第一篇:無錫市第五屆翻譯比賽決賽試題及參考答案
無錫市第五屆翻譯比賽決賽試題及參考答案(本科組)
英譯中
試題
1Is e-mail a blessing or a curse? Last month, after a week’s vacation, I discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages waiting in my IN box.I pretend to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased.This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s — if you aren’t overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration.Those 225 million people who can send and receive it represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government.Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us — to pool our collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.The most obvious place to see this collaboration right now is in the world of software.For decades, programmers have used e-mail to collaborate on projects.With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.It’s happening largely because it can — it’s relatively easy for a thousand programmers to collectively contribute to a project using e-mail and the Internet.Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.參考答案
電子郵件是福是禍?上個月,在一周休假之后,我在收件箱中發(fā)現了1,218封未讀郵件。我假裝氣惱,卻暗自竊喜。如果你沒被電子郵件淹沒,你一定是出了問題 —— 這就是20世紀90年代末我們衡量自身有線價值的方式。
電子郵件使全球范圍內人際合作的全新模式成為可能。那2億2千5百萬能夠收發(fā)郵件的人群代表了一個可能參與合作的眾多個體的網絡。該網絡聚集人數之多使得任何大公司或政府機構相形見絀。收件人討論小組以及在線會議使我們能就許多有趣或有助的項目通力合作,以一種全新的方式集思廣益。目前這種合作最易發(fā)生在計算機的程序系統里。幾十年來,編程員利用電子郵件在各個項目上相互協作。隨著合作日趨頻繁,合作本身已超越公司的界線,而且常常不受商業(yè)利誘的驅使。這是因為成百上千的編程員通過電子郵件或網絡就一項目全力協作相對來說要容易些。個人的力量也許很渺小,但是因特網的規(guī)模使得眾人的力量無限放大。
試題
2Well-being, not just wealth, should mark the progress of our societies.It is hard to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress, innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right.In some cases, it is hard for people to put a finger on it: a feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined relationships and solid social structures.In other respects, it is really quantifiable: rates of drug abuse, violent crime and depression and suicide are rocketing.Why are we so unhappy? It seems that the Enlightenment brought forth unparalleled liberty in economic, social and political life, but we are now undergoing a midlife crisis.The politics of happiness is nothing new.Aristotle said that eudemonia or happiness is the goal of life.But for me, the person who brings the great conundrum of personal happiness alive is Robert Kennedy.In a beautifully crafted speech, he said what “makes life worthwhile” is “the health of our children, the quality of their education, the joy of their play,” “the strength of our marriages ? our devotion to our country” and our “wit ? wisdom and courage.” And he pointed out that none of these could be measured by gross national product.參考答案
人們身心的健康與快樂,并非財富,才是我們社會進步的標志。人們很難擺脫這樣一種事實:在發(fā)達的社會,盡管社會進步,改革日新月異,物質富足,卻總覺得有些事情不大對勁。有時候,人們難以明確地指出到底為何:空虛,沒有歸屬感,沒有穩(wěn)定明確的人際關系以及穩(wěn)固的社會結構。在其他方面,問題可以明確量化地表述:濫用毒品、暴力犯罪、經濟蕭條以及自殺身亡的比率在急劇增加。我們?yōu)楹稳绱瞬豢鞓罚繂⒚蛇\動帶給我們無可比擬的經濟、社會以及政治生活的自由,而我們現在正經受著“中年”危機。探討幸福的內涵古已有之。亞里士多德曾指出:幸福是人生的目標??晌乙詾?,將個人幸福這一難題談得沸沸揚揚的是羅伯特?肯尼迪。在他言辭精妙的演講中,他闡述道:使“生活有意義”的是“孩子們的健康,兒童的教育質量以及他們玩耍游戲的快樂”,是“我們穩(wěn)固的婚姻??對祖國的熱愛與忠誠”,是我們的“睿智??英明與勇氣”。他還指出,這一切沒有一樣能夠用國民生產總值來衡量。
二、中譯英(考生從下面兩段中自主選擇一段作答即可)
試題
1不能簡單地用“軟”和“硬”來界定中國的外交。國際上特別是西方一些人指責中國外交強硬了,不像過去好說話。但是國內一些輿論又說我們的外交太軟,主張“亮劍”,要求教訓一些國家。這本身就表明,從不同的角度看中國外交可能會得出不同的結論。不能說動槍動炮才是硬,通過對話談判解決分歧就是軟。中國人講剛柔相濟,也就是說,“柔”和“剛”是一枚硬幣的兩個面。就像一個人有溫和的時候也有發(fā)怒的時候,一支軍隊有勇往直前的時候也有迂回周旋的時候。斗爭和妥協都不是外交的目的,也不是評判外交好壞的標準,而只是實現外交目標的方式和選項。這就要求我們該斗爭時斗爭,該合作時合作,該周旋時周旋。智慧比拳頭更重要。
參考答案
China’s diplomacy cannot be labeled simply as “soft” or “hard-line”.Some people in the world, especially in Western countries, accuse China of becoming more assertive in diplomacy not as easygoing as before.But some in China say that China’s diplomacy is too “soft” and should “show our sword” to teach certain countries a lesson.We can see that different perspectives can lead people to different conclusions.I don’t think only the use of force can make diplomacy strong, or dialogue and negotiation only make diplomacy “soft”.We Chinese believe in combining firmness and flexibility, which is to say that “firmness” and “flexibility” are two sides of a coin.A man may be gentle at one time but angry at another time.Sometimes an army needs to march forward bravely while at other times it needs to avoid a direct confrontation.Confrontation and compromise are not the goals of diplomacy, nor are they the yardstick for our diplomatic work.They are just means to achieve our diplomatic goals or options we can choose from.This means we just know when to fight, when to cooperate and when to avoid direct confrontation.Wisdom is way more important than fists.試題
2我總覺得,凡是為了非傾吐不可而寫的作品,都是充滿了真情實感的。反之,只是為寫作而寫作,如上之為應付編輯朋友,下之為多拿稿費,這類文章大都是盡量地往長里寫,結果是即便有一點點的感情,也被沖洗到水分太多、淡而無味的地步。
當由一個人物,一樁事跡,一幅畫面而發(fā)生的真情實感,向你襲來的時候,它就像一根扎到你心尖上的長針,一陣卷到你面前的怒潮,你只能用最真切、最簡練的文字,才能描畫出你心尖上的那一陣劇痛和你面前的那一霎驚惶。
參考答案
I always believe that anything written with an irresistible inner urge to unbosom oneself must be full of genuine feelings.On the contrary, if one writes simply for the sake of writing—say, to humor one’s editor friends, or worse still, to earn more remuneration, one will most probably make his writings unnecessarily long until they become, despite what little feelings they may contain, inflated and wishy-washy.When true emotions aroused by a person, an event or a scene come upon you like a pin pricking your heart or an angry tide surging threateningly before you, all you can do is use the most vivid and succinct language to describe the severe pain in your heart or the momentary feelings of panic caused b
一、英譯中
【試題】1.Is e-mail a blessing or a curse? Last month, after a week’s vacation, I discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages waiting in my IN box.I pretend to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased.This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s — if you aren’t overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration.Those 225 million people who can send and receive it represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government.Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us — to pool our collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.The most obvious place to see this collaboration right now is in the world of software.For decades, programmers have used e-mail to collaborate on projects.With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.It’s happening largely because it can — it’s relatively easy for a thousand programmers to collectively contribute to a project using e-mail and the Internet.Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.【參考答案】
電子郵件是福是禍?上個月,在一周休假之后,我在收件箱中發(fā)現了1,218封未讀郵件。我假裝氣惱,卻暗自竊喜。如果你沒被電子郵件淹沒,你一定是出了問題 —— 這就是20世紀90年代末我們衡量自身有線價值的方式。
電子郵件使全球范圍內人際合作的全新模式成為可能。那2億2千5百萬能夠收發(fā)郵件的人群代表了一個可能參與合作的眾多個體的網絡。該網絡聚集人數之多使得任何大公司或政府機構相形見絀。收件人討論小組以及在線會議使我們能就許多有趣或有助的項目通力合作,以一種全新的方式集思廣益。目前這種合作最易發(fā)生在計算機的程序系統里。幾十年來,編程員利用電子郵件在各個項目上相互協作。隨著合作日趨頻繁,合作本身已超越公司的界線,而且常常不受商業(yè)利誘的驅使。這是因為成百上千的編程員通過電子郵件或網絡就一項目全力協作相對來說要容易些。個人的力量也許很渺小,但是因特網的規(guī)模使得眾人的力量無限放大。
【試題】2.Well-being, not just wealth, should mark the progress of our societies.It is hard to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress, innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right.In some cases, it is hard for people to put a finger on it: a feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined relationships and solid social structures.In other respects, it is really quantifiable: rates of drug abuse, violent crime and depression and suicide are rocketing.Why are we so unhappy? It seems that the Enlightenment brought forth unparalleled liberty in economic, social and political life, but we are now undergoing a midlife crisis.The politics of happiness is nothing new.Aristotle said that eudemonia or happiness is the goal of life.But for me, the person who brings the great conundrum of personal happiness alive is Robert Kennedy.In a beautifully crafted speech, he said what “makes life worthwhile” is “the health of our children, the quality of their education, the joy of their play,” “the strength of our marriages ? our devotion to our country” and our “wit ? wisdom and courage.” And he pointed out that none of these could be measured by gross national product.【參考答案】
人們身心的健康與快樂,并非財富,才是我們社會進步的標志。人們很難擺脫這樣一種事實:在發(fā)達的社會,盡管社會進步,改革日新月異,物質富足,卻總覺得有些事情不大對勁。有時候,人們難以明確地指出到底為何:空虛,沒有歸屬感,沒有穩(wěn)定明確的人際關系以及穩(wěn)固的社會結構。在其他方面,問題可以明確量化地表述:濫用毒品、暴力犯罪、經濟蕭條以及自殺身亡的比率在急劇增加。我們?yōu)楹稳绱瞬豢鞓罚繂⒚蛇\動帶給我們無可比擬的經濟、社會以及政治生活的自由,而我們現在正經受著“中年”危機。探討幸福的內涵古已有之。亞里士多德曾指出:幸福是人生的目標??晌乙詾?,將個人幸福這一難題談得沸沸揚揚的是羅伯特?肯尼迪。在他言辭精妙的演講中,他闡述道:使“生活有意義”的是“孩子們的健康,兒童的教育質量以及他們玩耍游戲的快樂”,是“我們穩(wěn)固的婚姻??對祖國的熱愛與忠誠”,是我們的“睿智??英明與勇氣”。他還指出,這一切沒有一樣能夠用國民生產總值來衡量。
二、中譯英(考生從下面兩段中自主選擇一段作答即可)
【試題】1
不能簡單地用“軟”和“硬”來界定中國的外交。國際上特別是西方一些人指責中國外交強硬了,不像過去好說話。但是國內一些輿論又說我們的外交太軟,主張“亮劍”,要求教訓一些國家。這本身就表明,從不同的角度看中國外交可能會得出不同的結論。不能說動槍動炮才是硬,通過對話談判解決分歧就是軟。中國人講剛柔相濟,也就是說,“柔”和“剛”是一枚硬幣的兩個面。就像一個人有溫和的時候也有發(fā)怒的時候,一支軍隊有勇往直前的時候也有迂回周旋的時候。斗爭和妥協都不是外交的目的,也不是評判外交好壞的標準,而只是實現外交目標的方式和選項。這就要求我們該斗爭時斗爭,該合作時合作,該周旋時周旋。智慧比拳頭更重要。
【參考答案】
China's diplomacy cannot be labeled simply as “soft” or “hard-line”.Some people in the world, especially in Western countries, accuse China of becoming more assertive in diplomacy not as easygoing as before.But some in China say that China's diplomacy is too “soft” and should “show our sword” to teach certain countries a lesson.We can see that different perspectives can lead people to different conclusions.I don't think only the use of force can make diplomacy strong, or dialogue and negotiation only make diplomacy “soft”.We Chinese believe in combining firmness and flexibility, which is to say that “firmness” and “flexibility” are two sides of a coin.A man may be gentle at one time but angry at another time.Sometimes an army needs to march forward bravely while at other times it needs to avoid a direct confrontation.Confrontation and compromise are not the goals of diplomacy, nor are they the yardstick for our diplomatic work.They are just means to achieve our diplomatic goals or options we can choose from.This means we just know when to fight, when to cooperate and when to avoid direct confrontation.Wisdom is way more important than fists.【試題】2
我總覺得,凡是為了非傾吐不可而寫的作品,都是充滿了真情實感的。反之,只是為寫作而寫作,如上之為應付編輯朋友,下之為多拿稿費,這類文章大都是盡量地往長里寫,結果是即便有一點點的感情,也被沖洗到水分太多、淡而無味的地步。
當由一個人物,一樁事跡,一幅畫面而發(fā)生的真情實感,向你襲來的時候,它就像一根扎到你心尖上的長針,一陣卷到你面前的怒潮,你只能用最真切、最簡練的文字,才能描畫出你心尖上的那一陣劇痛和你面前的那一霎驚惶。
【參考答案】
I always believe that anything written with an irresistible inner urge to unbosom oneself must be full of genuine feelings.On the contrary, if one writes simply for the sake of writing----say, to humor one's editor friends, or worse still, to earn more remuneration, one will most probably make his writings unnecessarily long until they become, despite what little feelings they may contain, inflated and wishy-washy.When true emotions aroused by a person, an event or a scene come upon you like a pin pricking your heart or an angry tide surging threateningly before you, all you can do is use the most vivid and succinct language to describe the severe pain in your heart or the momentary feelings of panic caused by the angry tide.無錫市第五屆翻譯比賽決賽試題及參考答案(??平M)
一、英譯中
【試題】 1.Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity.【參考答案】(安德魯?卡內基)
被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯?卡耐基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。在這個過程中,他變成了美國最富有的人之一。他的成功,部分源于他銷售產品的能力,部分源于他在經濟蕭條時期的擴充策略,而當時他的多數對手都在縮減投資??突J為個人應該通過努力工作來獲得進步,但他也強烈地認為有錢人應該運用他們的財富來為社會謀取福利??突洺Uf:“富有著死去的人死得可恥?!彼麑ι鐣闹匾暙I都以他的名字命名,其中包括匹茲堡卡耐基學校。這個學校有一個圖書館,一個美術館和一個國家歷史博物館;他還創(chuàng)立了一所技術學校,這所學?,F在是卡耐基-梅隆大學的一部分;其他的慈善捐贈有為促進國家間了解的“卡耐基國際和平基金”,為科學研究提供經費的華盛頓卡耐基學院以及給各種藝術活動提供活動中心的卡耐基音樂廳。安德魯?卡耐基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。
【試題】2.Is e-mail a blessing or a curse? Last month, after a week’s vacation, I discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages waiting in my IN box.I pretend to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased.This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s — if you aren’t overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration.Those 225 million people who can send and receive it represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government.Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us — to pool our collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.The most obvious place to see this collaboration right now is in the world of software.For decades, programmers have used e-mail to collaborate on projects.With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.It’s happening largely because it can — it’s relatively easy for a thousand programmers to collectively contribute to a project using e-mail and the Internet.Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.【參考答案】
電子郵件是福是禍?電子郵件是福是禍?上個月,在一周休假之后,我在收件箱中發(fā)現了1,218封未讀郵件。我假裝氣惱,卻暗自竊喜。如果你沒被電子郵件淹沒,你一定是出了問題 —— 這就是20世紀90年代末我們衡量自身有線價值的方式。
電子郵件使全球范圍內人際合作的全新模式成為可能。那2億2千5百萬能夠收發(fā)郵件的人群代表了一個可能參與合作的眾多個體的網絡。該網絡聚集人數之多使得任何大公司或政府機構相形見絀。收件人討論小組以及在線會議使我們能就許多有趣或有助的項目通力合作,以一種全新的方式集思廣益。目前這種合作最易發(fā)生在計算機的程序系統里。幾十年來,編程員利用電子郵件在各個項目上相互協作。隨著合作日趨頻繁,合作本身已超越公司的界線,而且常常不受商業(yè)利誘的驅使。這是因為成百上千的編程員通過電子郵件或網絡就一項目全力協作相對來說要容易些。個人的力量也許很渺小,但是因特網的規(guī)模使得眾人的力量無限放大。
二、中譯英(考生從下面兩段中自主選擇一段作答即可)
【試題】1.中國是一個發(fā)展中國家,人口眾多、經濟發(fā)展水平低、氣候條件復雜、生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱,易受氣候變化的不利影響。氣候變化對中國自然生態(tài)系統和經濟社會發(fā)展帶來了現實的威脅,主要體現在農牧業(yè)、林業(yè)、自然生態(tài)系統、水資源等領域以及沿海和生態(tài)脆弱地區(qū),適應氣候變化已成為中國的迫切任務。同時,中國正處于經濟快速發(fā)展階段,面臨著發(fā)展經濟、消除貧困和減緩溫室氣體排放的多重壓力,應對氣候變化的形勢嚴峻,任務繁重。
【參考答案】
As a developing country with a large population, a relatively low level of economic development, a complex climate and a fragile eco-environment, China is vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, which has brought substantial threats to the natural ecosystems as well as the economic and social development of the country.These threats are particularly pressing in the fields of agriculture(farming), livestock breeding(husbandry), forestry, natural ecosystems and water resources, and in the coastal and eco-fragile zones.Therefore, China's priority task at present is to adapt itself to climate change.The multiple pressures of developing the economy, eliminating poverty and mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gases constitute difficulties for China in its efforts to cope with climate change, since the country is undergoing rapid economic development.【試題】2
不能簡單地用“軟”和“硬”來界定中國的外交。國際上特別是西方一些人指責中國外交強硬了,不像過去好說話。但是國內一些輿論又說我們的外交太軟,主張“亮劍”,要求教訓一些國家。這本身就表明,從不同的角度看中國外交可能會得出不同的結論。不能說動槍動炮才是硬,通過對話談判解決分歧就是軟。中國人講剛柔相濟,也就是說,“柔”和“剛”是一枚硬幣的兩個面。就像一個人有溫和的時候也有發(fā)怒的時候,一支軍隊有勇往直前的時候也有迂回周旋的時候。斗爭和妥協都不是外交的目的,也不是評判外交好壞的標準,而只是實現外交目標的方式和選項。這就要求我們該斗爭時斗爭,該合作時合作,該周旋時周旋。智慧比拳頭更重要。
【參考答案】
China's diplomacy cannot be labeled simply as “soft” or “hard-line”.Some people in the world, especially in Western countries, accuse China of becoming more assertive in diplomacy not as easygoing as before.But some in China say that China's diplomacy is too “soft” and should “show our sword” to teach certain countries a lesson.We can see that different perspectives can lead people to different conclusions.I don't think only the use of force can make diplomacy strong, or dialogue and negotiation only make diplomacy “soft”.We Chinese believe in combining firmness and flexibility, which is to say that “firmness” and “flexibility” are two sides of a coin.A man may be gentle at one time but angry at another time.Sometimes an army needs to march forward bravely while at other times it needs to avoid a direct confrontation.Confrontation and compromise are not the goals of diplomacy, nor are they the yardstick for our diplomatic work.They are just means to achieve our diplomatic goals or options we can choose from.This means we just know when to fight, when to cooperate and when to avoid direct confrontation.Wisdom is way more important than fists.
第二篇:翻譯比賽試題及答案
翻譯評析:第二十二屆韓素音青年翻譯獎竟賽漢譯英譯文和譯文評析
蝸居在巷陌的尋常幸福
Simple Happiness of Dwelling in the Back Streets
隱逸的生活似乎在傳統意識中一直被認為是幸福的至高境界。但這種孤傲遁世同時也是孤獨的,純粹的隱者實屬少數,而少數者的滿足不能用來解讀普世的幸福模樣。
A secluded life has traditionally been deemed, as it seems, the supreme state of happiness, although such aloofness and retirement breed loneliness as well.Few people in fact end up as genuine recluses, whose contentment does not suffice to construe what happiness is for all.有道是小隱隱于野,大隱隱于市。真正的幸福并不隱逸,可以在街市而不是叢林中去尋找。As a common saying goes, while the “l(fā)esser hermit” lives in seclusion in the country, the “greater hermit” does so in the city.Not necessarily in solitude does reside true happiness which can be found in busy streets rather than in the woods.晨光,透過古色古香的雕花窗欞,給庭院里精致的盆景慢慢地化上一抹金黃的淡妝。那煎雞蛋的“刺啦”聲裊裊升起,空氣中開始充斥著稚嫩的童音、汽車啟動的節(jié)奏、夫妻間甜蜜的道別,還有鄰居們簡單樸素的問好。巷陌中的這一切,忙碌卻不混亂,活潑卻不嘈雜,平淡卻不厭煩。
Here in the city lanes the early morning sunshine filters through the carved old-style latticed windows on the walls and faintly gilds the exquisite potted plants in courtyards.As eggs sizzle in frying pans, the morning begins to fill with rising sounds: the soft voices of children, the chugging rhythm of car engines, the sweet exchange of goodbyes between husbands and wives, as well as the brief greetings among neighbors.Such back streets are busy but not chaotic, lively but not clamorous, plain but not wearisome.巷尾的綠地雖然沒有山野的蒼翠欲滴,但是空氣中彌漫著荒野中所沒有的生機。微黃的路燈下,每一張長椅都寫著不同的心情,甜蜜與快樂、悲傷與喜悅,交織在一起,在靜謐中緩緩發(fā)酵。誰也不會知道在下一個轉角中會是怎樣的驚喜,會是一家風格獨特食客不斷的小吃店?是一家放著爵士樂的酒吧?還是一家擺著高腳木凳、連空氣都閑散的小小咖啡館?坐在戶外撐著遮陽傘的木椅上,和新認識的朋友一邊喝茶,一邊談著自己小小的生活,或許也是一種愜意。
Although the green patches at the end of the back streets are not so lushly verdant as those on the mountains, the urban air is permeated with a vitality lacking in the wilderness.Under pale yellow street lamps, each bench embodies diversified feelings—sweetness and happiness, joys and sorrows—all interwoven to slowly ferment in tranquility.No one knows what kind of pleasant surprise may be in store for him around the corner: a uniquely styled and busy cafe? Or a bar emitting jazz music? Or a coffee shop with tall stools and a relaxed atmosphere? Perhaps it is also satisfying just to sit outdoors on a wooden chair under a sunshade, chatting over a cup of tea about daily trifles with new friends.一切,被時間打磨,被時間沉淀,終于形成了一種習慣,一種默契,一種文化。All these elements, tempered and deposited by time, settled finally into a custom, a tacit understanding and a culture.和來家中做客的鄰居朋友用同一種腔調巧妙地笑謔著身邊的瑣事,大家瞇起的眼睛都默契地閃著同一種狡黠;和家人一起圍在飯桌前,銜滿食物的嘴還發(fā)著含糊的聲音,有些聒噪,但沒人厭煩。
When neighbors and friends come, they share witty jokes about personal trivialities, implicitly understanding each other's eye movements of like astuteness.Family members sit around the dining table, chattering through mouthfuls of food, and no one is bothered by the noise.小巷雖然狹窄,卻拉不住快樂蔓延的速度??
Those lanes, narrow as they may be, cannot hold back the pervading happiness...隨著城市里那些密集而冰冷的高樓大廈拔地而起,在擁堵的車流中,在污濁的空氣里,人們的幸福正在一點點地破碎,飄零。大家住得越來越寬敞,越來越私密。自我,也被劃進一個單獨的空間里,小心地不去觸碰別人的心靈,也不容許他人輕易介入??墒牵粋€人安靜下來時會覺得,曾經厭煩的那些嘈雜回想起來很溫情很懷念。
But as dense, cold high-rises shoot up in the city, woefully accompanied by traffic congestion and air pollution, people?s happiness is little by little being eroded and lost.With more dwelling space and privacy, one has his “self” encircled in a solitary world, careful not to infringe on the souls of others, while also seeking not to be infringed upon.However, when one quiets down, the once tiresome hubbub now may evoke warm feelings and nostalgia.比起高樓聳立的曼哈頓,人們更加喜歡佛羅倫薩紅色穹頂下被陽光淹沒的古老巷道;比起在夜晚光輝璀璨的陸家嘴,人們會更喜歡充滿孩子們打鬧嬉笑的萬航渡路。就算已蒼然老去,支撐起夢境的應該是老房子暗灰的安詳,吳儂軟語的叫賣聲,那一方氤氳過溫馨和回憶的小弄堂。
To Manhattan with soaring skyscrapers, people prefer Florence with sun-bathed ancient alleys by the towering red dome(1);to Lujiazui with dazzling night lights, people prefer Wanhangdu Road with narrow lanes full of rollicking children.Even as one grows old, it is likely that his dreams would be embellished by the serenity of the grey old houses, the calls of vendors in a soft-toned local dialect, and the small lanes filled with soothing memories.如果用一雙細膩的眼眸去觀照,其實每一片青苔和爬山虎占據的墻角,都是墨綠色的詩篇,不會飄逸,不會豪放,只是那種平淡的幸福,簡簡單單。If observed with a perceptive eye, every inch of the walls and corners adorned with moss and ivy becomes a verdurous poem, which, neither elegant nor powerful, represents plain and simple happiness.幸福是什么模樣,或許并不難回答。幸福就是一本攤開的詩篇,關于在城市的天空下,那些尋常巷陌的詩。
Perhaps it is not so difficult to define happiness after all.Happiness is an unfurled scroll of poems, describing ordinary alleys under the city skies.夜幕籠罩,那散落一地的萬家燈火中,有多少尋常的幸福正蝸居在巷陌?? No one knows how much simple happiness is seeping through those back streets lit up by the scattered lamps as the night falls...注釋
(1)即佛羅倫薩的Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore(圣母百花大教堂)。據說該教堂是世界排名第三的大教堂,坐落在佛羅倫薩的中心地帶.是佛羅倫薩最為著名的地標之一。圣母百花大教堂最為著名的是教堂圓頂.八角圓頂為紅色,頂高31米,最大直徑為43米,建成時是當時最大的圓頂,圓頂的正中為尖頂塔亭。
第二十二屆韓素音青年翻譯獎竟賽漢譯英參賽譯文評析
本屆大賽共收到漢英翻譯的參賽譯文613份,是韓素音青年翻譯獎競賽漢譯英獎項單獨設立以來參賽譯文最多的一次。漢英翻譯參賽譯文大致是英漢翻譯參賽譯文的二分之一,與往屆參賽譯文數量比例一致。
在評審參賽譯文時我們看到,大多數參賽者極其認真,仔細研究競賽原文,考證其中的信息內涵,在翻譯時對原文的風格、遣詞造句的特點都予以考慮和再現,有些參賽者還就原文中可能影響理解的信息——注釋,這些都是一個合格譯者必須具備的認真態(tài)度和高度負責精神。從參賽譯文質量來看,有些譯文對原文信息再現得較為準確、細膩、周到,令評閱者感到欣喜,有些參賽譯文整體不錯,但個別地方有些美中不足,有些參賽譯文字字對應,不敢越雷池一步,有些參賽譯文無拘無束、猶如天馬行空一般。下面就從五個方面來對本次漢英翻譯中的問題進行分析。1-標題的翻譯
本屆“韓素音青年翻譯獎”漢譯英競賽原文,選自《新民晚報》2009年11月19日B14版刊登的一篇散文,作者是上海市巿西中學高二學生盧嘉西。原文的筆觸優(yōu)雅清淡,立意新穎,猶如一幅隨意浸染的寫意畫,旨在喚起人們在物質財富日趨豐富、人際關系漸趨淡漠的現代社會對簡單卻又充滿人情味的歲月的美好回憶。美國戲劇家、散文家羅納德'鄧肯(Ronald Duncan)曾經說過:“It would seem that happiness is something to do with simplicity, and that it is the ability to extract pleasure from the simplest things.”(轉弓I自$|、致4L,2003 :154)作者也正是從人們再熟悉不過的一些街頭小景、居家常景中去感'捂尋常百姓的尋常幸福。競賽原文的標題為“蝸居在巷陌的尋常幸?!?,語言簡練,音意皆美,寥寥數字就點出了文章的主旨。
“蝸居”原為名詞,其意為“蝸舍”,喻意居室狹小,出自明章懋《與劉知府惟馨書》:“況今老病龍鐘,杜門待盡,則陋巷蝸居,乃其素分?!绷頁俣劝倏平忉?,“蝸居”的釋義有三條?:①比喻窄小的住所。常用作謙詞。②伏處;潛居。③因每月還房貸,經濟能力受限,從而生活行為受限的一種生活形態(tài)。從613篇參賽譯文中我們看到了參賽者對標題的不同翻譯方法(見例1)。
例1 :蝸居在巷陌的尋常幸福
翻譯方法 標題翻譯實例
逐字對譯
(1)The Ordinary Happiness of Living like Snail in a Small and Humble Alley Abode(2)The usual happiness snail-like living in an alley(3)The Ordinary Happiness of a Shell Dwelling in the Alley 擬人擬物
(4)Ordinary Happiness Dwelling in the Narrow Lanes(5)Ordinary Happiness Nestling in Streets and Alleys(6)Plain happiness lurking in alleys(7)The Ordinary Happiness Cramped in the Alleyways(8)Homely Happiness that Resides in Cramped Abodes in Lanes(9)Plain Happiness Snails in Small Alleys 引申
(10)Ordinary Happiness of Dwelling Humbly at Alley Abodes(11)The Common Happiness of Dwelling in Alleys(12)Happiness enjoyed by the common people dwelling in a nutshell 重心調整
(13)Alleys, the Humble Nestle of Ordinary Happiness(14)A City Alleyway Snuggling Amongst Happy Homes 結構重組
(15)Simple Happiness of an Alley Life(16)The Ordinary Happiness of Lane Dwellers(17)Dwelling in the Alleys, a Plain Happiness(18)The Homely Happiness of Being an Alley Hermit(19)Ordinary Mortals' Contentment(20)Limited Alley Dwelling, Unlimited Happy Living(21)Flowers of Common Happiness Blossom among the Lanes 說明:作者為了說明相關問題對表格中的實例進行了有針2t'hi的歸類,這些分類相互交叉或不夠嚴密,并非非此即彼。其中有些譯文使用了多種方法,但是為了清晰簡潔,作者并未將其分別歸類。
有些參賽者對照原文逐字對譯(見例1中的句1-3),將“蝸居”與snail聯系起來,保留了原文“蝸”的意象,但是這種過分拘泥于原文的譯法可能會導致意義的損失,讓讀者理解感到困惑。有些參賽者將原文理解為擬人或擬物手法(句4>9),并在譯文中進行了再現,這樣的處理有違作者的原意,況且句6中的lurking和句
7、句8中的cramped,會有損于譯文的意義和給讀者的感受。重心調整的譯文形式新穎,體現了參賽者的靈活思維,但是此處所列舉的兩例(句13和句14)在意義上與原文有出人。結構重組法是參賽者使用較多的一種方法,有些結構簡潔靈活,反映了參賽者對原文較為深入的理解以及對原文結構的大膽超脫,其中有可資借鑒的實例(句15和句16),也有因調整帶來偏差的譯文(句19)。這里還要特別提一下句21。該譯文可以說音形意皆美的“佳作”,譯者的思維非?;钴S,完全擺脫了原文結構的束縛,然而經過評審組激烈的討論,還是未予認可,認為該譯文與原文相差較大,巳經不是翻譯,而是譯者本人的創(chuàng)作了,因此不能稱為“佳譯”。引申法是本次大賽中參賽者使用最為廣泛的一種手法,也符合原作者的本意??v觀原文,作者所言的“尋常幸?!逼鋵嵤菑暮唵螛銓嵉纳钪蝎@得的快樂和滿足,貫穿語篇的是生活在小巷的人們在尋常生活中的幸福感受?;谏衔牡姆治觯覀冋J為,“尋常幸?!弊g為simple happiness更為貝占切些,Backstreet(或back street)的意思是 “a small quiet street that is away from the main part of a town”(參見Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Pearson Education Limited, 2005),更切合原文的“巷陌”之意。因此參考譯文為“Simple Happiness of Dwelling in the Back Streets”。2.邏輯的貫通與梗滯 理解原文包括理解原文的字詞、字詞的明示和隱含意義、句子之間的邏輯關聯、遣詞造句的特點及其與意義之間的相關性以及上述諸多因素所形成的原文風格。漢語是語義型語言,“在幾千年的重意、重神、重風骨、重凌虛的哲學和美學的傳統影響下,形成了一種注重內在關系、隱含關系、模糊關系的語言結構素質。”(潘文國,2004: 335)這些特點滲透在中國人的思維方式之中,表現在漢語言作品中,形成了漢語重意合的語言特點,上下文內容之間的關聯和內容的層次需要讀者意會和領悟,與英語注重形式中的邏輯性并通過顯性的方式進行關聯的特點差別較大。譯者會無意之中將這種思維方式和語言表達方式遷移到翻譯作品中,對漢英翻譯產生負面影響。
例2:比起高樓聳立的曼哈頓,人們更加喜歡佛羅倫薩紅色穹頂下被陽光淹沒的古老巷道;比起在夜晚光輝璀碟的陸家嘴,人們會更喜歡充滿孩子們打鬧嬉笑的萬航渡路。
參賽譯文1 : Comparing to Manhattan with high-rise skyscrapers, people prefer the ancient lanes below the red domes in the sunshine in Florence.Comparing with Lujiazui bright in Shanghai in the evening and at night, people prefer Wanhangdulu Street full of children' s noise and laughing in high jinks.(085)②
參賽譯文2 : People prefer the ancient lanes under the red domes of Florence to Manhattan full of high-rises, or Wanhangdu Road bustled with playing children to the twinkling lights of Lujiazui financial center at night.(056)參賽譯文3 : Compared to Manhattan with high-rise towers, people prefer the ancient lanes bathing in the sunshine under the red dome in Florence;compared to the brilliantly illuminated Lujiazui at night, people favor the Wanhangdu Road where children are frolicking and laughing everywhere.(405)例2反映了漢語隱性邏輯的典型特征,從文字上看,作者是對曼哈頓和古老巷道兩個不同概念進行比較,三個參賽譯文均直接按照原文的文字進行翻譯,造成了譯文比較結構失衡。參賽譯文3忽略了英文的邏輯性要求和邏輯主語必須與主句主語一致的原則,使用了兩個compared的分詞結構,其邏輯主語與主句的主語發(fā)生矛盾,從而造成語法錯誤。此處的“紅色穹頂”指佛羅倫薩的圣母百花大教堂(Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore),該教堂的紅色八角圓頂是佛羅倫薩的標志之一,參考譯文采用了單數形式,譯為“the red dome”。因此,在翻譯時要對原文中隱約可見的意義脈絡進行梳理,要對其內在邏輯關系進行調整。3.缺位、錯位與越位
自1898年嚴復在《〈天演論〉譯例言》中首次提出“譯事三難:信、達、雅”,翻譯界掀起過多次討論,雖然“信”作為翻譯首要原則的地位沒有動搖,但是對“信”的內容、層次、程度始終都是眾說紛紜,莫衷一是。其實,忠實可以分為三個層次:忠實原文的字詞,忠實原文的句子結構》忠實原文的精神實質。在翻譯實踐和翻譯探討時,人們往往把“忠實”停留在第一個層面上,認為忠實就是要和原文——對應,要在譯文中再現出原文的每個字,每一個詞,甚至是每一個標點符號,譯者只是在譯“形”,而不是在譯“意”。這種“以實對實”往往會造成死譯,出現翻譯中的忠實過度,其產品“充其量只能成為剝制的標本:一根羽毛也不少,可惜是一只死鳥,徒有形貌,沒有飛翔”?,最終造成譯者的“缺位”,因形害義。如上述標題翻譯中的“逐字對譯法”即是如此。再如:
例3 : Narrow as the alley is, it can not restrain the speed of the spread of happiness.(464)例4 : The sizzling noise of making fried eggs begins to roll up.(459)例5 : The first morning light through the antique window lattices gradually falls on the delicate miniascape with light golden-sunshine make-up.(463)例6 : With those dense and lifeless high-rise buildings put up in the city, people' s feeling of happiness is tattered in the stream of traffic jam or in the foul air, whirling and scattering around.(464)例3中的speed與漢語中的“速度”一詞^f應,但是在英語中卻帶來了“過實”的問題。在例4中,參賽者分別選用了 make, sizzle和noise三個單詞分別對應漢語原文中的“煎”、“刺啦”和“聲”。Sizzle是象聲詞,其釋義為“to make the sound of food frying in hot oil”,只才應的漢語譯文為“發(fā)出(油煎食物的)噬噬聲”④。Noise—詞似乎也已經把原文中的聲音定性為“unpleasant”,與原意不符,make也顯得多余。例5中的light golden-sunshine make-up與原文中的“金黃色的淡妝”對應得嚴絲合縫,殊不知英語中的gild的意思即是“to make something look bright, as if covered with gold”。例6 中的happiness是抽象名詞,含義豐富,表示幸福的心境、狀態(tài)、感覺等,feeling實屬畫蛇添足。上述實例均有“公式化”⑤的傾向,這樣的譯文往往會形成中式英語,給外國讀者帶來理解上的困難,不利于翻譯最終目的的實現。
當然譯者的“缺位”還有另外一種情況,即將翻譯的文本信息簡化或淺化處理。孫藝風認為,“就翻譯而言,簡化則意味著源語文本在豐富性和暗示性方面的削弱,將會導致更多的異質,甚至有可能是源語信息的誤傳,盡管實際情形是有時候必須如此或無法避免。無疑,意義的多元性的本質使得傳達相對完整的意義正是任何嚴肅的譯者的職責所在”(2004: 77)。簡化一方面可能是因為譯者對潛在讀者能力的判斷,認為讀者可能無法理解原文中豐富多彩的信息內容;另一方面也是因為譯者無法在譯入語中靈活巧妙準確地再現原文的信息。我們在審閱參賽譯文時發(fā)現,第二種情況是本次競賽中譯文簡化的主要原因。原文語言優(yōu)美,信息蘊含豐富,參賽者在自己的詞匯庫中無法找到原文的對應語,于是將原文的豐富信息簡化處理,只保留其最實質性的部分。
例7:有道是小隱隱于野,大隱隱于市。真正的幸福并不隱逸,可以在街市而不是叢林中去尋找。
參賽譯文1 : As a saying goes, the better wisdom is in the wild and the best one is in the chaos places but none knows.Real happiness can be found in streets but not from the wild, it does not hide, either.(047)參賽譯文2 : The proverb puts “the real hermit lives in city instead of wildness”,it implies that real happiness does not withdraw from society and live in solitude, and can be found in city instead of woods.(017)參賽譯文1的信息安排較為凌亂,動詞簡單且表現力不足,語法錯誤較多,關聯詞but not,either 用法不當,致使譯文語言表達不夠到位,信息內容無法完美再現。在參賽譯文2中,參賽者將原文中的對稱式謗語簡化處理,將“l(fā)ive in city”這樣的詞匯組合與“隱于市”這個內隱信息豐富的詞組對應,下文中的society在此處也顯得蒼白無力,只是對“并不隱逸”的解釋,無法賦予譯文相似的內涵和聯想,造成了信息再現失當,而且語言表達中也存在著語法錯誤,如it implies與上文的The proverb puts的并列之間沒有關聯詞,in city沒有冠詞等。
由于英語和漢語對主語的要求不同,英語重主語,漢語重主題,在漢英翻譯時主語的選擇和確定往往會直接影響意義再現的準確度和與原文風格的吻合度,常常會出現結構安排不當造成的錯位現象。
例8 :和家人一起圍在飯桌前,銜滿食物的嘴還發(fā)著含糊的聲音,有些聒噪,但沒人厭煩。
參賽譯文1 ;...encircling the dinning table with their family, people make slurred voice from their food-crammed mouths, which, to some degree, is boisterous, with no boredom.(464)參賽譯文2 : Surrounding the table with families, they make a vague voice with mouthfuls of food, which seems a little noisy, but not boring.(462)參賽譯文3 :...while sitting at the dinner table with the family, their mouths, full of food, make the blurred and sometimes noisy voice, but no one is sick of it.(459)參考譯文:Family members sit around the dining table, chattering through mouthfuls of food, and no one is bothered by the noise.分上述三個參賽譯文均把“發(fā)著含糊的聲音”作為謂語動詞,突出了 “吃飯時發(fā)出聲音”這一不甚雅觀的場景,同時也把“銜滿食物的嘴”一覽無余地暴露在讀者的視線之中。其實,原文作者在描述這一場景時意在突出家人圍坐在一起隨意聊天的愜意,并無冒犯英語讀者之意,因此,參考譯文以“sit around”作謂語,把chattering作為伴隨動作,再現了作者試圖在字里行間流露出的融融樂趣,也淡化了 “銜滿食物的嘴”可能帶來令人不悅的聽覺和視覺沖擊。
在翻譯中存在著另外一種傾向,有些譯者認為翻譯就是在理解原文基礎上用譯入語的自由創(chuàng)作,于是便將原作者的意義領悟于心,任由自己施展才華,結果就會出現翻譯中的“越位”。上文列舉的標題翻譯中的“Flowers of Common Happiness Blossom among the Lanes”雖然體現了中國學習者漢英翻譯時極其難得的思維靈活性,但是畢竟與原文有不小的距離。同樣的越位現象在上文例7中諺語“有道是小隱隱于野,大隱隱于巿”的翻譯中也非常突出。
參賽譯文1 ; Hence arises the saying, “for solitude, you'll flee to the waste land;with solitude, you' re hidden within the earthly mankind.”(101)參賽譯文2 : As the old saying goes, for seclusion, you will flee into the wild, while in reclusion, you are free even in the crowd.(160)參賽譯文3 : As the saying goes, 'For solitude, you'll flee to the wild;in solitude, you're free in towns.,(171)參賽譯文4 : As the saying goes, for solitude, you' 11 flee;with solitude, you decree.(412)上述四個譯文都有其獨到之處,如果不對照原文的話,譯者精心安排的結構、節(jié)奏、韻腳稍加潤飾都不失為好的句子,會讓讀者耳目一新。但是翻譯畢竟是翻譯,必須“帶著腳鐐手銬跳舞”,優(yōu)美的舞姿方能得到贊許;掙脫了腳鐐手銬,生花的妙筆也只能是“不忠實的美人”。4.風格傳譯中的得與失
散文翻譯,必然會涉及到風格的再現,“風格翻譯可以說是對翻譯者的最高要求”。(吳剛,2006 : 82)我們認為,本次競賽原文的難點之一就在于風格的把握與再現。高健從自己大量的散文翻譯實踐經驗中總結認為,“認識到風格的可譯性會促使我們更加密切地注意內容所賴以表達、賴以存在的風格形式——語句的銜接、停頓的間隔、節(jié)奏的變換、形象的使用,乃至標點符號的繁簡,等等”(高健,1994: 118-119)。他認為風格“來源、游離于內容與形式之間,時而偏向前者一些,時而偏向后者一些,時而是前是后難分,位置并不十分固定,它實際上是內容和形式的共同產物,但一般說卻似乎更加偏近于形式一些”(高健,1985 : 9)。這些探討揭示了風格的構成要素,它不單是形式的,也不單是內容的,而是形式與內容的結合所形成的一種超乎形式和內容的東西,同時也強調了語言形式對風格形成的重要作用。有些參賽者對形式關注不夠或者對譯語的感悟不夠到位,造成了風格再現中的損失。
例10 :小巷雖然狹窄,卻拉不住快樂蔓延的速度??
參賽譯文1 : The narrow lane can not slow down the spreading speed of happiness.(017)參賽譯文2 : Despite the narrow alley, the expanding of happiness can not be controlled...(054)參賽譯文3 : Narrow as they are, alleys don't slow down the spread of happiness...(217)本例是全篇一個承上啟下的過渡句,作者在前半部分著重描述了巷陌尋常生活中的尋常幸福,把人們帶人了對簡單生活的美好回味之中,平淡的生活、平淡的畫面在狹窄的小巷中、微黃的路燈下——展開。至此,作者從平淡而美好的往昔跳回到高樓林立、車流擁堵、空氣污濁的現實之中,為作者在文末闡述自己的觀點做好了鋪墊。而且這句話意在突出幸福感的傳播并不會因小巷的狹窄而受到阻塞,其語言表達形式蘊含著豐富意味。因此,翻譯時應該把握其形式上的特點及其蘊含的信息。參賽譯文1直接把蘊含的信息變成了平鋪直敘的直白表述,失去了原文的婉轉含蓄。參賽譯文2改變了原文的信息重心,顯得突兀。參賽譯文3雖然重心把握到位,但是一個“don't”把作者對小巷的情感化為烏有。
參考譯文:Those lanes, narrow as they may be, cannot hold back the pervading happiness...風格是貫穿整個語篇的精神風貌,是通篇在遣詞造句上協調一致的特點,風格的形成離不開詞句單獨的特點,但決不是單獨詞句特點的簡單累加,也不是美詞大詞的堆砌。其實,翻譯應該注重“the right word in the right place at the right time”,還有for the right purpose,這樣的文章方可形成風格。5.細微之處見功力 翻譯是一種自上而下的過程,應從大處著眼,小處著手,細微之處往往對整體有著至關重要的影響。細節(jié)的成功有助于整體的完美再現。
本屆競賽原文中有幾處地名,如曼哈頓、佛羅倫薩、陸家嘴、萬航渡路等,前兩個有現成的英文,此處自不必言。后兩者需要根據現行的翻譯規(guī)則進行處理。從參賽譯文中可以看到各種各樣的處理方法,主要有以下四種:①按單字翻譯,如Lu Jia Zui, Wan Hang Du Road ,②按照人名的翻譯方法處理,將姓和名分開,如Lu Jiazui ,③按照整體處理,如Lujiazui, Wanhangdu Road ;④為了方便讀者理解,增加解釋性說明,如Lujiazui Mouth, Wanhang ferry ,⑤沿用已有譯名,如Jessfield Road?。連益認為,“用漢語拼音字母拼寫中國地名,不僅是中國的統一標準,而且是國際標準”。他認為“以人名命名的地名英譯,人名的姓和名迕''-;,人名必須前置,通名后置,不加定冠詞。這種譯法多用于自然地理實體地名”,但“如果以人名命名的非自然地理實體地名,姓和名分寫,人名前置或后置按習'K用法”,々口 Sun Yat-sen' s Mausoleum(中山陵),Huang Jiguang Memorial(黃繼光紀念館)等。(連益,1999)據此,我們建議,將兩個地名分別譯為Lujiazui和Wanhangdu Road。
競賽原文中擬聲詞“刺啦”被很多參賽者音譯成CILA, Ci La, Cila, zi-la等等。音譯除了用于翻譯地名人名之外,在行文中應盡量避免。萊昂斯認為“甚至擬聲詞的詞匯形式也存在著某種程度的任意性或約定俗成,它們必須是適應于特定語言的語音系統而不是直接地模仿它們所代表的那個聲音?!?轉引自李國南,2001 : 9)因此,如果模仿其在漢語中的發(fā)音,可能會成為譯文中的“異物”,讓讀者產生排異反應。建議參賽者努力增加詞匯儲備。同屬這類問題的還有“吳儂軟語”一詞,不少參賽者采用音意結合的方法,將其翻譯為soft-toned local dialect Wunong, the typical soft dialect of Suzhou, soft Shanghai dialect, Suzhou dialect, soft dialect of Suzhou, the soft Wu dialect, gentle dialects of Shanghai and Su Zhou,s sellers, soft dialect of Wu district, Wu dialect, Wunong soft dialect, Shanghai-Suzhou dialect,等等。評審組認為,此處的“乂儂軟語”旨在突出的是“方言”,是不是蘇州方言并不重要,因此,參考譯文保留了該方言最本質的特征“軟”,將其泛化處理為a soft-toned local dialect0 在此,我們也想順便提一下,不少參賽譯文中出現了一些本不應出現的錯誤,如原文理解錯誤、詞匯用法錯誤、時態(tài)錯誤、缺乏銜接、主謂語不一致、人稱不一致、標點符號錯誤(如把英語省略號寫成“?一”)等。限于篇幅,本文不再——列舉。
我們衷心希望這些由于疏忽或者疏于查閱造成的錯誤能夠引起翻譯愛好者的注意。
余緒
近年來翻譯事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展,翻譯專業(yè)、翻譯碩士專業(yè)學位點、翻譯學博士點的獲批建設等似乎都進一步印證了全球化環(huán)境下翻譯日趨凸顯的重要性。全國哲學社會科學規(guī)劃辦公室于2010年1月8日發(fā)布了《關于設立國家社會科學基金中華學術外譯項目的公告》,該項目“立足于學術層面,資助我國哲學社會科學研究的優(yōu)秀成果以外文形式在國外權威出版機構出版,進人國外主流發(fā)行傳播渠道,增進國外對當代中國和中國哲學社會科學的了解,推動中外學術交流與對話,提高中國哲學社會科學的國際影響力?!毕M麖V大翻譯愛好者以此為契機,為提高漢譯英水平不斷努力,為中國文化走向世界做出貢獻。
注釋
① 弓I自http://baike.baidu.com/view/647503.htm。
② 翻譯實例后括號內的數字表示參賽譯文的編號,下同。
③ 見余光中《翻譯與創(chuàng)作》。原文如下:“直譯,甚至硬譯,死譯,充其量只能成為剝制的標本:一根羽毛也不少,可惜是一只死鳥.徒有形貌,沒有飛翔?!?/p>
④ 引自商務印書館和牛津大學出版社2004年8月聯合出版的牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第六版(Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, the 6th Edition)的詞條釋義。
5)見余光中《翻譯與創(chuàng)作》。原文如下:“??這種譯文體最大的毛病,是公式化.也就是說,這類的譯者相信,甲文字中的某字或某詞,在乙文字中恒有天造地設恰巧等在那里的一個'全等語'?!?/p>
6)相傳上海開埠之初,有一位葡萄牙商人路過虹口一馬戲場側,聽到帳內有一少女哭聲甚哀,于是就付金為之賅身,并托付于一位美國傳教士。后來這位少女隨傳教士赴美,就讀后復回上海,嫁給傳教士。這傳教士即為她在滬西購地建屋,因為這位女子名叫極司(Jess),所以這里的地名便叫“Jessfield”,意即“極司之地”。
⑦ http://.[6] 李國南.辭格與詞匯[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2001.[7] 連益.中國地名英譯的幾點注意事項[J].中國翻譯,1999(3).[8] 馬德.活出簡單[J].黨政論壇,2008(2): 23.[9] 潘文國.漢英語對比綱要[M].北京:北京語言大學出版社,2004.10]孫藝風.視角闡釋文化——文學翻譯與翻譯理論[J〗.北京:清華大學出版社,2004.Ill]孫致禮.新編英漢翻譯教程[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2003.[12]吳剛(執(zhí)筆).譯出境界來——第十八屆“韓素音青年翻譯獎”英譯漢參賽譯文評析[J】.中國翻譯,2006(6): 80-83.[13]余光中.翻譯與創(chuàng)作[A].余光中.余光中談翻譯[C].北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,2002:3043.(集體討論,溫建平執(zhí)筆)
溫建平(1964年―)女,教授。河北邢臺人,中國共產黨黨員?,F任上海對外貿易學院英語專業(yè)教授,碩士生導師,翻譯專業(yè)主任。1986年畢業(yè)于蘭州大學外語系英美語言文學專業(yè),獲文學學士學位,2005年畢業(yè)于上海外國語大學英語語言文學專業(yè),獲文學博士學位。1986年至1999年在太原理工大學外語部任教,1999年調入上海對外貿易學院商務外語學院任教,主講英語精讀、英語寫作、翻譯理論與實踐、翻譯學概論等課程。參與國家九五重點教材《英語泛讀教程》(第三冊)的編寫,并榮獲“教育部2002年全國普通高校優(yōu)秀教材一等獎”;參與的科研項目《創(chuàng)立科學的教學模式,提高大學英語教學質量》榮獲山西省教學科研成果二等獎;合譯的作品《教育組織行為學》第七版榮獲上海對外貿易學院2002優(yōu)秀著作獎。曾1996年、1998年連續(xù)兩屆榮獲太原理工大學“優(yōu)秀教師”稱號。
翻譯評析:第二十二屆韓素音青年翻譯獎竟賽英譯漢譯文和譯文評析 Hidden Within Technology’s Empire, a Republic of Letters
隱藏于技術帝國的文學界
索爾?貝妻
When I was a boy “discovering literature”, I used to think how wonderful it would be if every other person on the street were familiar with Proust and Joyce or T.E.Lawrence or Pasternak and Kafka.Later I learned how refractory to high culture the democratic masses were.Lincoln as a young frontiersman read Plutarch, Shakespeare and the Bible.But then he was Lincoln.我還是個“探索文學”的少年時,就經常在想:要是大街上人人都熟悉普魯斯特和喬伊斯,熟悉T.E.勞倫斯,熟悉帕斯捷爾納克和卡夫卡,該有多好啊!后來才知道,平民百姓對高雅文化有多排斥。雖說少年時代身居邊陲的林肯就在閱讀普魯塔克,、莎士比亞和《圣經》,但他畢竟是林肯。
Later when I was traveling in the Midwest by car, bus and train, I regularly visited small-town libraries and found that readers in Keokuk, Iowa, or Benton Harbor, Mich., were checking out Proust and Joyce and even Svevo and Andrei Biely.D.H.Lawrence was also a favorite.And sometimes I remembered that God was willing to spare Sodom for the sake of 10 of the righteous.Not that Keokuk was anything like wicked Sodom, or that Proust?s Charlus would have been tempted to settle in Benton Harbor, Mich.I seem to have had a persistent democratic desire to find evidences of high culture in the most unlikely places.后來,我坐小車、巴士和火車在中西部旅行,經常走訪小鎮(zhèn)圖書館;發(fā)現在衣阿華州基奧卡克市,或者密歇根州本頓港市,讀者們借閱普魯斯特和喬伊斯的作品,甚至還有斯維沃@和安德烈?別雷?的著作。D.H.勞倫斯的書也深受歡迎。有時我會想起上帝愿為十個義人而饒恕所多瑪城的故事^并非基奧卡克市和邪惡的所多瑪有何相似之處,也并非普魯斯特筆下的夏呂斯?想移居密西根州的本頓港,只不過我似乎一直有一種開明的想法,希望在最難覓高雅文化的地方找到高雅文化的證據。For many decades now I have been a fiction writer, and from the first I was aware that mine was a questionable occupation.In the 1930?s an elderly neighbor in Chicago told me that he wrote fiction for the pulps.“The people on the block wonder why I don?t go to a job, and I?m seen puttering around, trimming the bushes or painting a fence instead of working in a factory.But I?m a writer.I sell to Argosy and Doc Savage,” he said with a certain gloom.“They wouldn?t call that a trade.” Probably he noticed that I was a bookish boy, likely to sympathize with him, and perhaps he was trying to warn me to avoid being unlike others.But it was too late for that.至今,我已寫了幾十年小說,而且一開始就意識到,這是個頗有爭議的職業(yè)。20世紀30年代,芝加哥一位年長的鄰居告訴我,他給通俗雜志寫小說。“街坊鄰里都納悶,為什么不去上班,卻見我游來蕩去,修剪修剪樹木,粉刷粉刷籬笆,就是不去工廠干活兒??晌沂亲骷野?,稿子賣給《大商船》和《薩維奇醫(yī)生》⑦那些雜志,”他說話時神情有些抑郁?!八麄儾粫堰@當作正事兒?!彼芸赡芤呀浻X察到,我是個喜歡讀書的孩子,興許會與他產生共鳴,或者他想提醒我,不要與眾不同,但這為時已晚。
From the first, too, I had been warned that the novel was at the point of death, that like the walled city or the crossbow, it was a thing of the past.And no one likes to be at odds with history.Oswald Spengler, one of the most widely read authors of the early 30?s, taught that our tired old civilization was very nearly finished.His advice to the young was to avoid literature and the arts and to embrace mechanization and become engineers.一開始也有人告誡我,小說正頻臨死亡,猶如城郭或弓弩,已屬昨日之物。誰也不愿和歷史作對。奧斯瓦爾德?斯賓格勒*——30年代初擁有最廣泛讀者的作者之--曾教導我們,陳腐、古老的文明已幾近末路,建議年輕人避開文學和藝術,擁抱機械化,去當工程師。In refusing to be obsolete, you challenged and defied the evolutionist historians.I had great respect for Spengler in my youth, but even then I couldn?t accept his conclusions, and(with respect and admiration)I mentally told him to get lost.你拒絕被淘汰,就是對進化論史學家的挑戰(zhàn)和蔑視。年輕時我非常尊重斯賓格勒,但即使那個時候,也無法接受他的結論,而(懷著敬慕之情)在心里對他說:你走遠點吧。Sixty years later, in a recent issue of The Wall Street Journal, I come upon the old Spenglerian argument in a contemporary form.Terry Teachout, unlike Spengler, does not dump paralyzing mountains of historical theory upon us, but there are signs that he has weighed, sifted and pondered the evidence.時隔60年,在最近一期《華爾街日報》上,偶見斯賓格勒式老調新彈。跟斯賓格勒不同,特里?蒂奇奧特并沒有將一座座令人窒息的史論大山壓在我們身上,但跡象表明,他權衡、篩選、思索過相關證據。
He speaks of our “atomized culture,” and his is a responsible, up-to-date and carefully considered opinion.He speaks of “art forms as technologies.” He tells us that movies will soon be “downloadable”—that is, transferable from one computer to the memory of another device—and predicts that films will soon be marketed like books.He predicts that the near-magical powers of technology are bringing us to the threshold of a new age and concludes, “Once this happens, my guess is that the independent movie will replace the novel as the principal vehicle for serious storytelling in the 21st century.”
他談到了我們的“原子化文化”,觀點新穎可靠,并經過深思熟慮,談到了 “作為技術的藝術形式”,告訴我們,電影很快就“可以下載”,即從一臺電腦轉入另一存儲設備。他還預測,電影不久會如書籍般銷售。他預言近乎魔法的技術之力將把我們引入一個新時代,并得出結論:“一旦這成為現實,我猜想,獨立電影會替代小說,成為21世紀嚴肅故事敘述的主要載體。” In support of this argument, Mr.Teachout cites the ominous drop in the volume of book sales and the great increase in movie attendance: “For Americans under the age of 30, film has replaced the novel as the dominant mode of artistic expression.” To this Mr.Teachout adds that popular novelists like Tom Clancy and Stephen King “top out at around a million copies per book,” and notes, “The final episode of NBC?s ?Cheers,? by contrast, was seen by 42 million people.” 為了支持這一觀點,蒂奇奧特先生指出,圖書銷量不幸下降,而電影觀眾卻大幅上升?!皩?0歲以下的美國人來說,電影已經取代小說,成為藝術表達的首要模式。”蒂奇奧特先生補充道,湯姆?克蘭西和斯蒂芬?金@等暢銷小說家“每本書最多也就賣到一百萬冊左右,”還說,“相比之下,全國廣播公司的《歡樂酒店》*的最后一集,觀眾達4200萬之多?!?On majoritarian grounds, the movies win.“The power of novels to shape the national conversation has declined,” says Mr.Teachout.But I am not at all certain that in their day “Moby-Dick” or “The Scarlet Letter” had any considerable influence on “the national conversation.” In the mid-19th century it was “Uncle Tom?s Cabin” that impressed the great public.“Moby-Dick” was a small-public novel.就數量多寡而言,電影贏了?!靶≌f左右國民言談的力量巳經削弱,”蒂奇奧特先生說。但我絲毫不敢肯定,當初《白鯨》或《紅字》對“國民言談”有過什么重大影響。19世紀中期,打動大眾的是《湯姆叔叔的小屋》。《白鯨》是一部小眾小說。
The literary masterpieces of the 20th century were for the most part the work of novelists who had no large public in mind.The novels of Proust and Joyce were written in a cultural twilight and were not intended to be read under the blaze and dazzle of popularity.20世紀的文學杰作大多出自沒有大眾意識的小說家之手。普魯斯特和喬伊斯的小說,創(chuàng)作于暗淡的文化暮色之中,本來就無意讓人在大眾化的耀眼光焰下閱讀。
Mr.Teachout?s article in The Journal follows the path generally taken by observers whose aim is to discover a trend.“According to one recent study 55 percent of Americans spend less than 30 minutes reading anything at all….It may even be that movies have superseded novels not because Americans have grown dumber but because the novel is an obsolete artistic technology.” 蒂奇奧特先生在《華爾街日報》上的文章,沿用了觀察家們旨在發(fā)現某種傾向的套路,指出“根據最近一項調査,55%的美國人閱讀時間不超過30分鐘??甚至可以說,電影取代了小說,不是因為美國人變傻了,而是因為小說這種技藝已經過時?!薄?“We are not accustomed to thinking of art forms as technologies,” he says, “but that is what they are, which means they have been rendered moribund by new technical developments.”
我們還不習慣把藝術形式看成技術,”他說,“但事實上藝術形式就是技術,也就是說,藝術形式已經因為新技術的發(fā)展而瀕臨死亡?!?Together with this emphasis on technics that attracts the scientific-minded young, there are other preferences discernible: It is better to do as a majority of your contemporaries are doing, better to be one of millions viewing a film than one of mere thousands reading a book.Moreover, the reader reads in solitude, whereas the viewer belongs to a great majority;he has powers of numerosity as well as the powers of mechanization.Add to this the importance of avoiding technological obsolescence and the attraction of feeling that technics will decide questions for us more dependably than the thinking of an individual, no matter how distinctive he may be.文章除了強調崇尚科學的年輕人有吸引力的技術之外,還看得見其他一些取向。如大多數同時代人做什么,你最好就做什么,與其和區(qū)區(qū)數千人一樣讀一本書,不如和幾百萬人一樣看一場電影。另外,讀者只是獨自閱讀,而觀眾卻是與許多人共賞,既借機械技術之力,又得人數眾多之勢。不妨還可以補充說,避免技術上落伍也很重要,而人們總覺得就解決問題而言,不管個人有多么出眾,技術要比個人的思想更可靠。這種感覺也很有吸引力。John Cheever told me long ago that it was his readers who kept him going, people from every part of the country who had written to him.When he was at work, he was aware of these readers and correspondents in the woods beyond the lawn.“If I couldn?t picture them, I?d be sunk,” he said.And the novelist Wright Morris, urging me to get an electric typewriter, said that he seldom turned his machine off.“When I?m not writing, I listen to the electricity,” he said.“It keeps me company.We have conversations.”
很久以前,約翰?契弗⑧對我說,讓他堅持不懈地寫作的是讀者,那些從全國各地給他寫信的人。寫作時,他覺得那些讀者和寫信人就在草坪那邊的小樹林里。“腦子里要是沒有他們,那我就完了,”他說。還有小說家賴特?莫里斯?極力勸我去買一臺電動打字機,說他自己的打字機都很少關掉?!安粚懽鞯臅r候,就傾聽電流的聲音,”他說,“它陪伴著我。我們可以交談?!?I wonder how Mr.Teachout might square such idiosyncrasies with his “art forms as technologies.” Perhaps he would argue that these two writers had somehow isolated themselves from “broad-based cultural influence.” Mr.Teachout has at least one laudable purpose: He thinks that he sees a way to bring together the Great Public of the movies with the Small Public of the highbrows.He is, however, interested in millions: millions of dollars, millions of readers, millions of viewers.不知道蒂奇奧特先生如何使這些個人習性與“作為技術的藝術形式”兩者相容。也許他會說,這兩位作家由于某種原因脫離了 “廣泛的文化影響”。蒂奇奧特先生至少有一個值得稱道的目的:他認為自己發(fā)現了一個方法,能使“電影大眾”與“精英小眾”協調起來。但是,他感興趣的卻是幾百萬這個數字:幾百萬美元,幾百萬讀者,幾百萬觀眾。
The one thing “everybody” does is go to the movies, Mr.Teachout says.How right he is.蒂奇奧特先生說,“人人”都做的一件事情,就是去看電影。他說得對極了。
Back in the 20?s children between the ages of 8 and 12 lined up on Saturdays to buy their nickel tickets to see the crisis of last Saturday resolved.The heroine was untied in a matter of seconds just before the locomotive would have crushed her.Then came a new episode;and after that the newsreel and “Our Gang.” Finally there was a western with Tom Mix, or a Janet Gaynor picture about a young bride and her husband blissful in the attic, or Gloria Swanson and Theda Bara or Wallace Beery or Adolphe Menjou or Marie Dressler.And of course there was Charlie Chaplin in “The Gold Rush,” and from “The Gold Rush” it was only one step to the stories of Jack London.回想20年代,每到周六,8到12歲的孩子們就會排隊買張五美分的電影票,看看上個周六的危機是如何化解的。女主人公在火車就要輾過她之前幾秒鐘被松了綁。接著新的一集開始了,然后就是新聞短片和《小頑童》“。最后是一部湯姆?米克斯的西部片;或者是一部珍妮《蓋諾的電影,講述年輕的新娘和她丈夫在閣樓上的幸福生活,或是葛洛莉婭?斯旺森和蒂達?巴拉,或是華萊士 ?比里,阿道夫?門吉歐,瑪麗?杜絲勒等影星主演的影片。當然,還有査理《卓別林的《淘金記》,而《淘金記》離杰克?倫敦的故事只不過一步之遙。There was no rivalry then between the viewer and the reader.Nobody supervised our reading.We were on our own.We civilized ourselves.We found or made a mental and imaginative life.Because we could read, we learned also to write.It did not confuse me to see “Treasure Island” in the movies and then read the book.There was no competition for our attention.那時候觀眾和讀者并不對立。沒人去管我們的閱讀。我們自己做主,自我教化。我們發(fā)現或者說創(chuàng)造了充滿想象的精神生活。我們因為能夠閱讀,所以也學會了寫作。先看電影《金銀島》,然后再去讀這本書,并沒有讓我感到困惑。那時候,電影和書籍并沒有為吸引我們的注意力而爭先恐后。
One of the more attractive oddities of the United States is that our minorities are so numerous, so huge.A minority of millions is not at all unusual.But there are in fact millions of literate Americans in a state of separation from others of their kind.They are, if you like, the readers of Cheever, a crowd of them too large to be hidden in the woods.Departments of literature across the country have not succeeded in alienating them from books, works old and new.My friend Keith Botsford and I felt strongly that if the woods were filled with readers gone astray, among those readers there were probably writers as well.美國有一件更引人注目的奇事,那就是我們的少數群體數目眾多,規(guī)模龐大。幾百萬人構成一個少數群體,根本算不得反常。但實際上,還有幾百萬能識文斷字的美國人,相互之間處于隔離狀態(tài)??梢哉f,閱讀契弗作品的人,就是一個數量大得無法藏身于小樹林的群體。全國各地的文學系沒能讓他們疏遠書籍,無論是舊作還是新書。我和我的朋友基思?博茨福德都深深感到,如果小樹林中擠滿了迷路的讀者,那么其中很可能也有作家。
To learn in detail of their existence you have only to publish a magazine like The Republic of Letters.Given encouragement, unknown writers, formerly without hope, materialize.One early reader wrote that our paper, “with its contents so fresh, person-to-person,” was “real, non-synthetic, undistracting.” Noting that there were no ads, she asked, “Is it possible, can it last?” and called it “an antidote to the shrinking of the human being in every one of us.” And toward the end of her letter our correspondent added, “It behooves the elder generation to come up with reminders of who we used to be and need to be.”
要詳細了解他們的生存狀態(tài),你只需辦一份像《文學界》這樣的雜志。一旦得到鼓勵,原先的無望之輩,就會顯山露水。一位早期讀者來信說,我們的刊物”內容非常新鮮、非常親切“,”真實、不造作,閱讀時不會讓人分心?!八⒁獾缴厦鏇]登廣告,便問,”這行嗎?能辦得下去嗎?“還將其稱作”一味解毒劑,治療我們每個人身上的人性萎縮癥?!霸跁拍┪玻覀冞@位筆友補充道,”老一代人有必要站出來提醒一下,我們過去是什么樣的人,應該成為什么樣的人?!?This is what Keith Botsford and I had hoped that our “tabloid for literates” would be.And for two years it has been just that.We are a pair of utopian codgers who feel we have a duty to literature.I hope we are not like those humane do-gooders who, when the horse was vanishing, still donated troughs in City Hall Square for thirsty nags.這正是當初我和基思?博茨福德期望中的”讀書人小報“。兩年來,刊物信守著這個理念。我們倆是一對烏托邦式的老怪物,總覺得對文學負有責任。我希望我們別像那些不現實的行善者,馬匹都快絕跡了,居然還把料槽捐贈到市政廣場,以備口渴的馬兒飲水。We have no way of guessing how many independent, self-initiated connoisseurs and lovers of literature have survived in remote corners of the country.The little evidence we have suggests that they are glad to find us, they are grateful.They want more than they are getting.Ingenious technology has failed to give them what they so badly need.我們無從猜測,究竟有多少獨立、自發(fā)的文學鑒賞者和愛好者在全國各個偏遠的角落里生存了下來。手頭的點滴證據表明,他們?yōu)槟軌蛘业轿覀兌吲d,也很感激。他們期望的比眼下得到的要多,精巧的技術并沒有滿足他們的迫切需求。
英譯漢參考譯文:
注釋
1)本文作者索爾?貝婁(1915—2005)為美國作家、1976年諾貝爾文學獎得主.原文發(fā)表于1999年10月11曰《紐約時拫》,后收入《紐約時拫:作家談寫作選輯》。標題中”文學界“(the republic of letters)—詞來自拉丁語Respublica literaria, 18世紀盛行于歐美,指的是一個由文人組成的、想象的”共和國“,不受地域和國別限制,這一概念對啟蒙時代的學者影響很大。
2)普魯塔克(46?-120?),古希臘傳記作家、散文家,著有《希臘羅馬名人比較列傳》等。3)斯維沃(1861—1928),意大利商人、作家,著有《澤諾的意識》等。
4)安德烈?別雷(1880~1934),俄羅斯詩人、文藝理論家,著有《銀鴿》、《彼得堡》等。5)圣經《創(chuàng)世紀》第18章:上帝欲滅所多瑪城,亞伯拉罕代為求懇,上帝允諾若城內有十名義人.便不施懲罰。
6)夏呂斯男爵為普魯斯特小說《追憶似水年華》中的人物,生活墮落。
7)《大商船》是美國一份通俗雜志,創(chuàng)刊于1882年,一般認為是美國第一份通俗雜志,《薩維奇博士》是美國一份雜志,1933年至1949年發(fā)行,1964年起,雜志中的故事先后單獨出版發(fā)行,影響頗大。8)斯賓格勒(1880~1936),德國史學家、哲學家,著有《西方的沒落》等。
9)湯姆?克蘭西(1947—),美國通俗小說家,著有《獵殺紅色十月》等,斯蒂芬?金(1947—),美國暢銷作家,著有《肖申克的救贖》等。10)美國一部情景喜劇。
11)約翰?契弗(1912—1982),美國小說家,著有《華普肖一家》、《大收音機》等。12)賴特?莫里斯(1910”—1998),美國小說家,著有《幻象之地》、《草原之歌》等。13)美國20世紀初一部流行的喜劇短片。(集體討論,周小進執(zhí)筆)英譯漢參賽譯文評析: “戴著鐐銬跳舞” 第二十二屆“韓素音青年翻譯獎”英譯漢原文是美國著名作家索爾?貝婁的文章,選自《紐約時報》(1999年10月11日)的“作家談創(chuàng)作”欄目。
該文文字并不晦澀,句法結構也不煩雜。貝婁文風自成一家,學界素有“貝婁風格”之說。文中有議論、有敘述、有對話,議論有立有駁,敘述有繁有簡,對話有雅有俗,文風時而幽默、時而莊重,看似隨性甚至雜亂(結尾還介紹了他自己的雜志),其實有一個貫穿全文的立場和風格。文中還有大量的文化信息和互文文本,譯者需要動用各種資源仔細查詢和甄別。貝婁常常點到即止,所以要處理好文化信息,還要聯系作者的觀點和態(tài)度。在信息時代,這種學者的“考據”功夫,也是譯者應該具備的。
這兩個方面的特點,是對譯者文字功力和“考據”功夫的檢驗。譯者有很大的發(fā)揮空間,但也面臨陷阱和挑戰(zhàn),簡單的詞句和變化的風格甚至還可能是誘惑。從1144份參賽譯文來看,大多譯者都做了扎實的工作,也都有自己的發(fā)揮。但總體上還存在個性有余、嚴謹不足;流暢有余、忠實不足的傾向。主要體現在文字、語境和風格這三個方面。
一、文字的忠實
本屆參賽譯文中,有些誤譯是個別詞語造成的。例如第一段中的“refractory”,意為“麻木、不感興趣、排斥”,有誤譯為“(大眾)難以拉攏”、“(高雅文化)晦濕難懂”、“免疫”等,皆似是而非。第三段中的“trade”應為“工作、行當”,并非“貿易'V'pulps” ■“通俗出版物”,俗稱“紙漿文學”,此處為作家自述,故不宜譯為“二流”、“末流”、“低級”、“劣質”等。第六段中的“dump”意為“堆、倒”,并非“傾銷”。第十二段中的“moribund”意為“垂死、將死”,并非“已經死了”或“壽終正寢”。第十四段中作家契弗所說的“picture”,意為“大腦中想象”,誤譯為“(用筆)描寫”或“描繪”,是沒有看懂原文的意思,同樣他說的“sunk”是“完了”的意思,并非“沉淪”。第二十段的“materialize”,意為“現身”、“出現”或“嶄露頭角”等,不可譯為“有了物質保障”。有些誤譯則涉及短語的理解,例如第一段的“every other person”,根據上下文此處應指“除我之外的每一個人”,可直接譯為“所有人”、“大家”等,有譯為“隔三岔五(地碰上)”、“一半的人”,是選錯了義項且沒有充分理解原文。第五段的“get lost”是“走開、滾開、閃開”。
另有些誤譯,嚴格來說,乃是誤“現”。譯者應該理解了原文意思,但沒能找到合適的中文表達。例如第四段中的“walled city”,都知道指的是“有圍墻的城”,即“城郭”(“內之為城、外之為郭”;),有譯為“城池”、“城市”、“城鎮(zhèn)”、“古城”、“城堡”、“寨城”的,都是明白原文意思但沒有充分表達出來。
誤譯也可能是語法所致。如第三段“For many decades now I have been a fiction writer...”,句中的現在完成時和“for”表示“當小說家已經幾十年了”,若譯為“幾十年過去了,現在我也已經是一個小說作家了”,讀者會以為他經過幾十年的努力終于成了小說家。
有些句子字面看來非常簡單,反而容易引起誤譯。如:
【例一】But then he was Lincoln.(第一段)很多譯者把“then”直接理解為“那時”、“當時”,乃是望文生義。“But then”除了等同于“but then again”之夕卜,還有個義項,OED解釋為:“used before a statement that explains or gives a reason for what has just been said”,即用以引出對上文某話的解釋或說明其原因。根據上下文,這句話可譯為“可他(畢竟)是林肯啊”,是說林肯雖然年輕時就閱讀高雅著作,但他是一代偉人,是特例,并不能說明大眾都喜愛高雅作品。不少譯者譯為“可那時他是林肯”,也有少數人覺得這話費解,又補上“偉大總統”等修飾語,或譯為“那時的林肯仍舊是林肯”、“無奈,并非人人都是林肯”等,都是為表面
簡單的詞語所誤導。
還有一點,不算誤譯,但屬于中文表達的問題,就是“歐化”的傾向,略舉數例:
【倒二】...and perhaps he was trying to warn me to avoid being unlike others.(第三段)譯文:而且可能他那時正在試圖警告我要避免和別人不一樣。
【例三】From the first too, I had been warned that...(第四段)
譯文:從一開始我就被警告??。
【例四】In refusing to be obsolete, you challenged and defied the evolutionist historians.(第五段)譯文:在46絕落入過時之列的努力中??。
【例五】...his is a responsible, up-to-date and carefully considered opinion.(第七段)譯文:他的觀點是負責任的、最新的以及經過反復思考的。
第一例“歐化”自不待言。第二例中“被”的使用并不地道,但似乎非常普遍,實際上“咱們平常說話,在敘述行為的時候,總是用主動居多,被動式只是一種特殊形式”?,所以翻譯中多以“有人”、“人們”、“大家”等主語結構替代轉換。第三例不僅理解錯誤,“拒絕”和“在??的努力中”都比較歐化。最后一例中,三個以“的”結尾的形容詞疊加,“的的不休”,也是漢語不夠純熟或歐化的表現。②
文字的運用總是可以精益求精的。有的譯文中有“勞倫斯的作品,也是他們喜愛的作品”、“我的職業(yè)是頗受爭議的職業(yè)”等句子,則是文字功力的問題,并非歐化的影響。至于把“thirsty”譯為“三十”、把“42 million”譯成“4.2億”,則不是“筆誤”,而是“眼誤”,那已經是語言造詣之外的事情了。
二、語境的忠實
意義是語境中的意義。語境像一張大網,文字只是這張網上的一^h個繩結。所以對語境理解不充分,就會把文字當作孤立的個例來處理,導致譯文風格凌亂,傳遞原文信息不全面,甚至出現錯誤。貝婁這篇文章的語境可以從兩個方面來討論。一是文化語境,二是社會語境。
貝婁身兼作家和學者,博學多識,在芝加哥讀書時曾“像我們吸入空氣一樣吸納書本和觀點”③。這篇文章中涉及大量的文化信息,包括地名、人名,報刊、電影、著作、小說人物、圣經故事等。
參賽譯者對于文化信息,基本上都有意識,翻譯也符合中文慣例,比如莎士比亞、卡夫卡、普魯斯特、林肯、杰克?倫敦等常見人名,《白鯨》、《紅字》、《金銀島》等常見作品,《華爾街日報》等報刊,參賽者處理得都很好,一千多份譯文,幾乎沒有問題。說明青年譯者們有很好的知識儲備和文化素養(yǎng)。
有些文化信息并不太常見,就需要譯者去花功夫了,一方面査找信息來源,另一方面還要核査現有的中文譯法。這些“考據”式的“水磨”功夫,其實正能分出高下來。如果不去查詢,或者一目十行地看看一兩個網頁,往往會犯錯誤。例如,第一段的“T.E.Lawrence”乃是“阿拉伯的勞倫斯”,不是第二段的D.H.勞倫斯。第二段的“Proust's Charlus”是法國作家普魯斯特筆下的人物,所以“Charlus”不宜譯為“査勒斯”,而是“夏呂斯”;“Keokuk”和“Benton Harbor”都是城市名,不是“區(qū)”;“Iowa”作為州名一般譯為“衣阿華”,“艾奧瓦”常常用來指原住該州的印第安人。文中提到的很多電影.電視劇和演員的名字,中文里都有現成的譯
名,有時還有多個,或者大陸譯名和港臺譯名不同,譯者根據“約定俗成”的原則選擇即可,但選擇的標準宜全文統一,且應考慮目標讀者的接受情況。
【例六】 And sometimes I remembered that God was willing to spare Sodom for the sake of 10 of the righteous.(第二段)句中引用的是《圣經*創(chuàng)世紀》第18-19章中關于所多瑪城的故事。參賽譯文中,“所多瑪”都能譯出來,一些譯者還添加了注釋,說明出處和故事梗概。但有些譯文將“the righteous”譯成“好人”、“正直的人士”、“君子”、“賢達”等,字面意義也都正確,但損失了原文的宗教指涉。文化信息如果涉及到傳說、故事、典故等,則要詳細閱讀來源信息,只查字典可能不夠。
除文化語境外,貝婁寫這篇文章,有其時,有其勢,這是文章的社會語境。有其時,是說貝婁的文章有針對性,討論的是藝術發(fā)展某個階段出現的普遍問題。文章寫于1999年,這是互聯網深人大眾生活的年代。蒂奇奧特的猜測,在十幾年之后的中國,巳經成為現實。這是讀圖和讀文字的對抗,但也可以像蒂奇奧特那樣從技術的角度進行解釋。類似的問題在照相機剛出現的時候就已經有過討論,而互聯網對傳統媒體的沖擊、通俗文化對傳統精英文化的挑戰(zhàn),是全球化時代一個重要的文化命題,至今仍在討論,所以說貝婁的觀點“有其時”。文章的發(fā)表則“有其勢”。蒂奇奧特是美國一位文化評論家,常在《華爾街日報》上評論戲劇、電影和文化。他在1999年8月6日的《華爾街日報》上發(fā)表了一篇文章,稱“小說和電影之戰(zhàn)已經結束,電影贏了”。正如貝婁所言,文章的主要手法的確是統計兩者受眾的“人數多寡”,強調電影的普及程度,視角則主要是技術層面的考慮,把原因歸結于技術的革新。既然反面的觀點已經發(fā)表,貝婁的文章的發(fā)表就有迫切性和針對性,而且必須予以批駁和回應,所以“有其勢”。
對于原文這兩個方面的社會語境,譯者就算平時沒有這方面的積累,只要下筆前能多做些了解,對譯文也會有很大幫助。如“atomized culture”,“atomized”指個體處于相互游離的狀態(tài),相對于上層的集權而言,并無系統或體制的支撐,故在權力機制中處于弱勢,這是大眾社會(mass culture)的一個特征,詹明信和肯豪瑟均有論述,亦有“atomized society”等說。國內學者如陶東風等已有相對固定的譯法,即“原子化文化”,可采用。再如第十段末句,譯者除了照顧“twilight”和“blaze and dazzle”暗含的隱喻之外,如能對普魯斯特、喬伊斯乃至現代主義有所了解,翻譯起來就順暢多了,也就不會將“twilight”譯為“曙光”。
貝婁全文是以“文字的堅韌”對抗“電影的流行”,很多地方看似自嘲,卻并無自貶之意,加上他風格簡煉,文字暗含機鋒,如果不理解語境,就很難把握。這一點在部分詞句的處理上也能看出來。例如第七段首句,對蒂奇奧特的文章進行評價,其中“up-to-date” —詞,不能處理為褒義的“與時俱進”,至少應譯成中性或貶義的相應詞匯,因為貝婁對于追求科技上的新穎流行恐怕并不認同。同樣第十段首句說20世紀經典作家“had no largepublic in mind”,也不宜譯為“目中無人”,這是個貶義詞,而貝婁對于精英小眾堅持寫作是肯定的。末段的 “They want more than they are getting”,強調科技不能滿足一切,這些獨立的文學愛好者應該得到更多支持,若譯為“他們期望很高,但已有所收獲”,就把句子重點放在了 “收獲”上,不符合作者觀點。實際上,理解了文章和文中觀點的社會語境,對于作者觀點的準確表達和風格再現都非常重要,不僅僅是個別字句的表述。
關于語境,需要提一下譯文中的注釋問題。雖然有些理論家主張注釋應力求詳盡,中國也不乏傅雷等詳注譯文的翻譯家,但是,如今信息發(fā)達、交流通暢,我們有理由相信貝婁的中國讀者肯定具備一些基本的文化素養(yǎng),所以譯注還是力求檢省為妥,莎士比亞、杰克?倫敦、《湯姆叔叔的小屋》等,國內教材里頻繁出現,就不必注釋了?!鞍⒗膭趥愃埂辈环撂砑幼⑨?,但應簡潔明了,不必詳列生平事跡。學術作品,譯注詳盡可以幫助讀者,但文學作品,譯注如果太多,可能會打擾讀者,妨礙欣賞。譯者最好有學者的學問,但不一定要把學問全部寫在譯注里,留一點蛛絲馬跡,讓感興趣的讀者去按圖索驥,也就夠了。
三、風格的忠實
對原文風格的理解,常常見仁見智,所以譯文;對風格的忠實,也有不同理解。不過,一般譯文要遵守一致性的原則,風格上不宜雅俗并置、大起大落,以保證全文乃至每句話的一致性和可讀性。但貝婁此文算是例外,風格上有明顯的變化,有口語I對話,也有觀點論述,對譯者提出了很高要求,如I果譯者在這方面不注意,通篇都采用約翰遜式的I典雅,或者塞林格式的俚俗,就容易把原文變化多姿的風格單一化,那就不是“雅俗如之”氣而是“雅俗如我”了。這次的參賽譯文中,這方面的問題比較普遍。不少譯者為了照顧風格——自己的風格,而不是貝婁的風格——犧牲了文字的忠實再現,甚至扭曲了原義。
【例七J When I was traveling in the Midwest I by car, bus and train, I regularly visited small-town libraries—(第二段)
譯文:當我頻繁換乘各種交通工具,穿梭于廣袤的中西部時,我特意拜訪了一些小鎮(zhèn)上的圖書館。譯文讀起來很通順,但與原文相去甚遠,“穿梭”和“廣袤”雖然多了 一點描述性,但與前文“頻繁”聯系起來,就損害了一個在各小鎮(zhèn)圖書館悠哉游哉的看書人的形象;譯者把——列舉的旅行方式統一用“交通工具”覆蓋,少了回憶的空間,多了旅行的倉促。全句讀來,除了詞句不嚴謹之外,風格已經大相徑庭。
在原文風格的處理上,除了以前常見的問題之外,這次參賽譯文體現了兩個新的趨向,可以作為具有普遍性甚至時代性的問題提出來。
第一個趨向是模式化。有些詞匯因為日常使用較為頻繁,部分譯者便順手用在譯文里,并沒有仔細思考是否準確。我們略加總結,發(fā)現大概有兩種情況。一是通俗用語。如第三段“a bookish boy”,這個短語在英文中算不得文雅,但并非俚俗,所以譯成“喜歡讀書的孩子”即可,但譯為“愛看書的小屁孩”、“黃毛書蟲”,就是風格不忠實了。其他如“public”譯為“草根”、“gloom”譯為“有P悶”、“readers”譯為“粉絲”、“fiction writer”譯為“小說寫手”、“get lost”譯為“讓他蒸發(fā)”,都是類似問題。這種語言在網絡和日常生活中很有表現力,但作為譯者,卻不能因“一時興到語”而“以詞害意”⑤。
【例八】...found that readers in Keokuk, Iowa, or Benton Harbor, Mich., were checking out Proust and Joyce—(第二段)
譯文:張家莊、李家店的居民竟然會借普魯斯特和喬伊斯的書來看。
【例九】I hope we are not like those human do-gooders ?
譯文:我不希望我們成為事后諸葛亮——出于好心,卻幫不上什么忙的人。
【例十】-..better to be one of millions viewing a film than one of mere thousands reading a book.(第十三段)
譯文:成為追捧熱播電影的一員,比成為罕有“閱讀恐龍族”一員要好。
前兩個譯文——“張家莊、李家店”和“事后諸葛亮”——都有“歸化”過度之嫌。第三個例子,與其說在翻譯貝婁,不如說在翻譯自己,結果譯者形象鮮活,作者風格不顯,恐不可取。在這方面也不乏好的例子,如將談話中的“the people on the block”譯為“左鄰右舍”、“街坊鄰里”,將口語語境下的“wonder”譯為“不明白”、“納悶”,都是用地道的中文忠實地傳達了原文意義和風格。
模式化的第二種情況是公共生活用語。報刊、電視、網絡等大眾傳媒中的一些表達方式,我們因為司空見慣,往往習焉不察,用在創(chuàng)作中可以,用在譯文中則需仔細核對文字意義,不能輕率。例如“與時俱進”這個詞,在本次競賽譯文中經常出現,“up-to-date”、“refusing to be obsolete”、“new technical developments”, “avoiding technological obsolescence”等,統統交給“與時俱進”去組織。前文所舉的 “a responsible, up-to-date and carefully considered opinion”,有譯為“以一種與時俱進、高度負責的態(tài)度??”,就是傳媒語言使用過于隨意的結果,如果譯完能逐字核對原文,就不會出現這種情況。又如第二十段的“reminders of who we used to be and need to be”,譯為“牢記過去、正視未來”;-十九段的“in a state of separation from others of their kind”譯為“舉國上下”、“大江南北”等,都屬于類似問題。
第二個趨向是高雅化,即譯者在處理部分字句段落時拋開原文的字面意思和風格,一味追求高雅的“大”詞,人為拔高。這樣做如果字面意義沒有重大出入,原文風格又比較文雅,那么就是精彩的譯文。但一味求雅,風險很大,可能會導致兩個方面的問題:一是損害原文的意義和風格;二是影響譯文本身的表達和風格整一。
一些譯文中的“雅”詞,本為原文所無,乃是橫生枝節(jié)。如將第一段的“every other person were familiar with...”譯為“家家戶戶對??都能口頰噙香、津津樂道”。有些譯文細究起來,的確并未違背原文字面意義,但因一味求雅,偏離了原文風格。如將第一段的“familiar”譯成“拜讀”、“浸淫”,“Shakespeare”譯成“莎翁的煌煌巨著”;第十六段的“how right he is”譯為“宛若箴言”;第五段“(with respect and admiration)I mentally told him to get lost”譯為“敬而遠之”或“請他離開我的精神家園”,失去了原文前后風格的對比;末段的 “...failed to give them what they so badly need”譯為“不足以為他們久旱的心靈送去甘霖”,則增加了修辭手段,原文使用修辭手段極為儉?。ǖ谑文┚涞谋扔鞅磉_上也很隱蔽),出于風格上的考慮,不宜在譯文中增加新的比喻。
過于求雅,也可能影響譯文本身的表達和流暢?!纠齣--】...that he has weighed, sifted and pondered the evidence.(第六段)譯文:??進行了認真的剖柝斟酌與推敲細思。
【例十二】...better to be one of millions viewing a film than one of mere thousands reading a book.(第十三段)
譯文:最好與浩浩百萬民眾共享盛影,不要與寥寥千人為伍攬卷。
【例十三】...from the first I was aware that...(第四段)
譯文:??從伊始就知道??
例^-一的譯文是否有信息遺漏姑且不說,單看中文,幾個書面化的詞疊加,似乎句式嚴整,但“斟酌”與“推敲”語義重疊,“細思”不僅生硬,放在結尾,語調上也很拗口。例十二譯文,句子前后兩部分對仗,以照應原文,但“盛影”、“攬卷”均生硬,“浩浩百萬民眾”與“寥寥千人”不整,“共享”與“為伍”不對,句子看似對仗,實則似是而非,加上前面的“不要”、“最好”,讀來佶屈聱牙。例十三的“伊始”與“從”、“就”、“知道”完全不合拍,因為求雅,破壞了中文的風格整一。當然,譯者有時也要勤翻中文字典,把“walledcity”翻成“圍城”,把“crossbow”翻成“強弩之末”,就是望文生義所致。
關于“高雅化”,有兩個“陷阱”需要特別提及。一是所謂“四字格”,用得好固然出彩,用不好只會出問題。在“walled city”前加上“高墻環(huán)衛(wèi)、固若金湯”、在“Lincoln”前面加上“出身卑微、躬耕隴畝”,算不得高雅,只能箅“四字格強迫癥”。第二個陷阱是文言文。用文言翻譯培根,倒也貼切,但用來翻譯現代英語,還需慎重。本次參賽譯文中,有三份用文言翻譯,文字功力都很好,但譯文大多顧此失彼,難以忠實傳達原文意思,風格就更不必說了,也有用文言翻譯了幾段后面改用白話的。按這三位譯者的文字造詣,如果把功夫花在白話文上,譯文肯定又是一番氣象。其實白話文經過百余年的發(fā)展,已經成熟,如果使用得好,同樣可以清晰流暢、簡潔有力,甚至也可以達到優(yōu)秀文言文的音樂美。譯者既要娛己,更要娛人,讀者接觸的都是白話文,今天的譯者如果用文言翻譯一篇美國當代作品,是舍近而求遠,并非上策。這兩個趨向,一是舍“信”取“達”,一是舍“信”求“雅”?。慣用語讀來瑯瑯上口,實際上未必準確,文學性的書面語言是否就是好的譯文,終究還要對照原文加以檢驗,否則只能箅是“搶過作者的筆來”?獨立創(chuàng)作。其實譯文不必一味追求“達”“雅”,需看原文的風格而定,像貝婁這種亦雅亦俗的風格,譯者也只好跟著“雅俗如之”,雖然不能盡善,但總要往這個方向努力。
文字、語境和風格這三個方面,總體上是相互關聯的,甚至偶爾會在具體的語言點上集中“爆發(fā)”,需要譯者從“信”的這三個角度做通盤考慮:
【例十四】 Add to this the importance of avoiding technological obsolescence and the attraction of feeling that technics will decide questions for us more dependably than the thinking of an individual, no matter how distinctive he may be.(第十三段)這個句子首先必須從文字層面分析。作者講了兩個觀點,前半部分是說避免技術上落伍很重要,后半部分的“feeling”后面,帶了一個很長的從句,容易引起誤解。同時,理解從句所表達的觀點,對理解“attraction of feeling”也很重要。究其意義,不外乎是說,個人才華再大,終究只是個人,如今有了技術,大家的問題用技術來幫助解決,就可靠多了,所以大家感覺很好,去追求這種感覺(為之吸引),所以也就會支持技術。不少譯文后面的從句翻譯得很準確,但把“attraction of feeling”干脆省略了,有避重就輕之嫌。再看“Add to”,這個動詞沒有主語,讓人生疑。聯系上下文,該段前面是列舉蒂奇奧特文中表現出來的一些傾向性,即追隨大眾和科技。很多譯文也順勢而下,把“add”的主語想成是蒂奇奧特,段落也能通順,但語法奇特的問題就忽略了。貝婁總結蒂奇奧特的觀點并加以批判,往往用“Mr.Teachout's article”、“he says”, “Mr.Teachout cites”等標識,何以此處不用“he adds” ?這個問題又需要到大語境中去加以印證。蒂奇奧特的原文網上可查,譯者不妨找來一讀,甚至還可以參考蒂奇奧特本人的博客。該文不過一千多字,蒂奇奧特并沒有提及貝婁“Add to”后面的兩個觀點。這樣我們就可以確定,這是貝婁自己有意補上去,順著對手的意思說下去,然后再加以駁斥。當然,貝婁這話講得有點沒好氣,話里帶著刺,全文的風格也是這樣。所以綜合考慮,“Addto”可譯為“不妨再補充說”、“干脆再補兩點好了”。
【例十五】Hidden Within Technology' s Empire, a Republic of Letters(標題)譯文一:科學圍城下的文學王國
譯文二:湮沒在技術帝國之中的文學界
譯文三:藏身技術帝國中的文化理想國
譯文四:技術帝國與文學隱城
譯文五:蔽身于技術帝國的文壇
譯文六:科技王國籠罩下的文學之邦
譯文七:文學理想國-隱匿于科技帝國一隅
原文的標題也是需要通盤考慮的。首先,文字的句法比較獨特,是個倒裝結構,中間用逗號隔開,顯然是要強調后面的“a Republic of Letters”。其次,需要從文化語境上考慮字面的意義,“Technology' s Empire”指現代世界技術盛行、影響范圍廣,所以可以直接譯為“技術帝國”。譯文一、六、七均補充了 “科學/科技”,貝婁在全文中用了 “technology”、“technics”, “mechanization”等詞,但并沒有提及禾斗學,譯文中還是不加為妥?!癛epublic of Letters”的說法古已有之,但在歐洲啟蒙時期最為盛行,指的是一個由文人組成的、想象的“共和國”,不受地域和國別限制。故上述譯文中“文學界”、“文±云”、“文學之邦”、“文學理想國”都可以接受,這個詞文化和歷史含義豐富,中文完全對等似乎很難,但譯為“城”、“王國”,或“文學凈土”、“文學之都”,就不太妥當。接下來要根據全文權衡“Hidden”的譯法。根據貝婁的觀點,科技是個龐大的帝國,文人散落其間,缺乏聯系的紐帶和平臺,雖是個群體,卻不為人所知,故可譯為“隱藏”。譯文二譯“湮沒”,“沒”過重,且“湮沒”一般有個從顯到隱的過程,似不合原文。譯文三、五分別譯為“藏身”、“蔽身”,主觀的意味過強,文中所說的那些愛好者是缺乏平臺才不為人所知,并非有意藏身。最后要回頭考慮句法的問題了,這是個難點,上引譯文一至六都未做處理,譯文七意識到了原文的特殊句法并嘗試用相應中文句法及符號處理,但似乎沒有達到原文突出的效果。此例我們討論多次,仍沒有周全的譯法,今后要向同行求教。
譯事大不易。譯者前有作者相逼,后有讀者相隨,戴著鐐銬跳舞?,的確是一門藝術。在全球化的時代,各門語言都在變化,文化信息也在快速更新,譯者的“舞”就愈加難跳了。這次競賽參賽者眾,雖然通篇都嚴密忠實、通暢貼切的譯作不多,但每位參賽者都花了心血,都對某些詞句乃至全文進行了細致的推敲,幾乎?譯作皿讓人眼前一亮、值得學習的精彩之處,在普遍認為翻譯“要求高、回報低”的今天,這一點尤其讓人感動。套用一句貝婁的話:如果中國各個角落里都有默默耕耘的譯者,假以時日,他們當中必然也會有未來的翻譯大家!
注釋
1)王力,《中國現代語法》,商務印書館,1985, 88頁。他在該書第六章第二節(jié)專門談到了 “被動式的歐化”,說
“??于是西文能用的,中國人也跟著用(尤其是翻譯),許多從前不說的話現在也說了”,353-354頁。
2)余光中有文專門論述歐化譯文中“的”字的用法,名為《論的的不休》,參見《余光中論翻譯》,中國對外翻譯
出版公司,200, 178—192頁。
③ See John Podhoretz , “Saul Bellow, a neocon' s tale”, in The Sunday Times, April 10,2005, online available at http:// 004km.cnpany, no stocks and no degree.My personality is open;My character is neither good nor bad.I'm not exactly an honest man, but I am without much courage since I was born.Even it is not illegal to kill, I wouldn't kill anyone.My conscience will be tortured by the guilt if I do anything cruel to others。I am meant not to be a villain, even if I try to be one.In general and basically, I'm still one of those who are beneficial and harmless to the mankind and our society.有意者電聯,非誠勿擾
Contact me by phone, if you're the one.口譯資料:2010年溫家寶總理政府工作報告(中英對照)在第十一屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議上的政府工作報告
國務院總理溫家寶
2010年3月5日
REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT
--Delivered at the Third Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress
on March 5, 2010
Wen Jiabao
Premier of the State Council
各位代表,Fellow Deputies,現在,我代表國務院向大會作政府工作報告,請予審議,并請全國政協各位委員提出意見。
On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you my report on the work of the government for your deliberation and approval.I also invite the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)to provide comments and suggestions.一、2009年工作回顧
I.Review of Work in 2009
2009年是新世紀以來我國經濟發(fā)展最為困難的一年。去年這個時候,國際金融危機還在擴散蔓延,世界經濟深度衰退,我國經濟受到嚴重沖擊,出口大幅下降,不少企業(yè)經營困難,有的甚至停產倒閉,失業(yè)人員大量增加,農民工大批返鄉(xiāng),經濟增速陡然下滑。在異常困難的情況下,全國各族人民在中國共產黨的堅強領導下,堅定信心,迎難而上,頑強拼搏,從容應對國際金融危機沖擊,在世界率先實現經濟回升向好,改革開放和社會主義現代化建設取得新的重大成就。國內生產總值達到33.5萬億元,比上年增長8.7%;財政收入6.85萬億元,增長11.7%;糧食產量5.31億噸,再創(chuàng)歷史新高,實現連續(xù)6年增產;城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1102萬人;城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入17175元,農村居民人均純收入5153元,實際增長9.8%和8.5%。我國在全面建設小康社會道路上又邁出堅實的一步。實踐再次證明,任何艱難險阻都擋不住中華民族偉大復興的歷史進程。
The year 2009 was the most difficult year for our country's economic development since the beginning of the new century.This time last year the global financial crisis was still spreading, and the world economy was in a deep recession.Our economy was severely affected;our exports decreased significantly;a large number of enterprises had operating difficulties, and some even suspended production or closed down;the number of unemployed people increased significantly;many migrant workers had to return to their home villages;and the pace of our economic growth suddenly slowed down.In these unusually difficult circumstances, the people of all our ethnic groups fortified their confidence, tackled difficulties head on, worked tenaciously, and responded calmly to the impact of the global financial crisis under the firm leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC).Our economy was the first in the world to have made a turnaround, and we made major new achievements in reform and opening up as well as socialist modernization.GDP reached 33.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.7% over the previous year(here and below).Fiscal revenue was 6.85 trillion yuan, up 11.7%.Grain production was 531 million tons, a new record and an increase for the sixth consecutive year.A total of 11.02 million urban jobs were created.The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 17,175 yuan, and the net per capita income of rural residents was 5,153 yuan, up 9.8% and 8.5% respectively in real terms.We took another steady step along the path of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Events again proved that no difficulties or obstacles can impede the course of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.過去的一年,極不平凡,令人振奮。我們隆重慶祝新中國成立60周年。撫今追昔,偉大祖國的輝煌成就極大地激發(fā)了全國人民的自信心和自豪感,極大地增強了中華民族的向心力和凝聚力,極大地提升了我國的國際地位和影響力,必將激勵我們在中國特色社會主義道路上繼續(xù)奮勇前進。
The past year was truly extraordinary and inspiring.We held a grand celebration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China.The outstanding achievements we made in that time have greatly boosted the confidence and pride of the people, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and raised China's international standing and influence.All this definitely encourages us to continue to forge ahead on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.一年來,我們主要做了以下工作:
Over the last year, we mainly undertook the following work.(一)加強和改善宏觀調控,促進經濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。我們實行積極的財政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策,全面實施并不斷完善應對國際金融危機的一攬子計劃。大規(guī)模增加財政支出和實行結構性減稅,保持貨幣信貸快速增長,提高貨幣政策的可持續(xù)性,擴大直接融資規(guī)模,滿足經濟社會發(fā)展的資金需求,有效擴大了內需,很快扭轉了經濟增速下滑趨勢。
1.Strengthening and improving macro-control and promoting steady and rapid economic development.We carried out a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy.We comprehensively implemented and constantly improved the package plan for addressing the global financial crisis.We significantly increased government spending, implemented structural tax reductions, rapidly increased supplies of money and credit, made our monetary policy more sustainable, and increased the amount of direct financing.We thus ensured funding for economic and social development, effectively boosted domestic demand, and quickly reversed the slowdown in economic growth.著力擴大居民消費。我們鼓勵消費的政策領域之寬、力度之大、受惠面之廣前所未有。中央財政投入資金450億元,補貼家電汽車摩托車下鄉(xiāng)、汽車家電以舊換新和農機具購置。減半征收小排量汽車購置稅,減免住房交易相關稅收,支持自住性住房消費。全年汽車銷售1364萬輛,增長46.2%;商品房銷售9.37億平方米,增長42.1%;社會消費品零售總額實際增長16.9%,消費對經濟增長的拉動作用明顯增強。
We vigorously expanded consumer spending.Our policies to encourage consumption covered more areas, were stronger and benefited more people than ever before.The central government provided 45 billion yuan in subsidies for rural residents to purchase home appliances and motor vehicles, including motorbikes.Part of the subsidies also supported trading-in old motor vehicles and home appliances for new ones and purchasing agricultural machinery and tools.We halved the purchase tax on small-displacement automobiles.We reduced or exempted taxes on buying and selling homes to support the purchase of homes to be used as their owners' residences.Throughout the year 13.64 million motor vehicles were sold, an increase of 46.2%;commodity housing sales amounted to 937 million square meters, up 42.1%;and total retail sales of consumer goods increased 16.9% in real terms: Consumption played a much bigger role in fueling economic growth.促進投資快速增長。我們發(fā)揮政府投資“四兩撥千斤”的作用,引導帶動社會投資。實施兩年新增4萬億元的投資計劃。2009年中央政府公共投資9243億元,比上年預算增加5038億元,其中,保障性住房、農村民生工程、社會事業(yè)投資占44%,自主創(chuàng)新、結構調整、節(jié)能減排和生態(tài)建設占16%,重大基礎設施建設占23%,災后恢復重建占14%。全社會固定資產投資增長30.1%,投資結構進一步優(yōu)化。投資快速增長有效彌補了外需下降的缺口,加強了薄弱環(huán)節(jié),為經濟社會長遠發(fā)展奠定了堅實的基礎。
We promoted rapid growth in investment.We guided and stimulated non-government investment by means of well-leveraged government investment.We implemented a plan to invest an additional 4 trillion yuan over two years.In 2009, the central government's public investment was 924.3 billion yuan, 503.8 billion yuan more than in the previous year's budget.Of this, 44% was invested in.low-income housing, projects to improve the wellbeing of rural residents, and social programs;16% in independent innovation, restructuring, energy conservation, emissions reductions, and ecological improvement;23% in major infrastructure projects;and 14% in post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction.Fixed asset investment increased.30.1% nationwide.We further improved the investment structure.Rapid investment growth effectively compensated for the shortfall created by shrinking external demand, strengthened weak links, and laid a solid foundation for long-term economic and social development
我們加快推進汶川地震災后恢復重建,重災區(qū)已完成投資6545億元,占規(guī)劃總投資的65.5%。國家的大力支持,全國人民的無私援助,災區(qū)群眾的艱苦奮斗,使遭受重大創(chuàng)傷的災區(qū)呈現出嶄新面貌。一座座新城拔地而起,一個個村莊煥發(fā)出蓬勃生機。這充分體現了中華民族的無疆大愛,有力彰顯了社會主義制度的無比優(yōu)越。
We accelerated the post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction work.We have already invested 654.5 billion yuan, 65.5% of the total planned investment, in the worst hit areas.Thanks to the government's strong support, the selfless assistance of people throughout the country, and the hard work of residents of the earthquake area, the badly damaged areas have taken on a brand-new appearance, with new towns rising straight out of the ground, and villages brimming with vitality.All this fully reflects the boundless love of the Chinese nation and powerfully demonstrates the incomparable superiority of the socialist system.(二)大力調整經濟結構,夯實長遠發(fā)展基礎。我們把保增長與調結構緊密結合起來,加快解決制約經濟發(fā)展的結構性矛盾。
2.Vigorously carrying out economic restructuring, and shoring up the foundation for long-term development.We closely integrated sustaining economic growth with economic restructuring, and moved more quickly to resolve structural problems limiting economic development.“三農”工作進一步加強。中央財政用于“三農”的支出7253億元,增長21.8%。大幅度提高糧食最低收購價。啟動實施全國新增千億斤糧食生產能力建設規(guī)劃。繼續(xù)改善農村生產生活條件,農村飲水安全工程使6069萬農民受益,新增510萬沼氣用戶,新建和改造農村公路38萬公里、農村電網線路26.6萬公里,又有80萬戶農村危房得到改造,9.2萬戶游牧民實現了定居。我們加大扶貧力度,貧困地區(qū)的生產生活條件得到明顯改善。We further strengthened the work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers.The central government used 725.3 billion yuan to support agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, an increase of 21.8%.We raised the minimum grain purchase prices by a large margin.We began implementation of 'the plan to increase grain production capacity by 50 million tons nationwide.We continued to improve living and working conditions in rural areas.We implemented rural drinking water safety projects that benefited 60.69 million people, increased the number of methane gas users by 5.1.million, built and upgraded 380,000 kilometers of roads and 266,000 kilometers of electric power lines and renovated 800,000 dilapidated houses in the countryside, and helped build permanent housing for 92,000 nomadic families.We also intensified our efforts to fight poverty.As a result, working and living conditions notably improved in poverty-stricken areas.產業(yè)結構調整力度加大。制定并實施十大重點產業(yè)調整振興規(guī)劃。鼓勵企業(yè)加快技術改造,安排200億元技改專項資金支持4441個技改項目。重點行業(yè)兼并重組取得新進展。下大力氣抑制部分行業(yè)產能過剩和重復建設,關停小火電機組2617萬千瓦,淘汰落后的煉鋼產能1691萬噸、煉鐵產能2113萬噸、水泥產能7416萬噸、焦炭產能1809萬噸。加快實施國家科技重大專項,中央財政用于科技的支出1512億元,增長30%。積極支持自主創(chuàng)新產品推廣應用,清潔能源、第三代移動通信等一批新興產業(yè)快速發(fā)展。大力加強基礎設施建設,新建鐵路投入運營5557公里,高速公路新建通車4719公里,城市軌道交通建設加快,新建、改擴建民用機場35個;新增發(fā)電裝機8970萬千瓦,西氣東輸二線西段工程實現供氣,南水北調工程建設加快推進,6183座病險水庫除險加固工程開工建設。
We intensified industrial restructuring.We formulated and implemented a plan for restructuring and invigorating ten key industries.We encouraged enterprises to accelerate technological upgrading, and provided 20 billion yuan to support 4,441 technological upgrading projects.Further progress was made in mergers and reorganization in key industries.We made great efforts to restrict excess production capacity and redundant development in some industries.We closed down 26.17 million kilowatts of small thermal power stations, and eliminated backward facilities with total production tons in the steelmaking industry, 21.13 million tons in the iron-smelting 74.16 million tons in the cement industry, and 18.09 million tons in the coke industry.We accelerated the implementation of major national science and technology projects,and spent 151.2 billion yuan of central government funds on science and technology, an increase of 30%.We vigorously supported the widespread use of domestically innovated products, and the development of emerging industries such as clean energy and third-generation mobile communications.We vigorously strengthened infrastructure development;put 5,557 kilometers of newly built railway lines into operation;opened 4,719 kilometers of new expressways to traffic, accelerated urban rail development;and built, renovated or expanded 35 civil airports.We increased the installed power-generating capacity by 89.7 million kilowatts, began supplying gas through the western section of the second line of the project for shipping natural gas from west to east, accelerated construction on the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and began reinforcing 6,183 dangerous reservoirs.節(jié)能減排和環(huán)境保護扎實推進。安排預算內資金,支持重點節(jié)能工程、循環(huán)經濟等項目2983個;實施節(jié)能產品惠民工程,推廣節(jié)能空調500多萬臺、高效照明燈具1.5億只。繼續(xù)推進林業(yè)重點生態(tài)工程建設,完成造林8827萬畝,森林覆蓋率達到20.36%。綜合治理水土流失面積4.8萬平方公里。加強“三河三湖”等重點流域水污染防治和工業(yè)廢水廢氣廢渣治理?!笆晃濉鼻八哪昀塾媶挝粐鴥壬a總值能耗下降14.38%,化學需氧量、二氧化硫排放量分別下降9.66%和13.14%。積極開展應對氣候變化工作,明確提出2020年我國控制溫室氣體排放行動目標和政策措施。氣象預報預警和地震監(jiān)測工作得到加強,災害防御能力不斷提升。
We made solid progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions and protecting the environment.We supported 2,983 key energy conservation and recycling projects through budgetary investment.We implemented a project to promote energy-efficient products for the benefit of the people, putting into use more than 5 million energy-saving air-conditioners and 150 million energy-efficient light bulbs.We continued to develop key ecological projects in the forestry industry, and completed the afforestation of 5.88 million hectares, thereby raising the percentage of land covered by forest to 20.36%.Through combined measures, we brought soil erosion on 48,000 square kilometers of land under control.We strengthened the prevention and treatment of water pollution in the key watersheds of the Huai, Hai, and Liao rivers and Tai, Chao, and Dianchi lakes, and improved the control of wastewater, gases and residues from industry.Over the first four years of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, energy consumption per unit of GDP fell 14.38%,and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions decreased 9.66% and 13.14% respectively.We made vigorous efforts to respond to climate change, and set forth our country's targets, policies and measures for controlling greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.We improved our weather forecasting and early warning;as well as earthquake monitoring, and constantly improved our disaster prevention and protection capabilities.區(qū)域協調發(fā)展邁出新步伐。深入實施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略,制定若干區(qū)域發(fā)展重大規(guī)劃和政策。中西部和東北地區(qū)加快開放開發(fā),積極承接產業(yè)轉移,發(fā)展基礎不斷夯實;東部地區(qū)加快結構和自主創(chuàng)新,經濟發(fā)展活力增強。區(qū)域發(fā)展呈現布局改善、結構優(yōu)化、協調性提高的良好態(tài)勢。
We took new steps in balancing development between regions.We thoroughly implemented the overall strategy for regional development;and formulated several major regional development plans and policies.The central and western regions and northeast China accelerated opening up and development, welcomed industries relocated from other parts of the country, and continuously strengthened their foundation for development.The eastern region accelerated restructuring and independent innovation, and the vitality of its economic development increased.A favorable situation emerged in which regional development was better distributed, structured and coordinated.(三)堅持深化改革開放,不斷完善有利于科學發(fā)展的體制機制。我們把深化改革開放作為應對國際金融危機的強大動力,努力消除體制障礙,不斷提高對外開放水平。
3.Steadfastly deepening reform and opening up, and constantly improving institutions and mechanisms conducive to developing scientifically.We deepened reform and opening up to respond more powerfully to the global financial crisis, worked hard to remove institutional obstacles and continued to open wider to the outside world.重點領域和關鍵環(huán)節(jié)改革加快推進。增值稅轉型全面實施。成品油價格和稅費改革順利推進,新的成品油價格形成機制規(guī)范運行。國家開發(fā)銀行商業(yè)化轉型和農業(yè)銀行股份制改革扎實推進,跨境貿易人民幣結算試點啟動實施。創(chuàng)業(yè)板正式推出,為自主創(chuàng)新及其他成長型創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)開辟了新的融資渠道。地方政府機構改革有序開展,事業(yè)單位分類改革試點穩(wěn)步進行。集體林權制度改革全面推開,15億畝林地確權到戶,占全國集體林地面積的60%,這是繼土地家庭承包之后我國農村經營制度的又一重大變革。
We accelerated reform in key areas and links.We comprehensively carried out VAT reform.The reform of the prices of refined oil products and taxes and fees on them was implemented smoothly, and a new mechanism for pricing them worked well.We made solid progress in commercializing the China Development Bank and introducing the joint stock system in the Agricultural Bank of China, and launched a pilot project to use the renminbi as the settlement currency for cross-border trade.The ChiNext stock market was officially launched, which opened a new financing channel for enterprises based on independent innovation and other growth enterprises.We proceeded with the reform of local government departments in an orderly manner, and steadily carried out a trial of reforming institutions by type.We comprehensively launched the reform of tenure in collective forests.We devolved tenure in 100 million hectares of forest land to rural households, equaling 60% of the country's total area of collective forests.This is another major reform of China's rural operation system, and follows in the footsteps of the household land contract responsibility system.開放型經濟水平不斷提高。出臺一系列穩(wěn)定外需的政策措施,采取符合國際慣例的方式支持出口企業(yè),完成短期出口信用保險承保900億美元,安排421億美元大型成套設備出口融資保險。鼓勵增加進口。去年下半年開始進出口降幅明顯收窄,國際市場份額得到鞏固,全年進出口總額2.2萬億美元。扭轉利用外資下降局面,全年實際利用外商直接投資900億美元。企業(yè)“走出去”逆勢上揚,非金融類對外直接投資和對外工程承包營業(yè)額分別達433億美元和777億美元。積極參與國際宏觀經濟政策對話協調和經貿金融合作,在共同應對國際金融危機中發(fā)揮了建設性作用。
We constantly raised the level of the open economy.We introduced policies and measures to stabilize foreign demand, adopted methods that conform to international practices to support export companies, completed the issuance of short-term export credit insurance worth US$ 90 billion, and arranged $42.1 billion of export financing insurance for complete sets of large equipment.We encouraged increases in imports: Since the second half of last year;falls in imports and exports have clearly eased, and we have consolidated our share of international markets.Last year imports and exports totaled $2.2 trillion.We reversed the
第三篇:第五屆講課比賽決賽開幕詞
中原工學院信息商務學院第五屆講課比賽決賽開幕詞
各位領導,各位專家,老師們,同學們:
大家上午好!
在學院領導的關心支持下,在教學督導室、教務科技處、組織人事處和工會的精心組織和安排下,本屆講課比賽得到了各部門的鼎力支持和各教學部門的積極參與。今天,我們歡聚一堂,在這里舉辦我院第五屆講課比賽決賽。
高等學校的根本任務是培養(yǎng)人才,教學質量是學校生存和發(fā)展的生命線。教學質量的提高,教師是關鍵,課堂教學水平又是衡量教師水平的重要指標之一。近年來,我院通過舉辦講課比賽、多媒體教學大賽、教學名師評選、教案檢查等活動,引導廣大教師不斷更新教育教學思想,豐富教學內容,完善教學設計,改革教學方法和手段,切實提高了教師的課堂教學水平和質量,涌現出了一批優(yōu)秀教師。
本次講課比賽的舉辦,將對增強教師之間的相互交流,深化教學內容、教學方法、教學手段的改革,提高我院教師的整體教學水平,確保人才培養(yǎng)目標的實現等方面,起到積極的促進作用。
本次講課比賽各教學系都非常重視,經過各系(部)初賽,推選出12位選手參加今天的決賽。我希望各位參賽教師充分利用這次機會,展現自己的才華和能力;希望各位評委能認真、公平、公正地對參賽選手進行評判。
目前,我院正處在加強內涵建設的關鍵時期,我們應抓住機遇,大膽創(chuàng)新,繼續(xù)秉承“厚德博學,求是創(chuàng)新”的校訓,發(fā)揚“勤奮、嚴謹、進取、文明”的校風,不斷深化教學改革,強化教學管理,狠抓內涵建設,推進素質教育,確保人才培養(yǎng)質量的提高,為把學校建設成為“國內知名,省內領先,特色鮮明的高水平獨立學院”而努力奮斗。
最后,預祝各位參賽選手取得好成績,預祝本次大賽圓滿成功。謝謝大家!
第四篇:仙桃市第二屆古詩文背誦比賽(決賽)試題及答案
仙桃市第二屆古詩文背誦比賽(決賽)試題及答案
一、選擇題:(每小題1分,共5分。)1.下列詩句中都含“月”字,其中不屬于寫“秋月”的一項是(·)A.長安一片月,萬戶搗衣聲。B.明月松間照,清泉石上流。C明月幾時有?把酒問青天。D.舉杯邀明月,對影成三人。
2.下列各項中都有“涕”字,其中沒有“憂傷”情感的一項是()A.戎馬關山北,憑軒涕泗流。B.今當遠離,臨表涕零。C.初聞涕淚滿衣裳。D.獨愴然而涕下1 3.下面不是王昌齡詩句的一項是()A.洛陽親友如相問,一片冰心在玉壺。B.勸君更盡一杯酒,西出陽關無故人。C.但使龍城飛將在,不教胡馬度陰山。D.撩亂邊愁聽不盡,高高秋月照長城。4.下面不是描寫送別的詩句是()A.山回路轉不見君,雪上空留馬行處。B.孤帆遠影碧空盡,唯見長江天際流。C.感時花濺淚,恨別鳥驚心。D.海內存知己,天涯若比鄰。5.下列詩句中沒有描繪童趣的一項是()A.童孫未解供耕織,也傍桑陰學種瓜。B.借問酒家何處有,牧童遙指杏花村。C.路上借問遙招手,怕得魚驚不應人。D.兒童散學歸來早,忙趁東風放紙鳶。
二、填空題:(每小題1分,共20分,錯漏一處,該小題不得分,請把答案寫在題目后相應的橫線上。()1.水光 晴方好。2.兩山排 送 來。3.九州生氣 風雷,萬馬齊 究可哀。4.手把文書口稱,回車 牛牽向北。5.碧玉 成一樹高,萬條垂下綠絲 6· 蒿滿地蘆芽短,正是河 欲上時。7.紛紛暮雪下 門,風 紅旗凍不翻·8.西市買鞍,南市買 頭。9 淑女,好逑。10.蕩胸生 云,決 入歸鳥。11.黃發(fā)垂,并 然自樂。12.絕 多生怪柏,??,飛 其間。13.白頭 更短,渾欲不勝 ·14.當余之從師也,負 曳。15.萬 此都寂,但余鐘 音。16.引 滿酌,然就醉。17.斗酒十千 歡。18.右手 遺穗,左臂懸 筐。19.宮中府中,俱為一體,不宜異同。20.行者見羅敷,下擔 須。
三、默寫上句或下旬。(每小題1分,共30分,錯漏一處則該小題不得分。)1,春風不度玉門關。2·,客舍青青柳色新。3.野徑云俱黑,4.桃花一簇開無主。5.九曲黃河萬里沙。6.,水村山郭酒旗風。7. 白雨跳珠亂入船。8·,兩朝開濟老臣心。9·,柳綠更帶朝煙。l0,半緣修道半緣君。11.霜禽欲下先偷眼,o 12.,山長水闊知何處。13.關河夢斷何處?。14·,笑語盈盈暗香去。15.,紅衣脫盡芳心苦。16·,水搖扇影戲魚驚。17.,且向花間留晚照。18.光陰黃金難買。19,樹正無愁月影斜。20,大海終須納細流。21,天涯何處無芳草。22.簾外雨潺潺。23·,有三秋桂子,十里荷花。24.池塘積水須防旱。·25.羊有跪乳之恩。26.散入珠簾濕羅幕。27·,輕羅小扇撲流螢’。28,只有香如故。29.夜來城外一尺雪。30.鳳凰臺上青山舊。
四、根據提示或要求默寫:(每小題2分,共30分,錯漏一處扣1分,每小題最多扣2分。)1.馬致遠在《天凈沙·秋思》中寫到:“夕陽西下,斷腸人在天涯。”而崔顥在《黃鶴樓》中也有 兩句詩與此意境相似,這兩句是:。2.由王維《使至塞上》中的名句“大漠孤煙直,長河落日圓”,可以使人聯想到范仲淹《漁家傲》中同是寫邊塞景象的詩句:。3.面對人才輩出的大好形勢,人們不禁發(fā)出了“ 的贊嘆。4.《次北固山下》中寫詩人思念故鄉(xiāng)的詩句是。5.《記承天寺夜游》中描寫院中月光月影的句子是 ·。6.《醉翁亭記》第一段中將游玩觀賞之樂交融在宴飲之中的句子是。7.酈道元的《三峽》中從側面寫出三峽兩岸山高的句子是。8.《觀刈麥》中深刻反映了農民的艱苦勞動的詩句是。9.讀下面每句話,都會想起一個名句,根據你的理解,將名句寫在下面相應的橫線上。(1)陶淵明那朵菊花溫暖了寧靜深遠的峰巒。(2)李白的愁情匯成滔滔江水。(3)李清照憔悴如風中的一株黃花。(4)蘇軾矯健彎弓,夢想射下天上的星座。
(1),(2),(3)。(4)。10.自古以來,人們只知李白斗酒詩百篇,共實陶淵明也是這樣一個人,并且矢志不渝,樂此不疲。《五柳先生傳》中有兩句為證:。11.《過零丁洋》中概括寫出詩人被捕前的全部經歷的詩句是:。12.《與朱元思書》中寫出明與暗的辯證關系的詩句是回,。13.“舟”是我國古代重要的交通工具,常見于文人的筆下,如柳宗元的“孤舟蓑笠翁”。李清照的“興盡晚歸舟”,孟浩然的“欲濟無舟楫”等,除以上三個例句外,請再寫出四句含“舟”字的古詩詞?!?’。14.孟子在《得道多助,失道寡助》中為了闡述“得道者多助”的結論,先用了三個否定的排比句作為推導的引子,這三句是。15.《墨池記》中介紹墨池得名由來的詩句是。
五、全篇默寫:(共15分,錯漏一處扣1分,扣完為止。)《岳陽樓記》 范仲淹
附:參考答案及評分說明
一、選擇題(每小題1分。)1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.B
二、填空題(每小題1分,錯漏一處則該小題不得分。)1.瀲滟 2.闥、青 3,恃、喑 4.敕、叱 5.妝、絳 6.蔞、豚 7.轅、掣 8.韉、轡 9.窈窕 寤寐 10.層、眥 11.髫、怡 12.**、漱 13.搔、簪 14.篋、屣 15.籟、磬 16.觴、頹 17.恣、謔 18.秉、敝 19.陟罰臧否 20.捋、髭
三、默寫(每小題1分,錯漏一處則該小題不得分。)1.羌笛何須怨楊柳。2.渭城朝雨泡輕塵 3.江船火獨明 4.可愛深紅愛淺紅 5.浪淘風簸白天涯 6.千里鶯啼綠映紅 7.黑云翻墨未遮山 8.三顧頻煩天下計 9.桃紅復含宿雨 10.取次花叢懶回顧 11.粉蝶如知合斷魂 12.欲寄彩箋兼尺素 13.塵暗舊貂裘 14.蛾兒雪柳黃金縷
15.斷無蜂蝶慕幽香 16.風約簾衣歸燕急,柳梢殘日弄微晴 17.為君持酒勸斜陽 1S.一世如駒過隙 19.根深刁;怕風搖動 20.深山畢竟藏猛虎 21.枝上柳綿吹又少 22.春意闌珊.羅衾不耐五更寒 23.重湖疊**清嘉 24.田地勤耕足養(yǎng)家
25、鴉有反哺之義 26.孤裘不暖錦衾薄 27.銀燭秋光冷畫屏 28.零落成泥碾作塵 29.曉駕炭車輾冰轍 30.秋千墻里垂楊瘦
四、間接默寫(錯漏一處扣1分,每小題最多扣2分。)1.日暮鄉(xiāng)關何處是,煙波江上使人愁 2·(千嶂里,)長煙落日孤城閉。3.江山代有才人出,各領風騷數百年。4.鄉(xiāng)書何處達,歸雁洛陽邊。5.庭下如積水空明,水中藻荇交橫。6.山水之樂,得之心而寓之酒也。7.自非亭午夜分,不見曦月。8.足蒸暑土氣,背灼炎天光。
9.(1)采菊東籬下,悠然見南山(2)抽刀斷水水更流,舉杯銷愁愁更愁(3)(莫道不消魂)簾卷西風,人比黃花瘦(4)會挽雕弓如滿月,西北望,射天狼 10.銜觴賦詩,以樂其志 11.辛苦遭逢起一經,干戈寥落四周星 12.橫柯上蔽,在晝猶昏;疏條交映,有時見日。13.(1)行舟綠水前(2)沉舟側畔千帆過(3)萬里送行舟(4)忽復乘舟夢日邊(5)明朝散發(fā)弄扁舟(6)輕舟已過萬重山(7)李白乘舟將欲行
14.域民不以封疆之界,固國不以山溪之險,威天下不以兵革之利。15.羲之常慕張芝,臨池學書,池水盡黑?!?/p>
五、全篇默寫。見第五冊P154—156
第五篇:第五屆十佳歌手比賽決賽主持人串詞
第五屆十佳歌手比賽決賽主持人串詞
(開場音樂起)
A:尊敬的各位領導,親愛的老師們和同學們。大家
合:下午好!
A:今天我們懷著無比激動的心情相聚在這里,用我們動人的歌聲描繪出青春洋溢的色彩!B:今天我們懷揣著音樂的的夢想相聚在這里,用我們細膩的情感譜寫出年輕綻放的熱情!A:如果舞蹈是我們共同的步調,那么音樂就是我們共同的語言!
B:如果詩詞是我們最初的訴說,那么歌唱就是我們真情的表達!
A:觀眾朋友,這里是宿遷廣播電視大學、宿遷中等專業(yè)學校第五屆校園十佳歌手比賽決賽的現場。首先請允許我介紹出席比賽的各位領導和評委老師,他們是:
B:讓我們再次以熱烈的掌聲向各位領導的光臨,各位評委的辛勤表示衷心的感謝!A:本次比賽獲勝選手的獎品由中國移動通信集團宿豫分公司親情提供,向你們的鼎力支持表示衷心的感謝!
B:十佳歌手比賽作為我校一項傳統賽事,每年的十一月分舉行,到今年已經成功舉辦了四屆,今年的第五屆比賽從10月下旬開始籌辦,經歷了海選、復賽,共有十四組選手入圍了今天的決賽。
A:今天的決賽,選手按照賽前抽簽的順序依次演唱,現場評委根據選手所選歌曲的主題,舞臺展現能力和演唱技巧進行打分,評分共分為兩部分,第一部分為現場演唱,占總分的百分之六十;第二部分為網絡人氣,占總分的百分之四十。兩部分得分相加為選手的最終得分。根據評分結果,共設立一等獎兩名、二等獎四名、三等獎八名。最具人氣獎一名、最佳氣質獎一名。
B:歌唱的熱情已被點燃,跳動的音符已經沸騰。我們的音樂之旅即將啟程。你們準備好了嗎?讓我們以最熱烈的掌聲歡迎我們的選手閃亮登場!
----------------------A:我們的選手們以一種幽默的方式和大家見了面。
B:對啊,這就是我們青春的姿態(tài)和個性。下面讓我們來逐個認識一下我們的選手好不好? A:那就從一號選手開始吧!
----------------------B:瞧瞧這說的多么動聽,到底是他們說的好還是唱的好呢?那就掌聲有請1號選手。A:1號選手仝峰,由電子信息工程系選送,他為我們帶來的歌曲是《十年》
----------------------B:一開場就把我們帶進了回憶的天堂,十年是如此漫長又恰逢是昨天,似曾相識。仿佛這忽然之間我們就變得陌生,也許這輩子注定是最熟悉的陌生人。下面讓我們歡迎2號選手何海宇為我們帶來《忽然之間》,選送單位經濟貿易系,掌聲歡迎。
----------------------A:大家說何海宇唱的好不好?我明白,太放不開你愛。分不開,想你算是安慰還是悲哀,道出了這情路上繁花似錦里的隱隱傷痛。然而這路的盡頭是明天的春天。讓我們一起 去旅行,相約在旅行的路上悄然邂逅。有請3號選手王明凱,由機電工程系選送,為 我們演唱《開往明天的旅行》。
----------------------B:開往明天的旅行,或許會忘記了目的地,或許會累壞了身體?;蛟S會錯過了浪漫的晨曦,也或許永遠迷失在遠方的風雨。這都沒關系,因為有你,因為你是我生命中最美相遇,有你陪著我足矣。有請4號選手社會服務系選送的胡晨譽同學為我們帶來《有
你陪著我》。
----------------------A:成長過程中的憂傷真的有很多,點點滴滴,匯流成河,和時間一起流向浩瀚的太平洋,一路上大聲地唱著自己喜歡的歌。有請5號選手,電子信息工程系選送的樊偉為我們帶來《傷心太平洋》。
----------------------B:太平洋的潮水來回旋轉,從大洋的另一頭投遞一只裝著我們秘密的漂流瓶。隨著老去的容顏,在世界的這一頭重新撿起它??纯次覀冋f好的約定是否依舊美麗而單純。掌聲有請6號選手,電子信息工程系選送的蔡雪同學為我們帶來《我們說好的》。----------------------A:2006年央視星光大道總決賽季軍李玉剛的《新貴妃醉酒》聽過沒有?這首很有特
色的歌曲曾經風靡一時,當然也很有難度。今天的7號選手來自基礎教育系的王艷楠將要向李玉剛發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn),到底唱的如何,大家拭目以待。來掌聲有請王艷楠帶來《新貴妃醉酒》。
----------------------A:居小煒啊,我們本次比賽已經進行了一半,覺得各位選手唱的怎么樣?
B:反正唱的肯定是比我好,大家的表現都展現出了當代學生積極向上的面貌,充分說
明我校的文化建設緊隨著發(fā)展的腳步。湯校長在宿遷電大報的首發(fā)儀式上向全校師生提出建設校園文化是當前一項重要任務。
A:是的,在學工處和校團委開展的各項文化活動中,涌現出了一大批優(yōu)秀的有專長的同
學,只有領導高度重視、學生積極參與。我們的文化建設就會邁上一個新的臺階。B:同時我們還要感謝多次活動中,中國移動和其他企業(yè)給予的幫助和支持。感謝你們。A:我聽說你們汽車系的人才輩出啊!
B:哪有啊,過獎了!這只能說明我們系積極加學校組織的各項活動啊,是不是???其實
啊,每個系都積極參加。要不然這次比賽能有這么多選手參加嘛!
A:你就別貧了,下面該你們系上場了。掌聲有請汽車工程系選送的8號選手王賽,為大
家?guī)怼赌腥说臏I》。
----------------------B:一個人的時候,靜下心坐在海邊。看潮水奔向遠方,帶走塵世的鉛華和甜甜的想念。
聽潮水拍打心靈,呼喚生命的真實和淡淡的寧靜。這就是孤獨的聽海,聽海的心聲。有請9號選手土木工程系選送的侍赫,為大家?guī)怼堵牶!贰?/p>
----------------------A:感謝侍赫為我們帶來的關于海的遐想,太美了。唐代詩人張若虛在《春江花月夜》里
這樣吟誦:春江潮水連海平,海上明月共超生。滟滟隨波千萬里,春江何處無月明。海上的月光曾經多少次撒滿我的眼眸,新月的澄凈曾多少次喚醒了我的離愁。好的有請10號選手基礎教育系選送的劉念帶來《月半彎》,感受月的柔軟和嬌羞。
----------------------B:我們的比賽已經進入了白熱化的狀態(tài),選手們的表現也更加激烈。我們觀眾的情緒也
一浪高過一浪,讓我們的選手聽到你們的掌聲和歡呼聲。讓我們請出今晚11號選手,來自經濟貿易系的朱佳帶來《想自由》。
----------------------A:這個世界從來就充滿情和愛,刻骨銘心的情感過后必將是行如陌路,往日的浪漫煙火
也消逝在闌珊的夜空。而如今只剩下孤獨的自己和陌生的風景。陌生不是因為離去。而是不肯承認彼此的過往。有請12號選手基礎教育系選送的沈珠珠演唱《陌生》。
----------------------B:很高興能最后站在這個舞臺上為大家主持這個活動,作為即將畢業(yè)的我感謝領導三年
來給我的關心和幫助。我將背負起生活的理想和人生的追尋走向遠方的星光。讓我們攜手并進,相約在星光下再敘今日的夢想。我在等你,等你星光下的約定。有請13號選手社會服務系選送的薛珍珍同學為我們唱響《星光》。
----------------------A:同學們,相信大家聽了這么多的獨唱歌曲也審美疲勞,讓我們換一種口味。有請今天的最后一組選手14號選手呂晨陽和陸陽陽帶來歌曲《你那么愛她》。掌聲歡呼聲在哪里?
----------------------B:哎呀,李華瑤。你知道維也納金色大廳嗎?
A:當然知道啊,那可是世界音樂的最高殿堂啊!
B:我們雖不在維也納,但是我們的激情和對音樂的信仰足以和金色大廳媲美??!A:怎么可能???
B:你不信,下面讓我們以最最熱烈的掌聲歡迎社會服務系音樂教師,評委仇遠老師為大
家演唱!
----------------------A:各位同學,各位選手的最后成績已經出來了,到底誰會獲得最后的榮譽呢?有請我們
14為選手再次閃亮登場。
B:首先向大家宣布各位選手的最后得分。
----------------------頒獎略
----------------------A:今天我們歡聚一堂為音樂而瘋狂。
B:今天我們歡聚一堂為青春而歌唱。
A:我們用音符告訴世界,沒有誰能超越我們的激情。
B:我們用旋律告訴你我,我的地盤聽我的。
A:同學們,宿遷廣播電視大學、宿遷中等專業(yè)學校第五屆校園十佳歌手比賽到此結束。
感謝給位領導的蒞臨,給為同學的參與,再見!
B:再見!