第一篇：]初中英語中考復(fù)習(xí)資料(超全語法、詞組、句型、作文及知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全)1

gku一名詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall，America?它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker?它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物；集體名詞，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water,paper?它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, time?它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。

名詞一覽表 種類

專有名詞

London, John, the Communist Party of China

普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people 物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand

抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用

主語 My family is now in New York.表語 His father is a scientist.賓語 We love our great motherland.賓語補(bǔ)足語 He made London the base for his work.定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work?可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.［析］不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper.［誤］Please give me two letter papers.［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.［析］paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.［誤］My glasses is broken.［正］My glasses are broken.［誤］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.［析］英語中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡，shoes—鞋，trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.［誤］May I borrow two radioes? ［正］May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.［誤］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.［析］如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。［誤］There are much people in the garden.［正］There are many people in the garden.［析］可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The people are planting trees here.［析］加's構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes' walk.［誤］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.［析］英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，如： room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方?！边@樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林 ［誤］There is a flowers garden behind my house.［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.［析］名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory(鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper(晚報(bào)),night school(夜校),head master(校長),a law school(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。

［誤］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.［析］英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese(中國人), means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。

［誤］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.［析］英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens，而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布，sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。

［誤］I offered my son my congratulation on his success.［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his success.［析］英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.［誤］We have five German in this meeting.哪?)［誤］I paid five pennies for the sweet.［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.［析］英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。［誤］There are many fruit in the shop.［正］There are many fruits in the shop.［析］物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。 ［誤］There is a new car.It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car.It is Jone and Mary's.［析］有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加’s，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。

［誤］It is really beautiful.It is a work of nature.［正］It is really beautiful.It is a Nature's work.［析］無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示長度的詞：three metres' distance, a boat's length，twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds' weight價(jià)格名詞：two dollars'worth擬人化的名詞：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the university's library

詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.［誤］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.［析］要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。

［誤］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.［析］information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.［誤］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.［析］many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。

［誤］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。

［誤］I like to study the English.［正］I like to study English.［析］作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history.I like to study the history of America.［誤］The Browns is going to visit China.［正］The Browns are going to visit China.［析］定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。

［答案］A.［析］英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文則是姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city

B city's

C

citys

D

cities ［答案］D.［析］復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。

Would you please pass me＿＿＿? A two paper

B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers ［答案］C.［析］paper是不可數(shù)名詞，如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)，要用量詞piece.September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' ［答案］D.10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.A

a bit

B a bit of

C little D

few ［答案］B.11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“I'd like two＿＿＿.” A glass of milk

B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks ［答案］B.12 There isn't ＿＿＿ paper in the box.Will you go and get ＿＿＿ for me? A

any, some

B any, any

C some, some

D some, any ［答案］A.［析］any用于否定句與疑問句，但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.June 1st is＿＿＿.A Children's day

B children's Day C Children's Day

D children's day ［答案］C.1

二、冠詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a與an，定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。(二)正誤辨析

［誤］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.［析］a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是錯(cuò)句，應(yīng)為：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如：

I need an hour to finish the work.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country.I bought a used car.［誤］I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.［正］I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.［析］因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy?。［誤］“Can you help me”

“Sorry, I'm in hurry.” ［正］“Can you help me”

“Sorry.I'm in a hurry.” ［析］不定冠詞的主要用法如下：

1.用來表示一類人或事物，如：She is a teacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.3.泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.4.相當(dāng)于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.5.其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中：

3［誤］Look, there are the Alp.［正］Look, there are the Alps.［析］具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.［誤］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［析］報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.［析］在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.［誤］I like to eat bread for breakfast.Bread sells in this shop is very good.［正］I like to eat bread for breakfast.The bread sells in this shop is very good.［析］物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］The sun rises in east.［正］The sun rises in the east.［析］在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future ［誤］Do you know who invented telephone ［正］Do you know who invented the telephone ［析］在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河 the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河

［誤］Would you please buy some food for the supper ［正］Would you please buy some food for supper ［析］泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。

［誤］I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.［正］I like to climb the mountain in autumn.［析］一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：Spring is the best season in a year.［誤］Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.5［誤］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.［析］英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時(shí)不加定冠詞，以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵，如：go to school(上學(xué))，go to bed(睡覺)等，但去看電影則例外，要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。［誤］I live at 105 the Lake street.［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.［析］街道名稱前不用冠詞。

［誤］Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.［正］Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.［析］country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí)，一定要加定冠詞，而且只有單數(shù)形式，作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Japan is a country.Japan, China, India are Asian countries.［誤］The picture looks better at the distance.［正］The picture looks better at a distance.［析］at a distance意為“離開一定距離”。而in the distance為“遠(yuǎn)方，遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有： as a rule(照例)in a hurry(匆忙)in the morning/afternoon(上/下午)in the sun(在陽光下)in the rain(雨中)in the same way(同樣)in the shade(在陰涼處)in the day time(白天)in the end(最終)on the other hand(換句話說)on the contrary(相反)［誤］The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand.［正］The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.［析］這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，如： bit by bit(逐漸)day after(by)day(一天又一天)

7圖畫，所以應(yīng)選擇D。

There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.A a

B an

C

the

D / ［答案］D.［析］這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。

Beijing is ＿＿＿

capital of our country.A the

B an

C

/

D a ［答案］A.［析］capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。If you work hard at English, you'll get ＿＿＿ “A”A an

B /

C the D a ［答案］A.［析］因字母A的第一音素是元音。

He usually goes to school on ＿＿＿ foot.A a B an C the D

/ ［答案］D.［析］on foot意為走路上學(xué)，是習(xí)慣用法。

9［誤］He and you should go to the library to return the books.［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.［析］這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you, he, she, I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we, you，they:如男女并列時(shí)，應(yīng)先男后女，如：He and she ?如果在表示不好意思，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，單數(shù)時(shí)用，I, he, she, you, 復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They, you，we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.［誤］He or his brother is doing their homework.［正］He or his brother is doing his homework.［析］由either?or, neither?nor, or 連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，如果兩主語是單數(shù)時(shí)，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí)，一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.［誤］His brother is taller than him.［正］His brother is taller than he.［析］than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為省略句，than he is.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。I like you as much as she.［正］I like you as much as her.［析］as?as 其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為as I like her.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。

［誤］Myself did it yesterday.［正］I myself did it yesterday.［正］I did it myself yesterday.［析］反身代詞不可作主語，但可以用作主語的同位語。 ［誤］Take care of ourselves.［正］Take care of yourselves.(yourself)［析］祈始句的主語應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.1［誤］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I don't hope so.［正］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I hope not.［析］在作肯定回答時(shí)，I think so.I hope so.I believe so.但作否定回答時(shí)為：I don't think so.I hope/believe not.［誤］— He studied very hard this term.— So she did.［正］— He studied very hard this term.— So did she.［誤］— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.［正］— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.［析］在對(duì)話中如果某一動(dòng)作同時(shí)適用于兩個(gè)主語，這時(shí)在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句，即studied hard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對(duì)前句的重復(fù)，即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時(shí)則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為：英語難學(xué)。答語為：是的，難學(xué)。這時(shí)縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。［誤］Everyone should do one's best.［正］Everyone should do his best.［析］one作代詞時(shí)，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代詞為oneself.如果講One should do one's best.則是對(duì)句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 則要用his/her，來作其所有格形式。［誤］— Who won the game?— None.［正］— Who won the game?— No one.［析］由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是no one,而由How many提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如：How many books are there? None.［誤］There are many trees on either sides of the street.［正］There are many trees on either side of the street.［正］There are many trees on both sides of the street.［析］either作代詞時(shí)由兩個(gè)含意，其一是兩者中隨便哪一個(gè)，如：You can take either.其二是兩者中的每一個(gè)。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞，如果作主語則謂語動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。［誤］Either you or I are right.［正］Either you or I am right.［析］在either?or,或neither?nor連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要

3［誤］I should read English everyday.［正］I should read English every day.［析］要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英語，everyday life日常生活。［誤］There are trees on every sides of the street.［正］There are trees on each side of the street.［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一個(gè)，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個(gè)。因?yàn)榻值乐挥袃蓚?cè)，所以只能用each而不能用every.［誤］All my parents are engineers.［正］Both my parents are engineers.［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 則用于兩者的全部。［誤］All of students might make some mistakes.［正］All of the students might make some mistakes.［正］All students might make some mistakes.［析］非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用all of結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是講all of結(jié)構(gòu)后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關(guān)的習(xí)慣用法還有：

all the year round, all week, all day, all winter ［誤］The all village was flooded.［正］All the village was flooded.［析］all作修飾語時(shí)要用在所有修飾詞之前。［誤］The post office is on other side of the street.［正］The post office is on the other side of the street.［析］單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞如在泛指某一個(gè)時(shí)用another,而特指時(shí)則要用the other,因街道只有兩邊，而不在這邊必定是在另一邊，所以要用特指。請(qǐng)參考下表的用法以便于記憶。單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)

泛指 another形容詞 作定語 作名詞

another代詞 other others 特指 the other形容詞

the other代詞

the other the others

［誤］There are ten students here Where are the others students?

5Enough has been done for the work，但enough 還可以作形容詞來修飾名詞，這時(shí)enough可以放在名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后，如：money enough 與enough money都是對(duì)的。但當(dāng)enough作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，則只能置于形容詞之后了。

［誤］I want any books to read.Do you have any? ［正］I want some books to read.Do you have any? ［析］按照語法any用于疑問句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。［誤］Would you like any thing to drink? ［正］Would you like something to drink? ［析］在由would you like發(fā)出的問句中，表達(dá)了說話者真心實(shí)意要為對(duì)方提供些飲料，或在說話者想得到對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，在疑問句中要用some而不用any。［誤］Someone want to meet you.［正］Someone wants to meet you.［析］不定代詞應(yīng)被看作單數(shù)，即使用and連接兩個(gè)不定代詞，也要看作單數(shù)，如：Anyone and everyone has the right.任何人，每一個(gè)人都有這樣的權(quán)力。

［誤］New York is much colder in winter than before.［正］It is much colder in New York in winter than before.［析］it常常用在英文的句子中來代表時(shí)間、距離、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象，或用在句中作形式主語或賓語，如： It is ten o'clock now.(代時(shí)間)It is far from here to the airport.(代距離)It is very hot.(代天氣)It is very difficult to learn English well.(作形式主語)We found it very difficult to answer the question.(作形式賓語)［誤］Be careful.Don't drink too many.［正］Be careful.Don't drink too much.［析］這里much所代的應(yīng)是飲料或水，所以應(yīng)為不可數(shù)名詞。

7［析］因句中有than,所以應(yīng)選用比較級(jí)，而than后要選用名詞性物主代詞?！?Can you speak English? — Yes, but only＿＿＿.A few

B a few

C

little

D

a little ［答案］D.［析］因會(huì)講某種語言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可數(shù)名詞對(duì)待，此答語為：是的，但僅僅會(huì)講一點(diǎn)。8

Mr.Smith is an old friend of＿＿＿.A I

B me

C my

D mine ［答案］D.［析］這里應(yīng)選名詞性物主代詞，這也是英語的一種習(xí)慣用法，而不要選擇my?！?＿＿＿do you hear from your parents?” “About once a month.”

A How long

B

How many C How often D

How much ［答案］C.［析］How often問的是某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率，即在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生多少次。Mr Green wouldn't say ＿＿＿at the meeting.A everything

B nothing

C anything

D something ［答案］C.［析］在否定句中應(yīng)用anything 11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight.Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.” “Good idea!”

A

anything nice

B nice anything C

something nice D nice something ［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代詞的修飾詞應(yīng)放其后而不要放在其前面?！?When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? — I don't mind.＿＿＿time is OK.A

Some

B Neither

C Either

D Both

9A So we do.B We do so.C So do we.D We so do. ［答案］C.［析］在答語中用簡略方式表達(dá)上文的一個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣適用于另一個(gè)主語時(shí)，則要采用倒裝句，但如果僅僅是對(duì)上句的重復(fù)則不要倒裝。 — Shall we go into that shop and have a look? — Sorry.I won't.I have ＿＿＿to do there.A everything

B anything

C something

D nothing ［答案］D.［析］這個(gè)答案的選擇應(yīng)由上下兩句對(duì)話內(nèi)容作出決定。 20— Oh, dear!Who broke the glass? —＿＿＿ Sam ＿＿＿Bruce.It was the cat.A Both, and

B Not, but

C Neither, nor

D Either, or ［答案］C.［析］neither?nor意為既不??也不?? The students are having a good time in the park.Some are drawing by the lake.＿＿＿are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other 

［答案］A.［析］這里因?yàn)槭谴鎻?fù)數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用名詞性的復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。 She is not a nurse.I'm not＿＿＿.A also B either C neither

D too ［答案］B.［析］在否定句中該用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils.One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.A the other

B another

C others D the others ［答案］A.［析］兩者中的另一個(gè)應(yīng)為特指。而且應(yīng)為單數(shù)形式的代名詞。而another是泛指單數(shù)代名詞。others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，而the others是特指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know ＿＿＿about the subject.1［析］advice為不可數(shù)名詞。some可用于可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞之前。31 There are two foreign friends in the park.One ＿＿＿is from Japan, is from America.A other

B others

C the other

D the others ［答案］C.［析］因?yàn)槭莾烧咧械囊粋€(gè)，所以另一個(gè)應(yīng)用單數(shù)特指代詞。 32 Are there ＿＿＿on the table? A some cups

B any cup

C some cup

D

any cups ［答案］D.［析］此句是疑問句，應(yīng)用any cups, 因提問時(shí)的be動(dòng)詞用的是are。33 I've just bought five stamps.One is a German stamp, ＿＿＿are American stamps.A the other

B the others

C other

D others ［答案］B.［析］此空應(yīng)填入主語。又因其范圍已定，所以應(yīng)選特指的代名詞。the other只能用作單數(shù)，而others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，故只能選B。34 It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.A a so

B so a

C such a

D a such ［答案］C.［析］在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前可以有兩種表達(dá)法，即such+不定冠詞+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容詞+不定冠詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy.So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］C.［析］這是英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同之處。中文講只有少數(shù)人喜歡坐火車，英文要選用“few”。

We must help and understand each＿＿＿.A other B another

C others

D the other ［答案］A.［析］each other意為“互相”，是習(xí)慣用語。37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.3

四、形容詞、副詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時(shí)不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。英語中形容詞與副詞有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)之分，其規(guī)則如下： 構(gòu)詞法 原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)

加er，或est Tall young

taller younger tallest youngest

只加r或st nice large nicer larger nicest largest

重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫該字母加er、est big

fat hot bigger fatter hotter

biggest fattest hottest

5其 他 true terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully possibly shyly wholly

在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。

此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞。能修飾比較級(jí)的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little.能修飾最高級(jí)的有：the very, much the, far等。

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］ The young likes playing football very much. ［正］ The young like playing football very much.

［析］ 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。

［誤］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over. ［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

［析］ 意為：“危險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束?！庇枚ü谠~加最高級(jí)形容詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。 ［誤］ It is the gold age of the young. ［正］ It is the golden age of the young. ［析］ golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。

7［誤］ The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings. ［正］ The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings. ［析］ 在名詞前若有幾個(gè)形容詞作修飾語時(shí)，其順序如下。 1.指示代詞，定冠詞 2.數(shù)量詞 3.性質(zhì)詞 4.大小 5.形狀 6.老少，新舊 7.顏色 8.材料

但要注意的是英語的習(xí)慣是一個(gè)名詞前的形容詞一般不要多于三個(gè)。

如： What a pretty little white horse!

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. ［誤］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.［析］ good是形容詞，這里是修飾動(dòng)詞speak的，所以應(yīng)用副詞well，但well作形容詞講時(shí)只作身體好。如：He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個(gè)好人)。

［誤］ The children play on the grass nappyly. ［正］ The children play on the grass happily

［析］ 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時(shí)應(yīng)將y變?yōu)閕再加ly. ［誤］ The teacher looked angry at the students. ［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students. ［析］ 英語中感觀動(dòng)詞后面要接形容詞，這時(shí)它是修飾主語的，如：The food smells good.食物聞起來很香。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣。 而此句的意思為：“老師生氣地看著學(xué)生”，所以應(yīng)用副詞形式。

［誤］ He worked with me friendly. ［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞，但friendly是形容詞，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, lively?monthly weekly?。但其中有些詞既是副詞，又是形容詞，如：early, hourly, monthly? ［誤］ You can speak free in front of your friends. ［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作為形容詞意為“自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的”。作為副詞講則是“免費(fèi)”之意。而freely作為副詞則是“自由的，隨便的”。這

9at times 有時(shí)，偶爾 at all times 經(jīng)常

some other time 改天 

［誤］ I had met an old friend three days ago. ［正］ I had met an old friend three days before. ［正］ I met an old friend three days ago.

* ago 用在時(shí)間狀語中時(shí)，主句中謂語動(dòng)詞一般用過去時(shí)，而before用于時(shí)間狀語時(shí)則主句的謂語動(dòng)詞宜用完成時(shí)態(tài)。

［誤］ He studied very hard.and at the end he passed the exam. ［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam. ［析］ in the end＝at last 意為“最終，終于”，表達(dá)經(jīng)過若干努力而達(dá)到的結(jié)果。而at the end是在某事的結(jié)束時(shí)如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。

［誤］ I will come here to help you each three days. ［正］ I will come here to help you every three days. ［析］ every three days 為“每三天”，即每隔二天，而every other day為每隔一天。

［誤］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday.and I didn't go, too. ［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either. ［析］ 英語中表示“也”，有4個(gè)字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3個(gè)用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too與as well一般要用在句尾，而also則可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如： I've also read her other novels. ［誤］ We should help the poor girl in anyway. ［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway為“不管怎么”講，“無論如何”，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

any way 為“任何方式”。這種常見的錯(cuò)誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，如：

everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遙遠(yuǎn)的 far away 遠(yuǎn)離

altogether 總計(jì) all together 一塊，大家一起 already 已經(jīng) all ready 全準(zhǔn)備好了

1How long does he write to his parents?How often does he write to his parents?［誤］ He drove quickly his new car. ［正］ He drove his new car quickly.

［析］ 副詞在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下幾種用法：①實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，如：He quickly give me the answer.② 在be動(dòng)詞之后，如：The little boy is often late for class.③ 第一助動(dòng)詞之后，如：This book has almost been finished.④ 在單獨(dú)使用的be動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是無論如何也不能將副詞置于動(dòng)詞與賓語之間，如果是賓語從句或是很長的名詞

詞組作賓語則才可以這樣用：

He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［誤］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema. ［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定長度的時(shí)間的副詞不應(yīng)放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào)則可放于句首。

［誤］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英語中的數(shù)量形容詞有兩組。修飾可數(shù)名詞的有few(很少，幾乎沒有)，a few(有一些，幾個(gè))；修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有l(wèi)ittle(很少，幾乎沒有)，a little(有一點(diǎn)，有一些)。要注意的是當(dāng)few和little用于句中時(shí)應(yīng)看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中時(shí)則應(yīng)看作是肯定句。

［誤］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 為一固定用法，其意為“十分，相當(dāng)，所以”。quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.［誤］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some與any都可以用作形容詞、副詞或代詞，在一般情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑問句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用some。其次是some 可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

3如：

Did you finish it? No.not yet. ［誤］ Look.Here comes he! ［正］ Look!Here he comes! ［誤］ Look!Here the bus comes! ［正］ Look!Here comes the bus!

［析］ 在句子開頭用Here時(shí)，如主語是人稱代詞則不要用倒裝語序，如果主語是名詞則要用倒裝語序。 ［誤］ She is my older sister. ［正］ She is my elder sister. ［析］ elder 和eldest是用來指家庭中兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系，而older, oldest 則是指歲數(shù)大多少，如：She is three years older than I. ［誤］ I'm tired.I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired.I can't go farther.

［析］ far有兩個(gè)比較級(jí) farther 較遠(yuǎn)的，further 進(jìn)一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要進(jìn)一步的解釋嗎?當(dāng)然它也有兩個(gè)最高級(jí)。farthest和furthest.

［誤］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常與過去時(shí)連用，而before則多與完成時(shí)連用。 ［誤］No, not already.

［正］No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三個(gè)英文字可以表達(dá)它們是already，yet 與 still。要注意的是 already經(jīng)常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。而yet 多用于疑問句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still則常用于主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間，如：We still can't decide what to do.但也有時(shí)用于be 動(dòng)詞之后，如：He is still here.

［誤］ He is very higher than I am. ［正］ He is much higher than I am. ［析］ much可以用來修飾比較級(jí)，而very則用來修飾形容詞原級(jí)，5Can I walk to the station?-You'd better not.It is very far. ［正］You'd better not, It is a long way. ［析］ for一般用在疑問句與否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isn't far. ［誤］ I've ever been to America. ［正］ I've been to America once.

［析］ once 多用于肯定句，而ever則用于疑問句，否定句，及條件狀語從句中，如：Have you ever been to London? ［誤］No, I am not afraid so.

［正］No, I'm afraid not.

［析］ 在肯定的答語中我們可以用so來代替上句所講的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答語中，英語口語的習(xí)慣用法則有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 與 afraid后則常用not，如：I hope not.

［誤］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［析］ enough 可以作名詞用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well.(對(duì)于如何學(xué)好英語已經(jīng)講的足夠多了。)另外它可以作為形容詞，如：I have enough money(or money enough)to buy this dictionary.注意 enough作為形容詞時(shí)即可放于名詞前又可放于名詞后，在初中范圍的考題中多用于名詞之前。如果enough 作為副詞用，那么它一定要放在被修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。 ［誤］ You can't be very careful. ［正］ You can't be too careful.

［析］ 此句話的含意是你如何小心也不過分。too?to的用法是“太??以至于不能作某事”。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)也常常將后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那對(duì)我來講是太貴了。 ［誤］ He is good past fifty.

6［正］ The boy sat there as quietly as his sister.

［析］ as?as的用法要注意的是：①在其中間應(yīng)加形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)，而不可加比較級(jí)，也有的語法書中稱為同級(jí)比較。②要根據(jù)句意決定是加形容詞還是副詞，這要看它具體是修飾動(dòng)詞還是名詞而定，如：He is as good as his friend.

［誤］ The harder you study, and you can learn more. ［正］ The harder you study, the more you can learn.

［析］ 英文中如果要表達(dá)越來越怎樣，在初中范圍有兩種表達(dá)法：①比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)。②定冠詞+比較級(jí)??，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。要注意的是多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)前要加more，這樣的用法是：more and more 加形容詞，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.

［誤］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English. ［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. ［析］ 在作比較時(shí)，英語一般要求對(duì)比的兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)一致。如用動(dòng)名詞，應(yīng)都用動(dòng)名詞，用不定式時(shí)則都用不定式。但有時(shí)在后一個(gè)不定式前的符號(hào)to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as(to)buy a new one.

［誤］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy.

［正］ The girl is much more clever(much cleverer)than the boy. ［析］ clever有兩個(gè)比較級(jí)：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比較級(jí)來修飾比較級(jí)。clever的兩個(gè)比較級(jí)也各有不同之處，如用在兩種不同性質(zhì)的比較時(shí)多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest.(他的聰明要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其誠實(shí)。) ［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three. ［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three.

［析］ 最高級(jí)的范圍要用of加復(fù)數(shù)形式或加集合名詞。 ［誤］ This book is one of the most useful dictionary. ［正］ This book is one of the most useful dictionaries.

［析］ 在one of 后面最高級(jí)形容詞后要加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

［誤］ This dictionary is the much best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.［正］ This dictionary is much the best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.8(三)例題解析

1 I think Chinese is ＿＿＿ than maths. Ａ.interesting B more interesting

C.most interesting D.the most interesting  ［答案］ B.

［析］ 在有than作比較的句子中應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)。 2Singing.of course.She's known to ＿＿＿ it.

A.be good at B.be good for C.be bad at D.be bad for  ［答案］ A.

［析］ be good at為固定搭配，意為“擅長作某事”。初中英語中有些這樣的固定用法應(yīng)記牢，而不能似是而非。如：be good at, be bad at, be poor in, be week in, be fit for

3 The Huang He River is one of ＿＿＿ in China. A.The long river B.the longest river C.the longest rivers D.the longer river  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 在one of + 定冠詞+最高級(jí)之后的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 4 The girl was ＿＿＿ afraid ＿＿＿ she threw her bag away. A.so, that B.too, to C.too, that D.enough, to  ［答案］ A.

［析］ so?that為“如此怎樣以至于如何”，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too?to的意思為“如何如何，以至于不能作某事”。但to的后面是動(dòng)詞原形，而不是從句。 5 It was ＿＿＿ yesterday than today. A.hot B.hoter C.hotter D.the hottest  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 用than表達(dá)比較的句中應(yīng)用比較級(jí)。

6 Which subject do you like ＿＿＿ , English Chinese or maths? A.best B.well C.better D.good  ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在兩者之間應(yīng)用比較級(jí)，而在三者之間或三者以上用最高級(jí)。7 None of the students watched it ＿＿＿.

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第二篇：[全套]初中英語中考復(fù)習(xí)資料(超全語法、詞組、句型、作文及知識(shí)點(diǎn))

第一篇詞性

一、名詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall，America?它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker?它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物；集體名詞，如：family,class,team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water,paper?它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, time?它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。

名詞一覽表 種類

專有名詞 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普通名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people 物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand

抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用

主語 My family is now in New York.表語 His father is a scientist.賓語 We love our great motherland.賓語補(bǔ)足語 He made London the base for his work.定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)，在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.［析］不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper.［誤］Please give me two letter papers.［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.［析］paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.［誤］My glasses is broken.［正］My glasses are broken.［誤］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.［析］英語中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡，shoes—鞋，trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.［誤］May I borrow two radioes? ［正］May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.［誤］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.［析］如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。［誤］There are much people in the garden.［正］There are many people in the garden.［析］可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people

hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes' walk.［誤］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.［析］英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，如： room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。”這樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林 ［誤］There is a flowers garden behind my house.［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.［析］名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory(鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper(晚報(bào)),night school(夜校),head master(校長),a law school(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。

［誤］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.［析］英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese(中國人), means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。

［誤］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.［析］英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens，而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布，sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。

［誤］I offered my son my congratulation on his success.［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his success.［析］英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.［誤］We have five German in this meeting.［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.［誤］I paid five pennies for the sweet.［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.［析］英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。［誤］There are many fruit in the shop.［正］There are many fruits in the shop.［析］物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。 ［誤］There is a new car.It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car.It is Jone and Mary's.［析］有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加’s，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。

［誤］It is really beautiful.It is a work of nature.［正］It is really beautiful.It is a Nature's work.［析］無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示長度的詞：three metres' distance, a boat's length，twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds' weight價(jià)格名詞：two dollars'worth擬人化的名詞：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the university's library

［誤］He is an old friend of my father.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.［誤］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.［析］要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。

［誤］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.［析］information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.［誤］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.［析］many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。

［誤］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。

［誤］I like to study the English.［正］I like to study English.［析］作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history.I like to study the history of America.［誤］The Browns is going to visit China.［正］The Browns are going to visit China.［析］定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。

(三)例題解析

［析］英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文則是姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city

B city's

C

citys

D

cities ［答案］D.［析］復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。

Would you please pass me＿＿＿? A two paper

B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers ［答案］C.［析］paper是不可數(shù)名詞，如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)，要用量詞piece.September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' ［答案］D.10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.A

a bit

B a bit of

C little D

few ［答案］B.11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“I'd like two＿＿＿.” A glass of milk

B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks ［答案］B.12 There isn't ＿＿＿ paper in the box.Will you go and get ＿＿＿ for me? A

any, some

B any, any

C some, some

D some, any ［答案］A.［析］any用于否定句與疑問句，但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.June 1st is＿＿＿.A Children's day

B children's Day C Children's Day

D children's day ［答案］C.14 These foreign friends are＿＿＿.1

二、冠詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a與an，定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。(二)正誤辨析

［誤］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.［析］a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是錯(cuò)句，應(yīng)為：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如：

I need an hour to finish the work.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country.I bought a used car.［誤］I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.［正］I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.［析］因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy?。［誤］“Can you help me?”

“Sorry, I'm in hurry.” ［正］“Can you help me?”

“Sorry.I'm in a hurry.” ［析］不定冠詞的主要用法如下：

1.用來表示一類人或事物，如：She is a teacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.3.泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.4.相當(dāng)于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.5.其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中：

3［誤］Look, there are the Alp.［正］Look, there are the Alps.［析］具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.［誤］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［析］報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.［析］在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.［誤］I like to eat bread for breakfast.Bread sells in this shop is very good.［正］I like to eat bread for breakfast.The bread sells in this shop is very good.［析］物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］The sun rises in east.［正］The sun rises in the east.［析］在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future ［誤］Do you know who invented telephone ［正］Do you know who invented the telephone ［析］在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河 the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河

［誤］Would you please buy some food for the supper? ［正］Would you please buy some food for supper? ［析］泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。

［誤］I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.［正］I like to climb the mountain in autumn.［析］一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：Spring is the best season in a year.［誤］Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.5［誤］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.［析］英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時(shí)不加定冠詞，以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵，如：go to school(上學(xué))，go to bed(睡覺)等，但去看電影則例外，要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。［誤］I live at 105 the Lake street.［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.［析］街道名稱前不用冠詞。

［誤］Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.［正］Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.［析］country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí)，一定要加定冠詞，而且只有單數(shù)形式，作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Japan is a country.Japan, China, India are Asian countries.［誤］The picture looks better at the distance.［正］The picture looks better at a distance.［析］at a distance意為“離開一定距離”。而in the distance為“遠(yuǎn)方，遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有： as a rule(照例)in a hurry(匆忙)in the morning/afternoon(上/下午)in the sun(在陽光下)in the rain(雨中)in the same way(同樣)in the shade(在陰涼處)in the day time(白天)in the end(最終)on the other hand(換句話說)on the contrary(相反)［誤］The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand.［正］The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.［析］這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，如： bit by bit(逐漸)day after(by)day(一天又一天)

7圖畫，所以應(yīng)選擇D。

There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.A a

B an

C

the

D / ［答案］D.［析］這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。

Beijing is ＿＿＿

capital of our country.A the

B an

C

/

D a ［答案］A.［析］capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。If you work hard at English, you'll get ＿＿＿ “A”A an

B /

C the D a ［答案］A.［析］因字母A的第一音素是元音。

He usually goes to school on ＿＿＿ foot.A a B an C the D

/ ［答案］D.［析］on foot意為走路上學(xué)，是習(xí)慣用法。

9［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.［析］這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you, he, she, I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we, you，they:如男女并列時(shí)，應(yīng)先男后女，如：He and she ?如果在表示不好意思，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，單數(shù)時(shí)用，I, he, she, you, 復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They, you，we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.［誤］He or his brother is doing their homework.［正］He or his brother is doing his homework.［析］由either?or, neither?nor, or 連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，如果兩主語是單數(shù)時(shí)，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí)，一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.［誤］His brother is taller than him.［正］His brother is taller than he.［析］than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為省略句，than he is.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。I like you as much as she.［正］I like you as much as her.［析］as?as 其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為as I like her.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。

［誤］Myself did it yesterday.［正］I myself did it yesterday.［正］I did it myself yesterday.［析］反身代詞不可作主語，但可以用作主語的同位語。 ［誤］Take care of ourselves.［正］Take care of yourselves.(yourself)［析］祈始句的主語應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.［誤］Please bring your daughter with yourself.1［正］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I hope not.［析］在作肯定回答時(shí)，I think so.I hope so.I believe so.但作否定回答時(shí)為：I don't think so.I hope/believe not.［誤］— He studied very hard this term.— So she did.［正］— He studied very hard this term.— So did she.［誤］— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.［正］— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.［析］在對(duì)話中如果某一動(dòng)作同時(shí)適用于兩個(gè)主語，這時(shí)在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句，即studied hard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對(duì)前句的重復(fù)，即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時(shí)則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為：英語難學(xué)。答語為：是的，難學(xué)。這時(shí)縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。［誤］Everyone should do one's best.［正］Everyone should do his best.［析］one作代詞時(shí)，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代詞為oneself.如果講One should do one's best.則是對(duì)句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 則要用his/her，來作其所有格形式。［誤］— Who won the game?— None.［正］— Who won the game?— No one.［析］由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是no one,而由How many提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如：How many books are there? None.［誤］There are many trees on either sides of the street.［正］There are many trees on either side of the street.［正］There are many trees on both sides of the street.［析］either作代詞時(shí)由兩個(gè)含意，其一是兩者中隨便哪一個(gè)，如：You can take either.其二是兩者中的每一個(gè)。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞，如果作主語則謂語動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。［誤］Either you or I are right.［正］Either you or I am right.［析］在either?or,或neither?nor連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與和其相近的那個(gè)主語相配。

3［正］I should read English every day.［析］要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英語，everyday life日常生活。［誤］There are trees on every sides of the street.［正］There are trees on each side of the street.［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一個(gè)，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個(gè)。因?yàn)榻值乐挥袃蓚?cè)，所以只能用each而不能用every.［誤］All my parents are engineers.［正］Both my parents are engineers.［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 則用于兩者的全部。［誤］All of students might make some mistakes.［正］All of the students might make some mistakes.［正］All students might make some mistakes.［析］非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用all of結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是講all of結(jié)構(gòu)后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關(guān)的習(xí)慣用法還有：

all the year round, all week, all day, all winter ［誤］The all village was flooded.［正］All the village was flooded.［析］all作修飾語時(shí)要用在所有修飾詞之前。［誤］The post office is on other side of the street.［正］The post office is on the other side of the street.［析］單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞如在泛指某一個(gè)時(shí)用another,而特指時(shí)則要用the other,因街道只有兩邊，而不在這邊必定是在另一邊，所以要用特指。請(qǐng)參考下表的用法以便于記憶。單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)

泛指 another形容詞 作定語 作名詞

another代詞 other others 特指 the other形容詞

the other代詞

the other the others

［誤］There are ten students here Where are the others students? ［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others?

5飾名詞，這時(shí)enough可以放在名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后，如：money enough 與enough money都是對(duì)的。但當(dāng)enough作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，則只能置于形容詞之后了。

［誤］I want any books to read.Do you have any? ［正］I want some books to read.Do you have any? ［析］按照語法any用于疑問句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。［誤］Would you like any thing to drink? ［正］Would you like something to drink? ［析］在由would you like發(fā)出的問句中，表達(dá)了說話者真心實(shí)意要為對(duì)方提供些飲料，或在說話者想得到對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，在疑問句中要用some而不用any。［誤］Someone want to meet you.［正］Someone wants to meet you.［析］不定代詞應(yīng)被看作單數(shù)，即使用and連接兩個(gè)不定代詞，也要看作單數(shù)，如：Anyone and everyone has the right.任何人，每一個(gè)人都有這樣的權(quán)力。

［誤］New York is much colder in winter than before.［正］It is much colder in New York in winter than before.［析］it常常用在英文的句子中來代表時(shí)間、距離、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象，或用在句中作形式主語或賓語，如： It is ten o'clock now.(代時(shí)間)It is far from here to the airport.(代距離)It is very hot.(代天氣)It is very difficult to learn English well.(作形式主語)We found it very difficult to answer the question.(作形式賓語)［誤］Be careful.Don't drink too many.［正］Be careful.Don't drink too much.［析］這里much所代的應(yīng)是飲料或水，所以應(yīng)為不可數(shù)名詞。

7［析］因句中有than,所以應(yīng)選用比較級(jí)，而than后要選用名詞性物主代詞?！?Can you speak English? — Yes, but only＿＿＿.A few

B a few

C

little

D

a little ［答案］D.［析］因會(huì)講某種語言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可數(shù)名詞對(duì)待，此答語為：是的，但僅僅會(huì)講一點(diǎn)。8

Mr.Smith is an old friend of＿＿＿.A I

B me

C my

D mine ［答案］D.［析］這里應(yīng)選名詞性物主代詞，這也是英語的一種習(xí)慣用法，而不要選擇my?！?＿＿＿do you hear from your parents?” “About once a month.”

A How long

B

How many C How often D

How much ［答案］C.［析］How often問的是某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率，即在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生多少次。Mr Green wouldn't say ＿＿＿at the meeting.A everything

B nothing

C anything

D something ［答案］C.［析］在否定句中應(yīng)用anything 11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight.Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.” “Good idea!”

A

anything nice

B nice anything C

something nice D nice something ［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代詞的修飾詞應(yīng)放其后而不要放在其前面?！?When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? — I don't mind.＿＿＿time is OK.A

Some

B Neither

C Either

D Both

9A So we do.B We do so.C So do we.D We so do. ［答案］C.［析］在答語中用簡略方式表達(dá)上文的一個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣適用于另一個(gè)主語時(shí)，則要采用倒裝句，但如果僅僅是對(duì)上句的重復(fù)則不要倒裝。19 — Shall we go into that shop and have a look? — Sorry.I won't.I have ＿＿＿to do there.A everything

B anything

C something

D nothing ［答案］D.［析］這個(gè)答案的選擇應(yīng)由上下兩句對(duì)話內(nèi)容作出決定。 20— Oh, dear!Who broke the glass? —＿＿＿ Sam ＿＿＿Bruce.It was the cat.A Both, and

B Not, but

C Neither, nor

D Either, or ［答案］C.［析］neither?nor意為既不??也不?? The students are having a good time in the park.Some are drawing by the lake.＿＿＿are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other

［答案］A.［析］這里因?yàn)槭谴鎻?fù)數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用名詞性的復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。 She is not a nurse.I'm not＿＿＿.A also B either C neither

D too ［答案］B.［析］在否定句中該用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils.One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.A the other

B another

C others D the others ［答案］A.［析］兩者中的另一個(gè)應(yīng)為特指。而且應(yīng)為單數(shù)形式的代名詞。而another是泛指單數(shù)代名詞。others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，而the others是特指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know ＿＿＿about the subject.A little

B a little

C few

D a few

1＿＿＿is from America.A other

B others

C the other

D the others ［答案］C.［析］因?yàn)槭莾烧咧械囊粋€(gè)，所以另一個(gè)應(yīng)用單數(shù)特指代詞。 32 Are there ＿＿＿on the table? A some cups

B any cup

C some cup

D

any cups ［答案］D.［析］此句是疑問句，應(yīng)用any cups, 因提問時(shí)的be動(dòng)詞用的是are。33 I've just bought five stamps.One is a German stamp, ＿＿＿are American stamps.A the other

B the others

C other

D others ［答案］B.［析］此空應(yīng)填入主語。又因其范圍已定，所以應(yīng)選特指的代名詞。the other只能用作單數(shù)，而others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，故只能選B。34 It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.A a so

B so a

C such a

D a such ［答案］C.［析］在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前可以有兩種表達(dá)法，即such+不定冠詞+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容詞+不定冠詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy.So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］C.［析］這是英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同之處。中文講只有少數(shù)人喜歡坐火車，英文要選用“few”。

We must help and understand each＿＿＿.A other B another

C others

D the other ［答案］A.［析］each other意為“互相”，是習(xí)慣用語。37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man

B One

C That

D It ［答案］D.3

四、形容詞、副詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時(shí)不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

英語中形容詞與副詞有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)之分，其規(guī)則如下： 構(gòu)詞法 原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)

加er，或est tall

taller

tallest young

younger

youngest 只加r或st nice large nicer larger nicest largest 重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫該字母加er、est big

fat hot bigger fatter hotter biggest fattest hottest

5terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully possibly shyly wholly 在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。

此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞。能修飾比較級(jí)的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little.能修飾最高級(jí)的有：the very, much the, far等。(二)正誤辨析

［誤］ The young likes playing football very much. ［正］ The young like playing football very much.

［析］ 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。

［誤］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over. ［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

［析］ 意為：“危險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束?！庇枚ü谠~加最高級(jí)形容詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。 ［誤］ It is the gold age of the young. ［正］ It is the golden age of the young. ［析］ golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。

［誤］ She is a warm heart woman.

［正］ She is a warmhearted woman.

［析］ 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如：warmhoarted 熱心腸的，whitehaired 白毛的

7如： What a pretty little white horse!

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. ［誤］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.［析］ good是形容詞，這里是修飾動(dòng)詞speak的，所以應(yīng)用副詞well，但well作形容詞講時(shí)只作身體好。如：He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個(gè)好人)。

［誤］ The children play on the grass nappyly. ［正］ The children play on the grass happily

［析］ 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時(shí)應(yīng)將y變?yōu)閕再加ly. ［誤］ The teacher looked angry at the students. ［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students. ［析］ 英語中感觀動(dòng)詞后面要接形容詞，這時(shí)它是修飾主語的，如：The food smells good.食物聞起來很香。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣。 而此句的意思為：“老師生氣地看著學(xué)生”，所以應(yīng)用副詞形式。

［誤］ He worked with me friendly. ［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞，但friendly是形容詞，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, lively?monthly weekly?。但其中有些詞既是副詞，又是形容詞，如：early, hourly, monthly? ［誤］ You can speak free in front of your friends. ［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作為形容詞意為“自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的”。作為副詞講則是“免費(fèi)”之意。而freely作為副詞則是“自由的，隨便的”。這些要注意的詞還有：hard 努力，艱苦 hardly 幾乎不 late 遲，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near近nearly 幾乎like 像 likely 幾乎 ［誤］ They must have arrived till now. ［正］ They must have arrived by now.

［析］ by now是用于表達(dá)到目前為止某一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以應(yīng)用瞬間動(dòng)詞。而till now是強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，所以一定要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。must have+過去分詞是對(duì)過去某一事情所作的9［誤］ He studied very hard.and at the end he passed the exam. ［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam. ［析］ in the end＝at last 意為“最終，終于”，表達(dá)經(jīng)過若干努力而達(dá)到的結(jié)果。而at the end是在某事的結(jié)束時(shí)如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。

［誤］ I will come here to help you each three days. ［正］ I will come here to help you every three days. ［析］ every three days 為“每三天”，即每隔二天，而every other day為每隔一天。

［誤］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday.and I didn't go, too. ［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either. ［析］ 英語中表示“也”，有4個(gè)詞，also, as ,well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3個(gè)用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too與as well一般要用在句尾，而also則可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如： I've also read her other novels. ［誤］ We should help the poor girl in anyway. ［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway為“不管怎么”講，“無論如何”，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

any way 為“任何方式”。這種常見的錯(cuò)誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，如：

everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遙遠(yuǎn)的 far away 遠(yuǎn)離

altogether 總計(jì) all together 一塊，大家一起 already 已經(jīng) all ready 全準(zhǔn)備好了

［誤］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime. ［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.

［析］ anytime 是副詞 而any time中的time是名詞。 ［誤］ She said nearly nothing. ［正］ She said almost nothing.

［析］ nearly 與 almost的含意相近，在很多場(chǎng)合可以互換，但在否定詞前用almost。

［誤］ There are too much mistakes in your homework.

1How long does he write to his parents?How often does he write to his parents?He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［誤］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema. ［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定長度的時(shí)間的副詞不應(yīng)放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào)則可放于句首。

［誤］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英語中的數(shù)量形容詞有兩組。修飾可數(shù)名詞的有few(很少，幾乎沒有)，a few(有一些，幾個(gè))；修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有l(wèi)ittle(很少，幾乎沒有)，a little(有一點(diǎn)，有一些)。要注意的是當(dāng)few和little用于句中時(shí)應(yīng)看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中時(shí)則應(yīng)看作是肯定句。

［誤］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 為一固定用法，其意為“十分，相當(dāng)，所以”。quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.［誤］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some與any都可以用作形容詞、副詞或代詞，在一般情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑問句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用some。其次是some 可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

［誤］ Please tell me where the shoes shop is? ［正］ Please tell me where the shoe shop is.

［析］ 在用名詞作修飾詞來修飾另一名詞時(shí)，這個(gè)作修飾詞的名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，如： a shoe shop 鞋店

a fruit shop 水果店

a book shop 書店 a post office 郵局

a police station 警察局

a bus stop 汽車站

3［析］ elder 和eldest是用來指家庭中兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系，而older, oldest 則是指歲數(shù)大多少，如：She is three years older than I. ［誤］ I'm tired.I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired.I can't go farther.

［析］ far有兩個(gè)比較級(jí) farther 較遠(yuǎn)的，further 進(jìn)一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要進(jìn)一步的解釋嗎?當(dāng)然它也有兩個(gè)最高級(jí)。farthest和furthest.

［誤］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常與過去時(shí)連用，而before則多與完成時(shí)連用。 ［誤］No, not already.

［正］No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三個(gè)英文字可以表達(dá)它們是already，yet 與 still。要注意的是 already經(jīng)常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。而yet 多用于疑問句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still則常用于主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間，如：We still can't decide what to do.但也有時(shí)用于be 動(dòng)詞之后，如：He is still here.

［誤］ He is very higher than I am. ［正］ He is much higher than I am. ［析］ much可以用來修飾比較級(jí)，而very則用來修飾形容詞原級(jí)，如：I'm very tired.［誤］Can I walk to the station?［誤］No, I am not afraid so.

［正］No, I'm afraid not.

［析］ 在肯定的答語中我們可以用so來代替上句所講的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答語中，英語口語的習(xí)慣用法則有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 與 afraid后則常用not，如：I hope not.

［誤］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［析］ enough 可以作名詞用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well.(對(duì)于如何學(xué)好英語已經(jīng)講的足夠多了。)另外它可以作為形容詞，如：I have enough money(or money enough)to buy this dictionary.注意 enough作為形容詞時(shí)即可放于名詞前又可放于名詞后，在初中范圍的考題中多用于名詞之前。如果enough 作為副詞用，那么它一定要放在被修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。 ［誤］ You can't be very careful. ［正］ You can't be too careful.

［析］ 此句話的含意是你如何小心也不過分。too?to的用法是“太??以至于不能作某事”。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)也常常將后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那對(duì)我來講是太貴了。 ［誤］ He is good past fifty. ［正］ He is well past fifty.

［析］ well 作為副詞用時(shí)除用于“好”之外還有“大大地、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地”，等意。往往有人對(duì)下面兩句的對(duì)或錯(cuò)有爭議； He is well. He is good.

其實(shí)這兩句都是正確的表達(dá)法，只不過其含意不同。He is well是“他身體不錯(cuò)”，而He is good 則為“他是個(gè)好人”。 ［誤］ She is not as half clever as her brother. ［正］ She is not half as clever as her brother.

［析］ 在as?as結(jié)構(gòu)中要將修飾形容詞的數(shù)量詞倍數(shù)及nearly，6more，這樣的用法是：more and more 加形容詞，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.

［誤］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English. ［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. ［析］ 在作比較時(shí)，英語一般要求對(duì)比的兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)一致。如用動(dòng)名詞，應(yīng)都用動(dòng)名詞，用不定式時(shí)則都用不定式。但有時(shí)在后一個(gè)不定式前的符號(hào)to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as(to)buy a new one.

［誤］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy.

［正］ The girl is much more clever(much cleverer)than the boy. ［析］ clever有兩個(gè)比較級(jí)：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比較級(jí)來修飾比較級(jí)。clever的兩個(gè)比較級(jí)也各有不同之處，如用在兩種不同性質(zhì)的比較時(shí)多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest.(他的聰明要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其誠實(shí)。) ［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three. ［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three.

［析］ 最高級(jí)的范圍要用of加復(fù)數(shù)形式或加集合名詞。 ［誤］ This book is one of the most useful dictionary. ［正］ This book is one of the most useful dictionaries.

［析］ 在one of 后面最高級(jí)形容詞后要加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

［誤］ This dictionary is the much best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.［正］ This dictionary is much the best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.［析］ 在修飾最高級(jí)時(shí)應(yīng)用 far/by far/much 加the加最高級(jí)。但very例外，如：He is the very best player in the team. ［誤］ Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China. ［正］ Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.

［析］ 在比較級(jí)中表示比較對(duì)象時(shí)如用any other其后一般要加單數(shù)名詞。

［誤］ Most of stories in this book are written in English. ［正］ Most of the stories in this book are written in English. ［正］ Most stories in this book are written in English.

［析］ “大多數(shù)”一詞的表達(dá)法有most of the +名詞，或most+名詞。

8［答案］ B.

［析］ 在有than作比較的句子中應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)。 2Singing.of course.She's known to ＿＿＿ it.

A.be good at B.be good for C.be bad at D.be bad for  ［答案］ A.

［析］ be good at為固定搭配，意為“擅長作某事”。初中英語中有些這樣的固定用法應(yīng)記牢，而不能似是而非。如：be good at, be bad at, be poor in, be week in, be fit for

3 The Huang He River is one of ＿＿＿ in China. A.The long river B.the longest river C.the longest rivers D.the longer river  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 在one of + 定冠詞+最高級(jí)之后的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 4 The girl was ＿＿＿ afraid ＿＿＿ she threw her bag away. A.so, that B.too, to C.too, that D.enough, to  ［答案］ A.

［析］ so?that為“如此怎樣以至于如何”，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too?to的意思為“如何如何，以至于不能作某事”。但to的后面是動(dòng)詞原形，而不是從句。 5 It was ＿＿＿ yesterday than today. A.hot B.hoter C.hotter D.the hottest  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 用than表達(dá)比較的句中應(yīng)用比較級(jí)。

6 Which subject do you like ＿＿＿ , English Chinese or maths? A.best B.well C.better D.good  ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在兩者之間應(yīng)用比較級(jí)，而在三者之間或三者以上用最高級(jí)。7 None of the students watched it ＿＿＿. A.careful enough B.enough carefully C.carefully enough D.enough careful  ［答案］ C. ［析］ 首先應(yīng)判定是選用用來修飾名詞的形容詞還是用來修飾動(dòng)詞

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第三篇：[全套]初中英語中考復(fù)習(xí)資料(超全語法、詞組、句型、作文及知識(shí)點(diǎn))

一名詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall，America?它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker?它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物；集體名詞，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water,paper?它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, time?它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。

名詞一覽表 種類

專有名詞

London, John, the Communist Party of China

普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people 物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand

抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用

主語 My family is now in New York.表語 His father is a scientist.賓語 We love our great motherland.賓語補(bǔ)足語 He made London the base for his work.定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work?可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種?？蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是： 1.一般情況加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀［s］，在元音和濁輔音后讀［z］。

如:map—map，boy—boys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如：bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為［iz］。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其讀音為［iz］。

4.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，讀作［z］，如：factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boy—boys,day—days。

5.以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos 6.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。

7.不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒有規(guī)律可循，如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice 8.單復(fù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer?

9.單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化，其主格可作主語，賓格可作賓語。還有所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s'，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國家??名詞的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.［析］不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能

數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper.［誤］Please give me two letter papers.［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.［析］paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.［誤］My glasses is broken.［正］My glasses are broken.［誤］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.［析］英語中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡，shoes—鞋，trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.［誤］May I borrow two radioes? ［正］May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.［誤］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.［析］如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。［誤］There are much people in the garden.［正］There are many people in the garden.［析］可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The people are planting trees here.［誤］I want a few water.［正］I want a little water.［析］不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾，但不可用many,few來修飾。［誤］Thank you very much.Your family is very kind to me.［正］Thank you very much.Your family are very kind to me.［誤］Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.［正］Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.［誤］I'm sorry.I have to go.Tom's families are waiting for me.［正］I'm sorry.I have to go.Tom's family are waiting for me.［析］集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:My family is a big family.When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV.即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：family class, team等。

［誤］Don't eat too much meats.［正］Don't eat too much meat.［誤］Food in that restaurant is very good.［正］The food in that restaurant is very good.［析］物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.［誤］Please give me two waters.［正］Please give me two glasses of water.［正］Please give me two coffees.［析］物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)，一定要加量詞，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups of coffee.［誤］Can you give me the newspaper of today? ［正］Can you give me today's newspaper? ［析］加's構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes' walk.［誤］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.［析］英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，如： room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方?！边@樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林

［誤］There is a flowers garden behind my house.［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.［析］名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory(鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper(晚報(bào)),night school(夜校),head master(校長),a law school(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。［誤］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.［析］英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese(中國人), means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。［誤］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.［析］英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens，而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布，sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。［誤］I offered my son my congratulation on his success.［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his success.［析］英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.［誤］We have five German in this meeting.［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.［析］英國人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen，而German 則要加s，因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢cman的組合詞。［誤］There are two As in this word.［正］There are two A's in this word.［析］在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s，但如字母是A、I時(shí)，為了防止與As和Is相混，則要用's即A's，I's ［誤］There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.［正］There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.［析］在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用's ［誤］We have many woman teachers in our school.［正］We have many women teachers in our school.［析］一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如：

half brother—half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law—daughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是：man driver—men drivers(男司機(jī))woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人)但是boy student—?jiǎng)t變?yōu)閎oy students ［誤］Physics are very difficult to learn.［正］Physics is very difficult to learn.［析］雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有：科學(xué)，學(xué)科名字：Physics.Mathematics politics游戲名稱：bowls 專有名稱：Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布)其他名詞：news(消息，新聞)［誤］There is a people in the room.［正］There is a person in the room.［正］There is a man in the room.［析］people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。［誤］Where is my shoe? ［正］Where are my shoes? ［析］常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)［誤］I paid five pennies for the sweet.［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.［析］英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：I want to change

this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。［誤］There are many fruit in the shop.［正］There are many fruits in the shop.［析］物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。 ［誤］There is a new car.It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car.It is Jone and Mary's.［析］有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加’s，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。

［誤］It is really beautiful.It is a work of nature.［正］It is really beautiful.It is a Nature's work.［析］無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示長度的詞：three metres' distance, a boat's length，twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds' weight價(jià)格名詞：two dollars'worth擬人化的名詞：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the university's library

［誤］He is an old friend of my father.［正］He is an old friend of my father's.［析］這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's.［誤］My father is a good cooker.［正］My father is a good cook.［析］一般動(dòng)詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如:teach(教)—teacher(老師),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(開車)—driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)—seller(賣物者)??但不能總是以此類推，比如cook是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講，而cooker則為廚具，餐具，即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。［誤］The young is dancing there.［正］The young are dancing there.［析］英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：the rich 富人，the poor(窮人),the wise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，如：The beautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。［誤］The stories of the book was written many years ago.［正］The stories of the book were written many years ago.［析］這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories，所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。［誤］This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary.［正］This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.［析］one of意為“??之一”，of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。［誤］Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.［正］Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.［析］uncle Wang's 意為“王叔叔家”，doctor's意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。［誤］I think we will make a friend with each other.［正］I think we will make friends with each other.［析］make friends 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友。［誤］I want to tell you much pieces of good news.［正］I want to tell you many pieces of good news.［析］news為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.［誤］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.［析］要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。［誤］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.［析］information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.［誤］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.［析］many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。［誤］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。［誤］I like to study the English.［正］I like to study English.［析］作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history.I like to study the history of America.［誤］The Browns is going to visit China.［正］The Browns are going to visit China.［析］定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。

(三)例題解析

1.Lucy and Lily＿＿＿in the same class.A.am B.is C.are D.be ［答案］C.［析］由and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動(dòng)詞。

2.Which is the ＿＿＿to the bus stop，please? A road B way C street D address ［答案］B.［析］這是考察同意詞辨析，road是指較寬闊的大道，意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”，而street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高，可視為街道之意，而way則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑，還可引深為方式、方法。而address則為“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road.I live at 105 Park street.Can you show me the way to the National Museum?

3.Hurry up!There is＿＿＿ time left.A little B a little C few D a few

［答案］A.［析］因time作為時(shí)間講為不可數(shù)名詞，所以不可用few，a few來修飾。另外，英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同，中文講，快點(diǎn)，時(shí)間不多了，而英文要講，快點(diǎn)，沒時(shí)間了。因此，要用little而不用a little.4.How many ＿＿＿can you see in the picture? A tomatos

B tomatoes C

tomato D the tomato

［答案］B.［析］用How many提問時(shí)，其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而tomato的復(fù)數(shù)要加es.5.— ＿＿＿is the meat.Please? — Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old

D How long

［答案］A.［析］由對(duì)話的答語可看出其問句問的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)格講時(shí)，不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞，要用how much 提問。The boy's name is James Allen Green.So his given name is＿＿＿.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr.Green ［答案］A.［析］英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文則是姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city

B city's

C

citys

D

cities ［答案］D.［析］復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。Would you please pass me＿＿＿? A two paper

B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers ［答案］C.［析］paper是不可數(shù)名詞，如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)，要用量詞piece.September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' ［答案］D.10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.A

a bit

B a bit of

C little D

few ［答案］B.11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“I'd like two＿＿＿.” A glass of milk

B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks ［答案］B.12 There isn't ＿＿＿ paper in the box.Will you go and get ＿＿＿ for me? A

any, some

B any, any

C some, some

D some, any ［答案］A.［析］any用于否定句與疑問句，但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.June 1st is＿＿＿.A Children's day

B children's Day C Children's Day

D children's day ［答案］C.14 These foreign friends are＿＿＿.A German

B

Germen

C

Germany

D Germans ［答案］D.15 All the students are busy, so＿＿＿ of them will go to the cinema.A

many

B

little

C a few

D few ［答案］D.［析］student是可數(shù)名詞，而few用于可數(shù)名詞，意為：幾乎沒有學(xué)生去電影院。

There are three＿＿＿and seven＿＿＿in the picture.A deers, sheeps

B deers, sheep C deer, sheep

Ddeer, sheeps ［答案］C.［析］deer與sheep均是單復(fù)同形的名詞。17 Whose room is this? It's＿＿＿.A my

B Kike's and John's C our

D Kike and John's ［答案］D.［析］因?yàn)閞oom為單數(shù)，所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間，應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。

二、冠詞(一)知識(shí)概要

冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a與an，定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。(二)正誤辨析

［誤］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.［析］a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是錯(cuò)句，應(yīng)為：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如：

I need an hour to finish the work.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country.I bought a used car.［誤］I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.［正］I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.［析］因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy?。［誤］“Can you help me”

“Sorry, I'm in hurry.” ［正］“Can you help me”

“Sorry.I'm in a hurry.” ［析］不定冠詞的主要用法如下：

1.用來表示一類人或事物，如：She is a teacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.3.泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.4.相當(dāng)于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.5.其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中： 如：have a walk/a rest /a look 又如：in a hurry 匆匆忙忙 make a face 作鬼臉

do somebody a favour 幫某人忙 a number of =many 又如：have a good time(玩得好)have a cold(感冒)have a headache(頭痛)have a break=have a rest ［誤］I bought the dictionary yesterday.A dictionary is very good.［正］I bought a dictionary yesterday.The dictionary is very good.［析］在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞。 ［誤］Please turn off lights before you leave.［正］Please turn off the lights before you leave.［析］雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。 ［誤］There are nine planets around a sun.［正］There are nine planets around the sun.［析］世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.［誤］I live on a second floor of this building.［正］I live on the second floor of this building.［析］在序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。如：He is the oldest in the family.［誤］I want to learn the second language this term.［正］I want to learn a second language this term.［析］在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)，再來一個(gè)時(shí)，應(yīng)用a，本句的意思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。

［誤］Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.［正］The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.［析］在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the Yellow River(黃河)。［誤］Look, there are Alp.［誤］Look, there are the Alp.［正］Look, there are the Alps.［析］具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.［誤］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［析］報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.［析］在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.［誤］I like to eat bread for breakfast.Bread sells in this shop is very good.［正］I like to eat bread for breakfast.The bread sells in this shop is very good.［析］物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］The sun rises in east.［正］The sun rises in the east.［析］在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future ［誤］Do you know who invented telephone ［正］Do you know who invented the telephone ［析］在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河 the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河

［誤］Would you please buy some food for the supper ［正］Would you please buy some food for supper ［析］泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。

［誤］I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.［正］I like to climb the mountain in autumn.［析］一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：Spring is the best season in a year.［誤］Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.［正］Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.［析］有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞，如：go to school上學(xué)，leave school(輟學(xué))，after school(放學(xué))，但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞，如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué)，而是看望孩子，則要加定冠詞。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而：He went to the hospital to see his mother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。［誤］I bought a same dictionary as she bought.［正］I bought the same dictionary as she bought.［析］在慣用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。［誤］The police caught the thief by his arm.［正］The police caught the thief by the arm.［析］這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動(dòng)詞，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike(打),pat(拍)，hit(擊)，hold(握)，pull(拉)?動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人，再加介詞on, by, in, with?之后要加定冠詞，再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his, her, their, 等詞。［誤］He was paid by hour.［正］He was paid by the hour.［析］by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為：他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。［誤］I went to New York by his car.［正］I went to New York by car.［正］I went to New York in his car.［析］by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具，而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如：by car(坐小汽車)by taxi(坐出租車)by bike(騎自行車)by water(乘船)by air(乘飛機(jī))by sea(乘船)

［誤］Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.［正］Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.［析］在樂器前要加定冠詞，而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞，如：They like to play bridge when they are free.(他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌)［誤］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.［析］英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時(shí)不加定冠詞，以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵，如：go to school(上學(xué))，go to bed(睡覺)等，但去看電影則例外，要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。［誤］I live at 105 the Lake street.［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.［析］街道名稱前不用冠詞。

［誤］Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.［正］Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.［析］country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí)，一定要加定冠詞，而且只有單數(shù)形式，作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Japan is a country.Japan, China, India are Asian countries.［誤］The picture looks better at the distance.［正］The picture looks better at a distance.［析］at a distance意為“離開一定距離”。而in the distance為“遠(yuǎn)方，遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有： as a rule(照例)in a hurry(匆忙)in the morning/afternoon(上/下午)in the sun(在陽光下)in the rain(雨中)in the same way(同樣)in the shade(在陰涼處)in the day time(白天)in the end(最終)on the other hand(換句話說)on the contrary(相反)［誤］The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand.［正］The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.［析］這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，如： bit by bit(逐漸)day after(by)day(一天又一天)day and night(日日夜夜)face to face(面對(duì)面)from A to Z(自始至終)from time to time(再三)hand in hand(手拉手)shoulder by shoulder(肩并肩)(三)例題解析

Mr Li is＿＿＿ old worker.A a B an C some D / ［答案］B.［析］an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。

English is＿＿＿

useful language in ＿＿＿

world.A an, the

B a, the

C the, /

D

/,the ［答案］B.［析］因useful的第一個(gè)音素是［j］，它是輔音音素。3

What ＿＿＿

interesting book it is? A a

B an

C the

D

/ ［答案］B.［析］這是感嘆句，因?yàn)橐频皆话憔淝懊娴膹?qiáng)調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應(yīng)加冠詞，而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。

He will be back in ＿＿＿ hour.A / B the C a D

an ［答案］D.［析］因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。

There is ＿＿＿ map in the classroom.＿＿＿

map is on the wall.A a, A

B the, The

C a, The

D the ,A ［答案］C.［析］在文章中首次提到某人或某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次再提到該物或人時(shí)應(yīng)用定冠詞。6

Look at＿＿＿ picture!There's＿＿＿ house in it.A a ,a

B the, the

C a, the

D

the, a ［答案］D.［析］雖然是第一次提到，但在句中的語言是讓對(duì)方看某一特定的圖畫，所以應(yīng)選擇D。7

There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.A a

B an

C

the

D / ［答案］D.［析］這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。

Beijing is ＿＿＿

capital of our country.A the

B an

C

/

D a ［答案］A.［析］capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。If you work hard at English, you'll get ＿＿＿ “A” in the test.A an

B /

C the D a ［答案］A.［析］因字母A的第一音素是元音。

He usually goes to school on ＿＿＿ foot.A a B an C the D

/ ［答案］D.［析］on foot意為走路上學(xué)，是習(xí)慣用法。

三、代詞(一)知識(shí)概要

英語中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請(qǐng)看下表

人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

主格 i you he she it we you they 賓格 me you him her it us you them

物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請(qǐng)看下表 人稱 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的形容詞性 my your his her its ours your they 名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

反身代詞可見下表

人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves 指示代詞主要有this, that, these, those 疑問代詞有：who, whom whose, what, which, 還有疑問副詞when, how, where, why。

不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some, any，many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either?(二)正誤辨析

［誤］Tom's mother is taller than my.［正］Tom's mother is taller than mine.［析］形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語，也就是講它可以作形容詞，如：my book，而這句話的意思是：湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對(duì)象是my mother,也就是mine。

［誤］We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish them.［正］We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish it.［析］在應(yīng)用代詞時(shí)，要注意人稱，格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework，所以應(yīng)用it。［誤］He and you should go to the library to return the books.［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.［析］這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you, he, she, I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we, you，they:如男女并列時(shí)，應(yīng)先男后女，如：He and she ?如果在表示不好意思，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，單數(shù)時(shí)用，I, he, she, you, 復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They, you，we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.［誤］He or his brother is doing their homework.［正］He or his brother is doing his homework.［析］由either?or, neither?nor, or 連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，如果兩主語是單數(shù)時(shí)，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí)，一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.［誤］His brother is taller than him.［正］His brother is taller than he.［析］than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為省略句，than he is.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。I like you as much as she.［正］I like you as much as her.［析］as?as 其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為as I like her.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。［誤］Myself did it yesterday.［正］I myself did it yesterday.［正］I did it myself yesterday.［析］反身代詞不可作主語，但可以用作主語的同位語。 ［誤］Take care of ourselves.［正］Take care of yourselves.(yourself)［析］祈始句的主語應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.［誤］Please bring your daughter with yourself.［正］Please bring your daughter with you.［析］反身代詞不能作介詞賓語，除非是由不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的動(dòng)詞短語，如： The old woman spoke to herself.［誤］Make yourself home.［正］Make yourself at home.［析］這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有： enjoy oneself 玩得開心make yourself at home 像在家中一樣 help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路

seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣

［誤］— Who's this speaking.— That's Mary.［正］— Who's that speaking.— This is Mary.［析］在電話用語中，this指講話人自己，而that指對(duì)方。［誤］The days in summer are longer than this in winter.［正］The days in summer are longer than those in winter.［析］在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù)，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是單數(shù)時(shí)用that,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.［誤］It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.［正］It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.［正］It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.［析］在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句，也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming.They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little這4個(gè)詞前僅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時(shí)，則不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.［誤］I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.［正］I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.［析］same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有all the same(仍然)。［誤］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I don't hope so.［正］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I hope not.［析］在作肯定回答時(shí)，I think so.I hope so.I believe so.但作否定回答時(shí)為：I don't think so.I hope/believe not.［誤］— He studied very hard this term.— So she did.［正］— He studied very hard this term.— So did she.［誤］— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.［正］— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.［析］在對(duì)話中如果某一動(dòng)作同時(shí)適用于兩個(gè)主語，這時(shí)在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句，即studied hard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對(duì)前句的重復(fù)，即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時(shí)則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為：英語難學(xué)。答語為：是的，難學(xué)。這時(shí)縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。［誤］Everyone should do one's best.［正］Everyone should do his best.［析］one作代詞時(shí)，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代詞為oneself.如果講One should do one's best.則是對(duì)句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 則要用his/her，來作其所有格形式。

［誤］— Who won the game?— None.［正］— Who won the game?— No one.［析］由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是no one,而由How many提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如：How many books are there? None.［誤］There are many trees on either sides of the street.［正］There are many trees on either side of the street.［正］There are many trees on both sides of the street.［析］either作代詞時(shí)由兩個(gè)含意，其一是兩者中隨便哪一個(gè)，如：You can take either.其二是兩者中的每一個(gè)。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞，如果作主語則謂語動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。［誤］Either you or I are right.［正］Either you or I am right.［析］在either?or,或neither?nor連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與和其相近的那個(gè)主語相配。［誤］I have three sisters.Neither of them is a doctor.［正］I have three sisters.None of them is a doctor.［析］neither用于兩者中無一是，而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。［誤］He doesn't like Beijing opera.I don't like too.［正］He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.［析］either作為“也”講時(shí)，要用于否定句中，而too則用于肯定句中。［誤］We like both this little boy.［正］We both like this little boy.［析］both作同位語時(shí)，它在句中的位置有：在be動(dòng)詞之后，如：We are both students.在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，如：The parents

both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助動(dòng)詞之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用時(shí)要注意以下句子的實(shí)際含意：Both of us are not right.應(yīng)譯為：我們倆不都對(duì)。Neither of us is right.才應(yīng)譯為：我倆都不對(duì)。又如：I can't give you both of the books.意為：兩本書我不能全給你，而I can't give you either of the books.才為：兩本書我全不能給你。

［誤］We each has a ticket for the concert.［正］We each have a ticket for the concert.［析］each作句子主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)以原名詞的數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。

［誤］Every of us has to pass the exam.［正］Each of us has to pass the exam.［析］every只可作形容詞，不可作代詞，而each既可作形容詞，又可作代詞，在作形容詞時(shí)each側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，而every 則側(cè)重于全體。

［誤］Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.［正］Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.［析］everyone不可與of結(jié)構(gòu)相連接使用，而every one則可以這樣用。［誤］I should read English everyday.［正］I should read English every day.［析］要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英語，everyday life日常生活。

［誤］There are trees on every sides of the street.［正］There are trees on each side of the street.［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一個(gè)，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個(gè)。因?yàn)榻值乐挥袃蓚?cè)，所以只能用each而不能用every.［誤］All my parents are engineers.［正］Both my parents are engineers.［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 則用于兩者的全部。［誤］All of students might make some mistakes.［正］All of the students might make some mistakes.［正］All students might make some mistakes.［析］非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用all of結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是講all of結(jié)構(gòu)后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關(guān)的習(xí)慣用法還有：

all the year round, all week, all day, all winter ［誤］The all village was flooded.［正］All the village was flooded.［析］all作修飾語時(shí)要用在所有修飾詞之前。［誤］The post office is on other side of the street.［正］The post office is on the other side of the street.［析］單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞如在泛指某一個(gè)時(shí)用another,而特指時(shí)則要用the other,因街道只有兩邊，而不在這邊必定是在另一邊，所以要用特指。請(qǐng)參考下表的用法以便于記憶。單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)

泛指 another形容詞 作定語 作名詞

another代詞 other others 特指 the other形容詞

the other代詞

the other the others

［誤］There are ten students here Where are the others students? ［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others? ［正］There are ten students here Where are the other students? ［析］the others=the other students.［誤］The old man has two sons.One is a teacher, another is a doctor.［正］The old man has two sons.One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.［析］another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?I'm sorry.I have no idea.One may say it is quite near;another may say it is far from here.但在特指時(shí)則要用the other.它可以用作定語，the other one,也可以用作代詞the other,但the other用作代詞時(shí)它的含意一定是單數(shù)。如果指三者或者三者以上的情況時(shí)，則要用one?another?the other.或者

one?a second?the third?

［誤］Some people like sports.The others like reading.［正］Some people like sports.Others like reading.［析］在泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前用some?others?others?來表示某些人??某些人??某些人??。［誤］Please remember to water the flowers each other day.［正］Please remember to water the flowers every other day.［析］every other day為每隔一天。是習(xí)慣用法，不要隨意改動(dòng)。又如：on the other hand另一方面。［誤］Many know him，but few likes him.［正］Many know him, but few like him.［析］few用于可數(shù)名詞，意為幾乎沒有，但few作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而a few為有一些。［誤］You have few friends, haven't you? ［正］You have few friends, have you? ［析］little與few用于句中時(shí)，均要按否定句看待。［誤］Much of what you said are true.［正］Much of what you said is true.［析］much用于不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時(shí)用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。而many用于可數(shù)名詞，它作主語時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。

［誤］This room is enough large for the students to live in.［正］This room is large enough for the students to live in.［析］enough 可以用作代詞，如：There is enough of the food.又如：Enough has been done for the work，但enough 還可以作形容詞來修飾名詞，這時(shí)enough可以放在名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后，如：money enough 與enough money都是對(duì)的。但當(dāng)enough作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，則只能置于形容詞之后了。［誤］I want any books to read.Do you have any? ［正］I want some books to read.Do you have any? ［析］按照語法any用于疑問句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。［誤］Would you like any thing to drink? ［正］Would you like something to drink? ［析］在由would you like發(fā)出的問句中，表達(dá)了說話者真心實(shí)意要為對(duì)方提供些飲料，或在說話者想得到對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，在疑問句中要用some而不用any。［誤］Someone want to meet you.［正］Someone wants to meet you.［析］不定代詞應(yīng)被看作單數(shù)，即使用and連接兩個(gè)不定代詞，也要看作單數(shù)，如：Anyone and everyone has the right.任何人，每一個(gè)人都有這樣的權(quán)力。

［誤］New York is much colder in winter than before.［正］It is much colder in New York in winter than before.［析］it常常用在英文的句子中來代表時(shí)間、距離、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象，或用在句中作形式主語或賓語，如： It is ten o'clock now.(代時(shí)間)It is far from here to the airport.(代距離)It is very hot.(代天氣)It is very difficult to learn English well.(作形式主語)We found it very difficult to answer the question.(作形式賓語)［誤］Be careful.Don't drink too many.［正］Be careful.Don't drink too much.［析］這里much所代的應(yīng)是飲料或水，所以應(yīng)為不可數(shù)名詞。

(三)例題解析 These are ＿＿＿books.Yours are over there.A I

B my

C me

D mine ［答案］B.［析］這里應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞。

—＿＿＿

is she? — She is a teacher.A

What

B How

C Who

D

Where ［答案］A.［析］這里的四個(gè)疑問詞放在問句中全都成立，但其意義不同。What is she?應(yīng)譯為“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而How is she?應(yīng)譯為“她身體如何?”而Who is she?應(yīng)譯為“她是誰?”其答語應(yīng)為“她叫什么名字。”而Where is she?應(yīng)為“她在什么地方?”由答語決定了這道題的選擇。3＿＿＿ is wrong with my watch.It has stopped＿＿＿.A Something, working

B Something, to work C

Any thing, working

D Anything, to work ［答案］A.［析］因?yàn)槭强隙ň渌詰?yīng)用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，則stop后要用動(dòng)名詞。4 Mary, help ＿＿＿to the bananas, please.A you

B your

C yourself

D yourselves ［答案］C.［析］help oneself to something為“自己拿某物”。yourself為“你一個(gè)人”，而yourselves為“你們”。5 —＿＿＿ do you go to school every day? — By bus.A How B Why

C

When

D

Where ［答案］A.［析］這題的答案是由問句決定的。 6 My skirt is＿＿＿

popular than＿＿＿.A

much, her

B much, hers C

more, her

D more, hers ［答案］D.［析］因句中有than,所以應(yīng)選用比較級(jí)，而than后要選用名詞性物主代詞。7 — Can you speak English? — Yes, but only＿＿＿.A few

B a few

C

little

D

a little ［答案］D.［析］因會(huì)講某種語言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可數(shù)名詞對(duì)待，此答語為：是的，但僅僅會(huì)講一點(diǎn)。8

Mr.Smith is an old friend of＿＿＿.A I

B me

C my

D mine ［答案］D.［析］這里應(yīng)選名詞性物主代詞，這也是英語的一種習(xí)慣用法，而不要選擇my。9 “ ＿＿＿do you hear from your parents?” “About once a month.”

A How long

B

How many C How often D

How much ［答案］C.［析］How often問的是某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率，即在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生多少次。10 Mr Green wouldn't say ＿＿＿at the meeting.A everything

B nothing

C anything

D something ［答案］C.［析］在否定句中應(yīng)用anything 11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight.Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.” “Good idea!”

A

anything nice

B nice anything C

something nice D nice something ［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代詞的修飾詞應(yīng)放其后而不要放在其前面。12 — When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? — I don't mind.＿＿＿time is OK.A

Some

B Neither

C Either

D Both ［答案］C.［析］因如選用both則名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，也要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞，由于答語前有I don't mind 則決定不能選擇neither.13 This is not her kite, but＿＿＿.A he's B

him C

he

D

his ［答案］D.［析］要注意“他的”名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞是同形的。 Don't worry, Mum!＿＿＿ news is good news.I'm sure daddy will come back soon.A

No

B Many

C Those

D Two ［答案］A.［析］這是一條諺語，即沒有消息就是好消息。Mary has six apples.Her brother has three.She has ＿＿＿apples than he.A few B many C more

D

fewer ［答案］C.［析］由于是比較級(jí)，根據(jù)題意應(yīng)選“多于”而不是“少于”。

There isn't ＿＿＿in today's newspaper.A anything interesting B something interesting C nothing interesting D interesting anything ［答案］A.［析］由于句子是否定句，應(yīng)選擇anything，而且不定代詞的修飾語應(yīng)放在其后面。17 September 10th is＿＿＿ Day? A Teacher

B Teachers

C Teacher's

D Teachers' ［答案］D.［析］教師節(jié)Teachers' Day,兒童節(jié) Children's Day, 婦女節(jié) Women's Day 18 — In England, people eat a lot of “takeaway” food.What about people in your country? —＿＿＿

A So we do.B We do so.C So do we.D We so do. ［答案］C.［析］在答語中用簡略方式表達(dá)上文的一個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣適用于另一個(gè)主語時(shí)，則要采用倒裝句，但如果僅僅是對(duì)上句的重復(fù)則不要倒裝。 — Shall we go into that shop and have a look? — Sorry.I won't.I have ＿＿＿to do there.A everything

B anything

C something

D nothing ［答案］D.［析］這個(gè)答案的選擇應(yīng)由上下兩句對(duì)話內(nèi)容作出決定。 20— Oh, dear!Who broke the glass? —＿＿＿ Sam ＿＿＿Bruce.It was the cat.A Both, and

B Not, but

C Neither, nor

D Either, or ［答案］C.［析］neither?nor意為既不??也不?? The students are having a good time in the park.Some are drawing by the lake.＿＿＿are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other 

［答案］A.［析］這里因?yàn)槭谴鎻?fù)數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用名詞性的復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。 22 She is not a nurse.I'm not＿＿＿.A also B either C neither

D too ［答案］B.［析］在否定句中該用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils.One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.A the other

B another

C others D the others ［答案］A.［析］兩者中的另一個(gè)應(yīng)為特指。而且應(yīng)為單數(shù)形式的代名詞。而another是泛指單數(shù)代名詞。others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，而the others是特指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。24 Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know ＿＿＿about the subject.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］A.［析］中文講我對(duì)此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意為否定句。25 My sister doesn't like skating＿＿＿.A So do I

B So I don't C Neither I don't D Neither do I ［答案］D.［析］這是表達(dá)上面否定句中的動(dòng)作，也同樣不適合 于第二個(gè)人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒裝句。Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,＿＿＿.A you, he and I

B I, you and he C he, I and you

D you, I and he ［答案］A.［析］這是若干人稱代詞并列時(shí)的順序問題。請(qǐng)參看辨析中的例子。 27 All the students are busy, so＿＿＿of

them will go to the concert.A many

B little

C a few D few ［答案］D.［析］student為可數(shù)名詞。The teacher gave ＿＿＿student a new book.A nobody

B both

C each

D any ［答案］C.［析］both其后的名詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)，而any用于疑問句和否定句中只有each可以修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。29 Black is neither a teacher ＿＿＿a worker.A or

B either

C nor

D and ［答案］C.［析］neither?nor為“既不??也不??”的固定搭配。30 Our teacher gave us＿＿＿on studying.A many advices

B some advices C an advice

D some advice ［答案］D.［析］advice為不可數(shù)名詞。some可用于可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞之前。

There are two foreign friends in the park.One ＿＿＿is from Japan, is from America.A other

B others

C the other

D the others ［答案］C.［析］因?yàn)槭莾烧咧械囊粋€(gè)，所以另一個(gè)應(yīng)用單數(shù)特指代詞。 32 Are there ＿＿＿on the table? A some cups

B any cup

C some cup

D

any cups ［答案］D.［析］此句是疑問句，應(yīng)用any cups, 因提問時(shí)的be動(dòng)詞用的是are。

I've just bought five stamps.One is a German stamp, ＿＿＿are American stamps.A the other

B the others

C other

D others ［答案］B.［析］此空應(yīng)填入主語。又因其范圍已定，所以應(yīng)選特指的代名詞。the other只能用作單數(shù)，而others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，故只能選B。

It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.A a so

B so a

C such a

D a such ［答案］C.［析］在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前可以有兩種表達(dá)法，即such+不定冠詞+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容詞+不定冠詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy.So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］C.［析］這是英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同之處。中文講只有少數(shù)人喜歡坐火車，英文要選用“few”。

We must help and understand each＿＿＿.A other B another

C others

D the other ［答案］A.［析］each other意為“互相”，是習(xí)慣用語。37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man

B One

C That

D It ［答案］D.［析］這里的真正主語應(yīng)為不定式to walk on the moon.而形式主語只能用it.38 Jane has sent several letters, but ＿＿＿of them have been answered.A all

B both

C either

D none ［答案］D.［析］several letters意為“若干信件”，應(yīng)看作多于兩者，則在A、D中作選擇，僅D符合句意。39 I don't know ＿＿＿about the new headmaster.A something

B everything

C nothing

D anything ［答案］D.［析］否定句中應(yīng)用anything.40＿＿＿ of the students in the whole class could do this physics question.A No

B None

C Not

D Neither ［答案］B.四、形容詞、副詞(一)知識(shí)概要

形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時(shí)不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。英語中形容詞與副詞有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)之分，其規(guī)則如下： 構(gòu)詞法 原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)

加er，或est Tall young

taller younger tallest youngest

只加r或st nice large nicer

larger nicest largest

重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫該字母加er、est big

fat hot bigger fatter hotter

biggest fattest hottest

不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞： 原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)

good better best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far farther further

farthest furthest

old older elder oldest eldest

要注意的是許多形容詞同時(shí)又是副詞，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，其規(guī)律如下： 構(gòu)詞法 形容詞 副 詞

一般加ly Careful kind carefully kindly

尾是y時(shí)將y變成i加ly Happy busy easy Happily busily easily

其 他 true terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully

possibly shyly wholly

在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。

此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞。能修飾比較級(jí)的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little.能修飾最高級(jí)的有：the very, much the, far等。

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］ The young likes playing football very much. ［正］ The young like playing football very much.

［析］ 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。 ［誤］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over. ［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

［析］ 意為：“危險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。”用定冠詞加最高級(jí)形容詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。 ［誤］ It is the gold age of the young. ［正］ It is the golden age of the young.

［析］ golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。

［誤］ She is a warm heart woman.

［正］ She is a warmhearted woman.

［析］ 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如：warmhoarted 熱心腸的，whitehaired 白毛的

［誤］ There is an alive fish in the pool. ［正］ There is a living fish in the pool.

［析］ 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定語，只能作表語。如：The fish is alive.(魚還活著)這樣的形容詞有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。 ［誤］ The ill man nearly died. ［正］ The sick man nearly died.

［析］ ill一般不作定語來形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表語時(shí)則都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定語時(shí)則另有他意，如：ill luck(厄運(yùn))，ill nature(天性惡劣),ill temper(心緒不好) ［誤］ I have important something to tell you. ［正］ I have something important to tell you.

［析］ 不定代詞something, anyone, somebody?在用形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞應(yīng)放其后。但要注意thing則不是不定代詞，不符合上述規(guī)律。如：I have an important thing to tell you. ［誤］ I'll be free on next Sunday. ［正］ I'll be free next Sunday.

［析］ 在表達(dá)將來時(shí)的時(shí)候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。 ［誤］ The girl is twoyear old. ［正］ The girl is two years old.

［正］ She is a twoyearold girl

［析］ 由連字符連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞??組成的形容詞，在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要記住兩點(diǎn)，其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：twothousandword report(兩千字的報(bào)告)；其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語，即用于名詞之前，而不能作表語。

［誤］ The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings. ［正］ The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings. ［析］ 在名詞前若有幾個(gè)形容詞作修飾語時(shí)，其順序如下。

1.指示代詞，定冠詞 2.數(shù)量詞 3.性質(zhì)詞 4.大小 5.形狀 6.老少，新舊 7.顏色 8.材料 但要注意的是英語的習(xí)慣是一個(gè)名詞前的形容詞一般不要多于三個(gè)。

如： What a pretty little white horse!

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand.

［誤］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.［析］ good是形容詞，這里是修飾動(dòng)詞speak的，所以應(yīng)用副詞well，但well作形容詞講時(shí)只作身體好。如：He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個(gè)好人)。 ［誤］ The children play on the grass nappyly. ［正］ The children play on the grass happily

［析］ 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時(shí)應(yīng)將y變?yōu)閕再加ly. ［誤］ The teacher looked angry at the students. ［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students. ［析］ 英語中感觀動(dòng)詞后面要接形容詞，這時(shí)它是修飾主語的，如：The food smells good.食物聞起來很香。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣。 而此句的意思為：“老師生氣地看著學(xué)生”，所以應(yīng)用副詞形式。 ［誤］ He worked with me friendly. ［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞，但friendly是形容詞，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, lively?monthly weekly?。但其中有些詞既是副詞，又是形容詞，如：early, hourly, monthly? ［誤］ You can speak free in front of your friends. ［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作為形容詞意為“自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的”。作為副詞講則是“免費(fèi)”之意。而freely作為副詞則是“自由的，隨便的”。這些要注意的詞還有：hard 努力，艱苦 hardly 幾乎不 late 遲，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near近nearly 幾乎like 像 likely 幾乎 ［誤］ They must have arrived till now. ［正］ They must have arrived by now.

［析］ by now是用于表達(dá)到目前為止某一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以應(yīng)用瞬間動(dòng)詞。而till now是強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，所以一定要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。must have+過去分詞是對(duì)過去某一事情所作的肯定推測(cè)。 ［誤］ Someone called you right now. ［正］ Someone called you just now.

［析］ just now有兩個(gè)意思，其一是“剛才”，其二是“現(xiàn)在”，而right now只能用于現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。just則用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，如： I have just finished my homework.

［誤］ My father will be back from America at present. ［正］ My father will be back from America presently.

［析］ presently有兩個(gè)意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美語中是現(xiàn)在之意，與at present相同。而for the present為暫時(shí)，如： I teach English in the school for the present.［誤］ I'll be back at the moment. ［正］ I'll be back in a moment.

［析］ at the moment 其意為“現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)時(shí)”，而in a moment意為“馬上過一會(huì)”，與in a minute意思相近。 ［誤］ The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time. ［正］ The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.

［析］ on time為“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”，而in time有兩個(gè)含意。其一是“及時(shí)”，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是“將來，終究”。

［誤］ I met an old friend sometimes last month. ［正］ I met an old friend sometime last month.

［析］ Sometime 過去，或者將來某時(shí)。Sometimes 有時(shí) 如： Sometimes I go to school by bus.Some time 一些時(shí)間  如： I need sometime to do my homework. Some times 幾次  如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month. at times 有時(shí)，偶爾 at all times 經(jīng)常

some other time 改天 

［誤］ I had met an old friend three days ago. ［正］ I had met an old friend three days before. ［正］ I met an old friend three days ago.

* ago 用在時(shí)間狀語中時(shí)，主句中謂語動(dòng)詞一般用過去時(shí)，而before用于時(shí)間狀語時(shí)則主句的謂語動(dòng)詞宜用完成時(shí)

態(tài)。

［誤］ He studied very hard.and at the end he passed the exam. ［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam.

［析］ in the end＝at last 意為“最終，終于”，表達(dá)經(jīng)過若干努力而達(dá)到的結(jié)果。而at the end是在某事的結(jié)束時(shí)如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。 ［誤］ I will come here to help you each three days. ［正］ I will come here to help you every three days.

［析］ every three days 為“每三天”，即每隔二天，而every other day為每隔一天。［誤］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday.and I didn't go, too. ［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either.

［析］ 英語中表示“也”，有4個(gè)字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3個(gè)用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too與as well一般要用在句尾，而also則可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如： I've also read her other novels. ［誤］ We should help the poor girl in anyway. ［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway為“不管怎么”講，“無論如何”，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt. any way 為“任何方式”。這種常見的錯(cuò)誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，如： everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遙遠(yuǎn)的 far away 遠(yuǎn)離

altogether 總計(jì) all together 一塊，大家一起 already 已經(jīng) all ready 全準(zhǔn)備好了

［誤］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime. ［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.

［析］ anytime 是副詞 而any time中的time是名詞。 ［誤］ She said nearly nothing. ［正］ She said almost nothing.

［析］ nearly 與 almost的含意相近，在很多場(chǎng)合可以互換，但在否定詞前用almost。［誤］ There are too much mistakes in your homework. ［正］ There are too many mistakes in your homework.

［析］ too much 后接不可數(shù)名詞，如：There is too much water for the flowers.而too many 后加可數(shù)名詞，much too 后面加形容詞，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well. ［誤］ It is late enough that we can go home now. ［正］ It is late enough for us to go home now.

［析］ 要注意的是enough后面一般不接從句而接不定式，或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for somebody to do something。 ［誤］ The twins are very alike. ［正］ The twins are much alike.

［析］ 用a為首字母的形容詞不能用very修飾，一般要用much來修飾。 ［誤］Once a week.

［正］Once a week.

［析］ 英文與中文表達(dá)法不同，隔多長時(shí)間辦一次某事，實(shí)際上問的是該事發(fā)生的頻率，所以要用how often。 ［誤］ As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call up you. ［正］ As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call you up.

［析］ 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞詞組的賓語是人稱代詞時(shí)則一定要放于動(dòng)詞之后，如果是名詞則可以放在詞組其后。如：I want to watch TV.Please turn on the TV.也可以講： Please turn the TV on.

［誤］ He drove quickly his new car. ［正］ He drove his new car quickly. ［析］ 副詞在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下幾種用法：①實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，如：He quickly give me the answer.② 在be動(dòng)詞之后，如：The little boy is often late for class.③ 第一助動(dòng)詞之后，如：This book has almost been finished.④ 在單獨(dú)使用的be動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是無論如何也不能

將副詞置于動(dòng)詞與賓語之間，如果是賓語從句或是很長的名詞 詞組作賓語則才可以這樣用：

He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［誤］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema. ［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定長度的時(shí)間的副詞不應(yīng)放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào)則可放于句首。［誤］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英語中的數(shù)量形容詞有兩組。修飾可數(shù)名詞的有few(很少，幾乎沒有)，a few(有一些，幾個(gè))；修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有l(wèi)ittle(很少，幾乎沒有)，a little(有一點(diǎn)，有一些)。要注意的是當(dāng)few和little用于句中時(shí)應(yīng)看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中時(shí)則應(yīng)看作是肯定句。

［誤］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 為一固定用法，其意為“十分，相當(dāng)，所以”。quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.［誤］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some與any都可以用作形容詞、副詞或代詞，在一般情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑問句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用some。其次是some 可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 ［誤］ Please tell me where the shoes shop is? ［正］ Please tell me where the shoe shop is.

［析］ 在用名詞作修飾詞來修飾另一名詞時(shí)，這個(gè)作修飾詞的名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，如： a shoe shop 鞋店

a fruit shop 水果店

a book shop 書店 a post office 郵局

a police station 警察局

a bus stop 汽車站

［誤］ He is weak at physics. ［正］ He is weak in physics.

［析］ 在表達(dá)擅長于作某事時(shí)用be good at something, 而其反意詞為be bad at something，但be weak in something。

［誤］ This dictionary is worth to buy. ［正］ This dictionary is worth buying.

［析］ be worth 后可接動(dòng)、名詞表達(dá)值得作某事，又可接價(jià)格、金錢表示值多少錢。 ［誤］ Don't afraid of that. ［正］ Don't be afraid of that.

［析］ afraid 在英文中是形容詞而不是動(dòng)詞。這樣的詞組還有： be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心

be certain of 有把握，確定 be sure of 確信 be glad of 高興 be sick of 厭惡 be fond of 喜歡

［誤］ The work has already been done well. ［正］ The work has already been well done. ［析］ well 與badly作副詞時(shí)，表示好壞，如果句子是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則應(yīng)放在過去分詞之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged.如果句子是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，則應(yīng)放于句末，如：I did my homework well.［誤］ We are yet in the classroom now.

［正］ We are already in the classroom now.

［析］ already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑問句中，如： Did you finish it? No.not yet. ［誤］ Look.Here comes he! ［正］ Look!Here he comes! ［誤］ Look!Here the bus comes!

［正］ Look!Here comes the bus!

［析］ 在句子開頭用Here時(shí)，如主語是人稱代詞則不要用倒裝語序，如果主語是名詞則要用倒裝語序。 ［誤］ She is my older sister. ［正］ She is my elder sister. ［析］ elder 和eldest是用來指家庭中兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系，而older, oldest 則是指歲數(shù)大多少，如：She is three years older than I.

［誤］ I'm tired.I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired.I can't go farther.

［析］ far有兩個(gè)比較級(jí) farther 較遠(yuǎn)的，further 進(jìn)一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要進(jìn)一步的解釋嗎?當(dāng)然它也有兩個(gè)最高級(jí)。farthest和furthest. ［誤］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常與過去時(shí)連用，而before則多與完成時(shí)連用。 ［誤］No, not already.

［正］No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三個(gè)英文字可以表達(dá)它們是already，yet 與 still。要注意的是 already經(jīng)常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。而yet 多用于疑問句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still則常用于主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間，如：We still can't decide what to do.但也有時(shí)用于be 動(dòng)詞之后，如：He is still here. ［誤］ He is very higher than I am. ［正］ He is much higher than I am.

［析］ much可以用來修飾比較級(jí)，而very則用來修飾形容詞原級(jí)，如：I'm very tired.［誤］Can I walk to the station?Could you pass the exam this time?Could you pass the exam this time?What does Lucy like better, singing or dancing?Can you understand me?

-Sorry, I can ＿＿＿ understand you. A.hardly B.almost C.even D.ever  ［答案］ A.

［析］ hardly為一否定詞，用在句中時(shí)應(yīng)被看作是否定句。在答語中Sorry決定了其意為“聽不明白”，所以只能選 hardly。

20 “＿＿＿ do you write to your penfriend?” “About twice a month.”

A.How often B.How soon C.How much D.How long  ［答案］ A.

［析］ how often用來提問某一動(dòng)作經(jīng)多久就要發(fā)生一次，也就是提問發(fā)生的頻率。how soon是問從現(xiàn)在起還有多久。

21 Changjiang River is ＿＿＿ river in China 

A.long B.longer C.longest D.the longest ［答案］ D. 22 I'll work ＿＿＿ I can.

A.so hardly as B.so hard as C.as hardly as D.as hard as  ［答案］ D.

［析］ hard可用作形容詞和副詞，如：The desk was made of hard wood 又如：It is raining hard。而 hardly 是副詞，其詞義是“幾乎不”，如：Hardly did I sleep last night.我昨晚幾乎沒有睡覺。而且hardly用于句首時(shí)要采用倒裝語序。as?as即可以用于肯定句，也可以用于否定句，但so?as則只能用于否定句中。 23 It is very ＿＿＿ to listen to him.

A.interested B.interesting C.interested in D.interest  ［答案］ B.

［析］ interest作為名詞有兩個(gè)詞義，①興趣，②銀行中所講的利息。而其形容詞 interesting是“使人感興趣的”，而interested是“感興趣的”如：He is interested in English. 24 Things are ＿＿＿ worse than I thought. A.more B.few C.very D.much 

［答案］ D.［析］ 只有much可以修飾比較級(jí)。

25 It is one o'clock, but her father hasn't come back ＿＿＿. A.already B.still C.too D.yet  ［答案］ D.

［析］ 完成時(shí)的否定句尾要用yet，而already則用于肯定句。 26 Comrade Chen is ＿＿＿ older than I. A.very B.more C.much D.quite  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 只有much可以修飾比較級(jí)?？梢孕揎棻容^級(jí)的詞還有much, far, even a little, by far等。 27 She did her homework ＿＿＿. A.carefully B.careful C.care D.careless  ［答案］ A.

［析］ 這里應(yīng)填入副詞，而careless是由care加less后輟得來的，less意為“沒有”，是否定之意，如：careless-不小心，homeless-無家可歸。而carefully為副詞。

28 They can't answer the question in Japanese;we can't answer it, ＿＿＿. A.also B.too C.either D.neither ［答案］ C. 29Which would you like better, tea ＿＿＿ milk?Thank you ＿＿＿ the beautiful flowers!When did Mr Green arrive in London?

-He arrived there ＿＿＿ the evening of December 6th. A at B in C on D to ［答案］ C.

［析］ in the evening / afternoon這兩個(gè)詞組不論是在其前或后加上任何修飾詞都應(yīng)將介詞換為on,如：on a cold morning, on a spring morning等。

5 We won the relay race.And there was a big smile ＿＿＿ our teacher's face. A off B near C on D between ［答案］ C.

6 The twins got on well ＿＿＿ their classmates. A to B in C with D about ［答案］ C.

［析］ get on well with與人相處很好。

7I see.I'll come ＿＿＿ Saturday evening. A in B at C on D for ［答案］ C.

8

Let's hurry，or we'll be late ＿＿＿ school A to B at C with D for ［答案］ D.

［析］ be late for，而 come late to，如： Don't come late to school 9

They will have a maths test ＿＿＿ two days A for B at C in D after ［答案］ C.

［析］ 三天之內(nèi)應(yīng)用in，而不要受中文影響用after，after three days 是個(gè)不定的時(shí)間范圍，即沒有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)

間。5天、6天、10天全是after three days。 10

My brother joined the army ＿＿＿ A 1989，March B in March，1989 C March，1989 D 1989，in March  ［答案］ B.

［析］ 在月份、年、前用介詞in，而日子前用on。

11

He couldn't work out the maths problem ＿＿＿ your help A without B under C for D with ［答案］ A.

［析］ 在某人幫助下應(yīng)用with，如：With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily

而要是沒有你的幫助則用 without your help

12

Granny took one look at us ＿＿＿ her glasses A by B through C on D in 答案］ B.

［析］ through 為穿過??。

13

We had our breakfast ＿＿＿ a quarter ＿＿＿ seven A /，to B in，to C at，to D on，to ［答案］ C.

［析］ 具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)前用at，而差幾分幾點(diǎn)用to，這里應(yīng)譯為：我在差一刻七點(diǎn)吃的早飯。14

I learn French ＿＿＿ the radio every day A on B in C from D at ［答案］ A.

［析］ 從收音機(jī)中聽到某事應(yīng)用詞組 on the radio。 15

It's good manners to wait ＿＿＿ line A in B on C at D with ［答案］ A.

［析］ in line 為排隊(duì)。

16

How many English words had you learnt ＿＿＿ last term? Aby the end of

Bat the end of

Cto the end of Dtill the end of  ［答案］ A.

［析］ by the end of 為動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間，與完成時(shí)態(tài)相配合 17

The manager was very satisfied ＿＿＿ his work A in

B on

C about

D with ［答案］ D.［析］ be satisfied with 為固定搭配。 18

John hit Jack ＿＿＿ face

A on the B in the C on his D in his ［答案］ B.

［析］ 英文中的某些動(dòng)詞其后要接人，然后加介詞＋the＋身體部位，如：He caught the boy by the arm。 19

I was born ＿＿＿ the night ＿＿＿ September 15，1978A in，on B at，on C at，in D on，of 

［答案］ D.［析］ 在時(shí)間前加介詞時(shí)應(yīng)以最小的時(shí)間單位為準(zhǔn)。

20

It's a bad manner to laugh ＿＿＿ people when they are ＿＿＿ trouble A over，in B at，in C in，at D at，for ［答案］ B.

［析］ laugh at 嘲笑某人，laugh over 笑著談?wù)撃橙嘶蚰呈?，in trouble 陷入困境。21

I can't do this work well ＿＿＿ Tom's help A under B for C without D from ［答案］ C.

22

Don't shout ＿＿＿ the old woman。 You should be more polite ＿＿＿ her A to，at B at，to C in，for D from，for ［答案］ B.

［析］ shout at 為“沖某人喊叫”，而 be polite to somebody 為“對(duì)某人和氣?！豹?23

We must be strict ＿＿＿ our selves ＿＿＿ everything A with，in B in，with C with，to D to，of

［答案］ A.［析］ be strict with 對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格要求。

24

He went to the football match ＿＿＿ lunch last Sunday A to B without C behind D between ［答案］ B.［析］ without lunch 未吃午飯。

25

The people's Republic of China was founded ＿＿＿ 1949 A with B on C since D in ［答案］ D.

［析］ 在年代前用in。因句子是過去時(shí)而不是完成時(shí)，所以不能用since。 26

Mr Black got to Hangzhou ＿＿＿ a few days A in B after C on D at ［答案］ B.

［析］ 這句話應(yīng)譯為：幾天之后 Mr Black 到達(dá)了杭州。而不是在幾天之內(nèi)一定要做完某事，所以選B。 27

-Has the teacher given you any advice ＿＿＿ your English study?How many students are there in your school, Mike? -There are over ＿＿＿ students in our school.A.two thousands B.two thousands of C.two thousand D.two thousand of  ［答案］ C. ［析］ 有基數(shù)詞在前面時(shí)thousand，hundred 等詞不能加s，也不能加of結(jié)構(gòu)，只有在thousands of時(shí)才可以使用。

2 John lives on ＿＿＿ floor.He doesn't use a lift to go up and down.A.nineB.the ninthC.ninthD.a ninth  ［答案］ B. ［析］ 序數(shù)詞前加定冠詞，nine 與 ninth 的拼寫上有一個(gè)e字母相差別。3 Wu Dong won the girls' ＿＿＿ race in the school sports meeting last week.A.100 metresB.100metresC.100 metreD.100metre  ［答案］ D. ［析］ 數(shù)詞、名詞、形容詞等詞用連字符連接成的形容詞中，名詞都不要加s，如： I have to write a twothousandword report.而且由連字符組成的形容詞只能放于名詞前，不能放于名詞后，作后置定語，或用在be動(dòng)詞后作表語。

4 There are ＿＿＿ students in our school.A.four hundred twentyB.four hundred and twenty C.four hundreds twentyD.four hundreds and twenty  ［答案］ B.5-How many days are there in a year? -There are ＿＿＿.A.three hundreds and sixtyfive B.three hundreds sixtyfive C.three hundred and sixtyfive D.three hundred sixty five  ［答案］ C.6 We have learned about ＿＿＿ English words.A.nine hundreds B.nine hundred C.nine hundred of D.nine hundreds of  ［答案］ B.7 Autumn is ＿＿＿ season of the year.A.thirdB.the threeC.thirdsD.the third  ［答案］ D.8 They are learning ＿＿＿ now.A.Lesson EightB.the eight lesson C.Lesson EiththD.Eighth lesson  ［答案］ A. ［析］ 第幾課，第幾個(gè)門??，在英語中有兩種說法，①Lesson Two, Gate Two但要注意每一單詞的首字母要大寫。② the second lesson, the second gate 首字母不要大寫，并要注意有些縮寫的讀法。如:

p.8-第8頁(page eight)$ 8.50-8.5美元(five dollars and fifty)電話號(hào)碼66164532－(six, six, one, six, four five, three, two)9 The boy was so hungry that he ate ＿＿＿.A.three bowls of rices B.three bowl of rice C.three bowl of rices D.three bowls of rice  ［答案］ D. ［析］ rice 是不可數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞，而bowl是可數(shù)名詞。10 There are ＿＿＿ months in a year.A.twelve

B.twelf C.twelveth D.twelfth  ［答案］ A.八、動(dòng) 詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

動(dòng)詞在語言中是必不可少的一部分。它的語法現(xiàn)象也較多，但在初中范圍主要有以下幾方面問題。① 時(shí)態(tài)：初中范圍主要有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)六種時(shí)態(tài)。② 語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)。③ 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。④ 非謂語動(dòng)詞，也就是不定式，動(dòng)名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。時(shí)態(tài)主要掌握以下幾種時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用要點(diǎn)和習(xí)慣用法。1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：主要有以下三方面，① 用來表示狀態(tài)，特征或不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物質(zhì)有三態(tài)。又如：The earth moves around the sun ② 表示習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：I often go to bed at 9∶３０ ③ 在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.2 一般過去時(shí)：① 主要用于表達(dá)過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，如：I was ill last week ② 過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，如：I used to get up at six. 3 一般將來時(shí)：用于表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其構(gòu)成方式① 用ｗill(shall)+動(dòng)詞原形來表達(dá)將來在某一時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生，或經(jīng)常、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，如：School will begin on Sepember 1st ② 用be going to+動(dòng)詞原形，用來表示不久將要發(fā)生或打算去作的動(dòng)作。如：I'm going to swim this afternoon ③ be+現(xiàn)在分詞，也就是用某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來，如：I'm coming。這些動(dòng)詞只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等動(dòng)詞。④ 在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。

4 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：用于表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示狀態(tài)，情感的某些詞沒有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞有：like, have(有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect?

5 過去將來時(shí)：用來表達(dá)從過去某時(shí)間點(diǎn)上看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如： He told me he would come to my party 6 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的兩個(gè)用處是：① 用來表達(dá)在過去開始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，如：I've studied English for two years ② 用來表達(dá)過去發(fā)生的事但它影響到現(xiàn)在，如：I haven't had my breakfast.so I'm hungry now 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別在于動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于現(xiàn)在，而過去完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于過去。如：I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未見到我過去的老師了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句話，則將變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher.I hadn't seen him for a long time.因?yàn)槲液镁梦匆娝@一情況截止于昨天。還要注意的一個(gè)問題是截止性動(dòng)詞可以有完成時(shí)，但不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun 如果一定要講開始幾分鐘了則要換用表示狀態(tài)，或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes語態(tài)：英語中只有主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。主動(dòng)語態(tài)，句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：I broke the window 而被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的主語是主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的賓語，如：The window was broken by me 被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要用于，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確，或沒有必要說出來，如：The New building was built last week 關(guān)鍵要注意的是在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有省略不定式符號(hào)to的動(dòng)詞，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)要還原，如： 主動(dòng)語態(tài) I saw him come in.被動(dòng)語態(tài) He was seen to come in.助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，它只不過與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞，形成了時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、構(gòu)成了疑問句，否定句，以及用來加強(qiáng)語氣。而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則表達(dá)一種可能、必要、允許、愿望、猜測(cè)??的意圖、傾向。也用來表示語氣的委婉和

祝愿。初中階段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must(have to), shall, should。最后要談?wù)摰氖欠侵^語動(dòng)詞，非謂語動(dòng)詞分為不定式，和動(dòng)詞的ing形式，(即現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞)。雖然在初中范圍，這一項(xiàng)不是語法重點(diǎn)，但還是要花一定時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí)，為的是打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。為進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)提供良好的條件。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語。如：To see is to believe.(百聞不如一見)He want to see a film 還可以作補(bǔ)足語，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作狀語，如：I come here to learn English.動(dòng)名詞也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing.I like swimming very much.而現(xiàn)在分詞多用于作定語、補(bǔ)足語、狀語，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定語)Did you notice his hand shaking?(賓語補(bǔ)足語)Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(狀語)(二)正誤辨析

 ［誤］ She laid down and soon fell asleep. ［正］ She lay down and soon fell asleep. ［析］ 考試中常出現(xiàn)的是易混動(dòng)詞lay放，lie躺，lie說謊。它們的過去時(shí)、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞變化如下：  lay(放)laid，laid，laying(及物動(dòng)詞) lie(躺)lay，lain，lying(不及物動(dòng)詞) lie(說謊)lied，lied，lying  ［誤］ Please rise your hand. ［正］ Please raise your hand. ［析］ rise 是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后不能接賓語，如：The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物動(dòng)詞。 ［誤］ I like to swim very much, but I don't like swimming this afternoon. ［正］ I like swimming very much, but I don't like to swim this afternoon. ［析］ like作為“喜歡”講時(shí)，可以接動(dòng)名詞也可以接不定式，但接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)多表達(dá)一種習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。而接不定式則側(cè)重于表達(dá)一次性、特殊性的動(dòng)作。 但要注意的是like 與would連用時(shí)則一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me? 再有一點(diǎn)要注意的是，like作為介詞“像”講時(shí)，只能用分詞作其賓語。 ［誤］ Stop!Did you listen to a strange voice?  ［正］ Stop!Did you hear a strange voice?  ［析］ hear的側(cè)重點(diǎn)是聽到、聽見什么，而listen to 的側(cè)重點(diǎn)為聽的傾向，如：listen!Do you hear someone calling help?這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ook與see。它們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)也不同，look重于“看”的傾向，而see重于看見沒看見。 ［誤］ Did you watch some film recently?  ［正］ Did you see some film recently?  ［析］ 英語中see 與 watch 各有不同的用處，see用于看電影、劇目，而watch用作看電視和看球賽。 ［誤］ Look.A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. ［正］ Look.A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling. ［析］ hang有兩個(gè)含義，① “掛”，它的過去時(shí)與過去分詞是hung，hung;② “絞刑”，這時(shí)它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過去式與過去分詞則為hanged，hanged。 ［誤］ How long can I borrow this book?  ［正］ How long can I keep this book?  ［析］ “借”在英文中有三個(gè)詞，① 借入，即borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library?② 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you.③ 借多久要用keep, 因?yàn)閎orrow與lend都是截止性動(dòng)詞，而keep是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如 How long can I keep it?  ［誤］ We have won your class. ［正］ We have beaten your class. ［析］ win是及物動(dòng)詞，其后面的賓語應(yīng)是比賽、戰(zhàn)爭、獎(jiǎng)品、獎(jiǎng)金。而beat的賓語，應(yīng)是人、隊(duì)、班級(jí)等等，如：We won the game. ［誤］ I left my key. ［正］ I forgot my key. ［正］ I left my key at home. ［析］ leave是“丟下”，其后一定要接地點(diǎn)狀語，而forget其后不要接地點(diǎn)狀語。 ［誤］ Oh!It's raining outside.Please bring the rain coat with you. ［正］ Oh!It's raining outside.Please take this rain coat with you. ［析］ bring為“帶來”如：Next time bring your little sister here.而take為“帶走”，fetch為“去某處取什么回來”，如：Please fetch some coffee for us 要熟記的是在初中課文中與take有關(guān)的詞組，如： take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下take off 脫下 take?out 拿出 take place 發(fā)生 take hold of 拿住 take part in 參加 take a seat 坐下take one's place 替代 take a look 看看 take one's turn 輪流 take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 別著急take one's time 慢慢來 take one's temperature 測(cè)量體溫

 ［誤］ The policeman reached his gun. ［正］ The policeman reached for his gun. ［析］ reach作“到達(dá)”講時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，如：I reached the hotel at 8∶30但作“伸手去拿”，則要用reach for something。作為“到達(dá)”講時(shí)還有arrive(in+大地方)(at＋較小的地方)和get to.要注意的是與get有關(guān)的詞組有： get back 回來 get in 收割 get into 進(jìn)入 get off 下車 get on 上車 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到達(dá) get ready for=be ready for  get on well with 與人相處融洽 get 加比較級(jí)為變得如何，例如： get colder and colder. ［誤］ This dictionary spent me five dollars. ［正］ This dictionary cost me five dollars. ［析］ 英文中的“花費(fèi)”有4個(gè)spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 與pay所在句中的主語應(yīng)為人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework.I paid five dallars for the book.而cost與take的主語則是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book. ［誤］ In summer I always sleep with the windows opened. ［正］ In summer I always sleep with the windows open. ［正］ I always sleep with the windows closed. ［析］ 要注意open是動(dòng)詞也是形容詞，而close則要用其過去分詞作形容詞。 ［誤］ Please wait a minute.I'm having on my clothes. ［正］ Please wait a minute.I'm putting on my clothes. ［析］ 英語中的穿衣服要分狀態(tài)，是什么樣的穿著打扮，還是穿衣服的動(dòng)作兩類動(dòng)詞。表示穿著狀態(tài)的詞有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，它多用一般時(shí)態(tài)，如：She has on a new school dress.而wear則多用進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示狀態(tài)，如：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示動(dòng)作的詞中put on是常用的一詞。dress用作動(dòng)詞當(dāng)“穿衣”講時(shí)其后賓語不應(yīng)接衣物，而要接人，如：My children were very young they couldn't dress themselves.在表示穿著狀態(tài)時(shí)用其過去分詞當(dāng)形容詞，如：He is dressed in white. ［誤］ My computer can't begin.Could you find someone to help me?  ［正］ My computer can't start.Could you find someone to help me?  ［析］ begin與start均可指“開始”，而且常?？梢曰Q，如：School begins(starts)at 8 a.m.但是在兩種情況下不宜用begin 而要用start, ① 當(dāng)作機(jī)器開動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)講，如：My car can't start.There must be something wrong with it.② 作為“旅途開始”講，如：We should have to start early.There was a lot of traffic on the road. ［誤］ I'm very glad because I have founded my lost key. ［正］ I'm very glad because I have found my lost key. ［析］ find是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，它的過去式和過去分詞是found, found，而found又是另外一詞“建立”，它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過去式與過去分詞是founded founded, 如：The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949. ［誤］ Please.Let's speak in English. ［正］ Please.Let's speak English. ［正］ Please.Let's talk in English. ［誤］ Can you speak it English?  ［正］ Can you say it in English?  ［析］ 英文中“說”有4個(gè)常用詞say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物動(dòng)詞有speak和talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接語言時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，其他情況是不及物動(dòng)詞。say 與tell是及物動(dòng)詞，其中tell常用雙賓語，如：Tell us a story.但用于講實(shí)話或謊話時(shí)也用單賓語。如： Tell the truth. ［誤］ Can you say Japanese from Chinese?  ［正］ Can you tell Japanese from Chinese?  ［析］ tell?from為固定詞組，即分辨兩者的不同。 ［誤］ Excuse me, did I step on your foot?  ［正］ Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?  ［析］ excuse me用于未打擾對(duì)方前，以提醒對(duì)方注意的用語，而sorry則是由于自己已做的事向?qū)Ψ降狼?。?［誤］ Would you care for to swim with us?  ［正］ Would you care to swim with us?  ［析］ care for 后接不定式時(shí)，要省略for,或換用名詞，如：Would you care for a cup of tea.care for 作“照顧”講時(shí)與look after相同。在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)與for有關(guān)的詞組有：  ask for 請(qǐng)求 call for 接人，請(qǐng)人 care for 關(guān)心 go in for 從事 answer for 負(fù)責(zé) look for 尋找 wait for 等待 send for 請(qǐng)人 pay for 付款

search for 尋找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 準(zhǔn)備

thank somebody for something 為某事向某人道謝。

 ［誤］ Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it. ［正］ Do you understand it? Yes, I got it. ［析］ understand這一詞沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如同感觀動(dòng)詞love、hate? I got it 是美語，即I understood it。要記住get 作為“到達(dá)”講時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，如：I'll get to the school at 8 a.m. 初中范圍常用與to有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞詞組如下： belong to 屬于 come to 蘇醒 point to(at)指著get to 到達(dá) refer to 談到 stick to 堅(jiān)持lead to 導(dǎo)致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望agree to 同意  ［誤］ The meat has gone badly. ［正］ The meat has gone bad. ［析］ 英語中g(shù)o, get, become, turn作為轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)，其后接形容詞，這時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞應(yīng)被看作系動(dòng)詞。 ［誤］ The teacher said the earth moved around the sun. ［正］ The teacher said the earth moves around the sun. ［析］ 如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其賓語從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)。如果是過去時(shí)，則賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與之呼應(yīng)。但地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)是不隨時(shí)間而變化的客觀事實(shí)，所以還應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來表達(dá)。 ［誤］ I'll come to see you as soon as I'll be back. ［正］ I'll come to see you as soon as I am back. ［析］ 在狀語從句中要用一般時(shí)來表示將來，如：I should tell him when he came back. ［誤］ I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not. ［正］ I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not. ［析］ 在賓語從句中則要用將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作。要注意的是如果賓語從句中仍有狀語從句時(shí)，依然要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來，如：I want to know if it rains tomorrow you'll come here or not. ［誤］ What did you do at eight last night?  ［正］ What were you doing at eight last night?  ［析］ 在描述過去某一具體時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或從某時(shí)到某時(shí)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday

 ［誤］ My classmates came to see a film yesterday.I didn't go with them, because I have seen it before. ［正］ My classmates came to see a film yesterday.I didn't go with them because I had seen it before. ［析］ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的相同之處是其動(dòng)作均開始于過去的某一點(diǎn)，它的差別在于該動(dòng)作是截止到什么時(shí)候。如動(dòng)作截止到現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如動(dòng)作截止到過去，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：I've learnt English for three years.(到現(xiàn)在為止)又如：Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three years.(動(dòng)作截止到上大學(xué)那時(shí)，即截止于過去) ［誤］ I'm feeling well now. ［正］ I feel well now. ［析］ 瞬間動(dòng)詞有些無進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，它們是：表示思維狀態(tài)的詞：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want 表示感情的動(dòng)詞：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear 表示狀態(tài)的詞：belong, own 感觀動(dòng)詞： feel, hear, see，smell, taste  ［誤］ When have you done this work?  ［正］ When did you do this work?  ［析］ when提問的是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)不可用于完成時(shí)態(tài)的問句中。

 ［誤］ This is our new English teacher.He has gone to many foreign countries. ［正］ This is our new English teacher.He has been to many foreign countries. ［析］ have gone to 是到某地去了，此人現(xiàn)在不在這里。have been to 是到過某地，現(xiàn)在此人在說話現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。 ［誤］ I have borrowed this book for two weeks. ［正］ I have kept this book for two weeks. ［析］ 截止性動(dòng)詞有完成時(shí)態(tài)，但不可和與表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun. 但要講When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 這樣的用法還有buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天買的這本書。 I have had this book for two days.這本書我已買了兩天了。 I joined the club two years ago.兩年前我加入了這個(gè)俱樂部。

 I have been in this club for two years.我加入這個(gè)俱樂部已兩年了。 My father died five years ago.我父親是5年前去世的。

 My father has been dead for five years.我父親已去世5年了。 ［誤］ Have you understood the lessons?  ［正］ Do you understand the lessons?  ［析］ 有些動(dòng)詞不易用完成時(shí)態(tài)，它們是understand, think, believe, know(知道) ［誤］ It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939. ［誤］ It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939. ［析］ 在講述過去的歷史事件時(shí)，總要用過去時(shí)而不要用完成時(shí)，而且happen, break out, take place作為發(fā)生講時(shí)均沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

 ［誤］ When I walked along the street.I happened to meet an old friend. ［正］ When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend. ［析］ 在一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的過程中，某一突然事件發(fā)生，這時(shí)長動(dòng)作應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí))，而突發(fā)性動(dòng)作用一般時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí))，如：When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings. ［誤］ Please buy a book for me. ［正］ Please buy me a book. ［正］ Please buy a book to me. ［析］ 在接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞后面的兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)是直接賓語，一個(gè)是間接賓語，如：Buy me a book中me是間接賓語，而a book是直接賓語。如果將直接賓語前置，其后應(yīng)加to，如： Tell me a story.Tell a story to me.Give me a book.Give a book to me. ［誤］ He was seen come into the book store. ［正］ He was seen to come into the book store. ［析］ 在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，有時(shí)可以加不帶to的不定式作賓語，如：I saw him come into the book store.但如果變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，則要將省略的to還原。當(dāng)然這些動(dòng)詞還可以加動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如： I saw him coming into the book store, 如變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，則沒有變化。如：He was seen coming into the book store. ［誤］ How nice the book is!Is it sold well?  ［正］ How nice the book is!Does it sell well?  ［析］ 有些動(dòng)詞可以表示一種動(dòng)作，但也可以用來表示某種性質(zhì)，表示動(dòng)作時(shí)可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，在表示性質(zhì)時(shí)則不可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：

 This book sells well.這本書暢銷。 This car drives easily.這車容易駕駛。 These clothes wash easily.這些衣服好洗。 在作上述表達(dá)時(shí)，不要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。而要講：  This kind of book was sold out.(這種書賣完了) These clothes were washed by the washing machine.這時(shí)要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，因?yàn)樗枋龅氖蔷唧w動(dòng)作。 ［誤］ Must I do it now? No.you mustn't. ［正］ Must I do it now? No, you needn't. ［析］ need用在疑問句和否定句中常用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，其后接不帶to的不定式。由must提問的問句作答語時(shí)，如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用needn't，即為沒有必要。在肯定句中常用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，如：I need to wait for my boy. ［誤］ Is this book yours?  Yes, It's. ［正］ Is this book yours? Yes, It is. ［析］ 在肯定的回答中不要用縮寫形式，而在否定的回答中可以用縮寫形式，如：No.It isn't. ［誤］ I'll have my bike repair tomorrow. ［正］ I'll have my bike repaired tomorrow. ［析］ have+人+動(dòng)詞原形或現(xiàn)在分詞意為：讓某人作某事，如：My father had me to learn how to drive，或My father had me doing my homework from morning till might have+物+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞為某件事被別人完成。如：I have my hair cut.我去理發(fā)。而不是自己理發(fā)。如果講我想自己作某事，則用I want to repair my bike myself. ［誤］ I'll get my brother repair the bike for you. ［正］ I'll get my brother to repair the bike for you. ［析］ have與get的用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。相同之處，如：have something done, 也可用get something done, 或have(get)somebody doing something但不同之處在于have somebody do something 在用get時(shí)則要用get somebody to do something。

 ［誤］ I have to study on Saturday but I haven't to study a full day  ［正］ I have to study on Saturday，but I don't have to study a full day. ［析］ have to 不得不，而don't have to 為其否定式。

 ［誤］ Is Tom in the classroom? No.He mustn't be in the classroom, because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now. ［正］ Is Tom in the classroom? No.He can't be in the classroom because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office

第四篇：[全套]初中英語中考復(fù)習(xí)資料(超全語法、詞組、句型、作文及知識(shí)點(diǎn))

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

一名詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall，America?它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker?它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物；集體名詞，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water,paper?它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, time?它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。

名詞一覽表 種類

專有名詞

London, John, the Communist Party of China

普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people 物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand

抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用

主語 My family is now in New York.表語 His father is a scientist.賓語 We love our great motherland.賓語補(bǔ)足語 He made London the base for his work.定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.［析］不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper.［誤］Please give me two letter papers.［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.［析］paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.［誤］My glasses is broken.［正］My glasses are broken.［誤］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.［析］英語中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡，shoes—鞋，trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.［誤］May I borrow two radioes? ［正］May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.［誤］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.［析］如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups of coffee.［誤］Can you give me the newspaper of today? ［正］Can you give me today's newspaper? ［析］加's構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes' walk.［誤］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.［析］英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，如： room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方?！边@樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林 ［誤］There is a flowers garden behind my house.［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.［析］名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory(鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper(晚報(bào)),night school(夜校),head master(校長),a law school(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。

［誤］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.［析］英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese(中國人), means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。

［誤］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［正］There is a man in the room.［析］people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。［誤］Where is my shoe? ［正］Where are my shoes? ［析］常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)［誤］I paid five pennies for the sweet.［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.［析］英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。［誤］There are many fruit in the shop.［正］There are many fruits in the shop.［析］物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。 ［誤］There is a new car.It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car.It is Jone and Mary's.［析］有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加’s，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［析］one of意為“??之一”，of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。［誤］Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.［正］Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.［析］uncle Wang's 意為“王叔叔家”，doctor's意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。

［誤］I think we will make a friend with each other.［正］I think we will make friends with each other.［析］make friends 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友。［誤］I want to tell you much pieces of good news.［正］I want to tell you many pieces of good news.［析］news為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.［誤］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.［析］要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。

［誤］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.［析］information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.［誤］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.［析］many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。

［誤］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is 沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

了，而英文要講，快點(diǎn)，沒時(shí)間了。因此，要用little而不用a little.4.How many ＿＿＿can you see in the picture? A tomatos

B tomatoes C

tomato D the tomato

［答案］B.［析］用How many提問時(shí)，其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而tomato的復(fù)數(shù)要加es.5.— ＿＿＿is the meat.Please? — Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old

D How long

［答案］A.［析］由對(duì)話的答語可看出其問句問的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)格講時(shí)，不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞，要用how much 提問。

The boy's name is James Allen Green.So his given name is＿＿＿.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr.Green ［答案］A.［析］英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文則是姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city

B city's

C

citys

D

cities ［答案］D.［析］復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。

Would you please pass me＿＿＿? A two paper

B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers ［答案］C.［析］paper是不可數(shù)名詞，如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)，要用量詞piece.September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' ［答案］D.10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

1沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［析］因?yàn)閞oom為單數(shù)，所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間，應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。

二、冠詞

(一)知識(shí)概要

冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a與an，定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。(二)正誤辨析

［誤］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.［析］a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是錯(cuò)句，應(yīng)為：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

3沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［誤］Please turn off lights before you leave.［正］Please turn off the lights before you leave.［析］雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。

［誤］There are nine planets around a sun.［正］There are nine planets around the sun.［析］世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.［誤］I live on a second floor of this building.［正］I live on the second floor of this building.［析］在序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。如：He is the oldest in the family.［誤］I want to learn the second language this term.［正］I want to learn a second language this term.［析］在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)，再來一個(gè)時(shí)，應(yīng)用a，本句的意思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。

［誤］Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.［正］The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.［析］在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the Yellow River(黃河)。［誤］Look, there are Alp.［誤］Look, there are the Alp.［正］Look, there are the Alps.［析］具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.［誤］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［析］報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。 ［誤］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.［析］在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

5沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［析］在慣用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。

［誤］The police caught the thief by his arm.［正］The police caught the thief by the arm.［析］這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動(dòng)詞，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike(打),pat(拍)，hit(擊)，hold(握)，pull(拉)?動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人，再加介詞on, by, in, with?之后要加定冠詞，再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his, her, their, 等詞。［誤］He was paid by hour.［正］He was paid by the hour.［析］by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為：他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。

［誤］I went to New York by his car.［正］I went to New York by car.［正］I went to New York in his car.［析］by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具，而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如：by car(坐小汽車)by taxi(坐出租車)by bike(騎自行車)by water(乘船)by air(乘飛機(jī))by sea(乘船)［誤］Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.［正］Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.［析］在樂器前要加定冠詞，而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞，如：They like to play bridge when they are free.(他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌)［誤］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.［析］英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時(shí)不加定冠詞，以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵，如：go to school(上學(xué))，go to bed(睡覺)等，但去看電影則例外，要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。［誤］I live at 105 the Lake street.［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.［析］街道名稱前不用冠詞。

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Mr Li is＿＿＿ old worker.A a B an C some D / ［答案］B.［析］an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。

English is＿＿＿

useful language in ＿＿＿

world.A an, the

B a, the

C the, /

D

/,the ［答案］B.［析］因useful的第一個(gè)音素是［j］，它是輔音音素。3

What ＿＿＿

interesting book it is? A a

B an

C the

D

/ ［答案］B.［析］這是感嘆句，因?yàn)橐频皆话憔淝懊娴膹?qiáng)調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應(yīng)加冠詞，而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4

He will be back in ＿＿＿ hour.A / B the C a D

an ［答案］D.［析］因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。

There is ＿＿＿ map in the classroom.＿＿＿

map is on the wall.A a, A

B the, The

C a, The

D the ,A ［答案］C.［析］在文章中首次提到某人或某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次再提到該物或人時(shí)應(yīng)用定冠詞。

Look at＿＿＿ picture!There's＿＿＿ house in it.A a ,a

B the, the

C a, the

D

the, a ［答案］D.［析］雖然是第一次提到，但在句中的語言是讓對(duì)方看某一特定的圖畫，所以應(yīng)選擇D。

There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.A a

B an

C

the

D / ［答案］D.［析］這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。

Beijing is ＿＿＿

capital of our country.沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

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表

人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

主格 i you he she it we you they 賓格 me you him her it us you them

物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請(qǐng)看下表 人稱 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的形容詞性 my your his her its ours your they 名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

反身代詞可見下表

人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves

指示代詞主要有this, that, these, those 疑問代詞有：who, whom whose, what, which, 還有疑問副詞when, how, where, why。不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some, any，many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either?(二)正誤辨析

［誤］Tom's mother is taller than my.［正］Tom's mother is taller than mine.［析］形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語，也就是講它可以作形容詞，如：my book，而這句話的意思是：湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對(duì)象是my mother,也就是mine。

［誤］We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish them.［正］We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish it.［析］在應(yīng)用代詞時(shí)，要注意人稱，格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework，所以應(yīng)用it。

［誤］He and you should go to the library to return the books.［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.［析］這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

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［正］Please bring your daughter with you.［析］反身代詞不能作介詞賓語，除非是由不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的動(dòng)詞短語，如： The old woman spoke to herself.［誤］Make yourself home.［正］Make yourself at home.［析］這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有：

enjoy oneself 玩得開心make yourself at home 像在家中一樣 help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路 seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣

［誤］— Who's this speaking.— That's Mary.［正］— Who's that speaking.— This is Mary.［析］在電話用語中，this指講話人自己，而that指對(duì)方。［誤］The days in summer are longer than this in winter.［正］The days in summer are longer than those in winter.［析］在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù)，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是單數(shù)時(shí)用that,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.［誤］It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.［正］It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.［正］It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.［析］在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句，也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming.They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little這4個(gè)詞前僅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時(shí)，則不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.［誤］I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.［正］I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.［析］same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有all the same(仍然)。

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［析］在either?or,或neither?nor連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與和其相近的那個(gè)主語相配。

［誤］I have three sisters.Neither of them is a doctor.［正］I have three sisters.None of them is a doctor.［析］neither用于兩者中無一是，而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。

［誤］He doesn't like Beijing opera.I don't like too.［正］He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.［析］either作為“也”講時(shí)，要用于否定句中，而too則用于肯定句中。

［誤］We like both this little boy.［正］We both like this little boy.［析］both作同位語時(shí)，它在句中的位置有：在be動(dòng)詞之后，如：We are both students.在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助動(dòng)詞之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用時(shí)要注意以下句子的實(shí)際含意：Both of us are not right.應(yīng)譯為：我們倆不都對(duì)。Neither of us is right.才應(yīng)譯為：我倆都不對(duì)。又如：I can't give you both of the books.意為：兩本書我不能全給你，而I can't give you either of the books.才為：兩本書我全不能給你。

［誤］We each has a ticket for the concert.［正］We each have a ticket for the concert.［析］each作句子主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)以原名詞的數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。

［誤］Every of us has to pass the exam.［正］Each of us has to pass the exam.［析］every只可作形容詞，不可作代詞，而each既可作形容詞，又可作代詞，在作形容詞時(shí)each側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，而every 則側(cè)重于全體。

［誤］Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.［正］Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

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特指 the other形容詞

the other代詞

the other the others

［誤］There are ten students here Where are the others students? ［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others? ［正］There are ten students here Where are the other students? ［析］the others=the other students.［誤］The old man has two sons.One is a teacher, another is a doctor.［正］The old man has two sons.One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.［析］another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?I'm sorry.I have no idea.One may say it is quite near;another may say it is far from here.但在特指時(shí)則要用the other.它可以用作定語，the other one,也可以用作代詞the other,但the other用作代詞時(shí)它的含意一定是單數(shù)。如果指三者或者三者以上的情況時(shí)，則要用one?another?the other.或者one?a second?the third?

［誤］Some people like sports.The others like reading.［正］Some people like sports.Others like reading.［析］在泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前用some?others?others?來表示某些人??某些人??某些人??。

［誤］Please remember to water the flowers each other day.［正］Please remember to water the flowers every other day.［析］every other day為每隔一天。是習(xí)慣用法，不要隨意改動(dòng)。又如：on the other hand另一方面。

［誤］Many know him，but few likes him.［正］Many know him, but few like him.［析］few用于可數(shù)名詞，意為幾乎沒有，但few作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而a few為有一些。［誤］You have few friends, haven't you? ［正］You have few friends, have you? ［析］little與few用于句中時(shí)，均要按否定句看待。［誤］Much of what you said are true.［正］Much of what you said is true.沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

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［正］Be careful.Don't drink too much.［析］這里much所代的應(yīng)是飲料或水，所以應(yīng)為不可數(shù)名詞。

(三)例題解析 These are ＿＿＿books.Yours are over there.A I

B my

C me

D mine ［答案］B.［析］這里應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞。 2 —＿＿＿

is she? — She is a teacher.A

What

B How

C Who

D

Where ［答案］A.［析］這里的四個(gè)疑問詞放在問句中全都成立，但其意義不同。What is she?應(yīng)譯為“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而How is she?應(yīng)譯為“她身體如何?”而Who is she?應(yīng)譯為“她是誰?”其答語應(yīng)為“她叫什么名字?！倍鳺here is she?應(yīng)為“她在什么地方?”由答語決定了這道題的選擇。

3＿＿＿ is wrong with my watch.It has stopped＿＿＿.A Something, working

B Something, to work C

Any thing, working

D Anything, to work ［答案］A.［析］因?yàn)槭强隙ň渌詰?yīng)用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，則stop后要用動(dòng)名詞。Mary, help ＿＿＿to the bananas, please.A you

B your

C yourself

D yourselves ［答案］C.［析］help oneself to something為“自己拿某物”。yourself為“你一個(gè)人”，而yourselves為“你們”。

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［析］在否定句中應(yīng)用anything 11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight.Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.” “Good idea!”

A

anything nice

B nice anything C

something nice D nice something ［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代詞的修飾詞應(yīng)放其后而不要放在其前面。— When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? — I don't mind.＿＿＿time is OK.A

Some

B Neither

C Either

D Both ［答案］C.［析］因如選用both則名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，也要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞，由于答語前有I don't mind 則決定不能選擇neither.13 This is not her kite, but＿＿＿.A he's B

him C

he

D

his ［答案］D.［析］要注意“他的”名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞是同形的。 Don't worry, Mum!＿＿＿ news is good news.I'm sure daddy will come back soon.A

No

B Many

C Those

D Two ［答案］A.［析］這是一條諺語，即沒有消息就是好消息。Mary has six apples.Her brother has three.She has ＿＿＿apples than he.A few B many C more

D

fewer ［答案］C.［析］由于是比較級(jí)，根據(jù)題意應(yīng)選“多于”而不是“少于”。

There isn't ＿＿＿in today's newspaper.A anything interesting B something interesting C nothing interesting 沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

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［析］這里因?yàn)槭谴鎻?fù)數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用名詞性的復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。 She is not a nurse.I'm not＿＿＿.A also B either C neither

D too ［答案］B.［析］在否定句中該用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils.One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.A the other

B another

C others D the others ［答案］A.［析］兩者中的另一個(gè)應(yīng)為特指。而且應(yīng)為單數(shù)形式的代名詞。而another是泛指單數(shù)代名詞。others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，而the others是特指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞。Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know ＿＿＿about the subject.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］A.［析］中文講我對(duì)此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意為否定句。My sister doesn't like skating＿＿＿.A So do I

B So I don't C Neither I don't D Neither do I ［答案］D.［析］這是表達(dá)上面否定句中的動(dòng)作，也同樣不適合 于第二個(gè)人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒裝句。Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,＿＿＿.A you, he and I

B I, you and he C he, I and you

D you, I and he ［答案］A.［析］這是若干人稱代詞并列時(shí)的順序問題。請(qǐng)參看辨析中的例子。 All the students are busy, so＿＿＿of

them will go to the concert.沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

3沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

the other只能用作單數(shù)，而others是泛指復(fù)數(shù)代名詞，故只能選B。34 It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.A a so

B so a

C such a

D a such ［答案］C.［析］在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前可以有兩種表達(dá)法，即such+不定冠詞+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容詞+不定冠詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy.So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］C.［析］這是英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同之處。中文講只有少數(shù)人喜歡坐火車，英文要選用“few”。

We must help and understand each＿＿＿.A other B another

C others

D the other ［答案］A.［析］each other意為“互相”，是習(xí)慣用語。37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man

B One

C That

D It ［答案］D.［析］這里的真正主語應(yīng)為不定式to walk on the moon.而形式主語只能用it.38 Jane has sent several letters, but ＿＿＿of them have been answered.A all

B both

C either

D none ［答案］D.［析］several letters意為“若干信件”，應(yīng)看作多于兩者，則在A、D中作選擇，僅D符合句意。

I don't know ＿＿＿about the new headmaster.A something

B everything

C nothing

D anything ［答案］D.［析］否定句中應(yīng)用anything.40＿＿＿ of the students in the whole class could do this physics 沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

5沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

young

taller younger tallest youngest

只加r或st nice large nicer larger nicest largest

重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫該字母加er、est big

fat hot bigger fatter hotter

biggest fattest hottest

不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞： 原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)

good better best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far farther further

farthest 沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

7沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

wholly

在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。

此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞。能修飾比較級(jí)的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little.能修飾最高級(jí)的有：the very, much the, far等。

(二)正誤辨析

［誤］ The young likes playing football very much. ［正］ The young like playing football very much.

［析］ 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。

［誤］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over. ［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

［析］ 意為：“危險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束?！庇枚ü谠~加最高級(jí)形容詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。 ［誤］ It is the gold age of the young. ［正］ It is the golden age of the young. ［析］ golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。

［誤］ She is a warm heart woman.

［正］ She is a warmhearted woman.

［析］ 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如：warmhoarted 熱心腸的，whitehaired 白毛的

［誤］ There is an alive fish in the pool. ［正］ There is a living fish in the pool. ［析］ 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

9沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

個(gè)。

如： What a pretty little white horse!

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. ［誤］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.［析］ good是形容詞，這里是修飾動(dòng)詞speak的，所以應(yīng)用副詞well，但well作形容詞講時(shí)只作身體好。如：He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個(gè)好人)。

［誤］ The children play on the grass nappyly. ［正］ The children play on the grass happily

［析］ 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時(shí)應(yīng)將y變?yōu)閕再加ly. ［誤］ The teacher looked angry at the students. ［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students. ［析］ 英語中感觀動(dòng)詞后面要接形容詞，這時(shí)它是修飾主語的，如：The food smells good.食物聞起來很香。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣。 而此句的意思為：“老師生氣地看著學(xué)生”，所以應(yīng)用副詞形式。

［誤］ He worked with me friendly. ［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞，但friendly是形容詞，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, lively?monthly weekly?。但其中有些詞既是副詞，又是形容詞，如：early, hourly, monthly? ［誤］ You can speak free in front of your friends. ［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作為形容詞意為“自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的”。作為副詞講則是“免費(fèi)”之意。而freely作為副詞則是“自由的，隨便的”。這些要注意的詞還有：hard 努力，艱苦 hardly 幾乎不 late 遲，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near近nearly 幾乎like 像 likely 幾乎

［誤］ They must have arrived till now.

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

1沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［誤］ I had met an old friend three days ago. ［正］ I had met an old friend three days before. ［正］ I met an old friend three days ago.

* ago 用在時(shí)間狀語中時(shí)，主句中謂語動(dòng)詞一般用過去時(shí)，而before用于時(shí)間狀語時(shí)則主句的謂語動(dòng)詞宜用完成時(shí)態(tài)。

［誤］ He studied very hard.and at the end he passed the exam. ［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam. ［析］ in the end＝at last 意為“最終，終于”，表達(dá)經(jīng)過若干努力而達(dá)到的結(jié)果。而at the end是在某事的結(jié)束時(shí)如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。

［誤］ I will come here to help you each three days. ［正］ I will come here to help you every three days. ［析］ every three days 為“每三天”，即每隔二天，而every other day為每隔一天。

［誤］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday.and I didn't go, too. ［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either. ［析］ 英語中表示“也”，有4個(gè)字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3個(gè)用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too與as well一般要用在句尾，而also則可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如： I've also read her other novels. ［誤］ We should help the poor girl in anyway. ［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway為“不管怎么”講，“無論如何”，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

any way 為“任何方式”。這種常見的錯(cuò)誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，如：

everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遙遠(yuǎn)的 far away 遠(yuǎn)離

altogether 總計(jì) all together 一塊，大家一起 already 已經(jīng) all ready 全準(zhǔn)備好了

［誤］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime. ［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

3How long does he write to his parents?How often does he write to his parents?沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［誤］ He drove quickly his new car. ［正］ He drove his new car quickly.

［析］ 副詞在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下幾種用法：①實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，如：He quickly give me the answer.② 在be動(dòng)詞之后，如：The little boy is often late for class.③ 第一助動(dòng)詞之后，如：This book has almost been finished.④ 在單獨(dú)使用的be動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是無論如何也不能將副詞置于動(dòng)詞與賓語之間，如果是賓語從句或是很長的名詞

詞組作賓語則才可以這樣用：

He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［誤］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema. ［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定長度的時(shí)間的副詞不應(yīng)放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào)則可放于句首。

［誤］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英語中的數(shù)量形容詞有兩組。修飾可數(shù)名詞的有few(很少，幾乎沒有)，a few(有一些，幾個(gè))；修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有l(wèi)ittle(很少，幾乎沒有)，a little(有一點(diǎn)，有一些)。要注意的是當(dāng)few和little用于句中時(shí)應(yīng)看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中時(shí)則應(yīng)看作是肯定句。

［誤］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 為一固定用法，其意為“十分，相當(dāng)，所以”。quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.［誤］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some與any都可以用作形容詞、副詞或代詞，在一般情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑問句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用some。其次是some 可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞和不沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

5沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［正］ We are already in the classroom now.

［析］ already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑問句中，如：

Did you finish it? No.not yet. ［誤］ Look.Here comes he! ［正］ Look!Here he comes! ［誤］ Look!Here the bus comes! ［正］ Look!Here comes the bus!

［析］ 在句子開頭用Here時(shí)，如主語是人稱代詞則不要用倒裝語序，如果主語是名詞則要用倒裝語序。 ［誤］ She is my older sister. ［正］ She is my elder sister. ［析］ elder 和eldest是用來指家庭中兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系，而older, oldest 則是指歲數(shù)大多少，如：She is three years older than I. ［誤］ I'm tired.I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired.I can't go farther.

［析］ far有兩個(gè)比較級(jí) farther 較遠(yuǎn)的，further 進(jìn)一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要進(jìn)一步的解釋嗎?當(dāng)然它也有兩個(gè)最高級(jí)。farthest和furthest.

［誤］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常與過去時(shí)連用，而before則多與完成時(shí)連用。 ［誤］No, not already.

［正］No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三個(gè)英文字可以表達(dá)它們是already，yet 與 still。要注意的是 already經(jīng)常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。而yet 多用于疑問句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still則常用于主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間，如：We still can't decide what to do.但也有時(shí)用于be 動(dòng)詞之后，如：He is still here.

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

7Can I walk to the station?-You'd better not.It is very far. ［正］You'd better not, It is a long way. ［析］ for一般用在疑問句與否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isn't far. ［誤］ I've ever been to America. ［正］ I've been to America once.

［析］ once 多用于肯定句，而ever則用于疑問句，否定句，及條件狀語從句中，如：Have you ever been to London? ［誤］No, I am not afraid so.

［正］No, I'm afraid not.

［析］ 在肯定的答語中我們可以用so來代替上句所講的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答語中，英語口語的習(xí)慣用法則有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 與 afraid后則常用not，如：I hope not.

［誤］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［析］ enough 可以作名詞用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well.(對(duì)于如何學(xué)好英語已經(jīng)講的足夠多了。)另外它可以作為形容詞，如：I have enough money(or money enough)to buy this dictionary.注意 enough作為形容詞時(shí)即可放于名詞前又可放于名詞后，在初中范圍的考題中多用于名詞之前。如果enough 作為副詞用，那么它一定要放在被修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。 ［誤］ You can't be very careful. ［正］ You can't be too careful.

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

8沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

［誤］ There are three girls in my group.The cleverer is Mary. ［正］ There are three girls in my group.The cleverest is Mary. ［析］ 在兩者之間應(yīng)用比較級(jí)，在三者之間或三者以上的范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用最高級(jí)。

［誤］ The boy sat there as quiet as his sister. ［正］ The boy sat there as quietly as his sister.

［析］ as?as的用法要注意的是：①在其中間應(yīng)加形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)，而不可加比較級(jí)，也有的語法書中稱為同級(jí)比較。②要根據(jù)句意決定是加形容詞還是副詞，這要看它具體是修飾動(dòng)詞還是名詞而定，如：He is as good as his friend.

［誤］ The harder you study, and you can learn more. ［正］ The harder you study, the more you can learn.

［析］ 英文中如果要表達(dá)越來越怎樣，在初中范圍有兩種表達(dá)法：①比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)。②定冠詞+比較級(jí)??，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。要注意的是多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)前要加more，這樣的用法是：more and more 加形容詞，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.

［誤］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English. ［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. ［析］ 在作比較時(shí)，英語一般要求對(duì)比的兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)一致。如用動(dòng)名詞，應(yīng)都用動(dòng)名詞，用不定式時(shí)則都用不定式。但有時(shí)在后一個(gè)不定式前的符號(hào)to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as(to)buy a new one.

［誤］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy.

［正］ The girl is much more clever(much cleverer)than the boy. ［析］ clever有兩個(gè)比較級(jí)：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比較級(jí)來修飾比較級(jí)。clever的兩個(gè)比較級(jí)也各有不同之處，如用在兩種不同性質(zhì)的比較時(shí)多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest.(他的聰明要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其誠實(shí)。) ［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three. ［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three.

［析］ 最高級(jí)的范圍要用of加復(fù)數(shù)形式或加集合名詞。

沈陽超越考試聯(lián)盟

0-

第五篇：初中英語作文常用單詞·詞組·句型

★初中英語作文常用單詞詞組

all in all 總的說來

and so on 等等

as a matter of fact =in fact 其實(shí)，實(shí)際上

at present 目前現(xiàn)在date back to 追溯到

for the future 從今以后，在今后

from now on 今后，從現(xiàn)在起

in short 總之，總而言之

in a word 簡言之、一句話、總之

in the end 最后，終于

most important of all 最重要的是

about all 首先

for one thing,…….for another thing 首先…，再者…

first of all, …next then,….lastly… 首先，然后，最后

firstly,secondly,thirdly…finally 第一，第二，第三…最后

in addition 另外

in addition to 除…之外

according to 根據(jù)

as far as I am concerned 據(jù)我所知

generally speaking 一般說來

what’s more 更多的是

therefore 因此，從而

furthermore =moreover再者 otherwise 另外

in my opinion 我認(rèn)為，我的意見是

not only …but also不但…而且…

in spite of 不管

for example 例如…

different from 與……不同

as a result 結(jié)果

in order to do 為了

There is no doubt that 毫無疑問

It is well known that 大家都知道

to tell the true 說實(shí)話

however 然而

therefore 因此

since then 自從那時(shí)起

as soon as 一……就……

thanks to 多得，幸虧

★★初中英語作文常用句型： 1.表示原因

1)The reason for this is that…

2)There are three reasons for this.2.表示好處

1)It does us a lot of good…

2)It benefits us quite a lot.3)It has the following advantages.3.表示壞處 1)It is harmful to us.2)It has more disadvantages than advantages.4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.5.表示措施

1)We should solve the problems that we are faced with.2)We should try our best to overcome the difficulties.3)We should take some effective measures

6.表示變化

1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2)The computer has brought about many changes in education.7.表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀

1)We cannot ignore the fact that...2)No one can deny the fact that...3)This is a case that many people are interested in.8.表示比較

1)I prefer to reading rather than watching TV.2)Compared with A，B..9.表示數(shù)量

1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...2)The population in this city has now increased(decreased)to 800，000.10.表示看法

1)People have different opinions on this problem.2)Some people believe that...Others argue that...