第一篇：外文國外食品安全專題數(shù)據(jù)庫

Overseas Food Safety Database in English 《外文國外食品安全專題數(shù)據(jù)庫》

(OFSDE)《外文國外食品安全專題數(shù)據(jù)庫》就是針對現(xiàn)階段食品安全管理的迫切形勢而制作。該庫全方位收錄了國外食品安全管理的優(yōu)秀文獻(xiàn)，是國外最前沿的食品管理文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫。涵蓋了食品注冊認(rèn)證、食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、食品技術(shù)鑒定、食品監(jiān)督、食品質(zhì)量、食品污染等等有關(guān)食品安全管理的程序、步驟、措施、方法。內(nèi)容全面豐富，資料可信科學(xué)。

該庫收錄有關(guān)國外食品安全管理的期刊、非期刊文獻(xiàn)，來源150種以上，都是國外政府、國際行業(yè)組織、期刊雜志社的優(yōu)秀論文，包含了美歐澳日等國食品安全管理研究的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域和層次；其所收錄文章的論點(diǎn)新穎深刻，論據(jù)合理生動(dòng)，論證科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，具有很高的研究和借鑒價(jià)值。該庫不僅包含學(xué)術(shù)論文，還包括相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議綜述和成果紀(jì)錄，緊跟學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的最新發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，時(shí)效性和實(shí)用性很強(qiáng)。界面全英文顯示，純外文數(shù)據(jù)向用戶提供了最為準(zhǔn)確翔實(shí)的資料。該庫的突出特點(diǎn)是數(shù)據(jù)量大、分類詳細(xì)、檢索方便。提供高級和初級兩種檢索方式，讀者可以通過篇名、作者、年代及摘要、正文關(guān)鍵字等各種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)查詢檢索。該庫的收集整理制作填補(bǔ)了目前國內(nèi)有關(guān)外文食品安全管理數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域的空白，是各食品生產(chǎn)加工、貿(mào)易企業(yè)、食品檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)等部門，適應(yīng)我國加入WTO的需要，學(xué)習(xí)與借鑒國外食品安全管理先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的最有價(jià)值的工具，是理論研究和實(shí)際管理的重要參考數(shù)據(jù)。

【主要內(nèi)容】：

共分為21個(gè)大類，收集最新外文期刊、非期刊共7.2萬篇。

1、食品注冊和認(rèn)證： 包括食品GMP認(rèn)證、HACCP認(rèn)證、有機(jī)食品認(rèn)證、無公害食品認(rèn)證、綠色食品認(rèn)證、有機(jī)食品認(rèn)證程序和流程圖、認(rèn)證認(rèn)可工作法律體系、管理體系、制度體系．．．．．．

2、食品監(jiān)督： 包括食品生產(chǎn)許可證監(jiān)督管理、食品加工企業(yè)質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)督、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品監(jiān)督．．．．．．

3、食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：收錄了西方主要國家及國際組織有關(guān)食品安全的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、技術(shù)規(guī)范及論著。收錄的國際組織主要有世界糧農(nóng)組織（FAO）、世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）及國際食品法典委員會(huì)（CAC）、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（OECD）、新物種保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)（UPOV）、國際科協(xié)（ICSU）等；收錄的主要發(fā)達(dá)國家包括美國、加拿大、墨西哥、澳大利亞、新西蘭、日本、歐盟及歐盟成員國，如英國、愛爾蘭、丹麥、匈牙利等；包括了食品衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、食品包裝保準(zhǔn)、食品專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、食品添加劑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、食品工業(yè)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、無公害食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、綠色食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、有機(jī)食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、食品檢驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)．．．．．．

4、食品鑒定：包括食品鑒定的依據(jù)、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品鑒定、糧油類食品鑒定方法、干菜類制品鑒別方法、水產(chǎn)品鑒別、保健品食品鑒別方法．．．．．．

5、食品分析方法： 食品原材料的理化分析方法、食品分析方法的原理、基本操作、數(shù)理分析與處理．．．．．．

6、食品成分：主要來源為Journal of Composition and Analysis ,Council Regulation(EEC),Pharmaceutical Reference Guide ,Glycobiology Resource ,Food Texture Handbook ,Rheology Handbook, Polysaccharide Reference from C.H.I.P.S.等；

7、食品分類：分為以下兩部分

——生物分類：從生物分類學(xué)的角度介紹了一些食物：貽貝、蚌類、江鱒魚、鮭于魚、小龍蝦、殺丁魚等．．．．．．

——功能分類：著重介紹了：運(yùn)動(dòng)營養(yǎng)學(xué)、植物化學(xué)功能食品、人類健康需要的硬化食品增補(bǔ)劑、天然食品等．．．．．．

8、功能食品：包括功能食品產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、功能食品功能因子研究、功能食品的研發(fā)、功能食品的功能學(xué)測定、功能性食品．．．．．．

9、食品添加劑：包括食品添加劑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、食品添加劑的作用、食品添加劑分類、酸度調(diào)節(jié)劑、抗結(jié)劑、消泡劑、抗氧化劑、膨松劑、著色劑、護(hù)色劑、酶制劑、增味劑、營養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑、防腐劑、甜味劑、水分保持劑．．．．．．

10、動(dòng)物飼料：包括動(dòng)物飼料添加劑、微生物在動(dòng)物飼料中的應(yīng)用．．．．．．

11、特殊食用用途：包括動(dòng)物飼料添加劑、微生物在動(dòng)物飼料中的應(yīng)用．．．．．．

12、食品質(zhì)量：分為以下幾部分

——食品質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)方法：包括食品質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的技術(shù)和方法、食品良好操作規(guī)范(GMP)、食品衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作規(guī)范(SSOP)、食品危害分析與關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)控制系列、質(zhì)量管理體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與認(rèn)證．．．．．．——質(zhì)量保證： 包括食品質(zhì)量控制；食品質(zhì)量保持；食品從業(yè)人員健康檢查、食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)建筑設(shè)計(jì)衛(wèi)生要求．．．．．．

——質(zhì)量影響因素： 包括蛋白質(zhì)食品加工質(zhì)量影響因素、食品質(zhì)量決策、食品安全質(zhì)量管理、食品工業(yè)全面質(zhì)量管理．．．．．．

13、食品效應(yīng)：分為以下幾部分

——經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)：包括農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中涉及的食品經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)、先進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)提高食品產(chǎn)量、墨西哥乳汁品的需求等內(nèi)容．——環(huán)境效益：化肥農(nóng)藥的大量投入，農(nóng)業(yè)自身面臨污染對環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，闡述了美國、德國、挪威、意大利、委內(nèi)瑞拉、尼日利亞等國家的情況．——健康效應(yīng)： 主要的文章包括木糖醇對力密切相關(guān)等有關(guān)食品對健康的影響．．——營養(yǎng)效應(yīng)： 波蘭中東部補(bǔ)充維他命和礦物質(zhì)的效果、科威特關(guān)于母奶和母奶替代品的比較研究等文章，包括美國、日本、法國等國的專家就食品補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)的方面做闡述．

14、食品污染：分為以下幾部分

——食品安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估： 日本、瑞士、挪威、阿根廷、美國、愛爾蘭等國家的食品安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估體系．．．．．．

——食品污染標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 包括細(xì)菌性污染標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、真菌毒素污染標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、病毒性污染標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、寄生蟲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、農(nóng)藥污染標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，涉及馬來群島、美國日本等國家和地區(qū)的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)．——食品污染防范和控制： 包括食品環(huán)境污染防范、食品添加劑防范、食品中致癌防癌因素的防范和控制、食品污染分析的發(fā)展情況等方面．——食品安全能力建設(shè)： 包括美國、英國等國家的有關(guān)食品安全能力建設(shè)方面的內(nèi)容，比如：牛奶產(chǎn)品的安全、牛肉屠宰過程中的衛(wèi)生安全等方面的建設(shè)．

15、危害分析：分為以下幾部分

——化學(xué)危害：包括化學(xué)危害的控制、天然化學(xué)物質(zhì)危害、有意加入的化學(xué)物質(zhì)的危害、偶然加入的化學(xué)物質(zhì)的危害、農(nóng)用化學(xué)物質(zhì)危害、公用化學(xué)物質(zhì)危害．——食品相關(guān)疾?。?包括不合理營養(yǎng)與疾病、——食品衛(wèi)生和動(dòng)物疾病：包括動(dòng)物食品衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)、人畜共患疾病防治、動(dòng)物疾病防治、動(dòng)物保健食品．．．．．．

16、食品生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)：分為以下幾部分

——食品生產(chǎn)：介紹了非洲、美國、英國等國家和地區(qū)的玉米、水稻、馬鈴薯、蔬菜等的生產(chǎn)情況和技術(shù)情況．．．．．．

——食品消費(fèi)：包括超市的食品供應(yīng)、（日本、德國、美國）食品產(chǎn)業(yè)新動(dòng)態(tài)、中國有關(guān)食品的消費(fèi)等方面．．．．．．

(HACCP)印度谷類價(jià)格穩(wěn)定性評估、．．．．．．．．．II型糖尿病具有降糖作用、營養(yǎng)成分與機(jī)體免疫

．．．．．

食品結(jié)構(gòu)與疾病、營養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生安全．ISO9000質(zhì)量保證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用更

．．．．． ．．．．．

．．． ．．．．． ．．．．． 和

．

．．．．．．

——食品生產(chǎn)體系組成：美國、中國、加拿大等國家的有機(jī)食品、蔬菜生產(chǎn)、無污染綠色食品生產(chǎn)體系．．．．．．

——消費(fèi)者教育：主要介紹了歐洲、日本、美國的一些情況．．．．．．

17、有害物防治：分為以下幾部分

——有害物報(bào)告：涉及二肽酶、氨基肽酶、磷酸化酶北美、歐洲的庫蚊屬類帶的桿腸菌等．．．．．．

——有害物防治方法：農(nóng)業(yè)防治措施、物理防治措施、生物防治措施等，涉及日本、美國、加拿大等國家．．．．．．

——有害物防治方法管理體系：殺蟲劑控制的法律規(guī)定等，涉及的國家包括日本、美國等．．．．．．

18、生物技術(shù)：包括轉(zhuǎn)基因生物技術(shù)、基因工程與食品產(chǎn)業(yè)、細(xì)胞工程與食品產(chǎn)業(yè)、酶工程與食品產(chǎn)業(yè)、蛋白質(zhì)工程與食品產(chǎn)業(yè)、代生物技術(shù)與食品安全．

19、食品技術(shù)法規(guī)：包括與國際接軌的技術(shù)法規(guī)、有機(jī)食品技術(shù)規(guī)范、蔬菜技術(shù)法規(guī)、保健食品技術(shù)工藝．．．．．．20、與WTO有關(guān)的協(xié)議：主要涉及WTO成員國的一些國家，香蕉、蔬菜等方面的協(xié)議．【來

源】：該庫數(shù)據(jù)來源豐富，包括主頁，都是研究了解食品安全的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)如下：Abg.at Access.gpo.gov Afaa.com.au Agr.gov.sk.ca Agri.ee Agribusinessonline.com Agric.nsw.gov.au Alliance-natural-health.org Ams.usda.gov Animal Feed Science Technology Anzfa.gov.au Asas.org Bfr.bund.de Bioline.org.br Bioresource Technology Bookstore.myift.org Bseinquiry.gov.uk Canexplore.gc.ca Cao.go.jp Carbohydrate Polymers Cfsan.fda.gov Chipsbooks.com Codexalimentarius.net

發(fā)酵工程與食品產(chǎn)業(yè)、．．．．

像美國、澳大利亞、．．．．． 150多個(gè)國家級站點(diǎn)、電子期刊和一些大學(xué)的院系

Cooking.houseonahill.net Corrado.emeraldinsight.com Defra.gov.uk Domino.un.org Edis.ifas.ufl.edu Efsa.eu.int En.gmo.hr Europa.eu.int Fao.org

and

Fao.orgadajournal.org Fda.gov Firstgov.gov

Food and Chemical Toxicology Food Control Food Microbiology Food Policy

Food Quality and Preference Food Research International Food Science and Technology Food.gov.uk Foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk Foodprotection.org Foodsafetyforum.org Foodstandards.gov.au

食品生物工程下游技術(shù)以及現(xiàn)日本等關(guān)于牛、柑橘、Freshquality.org Fsa.usda.gov Fsai.ie Fsis.usda.gov Fst.vt.edu Fvm.hu

Grainscanada.gc.ca Health.gov Hmso.gov.uk Icsu.org Ifpri.org Inchem.org

Industrial Crops & Products Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies Inspection.gc.ca

International Dairy Journal International Journal of Food Microbiology International Journal

of

Refrigeration Iso.ch Japanfood.se

Journal of Cereal Science

．

墨西哥、Journal of Food Composition and Ocio.usda.gov Analysis

Odin.dep.no Journal of Food Engineering Oecd.org Journal of the American Dietetic Osec.ch Association Pharmacos.eudra.org Law.cornell.edu Postharvest Biology Lebensmittel.org Technology Lst.min.dk Pwgsc.gc.ca Maff.go.jp Rirdc.gov.au Mla.com.au Rma.usda.gov Mszt.hu Search.ncat.org Nlbc.go.jp

Search.scotland.gov.uk Nutraceuticalsworld.com Sice.oas.org Nutrition.org Sjv.se Nzfsa.govt.nz Teagasc.ie Oaspub.epa.gov

International

Food 【語

種】英語（ENGLISH）

【檢索方式】分高級檢索和初級檢索兩種方式。讀者可以通過標(biāo)題、作者、篇名、年代及摘要、正文關(guān)鍵字等方式實(shí)現(xiàn)全文檢索?！緮?shù)據(jù)類型】全文數(shù)據(jù)。文件格式為PDF。

【數(shù)據(jù)資源】收錄自1990年起，主要收集1998年至今的新數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)量達(dá)到Agribusiness Management

Review

Trends in Food Science & Technology Unece.org and

Upov.int Usask.ca Usda.gov Usmef.org Uvm.edu Who.int

Wiganmbc.gov.uk World-food.net York.gov.uk

and

7.2萬篇。

第二篇：外文數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)習(xí)題目

外文數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)習(xí)題目

一、請根據(jù)所學(xué)外文數(shù)據(jù)庫，回答以下問題：

1．以下哪些數(shù)據(jù)庫與經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)科有關(guān)____________。

A、Elsevier SD；B、Emerald ；C、EBSCO ；D、Springer

2．下列哪些數(shù)據(jù)庫中，提供了文獻(xiàn)定制功能（如aletrs。

A、Elsevier；B、EBSCO；C、Springer；D、Emerald

3.下列哪些數(shù)據(jù)庫可以檢索到全文文獻(xiàn)。

A、Elsevier；B、EBSCO；C、Springer；D、SCI

二、登陸EBSCO數(shù)據(jù)庫，完成以下任務(wù)：

1、檢索期刊名稱為：“Harvard Business Review”（哈佛商業(yè)評論）的期刊，并在該刊中檢索有關(guān)題名中含有“market”（市場）的期刊文章1篇，列出篇名、作者、出處（刊物名稱、卷期）。

三、請登錄“ScienceDirect”數(shù)據(jù)庫，并完成以下任務(wù)：

1、查看刊名為“Economic Systems”年開始。

2、查出2002-2006年文章篇名中包含“l(fā)abor income”一詞的論文有篇。

四、請登錄“Engineering Village”數(shù)據(jù)庫，完成以下任務(wù)：

1、請檢索2010-2011有關(guān)題名中包含“computer network”和“internet”的文獻(xiàn)有多少？

2、請將檢索結(jié)果中的2011結(jié)果以文摘的結(jié)果按“Plain text format(ASCII)”形式導(dǎo)出。

☆☆實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告要求：

（1）、格式：以PPT的形式制作實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告結(jié)果；名字為“中文數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告”；

（2）、每道題目請寫出檢索表達(dá)式和主要的檢索步驟，并標(biāo)注題號；

（3）、對本次檢索方法、過程和結(jié)果的自我評價(jià)；

（4）、每個(gè)小組成員的chief和組員的姓名、學(xué)號、班級。

第三篇：食品安全外文文獻(xiàn)

Food safety is affected by the decisions of producers, processors, distributors, food service operators, and consumers, as well as by government regulations.In developed countries, the demand for higher levels of food safety has led to the implementation of regulatory programs that address more types of safety-related attributes(such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE), microbial pathogens, environmental contaminants, and animal drug and pesticide residues)and impose stricter standards for those attributes.They also further prescribe how safety is to be assured and communicated.Liability systems are another form of regulation that affect who bears responsibility when food safety breaks down.These regulatory programs are intended to improve public health by controlling the quality of the domestic food supply and the increasing flow of imported food products from countries around the world.Common to the adoption of new regulations by developed countries is the application of risk analysis principles.Under these principles, and in line with the World Trade Organization’s(WTO’s)Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS Agreement), countries should base their regulatory actions on scientific risk assessment.In addition, a country should be able to clearly link its targeted level of protection, based on a scientifically assessed risk level, to its regulatory goals and, in turn, to its standards and inspection systems.Finally, the risk management options chosen should restrict trade as little as possible.Despite similarities in approach among developed countries, to date they have made only mixed progress toward aligning their regulatory requirements.Countries are struggling with the task of identifying key risk issues and choosing regulatory programs to control those risks.They emphasize different risks, apply different levels of precaution, and choose different regulatory approaches.The regulatory systems of countries are a mix of old laws and newer regulations that frequently do not apply consistent standards across products, risks, or countries of origin.Finally, countries may be tempted to use food safety regulations as a means of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.These features of food safety regulation in developed countries have several implications for developing countries.First, they determine access to growing markets for food exports, particularly high-value fresh commodities such as those discussed in other briefs in this collection.When standards differ, this can create additional barriers for developingcountry exporters.Second, these features determine the issues that will be addressed in international forums, such as the Codex Alimentarius Commission.Third, they create expectations among developing-country consumers regarding acceptable levels of safety and set examples for emerging regulations in developing-country food systems.This brief reviews emerging regulatory approaches and the implications for developing countries.REGULATORY APPROACHES Countries regulate food safety through the use of process, product(performance), or information standards.Process standards specify how the product should be produced.For example, Good Manufacturing Practices specify in-plant design, sanitation, and operation standards.Product(performance)standards require that final products have specific characteristics.An example is the specification of a maximum microbial pathogen load for fresh meats and poultry.Finally, information standards specify the types of labeling or other communication that must accompany products.While these categories provide a neat breakdown, in practice most countries use a combination of approaches to regulate any particular food safety risk.For example, specifications for acceptable in-plant operations may be backed up with final product testing to monitor and verify the success of safety assurance programs.Labeling that instructs final consumers on proper food handling techniques may further back up these systems.MAJOR REGULATORY TRENDS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ? Stronger public health and consumer welfare emphasis in decisions by regulatory agencies.The increasing use of the risk analysis framework for regulatory decision-making focuses attention on the effective control of public health risks as the ultimate goal of regulations, rather than intermediate steps such as assuring that accepted practices are used in production.This in turn leads to a focus on the food supply chain, on identifying where hazards are introduced into it, and on determining where those hazards can be controlled most cost effectively in the chain.This approach is referred to as “farm to table” or “farm to fork” analysis.When the supply chain extends across international borders, risk analysis may encompass farm or processing practices in developing countries.? Adoption of more stringent safety standards, with a broader scope of standards.Food safety standards are becoming more stringent in developed countries on two fronts.First, in many cases food safety attributes that were previously regulated are being held to more precise and stringent standards.For example, rather than assuring meat product safety simply through process standards, those products may be required to meet specific pathogen load standards for E.coli or Salmonella.Similarly, tolerances for aflatoxin may be lowered as more information and better testing become readily available.Second, the scope of standards is broadening, as new risks become known.For example, the European Union, the United States, and other countries have instituted strict feeding restrictions to avoid the spread of BSE in cattle.In addition, the European Union has recently established a regulatory program to control human exposure to dioxins through the food supply.These evolving standards create continuing challenges for producers and regulatory agencies in exporting countries.? Adoption of the HACCP approach to assuring safety.During the 1990s, developed countries made a strong shift toward requiring the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP)approach to assuring food safety.Under HACCP, companies are responsible for analyzing how hazards such as food-borne pathogens may enter the product, establishing effective control points for those hazards, and monitoring and updating the system to assure high levels of food safety.These HACCP systems are usually predicated on the processing plant having an adequate system of sanitary operating procedures already in place.HACCP does not prescribe specific actions to be taken in a plant: the company chooses its methods for controlling hazards.HACCP systems make clear that the central responsibility for assuring safety belongs to a company;the regulator’s job is often shifted from one of direct inspection to providing oversight for the company’s operation of its HACCP plan.Since HACCP is primarily a process standard for company-level activity, inspection to assure compliance is challenging for imported products coming from plants in other countries.Some countries, such as those in the European Union, have mandated HACCP for all levels of the food supply chain, while others such as the United States have mandated it for specific sectors(meat slaughter and processing, for example).? Adoption of hybrid regulatory systems.Mandatory HACCP may be combined with performance standards for finished products.The performance standards(a minimum incidence of Salmonella in finished products, for example)provide a check on whether the HACCP plan is performing adequately.The increased use of performance standards has been facilitated by the development of more accurate and speedier testing procedures, particularly for pathogens.Eventually such tests may make it easier for exporters to demonstrate and verify a particular level of safety.食品安全受生產(chǎn)者、加工者、經(jīng)銷商、餐飲服務(wù)經(jīng)營者決策的影響，也受到消費(fèi)者和政府法規(guī)的影響。在發(fā)達(dá)國家，對更高水平的食品安全的需求導(dǎo)致監(jiān)管的程序需要處理更多類型的與安全相關(guān)的屬性（如牛海綿狀腦病(BSE)、病原微生物、環(huán)境污染物和動(dòng)物的藥物和農(nóng)藥殘留）并且執(zhí)行施加更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。他們還進(jìn)一步規(guī)定安全是如何被確保和傳達(dá)的。責(zé)任制度是當(dāng)食品安全發(fā)生問題的時(shí)候誰負(fù)有責(zé)任的另一種管理形式。這些監(jiān)管程序旨在通過控制國內(nèi)糧食供應(yīng)量和不斷增加來自世界各地的進(jìn)口食品來改善公共衛(wèi)生。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析原理是由發(fā)達(dá)國家共同通過的新條例的應(yīng)用。根據(jù)符合《世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定》和《 實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的協(xié)議》（SPS 協(xié)定）這些原則，國家應(yīng)該以監(jiān)管行為為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行科學(xué)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估。此外，一個(gè)國家應(yīng)當(dāng)有能力在其科學(xué)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評估的基礎(chǔ)上，明確將其對產(chǎn)品的保護(hù)能力與其制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和檢查系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來，進(jìn)而達(dá)到其監(jiān)管目的。最后，選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方案應(yīng)該盡可能減少貿(mào)易。到目前為止，在發(fā)達(dá)國家采取了相似的方法，在調(diào)整他們的監(jiān)管要求方面取得了一定的進(jìn)展。各個(gè)國家都在努力確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問題的關(guān)鍵，并且選擇相應(yīng)的監(jiān)管程序來控制這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，需要運(yùn)用不同等級的預(yù)防措施，也需要選擇不同的監(jiān)管方法。國家的監(jiān)管制度混合了舊的法律和新的法規(guī)，通常不適用于貫穿產(chǎn)品、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或原籍國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最后，國家可能會(huì)使用食品安全法規(guī)作為保護(hù)國內(nèi)工業(yè)免受外國競爭的一種手段。發(fā)達(dá)國家食品安全監(jiān)管的這些特點(diǎn)對發(fā)展中國家的食品安全監(jiān)管有多方面的啟示。首先，他們決定增長食品出口市場，特別是高價(jià)值新鮮的商品，在此集合中與其他概要一起討論。當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同時(shí)，就可以為發(fā)展中國家出口制造更多的障礙。其次，這些特征決定了在食品法典委員會(huì)等國際論壇將討論的問題。第三，他們在發(fā)展中國家糧食系統(tǒng)中創(chuàng)建發(fā)展中國家消費(fèi)者關(guān)于可接受水平的安全和新興規(guī)章設(shè)定的舉例寄予了厚望。這個(gè)概要回顧了新興的監(jiān)管方式及對發(fā)展中國家的影響。監(jiān)管辦法：各國通過使用流程、產(chǎn)品（性能）或信息標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范食品安全。工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定如何生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。例如，良好的生產(chǎn)規(guī)范中規(guī)定了工廠的設(shè)計(jì)，衛(wèi)生和操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。產(chǎn)品（性能）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求最終產(chǎn)品要有特定的特性。一個(gè)例子就是一個(gè)最大的微生物病原體負(fù)載的新鮮肉類和家禽的規(guī)范。最后，信息標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指定的標(biāo)簽，必須伴隨著產(chǎn)品類型的其他交流。雖然這些類別為靈活的故障作好了準(zhǔn)備，但是在實(shí)踐中大多數(shù)的國家都會(huì)使用各種方法的組合來控制特定食品安全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。例如，工廠運(yùn)營中的規(guī)范可能得到最終產(chǎn)品的測試，一次來監(jiān)測和核查安全保證項(xiàng)目的成功。標(biāo)簽的指示最終會(huì)使消費(fèi)者對正確的食物處理技術(shù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的支持。主要所監(jiān)管的趨勢都在發(fā)達(dá)國家，強(qiáng)有力的公眾健康和消費(fèi)者福利重點(diǎn)，是由監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)所決定的。監(jiān)管監(jiān)管決策的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析框架越來越多地使用，增加關(guān)注的公共衛(wèi)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有效控制才是制度的終極目標(biāo)，而不是像用于被確保用于生產(chǎn)地做法這種中間步驟。這反過來導(dǎo)致焦點(diǎn)在食品供應(yīng)鏈中，它有被確定的危害，并確定在哪里可以最控制這些危險(xiǎn)成本并且有效地在供應(yīng)鏈中。這種方法稱為“農(nóng)場到餐桌”或“農(nóng)場到餐桌”分析。當(dāng)供應(yīng)鏈延伸跨越國屆的時(shí)候，包括農(nóng)場或處理做法的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析可能會(huì)在發(fā)展中國家。? 采用更嚴(yán)格的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，具有更廣泛的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍。發(fā)達(dá)國家的食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)日趨變得更加嚴(yán)格。首先，在許多情況下以前是如何規(guī)定食品安全的屬性被提升至到更精確和更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。舉個(gè)例子，不是確保肉類產(chǎn)品安全只是通過程序標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而是這些產(chǎn)品可能需要滿足特定病原體荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為大腸桿菌或沙門氏菌。同樣，隨著更多的信息和更好的檢測變得隨時(shí)可用，就一降低堆黃曲霉毒素的公差。其次，因?yàn)樾碌娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)變得已知，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的范圍正在擴(kuò)大。例如，歐洲聯(lián)盟、美國和其他國家制定了嚴(yán)格的飼養(yǎng)限制，以避免瘋牛病傳播。此外，歐洲聯(lián)盟最近成立一個(gè)監(jiān)管的程序來控制人類通過食品供應(yīng)所接觸的二惡英（化學(xué)污染物）。這些不斷發(fā)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為生產(chǎn)國和出口國的管理機(jī)構(gòu)創(chuàng)造持續(xù)的挑戰(zhàn)。? 通過 HACCP 方法保證安全。在上世紀(jì)90年代，發(fā)達(dá)國家作出強(qiáng)烈轉(zhuǎn)向要求保證食品安全的危害分析關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)(HACCP)方法。按照 HACCP，公司負(fù)責(zé)分析如何把食源性致病菌危害盡可能輸入產(chǎn)品，有效的控制要點(diǎn)和監(jiān)測和更新系統(tǒng)，以保證高水平的食品安全。這些 HACCP 系統(tǒng)通常取決于加工廠有適當(dāng)?shù)牡轿坏男l(wèi)生操作程序制度。HACCP并沒有規(guī)定所采取的設(shè)備具體的行動(dòng)，公司選擇其控制危害的方法。HACCP 系統(tǒng)明確保證安全中心責(zé)任屬于公司；從直接檢驗(yàn)之上，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的工作經(jīng)常被轉(zhuǎn)移到監(jiān)督為公司的操作提供其 HACCP 計(jì)劃。由于 HACCP是以公司活動(dòng)級別的過程主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，檢查以確保來自工廠的其他國家的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品遵從法規(guī)，是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的。一些國家，例如在歐洲聯(lián)盟，有授權(quán) HACCP 為各級食品供應(yīng)鏈，而其他如美國是授權(quán)具體門（例如，肉類屠宰和加工）。? 通過混合監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)。強(qiáng)制性HACCP可能結(jié)合成品性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（例如，在成品沙門氏菌的發(fā)生率最低）的提供對 HACCP 計(jì)劃是否充分執(zhí)行進(jìn)行了檢查。通過更準(zhǔn)確和更快的測試程序，特別是對病原菌的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了增加的使用性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最終這種測試可能方便出口商證明和核實(shí)特定級別的安全。

第四篇：外文期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫資料調(diào)研

外文期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫

【正題名】: Preparation and tribological properties of nanometer magnesium borate as lubricating oil additive

【作者】: Z.S.Hu;R.Lai;F.Lou;L.G.Wang;Z.L.Chen;G.X.Chen;J.X.Dong

【刊名】: Wear

【年卷期】: 2002, vol.252, no.5-6

【出版年】: 2002

【ISSN】: 0043-1648

【頁碼】: p.370-374

【分類號】: TH117

【關(guān)鍵詞】: Nanoparticle;Magnesium borate;Tribology

【正文語種】: eng

【文摘】:Nanoparticle magnesium borate with a particle size of about 10 nm was prepared using ethanol supercritical fluid drying technique and was characterized with TEM, XRD and X-ray small angle scattering.Tribological properties of the nanoparticle magnesium borate, using as lubricating oil additive, were evaluated using a four-ball and a block-on-ring tribotester.The wear scar was characterized with SEM and XPS.Results indicate that the wear resistance and load carrying capacity of the 500 SN base oil were improved and the friction coefficient of the oil was decreased by the additive.FeB were formed on sliding surface.【正題名】: Synthesis and tribological properties of ferrous octoxyborate as antiwearand friction-reducing additive of lubricating oil

【作者】: Z.S.Hu;Y.Yie;L.G.Wang;G.X.Chen;J.X.Dong

【刊名】: Tribology letters

【年卷期】: 2000, vol.8, no.1

【出版年】: 2000

【ISSN】: 1023-8883

【頁碼】: p.45-50

【分類號】: TH117

【關(guān)鍵詞】: Synthesis;Ferrous octoxyborate;Tribology;Boron-containing compound

【正文語種】: eng

【文摘】:An oil-soluble compound containing ferrous iron and boron-ferrousoctoxyborate was synthesized.The antiwear and friction-reducing properties of the compound as alubricating oil additive were evaluated using a four-ball and a block-on-ring tribotester.Results indicated that both the wear resistance and the load-carrying capacity of a 500 SN base oil were improved and its friction coefficient was decreased by the additive.The wear scar, alter being cleaned using an ultrasonic bath in ligroin and in distilled water, was characterized with SEM and XPS.Diboron trioxide, FeB and Fe{sub}2B were all found to have been deposited on the wear-scar surface.It was this deposition that provided the oil with excellent antiwear and friction-reducingproperties.【正題名】: Preparation of magnesium borate succinimide and its characteristics as alubricating oil additive

【作者】: Yonggang Shi;Junxiu Dong

【刊名】: Lubrication Science

【年卷期】: 2000, vol.12, no.4

【出版年】: 2000

【ISSN】: 0954-0075

【頁碼】: p.357-361

【分類號】: TH117

【關(guān)鍵詞】: Succinimide;Magnesium borate;Antioxidant;Acid neutralisation;Antifriction;Antiwear;Lubricating oils;Chemistry

【正文語種】: eng

【文摘】:Succinimide has for a long time been widely used for ashless dispersants in engine lubricating oils.However, this kind of dispersant does not have particularly good antioxidant, antifriction, antiwear or acid neutralisation properties.In this paper, a method is suggested for modifying succinimide so as to obtain improved antioxidant, acid neutralisation, antifriction, and antiwear properties.Magnesium borate cannot be dissolved in mineral lubricating oil.In the presence of succinimide, however, it will exist in a lubricating oil in the form of acolloid or complex.Therefore, in the present work, magnesium oxide, boric acid, and water were mixed together with succinimide.In the reaction process, some of the magnesium borate formed in situ will be surrounded by succinimide, forming stable colloids;the remainder will react with thesuccinimide, forming well distributed complexes in the lubricating oil.The presence of water is very important for this process.At least four moles of water are needed for one mole of magnesium borate.The resulting material has been evaluated as a lubricating oil additive.The experiments have shown that this kind of material possesses good antioxidant, acid neutralisation, antifriction,and antiwear properties, apparently due to the introduction of magnesium borate.The introduction of the magliesium borate does not influence the good dispersant properties of the succinimide.【正題名】: A study of N and S heterocyclic compound as a potential lubricating oil additive

【作者】: Junyan Zhang;Weimin Liu;Qunji Xue;Tianhui Ren

【刊名】: Wear

【年卷期】: 1999, vol.224, no.1

【出版年】: 1999

【ISSN】: 0043-1648

【頁碼】: p.160-164

【分類號】: TH117

【關(guān)鍵詞】: Lubricant additive;Wear tests;Surface analysis

【正文語種】: eng

【文摘】:S-[2-(2-hydroxygenacetyl)thiobenzothiazol-1-yl]pentanyl xanthates wassynthesized as potential lubricating oil additive.The friction and wear behaviors of thesynthesized compound as an additive in liquid paraffin were evaluated with a four-ballmachine.Thetribochemical reaction of the additive with a metal surface was investigated by X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy.It was found that the novel compound as an additive in liquid paraffin was effectivein improving the tribological performance.【申請?zhí)枴?EP89305805A

【申請日期】:19890608

【公開（告）號】:EP0347103A1

【公開（告）日期】:19891220

【主分類號】:C10M159/20

【副分類號】:C10M159/20,C10M159/22,C10M159/24,C10N030/04,C10N070/00

【優(yōu)先權(quán)】:19880614-GB8814009

【國家代碼】:EP

【發(fā)明人】:OCONNOR SEAN PATRICK,CRAWFORD JOHN,CANE CHARLES

【申請人】:BP CHEMICALS ADDITIVES

【發(fā)明名稱】:A process for the production of a lubricating oil additive concentrate.【摘要】:A process for the production of a lubricating oil additive concentratehaving a TBN greater than 300 which process comprises reacting at elevated temperature component(A)a defined mixture selected from defined sulphurised or non-sulphurised acids or calcium saltsthereof，component(B)an alkaline earth metal base added either in a single addition or in aplurality of additions at intermediate points during the reaction，component(C)at least onecompound which is(i)water，(ii)a polyhydric alcohol having 2 to 4 carbon atoms，(iii)a di-(C3or C4)glycol，(iv)a tri-(C2-C4)glycol，(v)a mono-or poly-alkylene glycol alkyl ether of theformula(I)R(OR<1>)xOR<2>(I)wherein R is a C1 to C6 alkyl group，R<1>is an alkylene group，R<2> is hydrogen or a C1 to C6 alkyl group and x is an integer from 1 to 6，(vi)a C1 to C20monohydric alcohol，(vii)a C1 to C20 ketone，(viii)a C1 to C10 carboxylic acid ester，or(ix)aC1 to C20 ether，component(D)a lubricating oil，component(E)carbon dioxide added subsequentto the，or each，addition of component(B)，component(F)a defined carboxylic acid orderivative，component(G)at least one compound which is(i)an inorganic halide or(ii)anammonium alkanoate or a mono-，di-，tri-or tetra-alkyl ammonium formate or alkanoate providedthat when component(G)is(ii)，component(F)is not an acid chloride，the weight ratios of allcomponents being such as to produce a concentrate having a TBN greater than 300.【歐洲主分類號】:C10M159/20

【歐洲副分類號】:C10M159/22,C10M159/24

【

同

族

專利】:AT118240-19950215,AU630355-19921029,AU3641489-19891221,DE68921024-19950323,DE68921024-19950601,EP0347103-19891220,JP2034690-19900205 【申請?zhí)枴?EP90402981A

【申請日期】:19901023

【公開（告）號】:EP0425367A1

【公開（告）日期】:19910502

【主分類號】:C10M159/20

【副分類號】:C10M159/20,C10M163/00,C10N010/02,C10N070/00

【優(yōu)先權(quán)】:19891026-FR8914053

【國家代碼】:EP

【發(fā)明人】:BOURGOGNON HENRI,HOORNAERT PIERRE,REY CLAUDE,RODES CHRISTIAN

【申請人】:ELF AQUITAINE

【發(fā)明名稱】:Overbased lubricating oil additive containing a copper derivate or acopper and boron derivate，method of preparation and compositions containing said additive.【摘要】:The oxidation-promoting effect of the overbased additives can beattenuated or even eliminated by incorporation into the overbased additive of a copper carboxylateoriginating from aliphatic carboxylic acids containing a linear or branched C7-C10 chain.Thesecopper carboxylates can also be employed in the form of combination with a boron derivative.【歐洲主分類號】:C10M159/20

【歐洲副分類號】:C10M163/00

【

同

族

專利】:EP0425367-19910502,ES2045856-19940116,FR2653780-19910503,JP3153794-19910701 【申請?zhí)枴?EP94306507A

【申請日期】:19940901

【公開（告）號】:EP0643126A2

【公開（告）日期】:19950315

【主分類號】:C10M159/22A

【副分類號】:C10M159/22A

【優(yōu)先權(quán)】:19930910-GB9318810

【國家代碼】:EP

【發(fā)明人】:CANE CHARLES,COOK STEPHEN JAMES

【申請人】:BP CHEMICALS ADDITIVES

【發(fā)明名稱】:Highly overbased lubricating oil additive concentrates，theirpreparation and use.【摘要】:An additive concentrate having a TBN greater than 300 suitable forincorporation into a finished lubricating oil composition comprising:-(I)a lubricating oilsoluble sulphurised or non-sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate derived either froma hydrocarbyl phenate or its precursors and modified by reaction to incorporate:(i)analdehyde，and(ii)from greater than 2 to less than 40% by weight based on the weight of theconcentrate of either(a)at least one carboxylic acid having the formula:-wherein R is aC10 to C24 alkyl or alkenyl group and R<1> is either hydrogen，a C1 to C4 alkyl group or a-CH2-COOH group，or an anhydride or ester thereof，or(b)a di-or polycarboxylic acid containingfrom 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an anhydride or ester thereof，and(II)a lubricating oil，wherein the amount of lubricating oil(II)in the additive concentrate is such that the ratio of theweight of the additive concentrate to the weight of the hydrocarbyl phenate or its precursors fromwhich the modified sulphurised or non-sulphurised phenate is derived is at least 3.0.【歐洲主分類號】:C07G017/00

【歐洲副分類號】:C10M159/22

【同族專利】:EP0643126-19950315,JP7197066-19950801

第五篇：外文數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索規(guī)則總結(jié)

這次要求同學(xué)們練習(xí)的數(shù)據(jù)庫的檢索規(guī)則：

邏輯算符“與” “或” “非”都是andornot來表示 空格也可以表示 and位置算符：SCIE 數(shù)據(jù)庫：

NEAR/X

位置算符前后的兩個(gè)詞之間最多間隔X個(gè)單詞

SAME：“地址”字段中某作者的地址同時(shí)包含前后兩個(gè)檢索詞

2Engineering Village(EI)數(shù)據(jù)庫：

NEAR/X

位置算符前后的兩個(gè)詞之間最多間隔X個(gè)單詞,順序可以顛倒

ONEAR/X

位置算符前后的兩個(gè)詞之間最多間隔X個(gè)單詞,順序不可以顛倒EBSCO數(shù)據(jù)庫：

Nx

位置算符前后的兩個(gè)詞之間最多間隔X個(gè)單詞，順序可以顛倒

Wx

位置算符前后的兩個(gè)詞之間最多間隔X個(gè)單詞，順序不可以顛倒歐洲專利數(shù)據(jù)庫無位置算符

截詞符：* 表示任意多個(gè)字符

詞組：詞組都要加雙引號

字段的限制：(檢索字段的簡寫見檢索界面)SCIE 數(shù)據(jù)庫 ：=例如：TI=computer*Engineering Village(EI)數(shù)據(jù)庫：wn 例如：computer* wn TIEBSCO數(shù)據(jù)庫：直接在高級檢索界面選擇字段歐洲專利數(shù)據(jù)庫：直接在高級檢索界面選擇字段

說明：圖書館界面上的ISI Web of Knowledge和Science Citation Index Expanded 數(shù)據(jù)庫(SCI-EXPANDED)都可以進(jìn)入SCIE數(shù)據(jù)庫。

檢索題目：

1、陶瓷表面化學(xué)鍍銅工藝的研究

提示：化學(xué)鍍銅：electroless copper plating也可以翻譯成chemical copperplating

表面：surface

陶瓷：ceramic

檢索方法：

主題=(“electroless copper plating”)AND 主題=(surface)AND 標(biāo)題

=(ceramic)

1篇 檢索結(jié)果：