosing.In spite of that, their advice did not help me closer to choosing a major.13.And Mr.Albertson, the naval aircraft pilot, had difficulty targeting his mouth with his food.Every second spoonful was dropped to the ground.(Para.5)Meaning: Mr Albertson, who is a naval aircraft pilot, had difficulty in putting food directly into his mouth.Of every two spoonfuls of food, one would fall to the ground because of his failure to eat correctly.14.I couldn’t imagine what his navigation skills were like in a fighter plane.(Para.5)Meaning: It is hard for me to imagine how he directed his way in a fighter plane.15.I got out the list of majors and began paging through the possibilities for the millionth time.(Para.6)Meaning: I took out the list of majors and began looking at and turning the pages quickly to find out possible major for the numerous times.Notice that here ―for the millionth time‖ does not really mean a million times.It simply means the writer has considered the possibilities many times.16.As college students often do, I decided that if I just slept for a while and wakened up really early, I would be able to arrive at an answer to this enormously difficult question.(Para.7)Meaning: Just like other college students, I decided that if I just slept for a while and wakened up really early, I could reach an answer to this extremely difficult question.17.I don’t know exactly what it is in the college student’s brain that thinks some special process occurs between 2 a.m.and 6 a.m.that will suddenly make everything clearer.It had worked for me in the past, but not this time.(Para.7)

Meaning: I don’t know what makes college students think that some special process can occur in their brain between 2 a.m.and 6 a.m.when everything will appear clearer.This really had worked in the past, but this time it didn’t work.18.… and I had three hours to commit the rest of my life to something, anything.There was always business.(Para.8)Meaning: …only three hours were left for me to decide what I was to commit myself to in the future.Anyway, I could always major in business.19.That’s it!I was lost, but now I was found.I was declared!(Para.9)Meaning: That was the major I had been trying to find.Once I was lost in choosing majors, but now I found where I should be for my major.I had a major!20.I didn’t end up a filmmaker.And some days I still feel “undeclared”.(Para.10)Meaning: I did not become a filmmaker in the end.So sometimes I still feel that I have not declared my major.21.It really doesn't matter what you major in, as long as you have a prosperous university experience.(Para.11)

Meaning: If you have a successful and wonderful university experience, it really doesn’t matter what major you choose.22.Involve yourself in those things that interest you and enjoy learning about the world.There is plenty of time to decide what you will do with the rest of your life.(Para.11)Meaning: Participate in activities that you like and have fun discovering more about the world.You have a lot of time to make decision about what you will do with the rest of your life.II．Summary or Main Idea of the Passage.i.Student’s Presentation

（T asks 2-3 students to make presentation.）ii.Teacher’s Summary

In this passage, the author discusses the problem of deciding one’s major in university according to his own experience.This passage is written in the time sequence.Fifteen years ago he had difficulties in deciding his major.He finally decided his major ―filmmaking‖ but he himself did not become a filmmaker at the end.And he found that very few students work in their chosen jobs years later.Therefore, he draw the conclusion that what one majors in does not matter.What matters is to involve yourself in those things you are interested in and enjoy learning the world.There is plenty of time to decide what you will do with the rest of your life.V.New Words Dictation

remarkable factor

accomplish investigate infinite outstanding mysterious as long as as to do with

available ban enormous arouse target

predict fantastic mission instance fate analysis ease fluent mechanic

involve responsibility pose peak alternative concentration expert credit grant profit survey amount cease alter prosperous entertain adapt performance figure out with ease drop out end up stand out adapt to care about turn in

VI.After-text B Exercises

1.Vocabulary: Students are asked to master the key words and phrases.2.Sentence Structure: T summaries the usage of ―as‖ and ―while‖ and S practices rewriting sentences after the models.3.Translation 4.Cloze VII．Supplementary Exercises 1.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)Every day I commit two hours and a half to playing piano.2)You will profit from the experiences.3)The ability to adapt to the environment is important in one’s life.4)She ploughed through the whole text for half an hour.5)The professor struck him as a very knowledgeable man.2.Translate the following sentences into English.1)盡量把精力用在工作上。2)他獲得了學(xué)校的最高獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。

3)老師在課堂上講一些笑話來取悅學(xué)生。4)棒極了，她竟打破了世界紀(jì)錄。

5)她寧愿放棄到另外一個(gè)城市工作的好機(jī)會(huì)，也不愿與男友分離。

3.Complete the Following Sentences in English.1.She only_____________ the book.(翻閱)2.Emmons _______________in his last shoot.(脫靶)3.Keep on going like this, they will(惹來麻煩)____________________.4.The rising prices will(給很多家庭帶來困難)____________________.5.The Olympic in Beijing(取得了巨大成功)____________________.VIII.Assignments

1.Hand in the exercise of …….….2.Finish the other after-text A & B exercises after class.3.Supplementary Exercises i.English-Chinese Translation（5 sentences）

ii.Chinese-English Translation（10 sentences）4.Preview Unit 10

附：

Keys for Supplementary Exercises 1.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)我每天彈兩個(gè)半小時(shí)鋼琴。2)你將會(huì)由此經(jīng)歷中獲益。

3)適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力對(duì)一個(gè)人的生活是很重要的。4)她用了半個(gè)小時(shí)費(fèi)力地看完了這篇課文。5)他感到那位教授是極有知識(shí)之人

2.Complete the following sentences in English.1）Try to focus your mind on your work.2）He acquired the grant of the highest scholarship from the school.3）The teacher told some jokes to entertain the students in class.4）Fantastic!She had broken the world-record.5）She would rather give up the good opportunity to work in another city than part with her boyfriend.3.Complete the Following Sentences in English.1）page through 2）missed his target 3）end up in trouble 4）pose difficulty to many families 5）accomplished enormous success

第四篇：新視野大學(xué)英語

Unit6a 4月7日，星期六

我和史蒂夫已拖運(yùn)垃圾整整四個(gè)小時(shí)了，中間只停下來說了約五分鐘的話。

每次我將滿滿的一桶垃圾扛上肩，肩膀就痛得厲害，有時(shí)候扛著垃圾朝街上走，腿都打顫，可我心里卻對(duì)自己說：“挺住，垃圾工，要挺住?！?/p>

我原本就沒有想過這工作會(huì)有什么快樂可言。倒、扛、走、扛、走。時(shí)間過得飛快。

星期六意味著一路上大多數(shù)成年人會(huì)呆在家里。上學(xué)的孩子也一樣。

我心里琢磨，這可能意味著我挨家挨戶收垃圾時(shí)可以和人們多搭上幾句話了。很多人在花園里或花房里干活兒。多數(shù)人看上去是可以說說話的。

雖沒有工夫聊很久，但問候幾句以示禮貌還是有時(shí)間的。

但我吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是這么回事。

直到我在幾家院子里問候了幾次以后，才意識(shí)到這么做是不常見的。

偶爾，有人也會(huì)看著我，微笑一下，對(duì)我說一聲“你好”，或者“今天天氣真好”。這時(shí)，我還是感到有人情味兒。

可多數(shù)情況下，人們的反應(yīng)要么是不理我，要么是因?yàn)槲疫@個(gè)垃圾工竟然也和他們說話而驚訝地盯著我看。

一個(gè)身著家常便服的婦女見我繞過她家的拐角，臉上露出驚訝之色。

聽到我向她打招呼，她就趕緊用衣服把自己嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)地遮了起來，并匆忙退回屋里。我還聽到咔嗒一聲門被鎖上了。

另一個(gè)婦女，院子里養(yǎng)了一只巨大古怪的動(dòng)物。我問她那是什么動(dòng)物，她兩眼盯著我。

我以為她耳背，所以提高了聲音。她好像給嚇著了似的，冷冷地轉(zhuǎn)身走了。

這兒離垃圾場(chǎng)有很長(zhǎng)一段路，在駕車去垃圾場(chǎng)的路上，史蒂夫氣憤地?cái)⒄f著這些事情。

“從多數(shù)人看你的那種眼光，就知道在他們眼里垃圾工是怪物。如果你對(duì)他們問聲好，他們就驚奇地看著你。他們根本沒想到我們也是人?！?/p>

“有個(gè)女人往垃圾箱里倒煙灰。我說，我們這樣沒法裝運(yùn)。

她說，‘我倒什么你管得著嗎，你算什么東西? 你不過是個(gè)垃圾工罷了。’

我說，‘聽著，太太，我的智商是137，高中畢業(yè)時(shí)是班上的尖子生。我干這活是為了掙錢，不是因?yàn)槲抑荒芨蛇@個(gè)?！?/p>

“我真想對(duì)他們說，‘你瞧瞧，我跟你們一樣干凈?！蛇@沒用。我從不對(duì)任何人說我是垃圾工。我說我是卡車司機(jī)。

我家里人知道，可我妻子的家人不知道。

如果有人正好碰到，問‘你是給垃圾公司開車嗎?’我就說是。我相信我們做的事是人們所需要的，就像當(dāng)警察或者消防隊(duì)員一樣。我并不為此而感到見不得人，可我也不會(huì)到處去吹噓自己的工作?！?/p>

“有一天，我妻子的一個(gè)朋友見到她孩子從家里跑出來看垃圾車，她就大聲叫嚷起來，‘離那些垃圾工遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)，他們身上臟’。我很生她的氣。

我說，‘那些垃圾工和我們一樣干凈?！?‘你好像很同情他們似的，’她說?！堑?，我是很同情他們。’ 可我從沒有告訴她這是為什么。”

這活兒我原先只打算干兩天，可現(xiàn)在我要干下去。

這可鍛煉人呢，雖然肩部肌肉酸痛，可我扛垃圾桶越扛越得心應(yīng)手了。我越干越快，越干越利索。在室外干活還可以呼吸新鮮空氣，而且完全不像人們認(rèn)為的那樣，我干的活兒其實(shí)很干凈。

我還決定繼續(xù)在人家的院子里向人們說“你好”。這不會(huì)有什么壞處，而且感覺依舊不錯(cuò)。

說實(shí)話，我感到驕傲，我在做一項(xiàng)必不可少的工作。每晚工作結(jié)束時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)國(guó)家比早上更干凈了。并不是許多人每晚都能這樣說的。

約翰·加德納曾寫道，一個(gè)只贊揚(yáng)哲學(xué)家而蔑視管道工的社會(huì)必定會(huì)出現(xiàn)麻煩。他警告說：“這個(gè)社會(huì)的管道和理論都會(huì)出問題。”

他也許應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步要求人們既尊重經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家又尊重垃圾工；不然的話，他們都會(huì)在身后留下垃圾。Unit6b 星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，他終于把自己累死了。

當(dāng)然，訃告并沒有這么說，只說他死于心臟病。但是他的朋友和熟人很快就明白了是怎么回事。

他是個(gè)典型的A型人，工作成癮。相互間他們這么說，搖著頭，并且沉思五或十分鐘，反思他們的生活方式。

此君叫菲爾，星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，把自己累死了。那天是他的休息日，可他卻在工作。他把自己生命中的最后18年獻(xiàn)給了那項(xiàng)工作。他51歲，是公司的一位副總裁。更確切地說，他是六位副總裁之一，而且，假如公司總裁去世或者很快退休的話，他是有可能升至最高職位的三位副總裁之一。菲爾是休息不起的。

他每周工作六天，其中五天每天工作到晚上八點(diǎn)或九點(diǎn)，而此時(shí)他的公司除了當(dāng)官的，其他人都已開始每周工作四天。

他撥不出時(shí)間來做戶外活動(dòng)，除非你把他每月打一次高爾夫球也算在內(nèi)。對(duì)于菲爾來說，那也是工作。他總是在辦公桌上吃雞蛋色拉三明治。當(dāng)然，他比較胖，患有高血壓。

每逢星期六，菲爾就穿運(yùn)動(dòng)茄克衫而不是西服去辦公室，因?yàn)槭侵苣?/p>

他手下有很多人，大約60個(gè)，多數(shù)時(shí)候大多數(shù)人都喜歡他，敬慕他。其中三人將被認(rèn)真考慮來接替他的工作。訃告對(duì)此避而不談。

然而訃告卻一一列出了被他“留下的人”。

在他身后有妻子海倫，她48歲，心地善良，但卻沒有特別的職業(yè)技能，結(jié)婚生子之前曾做過辦公室工作。據(jù)她女兒說，多年前孩子們還小時(shí)，她就放棄了與他的工作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。公司的一位朋友說：“我知道你將多么思念他。” 而她回答道：“我早已這樣了?！?/p>

“這些年來思念著他，”她已經(jīng)放棄了自己的一部分，這部分的她太關(guān)心這個(gè)男人了。從此她將“得到很好的關(guān)照”。

他“親愛的孩子”中“親愛的長(zhǎng)子”在南方的一家制造公司當(dāng)經(jīng)理，工作很努力。在安葬父親的前一天，他走訪了鄰居，試圖多了解他的父親。鄰居們很尷尬，只能裝作比事實(shí)上更了解他的父親。

他的第二個(gè)孩子是個(gè)女兒，今年24歲，剛剛結(jié)婚。

她住在她母親附近，兩人關(guān)系親密。但是，以前每當(dāng)她和父親單獨(dú)在一起時(shí)，比如開車去什么地方時(shí)，兩人幾乎無話可說。

最小的是個(gè)男孩，今年20歲，是個(gè)高中畢業(yè)生。和他的許多朋友一樣，他滿足于打零工，以維持吃飯和吸大麻。

他父親的工作不適合他。

雖然如此，他依然努力理解他父親，努力表明自己對(duì)他很重要，以此將他拴在家里。他是他父親的最愛。

在過去的兩年里，菲爾常為擔(dān)心這個(gè)男孩而睡不著覺。

這男孩有一次說道：“我和我父親只住在這里?！?/p>

在葬禮上，60歲的公司總裁告訴48歲的寡婦，51歲的死者對(duì)公司非常重要，公司會(huì)思念他，很難找到人來代替他。寡婦不敢正面看他。

她擔(dān)心他會(huì)看出她的不快。畢竟，她需要他來理清他們之間的財(cái)務(wù)——優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán)等等之類。

菲爾身體胖，弦總是繃得緊緊的，工作太賣力。如果他不在辦公室，他就放心不下。他是容易患心臟病的那種人。

在一大群人中，你一眼就能將他辨認(rèn)出來。

因此，當(dāng)他星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整終于把自己累死時(shí)，沒有人真正感到吃驚。

安葬的那天下午五點(diǎn)，公司總裁開始（當(dāng)然非常謹(jǐn)慎地）向他的左右詢問接替菲爾的人選（三者之一）的情況。

他問大家：“誰工作最賣力？” Unit7a 和大多數(shù)城里人一樣，我非常小心謹(jǐn)慎。

在把車開進(jìn)車庫(kù)前，我會(huì)掃視街道和周圍的小路，看看有沒有異常的人或物。那天晚上也不例外。

可是當(dāng)我手里拿著肯德基炸雞走出車庫(kù)時(shí)，一個(gè)身材圓胖、留著短髭、頭戴絨線帽、身穿深色尼龍夾克的年輕人從停車處旁的灌木叢中鉆出來，把手槍頂在我的雙眼之間。

“交出來，他媽的──，”他威脅道，“交出來?！?/p>

“嗨，”我說，“拿去吧。”

我一邊說，一邊把肯德基快餐盒放在小路旁邊的花盆上，同時(shí)設(shè)法把我房子的鑰匙扔進(jìn)灌木叢中。

“你的錢在哪兒? 你的錢在哪兒?”他吼道。

在我們?cè)庥龅娜^程中，他會(huì)重復(fù)自己說的每一句話；出于本能，我也同樣重復(fù)著自己的話。

“在我錢包里，在我錢包里。”我說。

他走到我的背后，把槍頂在我的脖子上，開始搜我的褲子口袋。

“錢包在哪兒?”他問。

“在后面的口袋里?！?/p>

“還有呢?”

“我就這么多錢了?！?/p>

“手表在哪兒?”

“在這兒，”我邊回答邊把左臂伸出去。就在這時(shí)，他的同伙出現(xiàn)了。

他很瘦小，手持一支加大的藍(lán)色鋼制手槍。

他深色的眼睛里閃著光，好似擦亮了的玻璃；他手臂和雙腿毫無預(yù)示地移動(dòng)著，就好像是連著看不見的電線似的。

他厲聲說道，“不許看我們，不許看我們。”

他并不蠢。

我看過許多刑事審判，因而知道在那些武裝襲擊的受害者中，很少有人能夠辨認(rèn)出襲擊他們的人，因?yàn)樗麄兊淖⒁饬θ性跇屔?，而沒有注意持槍人。我有意識(shí)地留意了一下他們的面部細(xì)節(jié)。

“我沒有看你們?！碑?dāng)那個(gè)大個(gè)子劫匪把手表從我的手腕上扯下來時(shí)，我撒了個(gè)謊。

“趴下，趴下，”那小個(gè)子命令我，并一把摘下了我的眼鏡，把它扔到草坪上。

這時(shí)，我已面朝下趴在了地上，前額緊貼著地面的泥土。

那個(gè)大個(gè)子劫匪用槍頂著我的后腦勺，小個(gè)子用手槍緊緊頂著我左邊的太陽穴。

我當(dāng)時(shí)想，“這下完了。萊斯利會(huì)受不了的。主啊，可憐可憐我這個(gè)有罪的人吧。”

“這是什么?”大個(gè)子問道。

我把頭轉(zhuǎn)向右邊。

“是肯德基炸雞，”我說。

“我們要帶走，”大個(gè)子厲聲說道。

于是，突然間，劫匪們手里拿著錢包、手表和炸雞，腳步聲在黑暗的街道上越來越遠(yuǎn)。

我轉(zhuǎn)過身，看見他們的影子鉆進(jìn)了一輛汽車，急速地開走了。

他們沒有殺我，但他們?yōu)槭裁催@么做呢? 是仁慈? 是因?yàn)闀r(shí)間太緊而顧不上? 還是因?yàn)轲囸I?

“多奇怪啊，”我心中暗想，“竟然是炸雞救了我的命。我看到的是死亡，而他們看到的是食物。”

我站起身來，找到了鑰匙，進(jìn)了屋，然后撥通了911。接線員記下了我對(duì)劫匪的描述，然后派了輛警車來。

我為自己倒了一杯烈性酒，不一會(huì)兒，兩個(gè)穿制服的洛杉磯警察局的警察就到了。他們對(duì)此事作了筆錄，說“幸好”沒有受傷。

“但是，” 臨走時(shí)一個(gè)警察對(duì)我說，“他們拿走了你的炸雞，這實(shí)在太不像話了?！?/p>

后來，一個(gè)警察打電話來詢問其他細(xì)節(jié)。

他說這兩個(gè)劫匪的作案手法表明他們可能就是過去幾個(gè)月里這一地區(qū)多起搶劫案的實(shí)施者。他讓我到警察局去看一下疑犯的照片。

于是，上周一我翻看了相簿大小的幾本照片，多數(shù)是年輕人的──令人驚訝的是其中有相當(dāng)一部分實(shí)際上還是孩子。

一張張翻看并研讀這些照片，仿佛漂流在一條讓人傷心的河流上，就像身處英國(guó)詩(shī)人布萊克筆下的泰晤士河，似乎“看見每一個(gè)過往行人都是滿臉饑色，一副苦相”。

這些年輕人聚合在一起構(gòu)成了一條河流──一條已失去控制的河流，這條河流正吞噬著我們所珍視的東西的基礎(chǔ)：我們的行動(dòng)自由，我們的勞動(dòng)果實(shí)，我們的生命，以及那些我們所珍視的人的生命?？傆幸惶欤覀儗⒉坏貌幻鎸?duì)這條河流，并探索其對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)不滿的深層原因。

而目前，我們所能做的就是看看罪犯的照片，并參與到構(gòu)筑抑制犯罪的大壩中去。Unit7b 我有一支黑色手槍，手柄是棕色的。

手槍就擱在我的床頭，里面裝著五顆子彈，并且總是上了膛的。

我一貫主張控制槍支，奇怪的是我現(xiàn)在依然主張控制槍支。

以前我沒有槍，并不是因?yàn)槲覍?duì)有關(guān)犯罪的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料不了解，也不是因?yàn)槲易哉J(rèn)為可以不受暴力的襲擊。

以前我認(rèn)為自己不相信暴力，我自己也沒暴力傾向，所以我不會(huì)受到暴力的侵襲。我還認(rèn)為我對(duì)人性本善的信念會(huì)使這一假想成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。

我應(yīng)該把槍從住所帶到車上，但是我沒有這樣做。

這支槍可以做的、被用來做的，比它所能阻止的更讓我感到恐懼。

如果我?guī)е鴺尩臅r(shí)候遭到了襲擊，那我就一定會(huì)用它來殺人，而不僅僅是傷人。

我曾想象自己遭遇歹徒的襲擊，并不是真的遇到這種事： 一個(gè)男子正在街上走。

我鎖上車，朝公寓走去，拿著鑰匙準(zhǔn)備開門。

還沒有走到門口，我覺得我聽到一個(gè)聲音在說，“把錢給我?！?/p>

在我打開門之前我又聽到了一個(gè)聲音，然后我轉(zhuǎn)過身，看到了一個(gè)持槍的人。

他很害怕。

我害怕我會(huì)嚇著他，致使他朝我開槍，我還擔(dān)心我把錢給他以后，他仍然會(huì)朝我開槍。我同樣也很生氣，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)我從未見過、也從未傷害過的人在用槍指著我。

我想象的這起搶劫中有某種令我不安的東西，這是我不愿承認(rèn)的東西，這是因?yàn)樾呃⒍晃矣幸饴匀サ臇|西。

我明白我為什么會(huì)想象自己遭到一個(gè)男子的搶劫：他們?cè)谏眢w上占有優(yōu)勢(shì)，而且我也從沒聽說有誰遭到過一個(gè)女人的搶劫。

但為什么這個(gè)人是個(gè)黑人呢?

為什么是個(gè)穿著破舊T恤, 雙眼發(fā)亮的黑人男子呢? 為什么不是個(gè)白人?

我想象我站在克萊爾本街和杰克遜街拐角處的一個(gè)加油站等待付款，這時(shí)，一個(gè)黑人從我身后走來。我沒有回頭，而是正眼朝前看，等著付款。

我盡量不表現(xiàn)出自己的焦慮，而這種焦慮的產(chǎn)生僅僅是因?yàn)樵谝粋€(gè)名聲不好的街區(qū)的加油站有一個(gè)黑人從我身后走來，而且他沒有汽車。

我又想象另一種可能性。

當(dāng)我聽見那個(gè)聲音時(shí)，我正帶著槍在街上走。那人一定沒看見我的槍。

我很生氣，因?yàn)槲沂艿搅送{，因?yàn)橛腥藶榱说玫轿铱诖锏腻X而危及著我的生命。

于是我轉(zhuǎn)過身，既憤怒又恐懼，還未細(xì)想就開了槍。我也許只是因?yàn)?0或100美元就殺了一個(gè)人。他曾試圖搶劫我，可這一點(diǎn)并不重要。

一個(gè)人因?yàn)殄X而死，不一定是我的錢或者是他的錢，只是錢。是誰給他的生命如此標(biāo)價(jià)的呢?

我記得有一個(gè)晚上和朋友一起開著她父母的車，在卡爾頓街和圖蘭街交叉處遇到紅燈，車停了下來。這時(shí)有一個(gè)黑人從我們車前穿過馬路。我的朋友便不由自主地鎖上了車門。

我很討厭她一看到那個(gè)黑人就鎖上車門的舉動(dòng)。不知他是否注意到了我們這一舉動(dòng)。

不知當(dāng)別人一看到你就鎖上車門，那會(huì)是一種什么樣的感覺。

我又設(shè)想另外一種在我的公寓前遭遇歹徒的情景。當(dāng)一個(gè)人向我要錢時(shí)我正帶著槍。我很生氣又很害怕，但我沒有用槍。

我害怕在我不使用槍的情況下可能發(fā)生的事情，但我更害怕殺死別人，害怕在因?yàn)闅⒘巳硕沽夹脑馐艿臒o盡譴責(zé)中活著。

于是我以生命做賭注，希望他拿了我的錢就會(huì)離開。但愿我能贏。

現(xiàn)在我走進(jìn)了我家附近的一家加油站。一個(gè)黑人已經(jīng)在排隊(duì)等候。

他突然跳起來并轉(zhuǎn)過身，在看見我以后才放松下來，對(duì)我說我嚇著他了，因?yàn)檫@一帶常出事。

“對(duì)不起，”我微笑著說。我意識(shí)到擔(dān)驚受怕的并不只是我一個(gè)人。Unit8a 奇思妙想是如何形成的，現(xiàn)在還沒有令人滿意的解釋。

你對(duì)某一個(gè)問題思考了很久，直至感到疲勞，把它忘掉了，也許暫時(shí)不去想它了，可后來卻忽然來了靈感!當(dāng)你不去想它的時(shí)候，答案卻突然從天而降，仿佛上蒼賜予你的一份禮物。

當(dāng)然，并非所有的思想都是這樣產(chǎn)生的，但許多思想的產(chǎn)生確實(shí)如此，尤其是那些最為重要的思想。它們猛然間躍入人的腦海，閃爍著創(chuàng)造的光芒。

它們是如何出現(xiàn)在人的腦海中的呢?這還是個(gè)謎。但這些思想一定來自某個(gè)地方。我們姑且假定它們是來自“潛意識(shí)”吧。

這是有道理的，心理學(xué)家就是用這一術(shù)語來描述不為人知的思維過程。創(chuàng)造性思維有賴于未知的東西變成已知的東西。

我們都有過靈機(jī)一動(dòng)、突然有了一個(gè)新想法的經(jīng)歷，而這在那些富有創(chuàng)造性的天才人物身上最顯而易見。他們中的許多人對(duì)這種經(jīng)歷有著強(qiáng)烈的感受，并在回憶錄和信函中將其記錄了下來。

無論是宗教、哲學(xué)、文學(xué)，還是藝術(shù)、音樂，甚至數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)、技術(shù)發(fā)明，在任何領(lǐng)域的天才人物身上，我們都能找到這樣的例子，雖然人們常常認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)以及技術(shù)發(fā)明所依賴的僅僅是邏輯和實(shí)驗(yàn)。一切真正創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)都在某種程度上依賴于潛意識(shí)中的這些信號(hào)；一個(gè)人洞察力越強(qiáng)，這些信號(hào)就越鮮明、越引人注目。

以理查德·瓦格納創(chuàng)作《萊茵河的黃金》的前奏曲為例。

有關(guān)“鐘聲”的創(chuàng)意瓦格納已經(jīng)構(gòu)思了幾年時(shí)間，而他竭盡全力著手進(jìn)行作曲也已經(jīng)數(shù)月。

1853年9月4日他抵達(dá)斯佩齊亞，當(dāng)時(shí)他正在生病。他去了一家旅館。由于旅館外面噪音太大，而他又在發(fā)燒，所以他無法入睡。第二天，他出去散步，走了很長(zhǎng)的路，下午，他一頭扎進(jìn)沙發(fā)想睡一覺。這時(shí)候，他的潛意識(shí)長(zhǎng)期以來一直在尋找的奇跡發(fā)生了。

他進(jìn)入了似睡非睡的朦朧狀態(tài)，驟然間感覺到自己仿佛掉進(jìn)了滔滔洪水之中, 不斷地下沉，很快，洪水的沖擊聲和咆哮聲以音樂的形式呈現(xiàn)在他的腦海里。

他意識(shí)到，久存于心中、卻始終未能譜寫成的《萊茵河的黃金》管弦樂前奏曲終于在他腦海里形成了。在這個(gè)事例中，意識(shí)在創(chuàng)作的時(shí)候?qū)Πl(fā)現(xiàn)答案的實(shí)際過程一無所知。

作為對(duì)照，我們可以舉一個(gè)有名的事例，即法國(guó)偉大的數(shù)學(xué)家亨利·龐加萊發(fā)現(xiàn)被稱為富克斯函數(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)新方法的故事。

我們看到，在這位天才人物身上，意識(shí)活動(dòng)事實(shí)上一直注視著潛意識(shí)所起的作用。一連幾個(gè)星期，他每天伏案工作，花上一兩個(gè)小時(shí)嘗試著大量的組合，但毫無結(jié)果。一天夜里，他一反常規(guī)，喝了些清咖啡，無法入睡。

許多想法在他腦子里不斷涌現(xiàn)；他幾乎能感覺到這些想法在相互碰撞，直到其中的兩個(gè)結(jié)合在一起，形成了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的組合。

到了早晨，他已經(jīng)確證了一類富克斯函數(shù)的存在。他只需去證明其結(jié)果，而這只需要幾個(gè)小時(shí)即可以解決。

在這件事中，我們看到意識(shí)一直注視著在潛意識(shí)中形成的新組合，而瓦格納的例子則顯示了一個(gè)新想法在意識(shí)中的突然迸發(fā)。笛卡爾23歲時(shí)所做過的、決定了他的人生道路的一些夢(mèng)，可以作為第三種創(chuàng)造性經(jīng)歷的例證。在這之前，笛卡爾一直在尋找確定性，先是在書本里，然后是在人群中，但均未成功。

然后，在1619年11月10日的一次睡夢(mèng)中，他有了一個(gè)意義重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即確定性只存在于自己的思想中，“我思，故我在”。

這場(chǎng)夢(mèng)使他充滿了強(qiáng)烈的宗教熱情。

瓦格納、龐加萊和笛卡爾的經(jīng)歷代表了各個(gè)文化領(lǐng)域中無數(shù)其他的經(jīng)歷。潛意識(shí)無疑是本能活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的源泉。

然而，在創(chuàng)造性思維過程中，正是潛意識(shí)使得相對(duì)無序的成分變成新的有序形式。Unit8b 客人已經(jīng)到了, 但我又一次忘了把葡萄酒放進(jìn)冰箱里。“別擔(dān)心，” 一位朋友說，“我馬上就能替你把酒冰好?！?/p>

五分鐘后，她拿著完全冰鎮(zhèn)好的葡萄酒從廚房走出來。

當(dāng)被問到有什么秘訣時(shí)，她說：“我把葡萄酒倒進(jìn)塑料袋里，再把袋子浸入冰水中?！?/p>

客人們鼓掌喝彩。

其中一個(gè)說，“要是我們大家都能這么聰明, 該多好啊!”

十年來的研究使我確信, 我們都能變得那樣聰明。

普通人與愛迪生、畢加索或者莎士比亞之間的差別不在于是否有創(chuàng)造力, 而在于是否有通過激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性靈感并將這種靈感付諸實(shí)踐來利用創(chuàng)造力的能力。

我們大多數(shù)人很少能充分發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造潛力，可蘊(yùn)藏在我們每個(gè)人大腦里的思想寶庫(kù)是能夠被開啟的。

下面介紹幾種提高創(chuàng)造力的具體方法。

捕捉稍縱即逝的想法。

好的想法就像兔子，會(huì)飛快地溜走，有時(shí)我們只能看到它的耳朵或者尾巴。所以, 要抓住它必須有所準(zhǔn)備。

有創(chuàng)造力的人總是隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備采取行動(dòng)——這也許是我們與這些人之間的唯一差別。

1821年，路德維?！し病へ惗喾以诮o朋友的一封信中談到他在馬車上打盹時(shí)想到了一首美妙的曲子，“可我一醒來, 那首曲子便無影無蹤了，我怎么也記不起來?！?/p>

好在當(dāng)貝多芬第二天乘坐同一輛馬車時(shí)，那首曲子又回到了他的腦海，于是他把它記錄了下來，這對(duì)于貝多芬和我們都可謂是一件幸事。

有好主意的時(shí)候，把它寫下來——必要時(shí)就寫在手臂上。并非所有的想法都有價(jià)值, 但先捉住它, 以后再作評(píng)價(jià)。

冥思遐想。

畫家薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利經(jīng)常手拿著勺子躺在沙發(fā)上。當(dāng)他要入睡時(shí)，勺子就會(huì)掉到地板上的盤子里。

響聲會(huì)將他驚醒，他便立刻把在那個(gè)似睡非睡時(shí)的豐富世界里腦海中所浮現(xiàn)出來的眾多形象繪成草圖。人人都會(huì)經(jīng)歷這種奇特的狀態(tài)，并可以加以利用。不妨試一試達(dá)利的方法或者干脆讓自己隨心所欲地遐想。

身處“三地”——床、浴室和公共汽車——常常會(huì)使你產(chǎn)生奇思妙想。只要你的思維不受干擾，你就會(huì)才思如泉涌。

尋找挑戰(zhàn)。

試一試邀請(qǐng)你生活中不同領(lǐng)域的朋友和商業(yè)伙伴來參加晚會(huì)。

把不同年齡、不同社會(huì)地位的人組合在一起，會(huì)促使你用新的方法來思考問題。

美國(guó)最具創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)明家之一埃德溫·蘭德說，使他產(chǎn)生發(fā)明寶麗來相機(jī)這一想法的是他三歲的女兒。1943年在去圣菲游覽時(shí)，女兒?jiǎn)査?，為什么她無法看到他剛剛拍攝的照片。

在接下來的一小時(shí)里，蘭德一邊在圣菲游覽，一邊在腦中匯聚著他學(xué)過的所有化學(xué)知識(shí)。“照相機(jī)和膠片對(duì)于我變得清晰可見。在我的腦海里，它們?nèi)绱苏鎸?shí)，我用了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)琢磨它們。”

拓展你的視野。

許多理工和人文科學(xué)方面的發(fā)現(xiàn)都融合了不同領(lǐng)域中的思想。以“兩繩問題”為例。

兩根相距甚遠(yuǎn)的繩子分別從天花板上垂下來。

盡管你無法同時(shí)夠到兩根繩子，但有沒有可能只用一把鉗子就把兩根繩子系到一起呢?

一位大學(xué)生把鉗子系到一根繩子上，然后讓它像鐘擺那樣擺動(dòng)起來。在繩子來回?cái)[動(dòng)的時(shí)候，他迅速走到另一根繩子那兒，將其盡量向前拉。當(dāng)擺動(dòng)的繩子靠近他時(shí)，他把它抓住，然后將兩根繩子系到一起。

當(dāng)被問到是如何取得成功時(shí)，這個(gè)大學(xué)生解釋道，他剛剛上完一堂有關(guān)擺動(dòng)的物理課。他是把課堂上學(xué)到的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到了一個(gè)完全不同的地方。

這個(gè)道理在其他方面也同樣有效。要提高創(chuàng)造力，就得學(xué)習(xí)新的知識(shí)。

如果你是銀行家，就學(xué)一學(xué)跳踢踏舞；如果你是護(hù)士，就學(xué)一學(xué)維他命療法。讀一本關(guān)于某一門新學(xué)科的書，不要總是讀同一家日?qǐng)?bào)。

新的東西與舊的東西會(huì)以全新的、可能是非常誘人的方式結(jié)合起來。

要變得更有創(chuàng)造力意味著你得留心你那些無窮無盡的想法, 學(xué)會(huì)捕捉你腦子里的新東西，并將之付諸行動(dòng)。Unit9a 一個(gè)大學(xué)教授的學(xué)生可能多達(dá)百人或百人以上，也可能少至三人。不管有多少學(xué)生，這當(dāng)中總有一個(gè)學(xué)生與眾不同，甚至是出類拔萃。不管教授的問題有多艱深，這種學(xué)生似乎都知道該如何作答。而且不管要求什么時(shí)候交功課，他都能按時(shí)交，而且不犯一點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤。

你當(dāng)然知道有這樣的學(xué)生，也許他會(huì)激起你心中的怨氣。

當(dāng)然了，能成為這樣的人會(huì)是一件非常美妙的事情，但是因?yàn)椴皇悄惚救吮憩F(xiàn)得那么優(yōu)秀，你拿不出高分，也不能游刃有余地完成作業(yè)，于是怨氣越積越多。你也許會(huì)自問：“為什么我就不能像那家伙一樣呢？為什么我就成不了出類拔萃的人呢？” 那我現(xiàn)在就告訴你，你能成為那樣的人。

作為一個(gè)大學(xué)生，我對(duì)好學(xué)生和差學(xué)生所體現(xiàn)出的不同之處非常感興趣。

我并沒有坐著不動(dòng)，也沒有嫉恨好學(xué)生，相反，我決定以此為己任去調(diào)查是什么神秘的原因讓他們表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異。

在訪談了很多優(yōu)秀學(xué)生及其教授后，我通過分析得出了幾條建議，任何人都可以采納這幾條建議來激發(fā)自己身上的優(yōu)秀潛質(zhì)，使自己更上一層樓。

第一條建議是：不要拖欠。

對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)，開始動(dòng)手就很難，但如果你想把三周的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)在一個(gè)周末就搞定，幾乎是不可能的。即使閱讀速度最快的人也難以完成。

再說了，如果該交的書面作業(yè)你拖欠了的話，就是老師后面收了也會(huì)扣你的分?；蛟S他根本就不接受遲交的作業(yè)。

大多數(shù)老師都認(rèn)為，你應(yīng)該有合理的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃，并且要認(rèn)真對(duì)待。不能處理好學(xué)習(xí)和時(shí)間問題的學(xué)生是難以有機(jī)會(huì)出頭的。

學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)大問題就是如何應(yīng)付大量的學(xué)習(xí)資料；東西太多了，你簡(jiǎn)直不知道何從下手。很多人可能想從最容易的做起，然而，這種想法是錯(cuò)誤的。得考慮換種方式。

應(yīng)該總是從最困難的地方入手，先除掉攔路虎。也許這需要你投入更多的精力。

如果你開始就選擇從難的部分下手，你就會(huì)投入更多的精力。

如果任務(wù)個(gè)個(gè)都看起來一樣簡(jiǎn)單（或困難），那就把最喜歡的留到最后做。

在十一點(diǎn)半的時(shí)候你會(huì)更愿意去閱讀那些聽起來都的確有趣的政治學(xué)文章，而不太情愿去學(xué)習(xí)法語不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，那任務(wù)讓人覺得十分枯燥，但又不能不做。完成困難的后再做有趣的會(huì)讓人覺得這是對(duì)自己的犒勞。這是第二條建議。

第三條建議跟考試有關(guān)。

盡管我們?cè)趯W(xué)校里參加過千百次的考試，但我們卻很少停下來想想怎樣考好試?？荚嚳嫉煤玫娜瞬⒉皇邱R不停蹄做到底，見一個(gè)問題就答一個(gè)。首先，他們快速通讀試題。

接著，他們集中精力完成自己掌握得最好的部分，因?yàn)橛凶孕?，所以回答得也快。最后他們才處理有一定難度的問題。

對(duì)你來說，適應(yīng)這一套應(yīng)付考試的做法可能顯得怪異，但它確實(shí)會(huì)對(duì)你有好處。

這三條建議會(huì)讓你學(xué)業(yè)更加成功。

如果你問一下自己周圍表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的同學(xué)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的好點(diǎn)子。

要向他人學(xué)習(xí)，采用他們的方法來改善自己的學(xué)習(xí)狀況，這樣你肯定會(huì)提高自己的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。過一段時(shí)間后，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，你自己就是一個(gè)“與眾不同”的人。然后你也會(huì)注意到其他學(xué)生正妒忌你或者想方設(shè)法去發(fā)現(xiàn)你的秘訣。Unit9b 這個(gè)問題無處不在。從走廊到校園的每個(gè)角落到處都能聽到這個(gè)問題。每個(gè)人都在問這個(gè)問題。它是新的流行詞匯，新的搭訕語，比“你是什么星座的？”用得還多。不過我卻難以作答。我討厭這個(gè)問題。

我的專業(yè)尚未確定，就跟那些尚在腹中剛剛開始孕育的嬰兒一樣。而且，按照我的態(tài)勢(shì)，我只能等著流產(chǎn)了。看著可供選擇的專業(yè)目錄，我還是拿不定主意。我會(huì)因?yàn)楠q豫不決而不得不退學(xué)嗎？

如果這個(gè)難題解決不了，我的生活會(huì)沒有了快樂嗎？

明天是確定專業(yè)的最后一天。最后一天哪！

其他每個(gè)人都在快樂地生活著，他們都選定了學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，憧憬著未來。這個(gè)決定實(shí)在是重大之極，我仍然沒有取得大的進(jìn)展。“甭著急，”朋友們會(huì)說，“你總還可以學(xué)商業(yè)”。

商業(yè)？ 我不干。我是個(gè)藝術(shù)家。寧死也不學(xué)商業(yè)。

實(shí)際上，我甚至連大學(xué)都可以不上，只要出去闖世界就行了，我出眾的技藝和能力很快就會(huì)得到認(rèn)同。就在我命運(yùn)即將被決定的前夜，我父母設(shè)宴款待他們的兩個(gè)朋友。

終于可以歇口氣了！

難道我父母的朋友會(huì)關(guān)心專業(yè)什么的？

我可以心平氣和地吃飯，可以暫時(shí)擺脫這個(gè)問題休息幾小時(shí)了。不過我錯(cuò)了，他們談的內(nèi)容都跟專業(yè)有關(guān)。

他倆都把自己的專業(yè)講給我聽，還對(duì)我該選什么專業(yè)發(fā)表意見。盡管如此，他們的建議根本不能讓我在選專業(yè)的道路上有任何進(jìn)展，而是讓我更加糊涂。

我們的客人似乎都不太適合他們所選的工作。

就說艾爾肯斯醫(yī)生吧，他宣稱自己是外科手術(shù)專家，可連切肉都成問題。而艾伯森先生雖然是個(gè)海軍飛行員，卻連飯都喂不到嘴里去。他老是把飯往地板上掉。

我無法想象他開戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的技術(shù)會(huì)是什么樣子。

飯吃完了，客人也離開了，夜更深了，而我的專業(yè)還是處于“未定”狀態(tài)。

我把專業(yè)目錄拿出來，又開始一頁頁地翻看起可選的專業(yè)來，這都翻得有上百萬次了。計(jì)算機(jī)？ 學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)的人已經(jīng)數(shù)不勝數(shù)了。漢語？

我倒是一直想去中國(guó)，但似乎我到中國(guó)也用不著學(xué)漢語專業(yè)，甚至也不需要流利地說漢語。機(jī)械？ 不。廣告？ 還是不行。真是沒指望了。

像其他大學(xué)生常常做的一樣，我決定只管睡上一陣子，只要早點(diǎn)醒來，我就能給這個(gè)巨難的問題找到答案。我也鬧不太清楚為什么大學(xué)生會(huì)認(rèn)為他們的大腦在凌晨?jī)牲c(diǎn)到六點(diǎn)之間會(huì)發(fā)生特殊的處理過程，讓他們一下子把事情都弄清楚。

這辦法過去對(duì)我是管用的，但這次卻失效了。

實(shí)際上，跟其他大學(xué)生也常?？赡苡龅降那樾我粯?，我睡過頭了，早上10點(diǎn)才醒過來, 錯(cuò)過了第一堂課──英語文學(xué)概況。我還有三個(gè)小時(shí)來決定將來致力于哪個(gè)工作，或者做隨便什么事情。我總還可以學(xué)商業(yè)。

在沖向?qū)W校的時(shí)候，我路過了一家電影院，那里正在上映《一次不夠》。這部電影取材于杰奎琳·蘇珊的暢銷小說，大衛(wèi)·簡(jiǎn)森主演。等等！電影，我喜歡電影！

我可以學(xué)習(xí)電影專業(yè)。不行，沒有電影這個(gè)專業(yè)。

“但有電影制作專業(yè)”，我想起來了。就是它了！

我曾經(jīng)迷茫，但現(xiàn)在我找回自我了。我有專業(yè)了！

十五年后，我想起了我那些朋友，他們當(dāng)時(shí)確定了專業(yè)，滿懷信心地開始自己的大學(xué)生涯。

想起那些到處問“你學(xué)什么專業(yè)？”的朋友們，現(xiàn)在他們中極少有人從事自己當(dāng)初所選專業(yè)方面的工作。我最后也沒有成為電影制作人。有時(shí)候我仍然感到自己專業(yè)“未定”。

只要你的大學(xué)生活是豐富多彩的，你學(xué)什么專業(yè)真的無關(guān)緊要。你要參加自己感興趣的活動(dòng)，樂于了解這個(gè)世界。你有充足的時(shí)間來決定將來做什么工作。Unit10a 我祖父母認(rèn)為，一個(gè)人要么誠(chéng)實(shí)，要么不誠(chéng)實(shí)，兩者之間沒有折中可言。

在他們起居室的墻上掛著一句樸實(shí)無華的格言：“生活如新雪覆蓋的大地，走過之處必定留下足跡?！?他們沒有必要去用語言作出解釋, 因?yàn)樗麄冇米约旱纳罘绞接∽C了這一真理。

他們生來就認(rèn)為，所謂正直，就是有自己的道德界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既不貪財(cái)圖利，也不因所處的環(huán)境而妥協(xié)。正直是判斷自身行為的心靈標(biāo)尺。

遺憾的是，正直這一品格如今已不多見，而且越來越難尋覓了。

但它卻是社會(huì)各領(lǐng)域的真正基礎(chǔ)，也是我們必須要求自己遵循的一條原則。

檢驗(yàn)這一價(jià)值觀的一個(gè)好辦法就是運(yùn)用本人所說的“正直三角原則”，即下列三大原則：

在面對(duì)個(gè)人壓力的時(shí)候要堅(jiān)定自己的信念。

有這樣一個(gè)故事，講的是一位外科護(hù)士第一天到一家知名醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療小組協(xié)助手術(shù)的故事。她的責(zé)任是確保將手術(shù)中的每樣手術(shù)器械和手術(shù)材料都如數(shù)清點(diǎn)好。

這位護(hù)士對(duì)主刀醫(yī)生說：“您只拿出了11塊止血紗布，而我們一共用了12塊。我們必須找到最后那一塊紗布?！?/p>

“我全拿出來了，” 外科醫(yī)生肯定地對(duì)她說。“現(xiàn)在開始縫合刀口?！?/p>

“您不能這樣做，先生，”護(hù)士堅(jiān)決反對(duì)，“我們應(yīng)該為病人著想?！?/p>

醫(yī)生露出了笑容，他抬起腳，讓護(hù)士看到了第12塊紗布。

“你在這家醫(yī)院或其他任何一家醫(yī)院都會(huì)干得很出色的?！彼每隙ǖ恼Z氣對(duì)她說。

所以，當(dāng)你確信自己是正確的，就決不能讓步。

總是給予別人他們應(yīng)得的表揚(yáng)。

不要害怕那些主意比你妙甚至比你聰明的人。

戴維·奧格爾維是奧美廣告公司的創(chuàng)始人，他送給新任命的各部門主管每人一個(gè)俄羅斯套娃，每個(gè)套娃從大到小依次有五個(gè)娃娃，以此來說明這個(gè)道理。

最小的那個(gè)娃娃里面裝著奧格爾維要告訴他們的話：“如果我們每個(gè)人都聘用比我們小的人，那么我們的公司就會(huì)變成一個(gè)矮子公司。但是如果我們每個(gè)人都聘用比我們大的人，那么奧美廣告公司就會(huì)變成一家巨人公司?！?/p>

而奧美廣告公司后來真的變成了巨人——國(guó)際上規(guī)模最大、名望最高的廣告公司之一。

要誠(chéng)實(shí)坦白地表現(xiàn)真正的自我。

缺乏實(shí)實(shí)在在內(nèi)涵的人會(huì)去依靠外部因素——如長(zhǎng)相或地位——來保持良好的自我感覺。他們必然會(huì)不擇手段地去維護(hù)自己的這種假面具，而不太會(huì)去努力提高自己的內(nèi)涵和素質(zhì)。

因此，要表現(xiàn)出真正的自我。

別去設(shè)法掩蓋生活中那些不盡人意的方面。

正如羅伯特·舒勒所說，“艱苦的時(shí)光終將過去，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人必將苦盡甘來?！?換言之，要正視現(xiàn)實(shí)，要以成熟的心態(tài)去迎接生活的挑戰(zhàn)。

自尊和問心無愧是正直的兩個(gè)重要組成部分，也是加深你與他人關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。

為人正直意味著去做你應(yīng)該做的事，因?yàn)槟鞘菍?duì)的，而不是因?yàn)楹虾醭绷骰蛴狭苏紊系男枰Ｔ谏钪腥绻軋?jiān)持原則，抵制住放松道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的種種誘惑，那你就會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)立于不敗之地。這樣，你在跨入21世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，就不必為自己過去的所做所為而抱憾。這就是我祖父祖母教給我的做人的道理。Unit10b 對(duì)一代又一代的學(xué)生來說，寫學(xué)期論文即使不是最可怕的作業(yè)，也至少一直是讓他們頭疼和沮喪的主要原因。

但是對(duì)于那些可以上網(wǎng)的人來說，借助幾次鏈接就可以竊取到相關(guān)的資料。

當(dāng)代學(xué)生若想抄襲學(xué)期論文，用不著費(fèi)勁去查找。

他只要找對(duì)網(wǎng)址，就可以在那兒購(gòu)買、預(yù)定或免費(fèi)下載網(wǎng)上的論文。

例如在“大學(xué)關(guān)心網(wǎng)助研中心”就能辦到。

你想“寫”一篇關(guān)于“哈姆雷特所面臨的不可調(diào)和的道德困境”的論文嗎? 只要交上29.75美元，文章就歸你了。

對(duì)于那些覺得這還太貴的人來說，可以另覓他法。

“大學(xué)關(guān)心網(wǎng)”以每頁5.95美元的價(jià)格出售收錄在檔的現(xiàn)成論文，且“論文質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)低”。這樣，對(duì)于那些在乎價(jià)格的學(xué)生來說，買上幾頁就可大功告成了。

“論文精粹”是另一個(gè)學(xué)生援助網(wǎng)站，它提供“優(yōu)質(zhì)” 而“價(jià)廉”的學(xué)期論文?！白屇Q心、保您成功”，這是該網(wǎng)站向潛在客戶夸下的?？凇?/p>

如果你實(shí)在太懶或?qū)嵲谔?，沒時(shí)間寫學(xué)期論文，那么“論文精粹”時(shí)刻恭候著你。只要一次性交費(fèi)9.95美元，你就能在一整學(xué)期看到別人的論文。

有的網(wǎng)址，如“學(xué)期論文大賣場(chǎng)”和“絕對(duì)免費(fèi)：網(wǎng)上論文”免費(fèi)提供課程論文。也就是說，只要你找到了想要的文章，你只需按一下鍵，然后下載即可。

當(dāng)然，學(xué)生們對(duì)這些網(wǎng)上資源了如指掌，于是有人擔(dān)心，因特網(wǎng)一旦成為廣受歡迎的最佳學(xué)習(xí)工具，也可能會(huì)變成作弊的最佳輔助手段。

對(duì)于教師來說，他們面對(duì)的問題是要分辨學(xué)生是否是論文的真正作者。

不過，據(jù)簡(jiǎn)·莫里森助教解釋，對(duì)于眼光敏銳的老師來說，這件事也許不太難。

“如果文章是來自因特網(wǎng)，學(xué)生會(huì)不敢正眼看我，他們會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不安，只是低頭看著自己的雙腳。而如果論文是自己一字一句寫出來的，這樣的學(xué)生能就自己的文章侃侃而談，而且敢正視我?！蹦锷f。

抄襲學(xué)期論文并不是什么新鮮事，多年來人們一直在用盜來的知識(shí)財(cái)富做交易。但是因特網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)提出了這樣一個(gè)問題：這種新技術(shù)是否在使作弊變得更為普遍?

伯克利大學(xué)的一位高級(jí)管理人員對(duì)此表示懷疑?！皩?duì)想要作弊的學(xué)生來說，不管技術(shù)水平如何，他都會(huì)作弊。認(rèn)為因特網(wǎng)這種新工具會(huì)提高作弊的發(fā)生率，我覺得這是一種偏激的觀點(diǎn)?！奔永铩h德曼說。

這一觀點(diǎn)得到了伯克利大學(xué)一位名叫阿里亞尼·徹諾克的研究生的支持。他說，學(xué)生們最終還是要靠自己來判斷怎樣做對(duì)自己最有利。

“這是個(gè)關(guān)乎誠(chéng)實(shí)與否的問題。我們來這兒是學(xué)知識(shí)的，所以我們應(yīng)該充分利用這個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)?！?/p>

再則，有創(chuàng)造力的教師可以布置出學(xué)生無法作弊的作業(yè)來。

“如果你布置的作業(yè)新穎獨(dú)特，比如學(xué)生們必須根據(jù)給定的內(nèi)容寫一份講義、寫一個(gè)劇本，或用第一人稱寫一篇敘述文，那么你就能制止來路不正的作業(yè)?！眻D書館媒體教師萊斯利·法默如是說。

有的專家說，這種策略將從根本上迫使學(xué)生去更多地學(xué)習(xí)，而不只是下載網(wǎng)上的資料。

第五篇：大學(xué)英語教案

Unit 8 Book 1 Experiencing English I.Teaching objectives

1.Skills:

1)Reading: Reading Between the Lines 2)Writing: how to use punctuations in a sentence 3)Listening: understanding the passages about love and friendship, listening for the main idea and the important details, learning to take notes while listening 4)Speaking: talking about love and friendship 2.Vocabulary development: 1)Words: acquaintance, barely, encounter, incline, intimate, occasional, principle, recall, recognize, replace, summarize, upset, bow, depart, enclose, endure, identical, intense, occupy, provoke, standing, trim, 2)Expressions: compare… to, drift apart, ever after, even if/ though, join hands(with), no matter what/ how, etc., succeed in, try on, go by, in case, pass away, work out 3.Grammar and structure: 1)Adverbial clause 2)Attributive clause 3)modal auxiliaries in subjunctive mood

II.Important points:

Leave nothing to chance, compare to, even if/ though, no matter how/ what, go by, work out, recognize as/ by, compare with/ to

III.Difficult points: 1.distinguishing replace, substitute, take the place of;confront, encounter, meet;bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate;acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize 2.Speaking: talking about love and friendship 3.Listening: understanding the passages, listening for the main idea and the important details, learning to take notes while listening

IV.Teaching arrangements: 1.Total class time for this unit: 8 periods 2.Suggested arrangement: 1)Talking:(duty report, group discussion, free talk etc.)40' 2)Pre-reading activities: 15-20' 3)Understanding the structure of text A: 15-20' 4)Detailed study of the language:100' 5)Writing skills: 15' 6)Text summary 10’ 7)Exercises: 55' 8)Reading skills: 15-25' 9)Detailed study of of text B: 60-70' 10)Comprehensive exercises: 20'

IV.Lecture scripts:(by the teachers)2